passagemath-symbolics 10.6.40__cp314-cp314t-macosx_13_0_x86_64.whl

sage/interfaces/sympy.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1398 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+# sage.doctest: optional - sympy
+"""
+SymPy --> Sage conversion
+
+The file consists of ``_sage_()`` methods that are added lazily to
+the respective SymPy objects. Any call of the ``_sympy_()`` method
+of a symbolic expression will trigger the addition. See
+:class:`sage.symbolic.expression_conversion.SymPyConverter` for the
+conversion to SymPy.
+
+Only ``Function`` objects where the names differ need their own ``_sage()_``
+method. There are several functions with differing name that have an alias
+in Sage that is the same as the name in SymPy, so no explicit translation
+is needed for them::
+
+    sage: from sympy import Symbol, Si, Ci, Shi, Chi, sign
+    sage: sx = Symbol('x')
+    sage: assert sin_integral(x)._sympy_() == Si(sx)
+    sage: assert sin_integral(x) == Si(sx)._sage_()
+    sage: assert sinh_integral(x)._sympy_() == Shi(sx)
+    sage: assert sinh_integral(x) == Shi(sx)._sage_()
+    sage: assert cos_integral(x)._sympy_() == Ci(sx)
+    sage: assert cos_integral(x) == Ci(sx)._sage_()
+    sage: assert cosh_integral(x)._sympy_() == Chi(sx)
+    sage: assert cosh_integral(x) == Chi(sx)._sage_()
+    sage: assert sgn(x)._sympy_() == sign(sx)
+    sage: assert sgn(x) == sign(sx)._sage_()
+
+TESTS:
+
+Check that :issue:`24212` is fixed::
+
+    sage: integrate(sin(x^2), x, algorithm='sympy')
+    3/8*sqrt(2)*sqrt(pi)*fresnel_sin(sqrt(2)*x/sqrt(pi))*gamma(3/4)/gamma(7/4)
+
+Test that conversion of symbolic functions with latex names works (:issue:`31047`)::
+
+    sage: var('phi')
+    phi
+    sage: function('Cp', latex_name='C_+')
+    Cp
+    sage: test = Cp(phi)._sympy_()._sage_()
+    sage: test.operator() == Cp
+    True
+    sage: test.operator()._latex_() == 'C_+'
+    True
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Ralf Stephan (2017-10)
+"""
+################################################################
+#   Distributed under GNU GPL3, see www.gnu.org
+################################################################
+from sage.misc.misc import run_once
+
+
+# ################         numbers and constants      ##############
+
+def _sympysage_float(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.numbers import RealNumber as RN
+        sage: assert SR(-1.34)._sympy_() == RN('-1.34')
+        sage: assert SR(-1.34) == RN('-1.34')._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.rings.real_mpfr import create_RealNumber
+    return create_RealNumber(str(self))
+
+
+def _sympysage_integer_ring(self):
+    r"""
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: import sympy
+        sage: sympy.ZZ._sage_()
+        Integer Ring
+    """
+    from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+    return ZZ
+
+
+def _sympysage_integer(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.numbers import Integer as SympyInt
+        sage: assert SR(2)._sympy_() == SympyInt(int(2))
+        sage: assert SR(2) == SympyInt(int(2))._sage_()
+        sage: type(SympyInt(int(2))._sage_())
+        <class 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
+    """
+    from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+    return Integer(self.p)
+
+
+def _sympysage_rational(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.numbers import Rational
+        sage: assert SR(-5/7)._sympy_() == Rational(int(-5),int(7))
+        sage: assert SR(-5/7) == Rational(int(-5),int(7))._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+    from sage.rings.rational import Rational
+    return Rational((Integer(self.p), Integer(self.q)))
+
+
+def _sympysage_rational_field(self):
+    r"""
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: import sympy
+        sage: sympy.QQ._sage_()
+        Rational Field
+    """
+    from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+    return QQ
+
+
+def _sympysage_real_interval(self):
+    r"""
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.sympy import sympy_init
+        sage: sympy_init()
+
+        sage: from sympy import CRootOf
+        sage: from sympy.abc import x
+        sage: root = CRootOf(x**3 - x^2 - x - 1, 0)
+        sage: interval = root._get_interval()
+        sage: interval._sage_()
+        2.?
+        sage: interval._sage_().parent()
+        Real Interval Field with 1024 bits of precision
+    """
+    # NOTE: this is a very approximate conversion as we do not consider any
+    # potential issue with precision
+    # Just to be (a little bit) safe, we set it to 1024
+    from sage.rings.real_mpfi import RealIntervalField
+    RIF = RealIntervalField(1024)
+    # NOTE: we call fraction_field since sympy stores mpq even
+    # for integral entries
+    domain = self.dom._sage_().fraction_field()
+    return RIF(domain(self.a)).union(RIF(domain(self.b)))
+
+
+def _sympysage_complex_interval(self):
+    r"""
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.sympy import sympy_init
+        sage: sympy_init()
+
+        sage: from sympy import CRootOf
+        sage: from sympy.abc import x
+        sage: root = CRootOf(x**10 - 2*x + 3, 9)
+        sage: interval = root._get_interval()
+        sage: interval._sage_()
+        0.1? + 1.2?*I
+        sage: interval._sage_().parent()
+        Complex Interval Field with 1024 bits of precision
+    """
+    # NOTE: this is a very approximate conversion as we do not consider any
+    # potential issue with precision
+    # Just to be (a little bit) safe, we set it to 1024
+    from sage.rings.complex_interval_field import ComplexIntervalField
+    CIF = ComplexIntervalField(1024)
+    # NOTE: we call fraction_field since sympy stores mpq even
+    # for integral entries
+    domain = self.dom._sage_().fraction_field()
+    return CIF(domain(self.ax), domain(self.ay)).union(CIF(domain(self.bx), domain(self.by)))
+
+
+def _sympysage_polynomial_ring(self):
+    r"""
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.sympy import sympy_init
+        sage: sympy_init()
+
+        sage: import sympy
+        sage: ZZx = sympy.PolynomialRing(sympy.ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: ZZx._sage_()
+        Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Integer Ring
+
+        sage: ZZxy = sympy.PolynomialRing(ZZx, 'y')
+        sage: ZZxy._sage_()
+        Univariate Polynomial Ring in y over Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Integer Ring
+    """
+    base_ring = self.domain._sage_()
+    variables = ','.join(map(str, self.gens))
+    return base_ring[variables]
+
+
+def _sympysage_polynomial(self):
+    r"""
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.sympy import sympy_init
+        sage: sympy_init()
+
+        sage: import sympy
+        sage: from sympy.abc import x, y
+        sage: p = sympy.Poly(x*(x**2 + x - 1)**2)
+        sage: p._sage_()
+        x^5 + 2*x^4 - x^3 - 2*x^2 + x
+        sage: p._sage_().parent()
+        Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Integer Ring
+
+        sage: p = sympy.Poly(y*x**2 + x*y + 1)
+        sage: p._sage_()
+        x^2*y + x*y + 1
+        sage: p._sage_().parent()
+        Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+
+        sage: p = sympy.Poly(y*x**2 + x*y + 1, x)
+        sage: p._sage_()
+        y*x^2 + y*x + 1
+        sage: p._sage_().parent()
+        Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in y over Integer Ring
+    """
+    base_ring = self.domain._sage_()
+    variables = ','.join(map(str, self.gens))
+    R = base_ring[variables]
+    return R.sum(base_ring(coeff) * R.monomial(*exp) for exp, coeff in self.rep.terms(order=None))
+
+
+def _sympysage_pinfty(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.numbers import oo as sinf
+        sage: assert SR(oo)._sympy_() == sinf
+        sage: assert SR(oo) == sinf._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.rings.infinity import PlusInfinity
+    return PlusInfinity()
+
+
+def _sympysage_ninfty(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.numbers import oo as sinf
+        sage: assert SR(-oo)._sympy_() == -sinf
+        sage: assert SR(-oo) == (-sinf)._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.rings.infinity import MinusInfinity
+    return MinusInfinity()
+
+
+def _sympysage_uinfty(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.numbers import zoo
+        sage: assert unsigned_infinity._sympy_() == zoo
+        sage: assert unsigned_infinity == zoo._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.rings.infinity import unsigned_infinity
+    return unsigned_infinity
+
+
+def _sympysage_nan(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.numbers import nan as snan
+        sage: assert NaN._sympy_() == snan
+        sage: assert NaN == snan._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.symbolic.constants import NaN
+    return NaN
+
+
+def _sympysage_e(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.numbers import E
+        sage: assert e._sympy_() == E
+        sage: assert e == E._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.symbolic.constants import e
+    return e
+
+
+def _sympysage_pi(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.numbers import pi as spi
+        sage: assert pi._sympy_() == spi
+        sage: assert pi == spi._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.symbolic.constants import pi
+    return pi
+
+
+def _sympysage_golden_ratio(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.singleton import S
+        sage: assert golden_ratio._sympy_() == S.GoldenRatio
+        sage: assert golden_ratio == S.GoldenRatio._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.symbolic.constants import golden_ratio
+    return golden_ratio
+
+
+def _sympysage_eulerg(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.singleton import S
+        sage: assert euler_gamma._sympy_() == S.EulerGamma
+        sage: assert euler_gamma == S.EulerGamma._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.symbolic.constants import euler_gamma
+    return euler_gamma
+
+
+def _sympysage_catalan(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.singleton import S
+        sage: assert catalan._sympy_() == S.Catalan
+        sage: assert catalan == S.Catalan._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.symbolic.constants import catalan
+    return catalan
+
+
+def _sympysage_i(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.core.singleton import S
+        sage: assert I._sympy_() == S.ImaginaryUnit
+        sage: assert I == S.ImaginaryUnit._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.symbolic.constants import I
+    return I
+
+
+# #################       basic operators         ##############
+
+def _sympysage_add(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol
+        sage: from sympy.core.singleton import S
+        sage: assert (x-pi+1)._sympy_() == Symbol('x')-S.Pi+1
+        sage: assert x-pi+1 == (Symbol('x')-S.Pi+1)._sage_()
+    """
+    s = 0
+    for x in self.args:
+        s += x._sage_()
+    return s
+
+
+def _sympysage_mul(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol
+        sage: from sympy.core.singleton import S
+        sage: assert (-x*pi*5)._sympy_() == -Symbol('x')*S.Pi*5
+        sage: assert -x*pi*5 == (-Symbol('x')*S.Pi*5)._sage_()
+    """
+    s = 1
+    for x in self.args:
+        s *= x._sage_()
+    return s
+
+
+def _sympysage_pow(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol
+        sage: from sympy.core.singleton import S
+        sage: assert (x^pi^5)._sympy_() == Symbol('x')**S.Pi**5
+        sage: assert x^pi^5 == (Symbol('x')**S.Pi**5)._sage_()
+    """
+    return self.args[0]._sage_()**self.args[1]._sage_()
+
+
+def _sympysage_symbol(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol
+        sage: assert x._sympy_() == Symbol('x')
+        sage: assert x == Symbol('x')._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+    try:
+        return SR.var(self.name)
+    except ValueError:
+        # sympy sometimes returns dummy variables
+        # with name = 'None', str rep = '_None'
+        # in particular in inverse Laplace and inverse Mellin transforms
+        return SR.var(str(self))
+
+
+def _sympysage_Subs(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol
+        sage: from sympy.core.singleton import S
+    """
+    args = self.args
+    substi = {args[1][i]._sage_(): args[2][i]._sage_()
+              for i in range(len(args[1]))}
+    return args[0]._sage_().subs(substi)
+
+
+# #############       functions       ###############
+
+def _sympysage_function_by_name(fname):
+    """
+    Given a sympy function with name ``fname`` find the corresponding
+    sage function or create a new one with the given name.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Function
+        sage: f = function('f')
+        sage: F = Function('f')
+        sage: assert f._sympy_() == F
+        sage: assert f == F._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions import all as sagefuncs
+    func = getattr(sagefuncs, fname, None)
+    # In the case the function is not known in sage:
+    if func is None:
+        import sympy
+        if getattr(sympy, fname, None) is None:
+            # symbolic function
+            from sage.symbolic.expression import symbol_table
+            func = symbol_table['functions'].get(fname)
+            if func is None:
+                from sage.calculus.var import function
+                return function(fname)
+
+        else:
+            # the function defined in sympy is not known in sage
+            raise AttributeError
+    return func
+
+
+# the convoluted class structure with metaclasses and stuff sympy uses
+# to implement undefined functions makes things a bit harder for us
+# here
+class UndefSageHelper:
+    """
+    Helper class to convert sympy function objects to sage functions
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Function
+        sage: f = function('f')
+        sage: F = Function('f')
+        sage: assert f._sympy_() == F
+        sage: assert f == F._sage_()
+    """
+    def __get__(self, ins, typ):
+        if ins is None:
+            return lambda: _sympysage_function_by_name(typ.__name__)
+        else:
+            args = [arg._sage_() for arg in ins.args]
+            return lambda: _sympysage_function_by_name(ins.__class__.__name__)(*args)
+
+
+def _sympysage_function(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, Function, sin as Sin
+        sage: assert sin(x)._sympy_() == Sin(Symbol('x'))
+        sage: assert sin(x) == Sin(Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+
+        sage: f = function('f')
+        sage: F = Function('f')
+        sage: assert f(x)._sympy_() == F(x)
+        sage: assert f(x) == F(x)._sage_()
+        sage: assert f(x+3)._sympy_() == F(x+3)
+        sage: assert f(x+3) == F(x+3)._sage_()
+        sage: assert (3*f(x))._sympy_() == 3*F(x)
+        sage: assert 3*f(x) == (3*F(x))._sage_()
+
+    Test that functions unknown to Sage raise an exception::
+
+        sage: from sympy.functions.combinatorial.numbers import lucas
+        sage: lucas(Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        AttributeError...
+    """
+    fname = self.func.__name__
+    func = _sympysage_function_by_name(fname)
+    args = [arg._sage_() for arg in self.args]
+
+    return func(*args)
+
+
+def _sympysage_integral(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, Integral
+        sage: sx = Symbol('x')
+        sage: assert integral(x, x, hold=True)._sympy_() == Integral(sx, sx)
+        sage: assert integral(x, x, hold=True) == Integral(sx, sx)._sage_()
+        sage: assert integral(x, x, 0, 1, hold=True)._sympy_() == Integral(sx, (sx,0,1))
+        sage: assert integral(x, x, 0, 1, hold=True) == Integral(sx, (sx,0,1))._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.misc.functional import integral
+    f, limits = self.function._sage_(), list(self.limits)
+    for limit in limits:
+        if len(limit) == 1:
+            x = limit[0]
+            f = integral(f, x._sage_(), hold=True)
+        elif len(limit) == 2:
+            x, b = limit
+            f = integral(f, x._sage_(), b._sage_(), hold=True)
+        else:
+            x, a, b = limit
+            f = integral(f, (x._sage_(), a._sage_(), b._sage_()), hold=True)
+    return f
+
+
+def _sympysage_derivative(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Derivative
+        sage: f = function('f')
+        sage: sympy_diff = Derivative(f(x)._sympy_(), x._sympy_())
+        sage: assert diff(f(x),x)._sympy_() == sympy_diff
+        sage: assert diff(f(x),x) == sympy_diff._sage_()
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Check that :issue:`28964` is fixed::
+
+        sage: f = function('f')
+        sage: _ = var('x,t')
+        sage: assert diff(f(x, t), t)._sympy_()._sage_() == diff(f(x, t), t)
+        sage: assert diff(f(x, t), x, 2, t)._sympy_()._sage_() == diff(f(x, t), x, 2, t)
+
+        sage: diff(f(x, t), x).integrate(x)
+        f(x, t)
+        sage: diff(f(x, t), x).integrate(t, algorithm='maxima')
+        integrate(diff(f(x, t), x), t)
+        sage: diff(f(x, t), x).integrate(t, algorithm='sympy')
+        integrate(diff(f(x, t), x), t)
+        sage: result = integrate(f(x, t), x).diff(t)
+        ...
+        sage: result
+        integrate(diff(f(x, t), t), x)
+    """
+    from sage.calculus.functional import derivative
+    from sympy.core.containers import Tuple
+    f = self.args[0]._sage_()
+    args = [a._sage_() for arg in self.args[1:]
+            for a in (arg if isinstance(arg, (tuple, Tuple)) else [arg])]
+    return derivative(f, *args)
+
+
+def _sympysage_order(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.functions.other import Order
+        sage: from sympy.series import Order as SOrder
+        sage: assert Order(1)._sympy_() == SOrder(1)
+        sage: assert Order(1) == SOrder(1)._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.other import Order
+    return Order(self.args[0])._sage_()
+
+
+def _sympysage_lambertw(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, LambertW
+        sage: assert lambert_w(x)._sympy_() == LambertW(0, Symbol('x'))
+        sage: assert lambert_w(x) == LambertW(Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.log import lambert_w
+    return lambert_w(self.args[0]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_rf(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, rf
+        sage: _ = var('x, y')
+        sage: rfxy = rf(Symbol('x'), Symbol('y'))
+        sage: assert rising_factorial(x,y)._sympy_() == rfxy.rewrite('gamma', piecewise=False)
+        sage: assert rising_factorial(x,y) == rfxy._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.arith.misc import rising_factorial
+    return rising_factorial(self.args[0]._sage_(), self.args[1]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_ff(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, ff
+        sage: _ = var('x, y')
+        sage: ffxy = ff(Symbol('x'), Symbol('y'))
+        sage: assert falling_factorial(x,y)._sympy_() == ffxy.rewrite('gamma') # known bug
+        sage: assert falling_factorial(x,y) == ffxy._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.arith.misc import falling_factorial
+    return falling_factorial(self.args[0]._sage_(), self.args[1]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_lgamma(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, loggamma
+        sage: assert log_gamma(x)._sympy_() == loggamma(Symbol('x'))
+        sage: assert log_gamma(x) == loggamma(Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.gamma import log_gamma
+    return log_gamma(self.args[0]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_polygamma(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, polygamma as pg
+        sage: _ = var('x, y')
+        sage: pgxy = pg(Symbol('x'), Symbol('y'))
+        sage: assert psi(x)._sympy_() == pg(0, Symbol('x'))
+        sage: assert psi(x) == pg(0, Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+        sage: assert psi(x,y)._sympy_() == pgxy
+        sage: assert psi(x,y) == pgxy._sage_()
+        sage: integrate(psi(x), x, algorithm='sympy')
+        integrate(psi(x), x)
+    """
+    from sage.functions.gamma import psi
+    return psi(self.args[0]._sage_(), self.args[1]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_dirac_delta(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, DiracDelta
+        sage: assert dirac_delta(x)._sympy_() == DiracDelta(Symbol('x'))
+        sage: assert dirac_delta(x) == DiracDelta(Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.generalized import dirac_delta
+    return dirac_delta(self.args[0]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_heaviside(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, Heaviside
+        sage: assert heaviside(x)._sympy_() == Heaviside(Symbol('x'))
+        sage: assert heaviside(x) == Heaviside(Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.generalized import heaviside
+    return heaviside(self.args[0]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_expint(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, expint
+        sage: _ = var('x, y')
+        sage: sy = expint(Symbol('x'), Symbol('y'))
+        sage: assert exp_integral_e(x,y)._sympy_() == sy
+        sage: assert exp_integral_e(x,y) == sy._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.exp_integral import exp_integral_e
+    return exp_integral_e(self.args[0]._sage_(), self.args[1]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_hyp(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, hyper
+        sage: _ = var('a,b,p,q,x')
+        sage: sy = hyper((Symbol('a'), Symbol('b')), (Symbol('p'), Symbol('q')), Symbol('x'))
+        sage: assert hypergeometric((a,b),(p,q),x)._sympy_() == sy
+        sage: assert hypergeometric((a,b),(p,q),x) == sy._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.hypergeometric import hypergeometric
+    ap = [arg._sage_() for arg in self.args[0]]
+    bq = [arg._sage_() for arg in self.args[1]]
+    return hypergeometric(ap, bq, self.argument._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_elliptic_k(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, elliptic_k
+        sage: assert elliptic_kc(x)._sympy_() == elliptic_k(Symbol('x'))
+        sage: assert elliptic_kc(x) == elliptic_k(Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.special import elliptic_kc
+    return elliptic_kc(self.args[0]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_kronecker_delta(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, KroneckerDelta
+        sage: _ = var('x, y')
+        sage: sy = KroneckerDelta(Symbol('x'), Symbol('y'))
+        sage: assert kronecker_delta(x,y)._sympy_() == sy
+        sage: assert kronecker_delta(x,y) == sy._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.generalized import kronecker_delta
+    return kronecker_delta(self.args[0]._sage_(), self.args[1]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_ceiling(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, ceiling
+        sage: assert ceil(x)._sympy_() == ceiling(Symbol('x'))
+        sage: assert ceil(x) == ceiling(Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+        sage: integrate(ceil(x), x, 0, infinity, algorithm='sympy')
+        integrate(ceil(x), x, 0, +Infinity)
+    """
+    from sage.functions.other import ceil
+    return ceil(self.args[0]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_piecewise(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, pi as spi, Eq, Lt, Piecewise
+        sage: sx = Symbol('x')
+        sage: sp = Piecewise((spi, Lt(sx,0)), (1, Eq(sx,1)), (0, True))
+        sage: ex = cases(((x<0, pi), (x==1, 1), (True, 0)))
+        sage: assert ex._sympy_() == sp
+        sage: assert ex == sp._sage_()
+
+        sage: _ = var('y, z')
+        sage: (x^y - z).integrate(y, algorithm='sympy')
+        -y*z + cases(((log(x) != 0, x^y/log(x)), (1, y)))
+    """
+    from sage.functions.other import cases
+    return cases([(p.cond._sage_(), p.expr._sage_()) for p in self.args])
+
+
+def _sympysage_fresnels(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, pi as spi, fresnels
+        sage: sx = Symbol('x')
+        sage: sp = fresnels(sx)
+        sage: ex =  fresnel_sin(x)
+        sage: assert ex._sympy_() == sp
+        sage: assert ex == sp._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.error import fresnel_sin
+    return fresnel_sin(self.args[0]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_fresnelc(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, pi as spi, fresnelc
+        sage: sx = Symbol('x')
+        sage: sp = fresnelc(sx)
+        sage: ex =  fresnel_cos(x)
+        sage: assert ex._sympy_() == sp
+        sage: assert ex == sp._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.error import fresnel_cos
+    return fresnel_cos(self.args[0]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_besselj(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, besselj
+        sage: _ = var('x, y')
+        sage: sy = besselj(Symbol('x'), Symbol('y'))
+        sage: assert bessel_J(x,y)._sympy_() == sy
+        sage: assert bessel_J(x,y) == sy._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.bessel import bessel_J
+    return bessel_J(self.args[0]._sage_(), self.args[1]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_bessely(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, bessely
+        sage: _ = var('x, y')
+        sage: sy = bessely(Symbol('x'), Symbol('y'))
+        sage: assert bessel_Y(x,y)._sympy_() == sy
+        sage: assert bessel_Y(x,y) == sy._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.bessel import bessel_Y
+    return bessel_Y(self.args[0]._sage_(), self.args[1]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_besseli(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, besseli
+        sage: _ = var('x, y')
+        sage: sy = besseli(Symbol('x'), Symbol('y'))
+        sage: assert bessel_I(x,y)._sympy_() == sy
+        sage: assert bessel_I(x,y) == sy._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.bessel import bessel_I
+    return bessel_I(self.args[0]._sage_(), self.args[1]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_besselk(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, besselk
+        sage: _ = var('x, y')
+        sage: sy = besselk(Symbol('x'), Symbol('y'))
+        sage: assert bessel_K(x,y)._sympy_() == sy
+        sage: assert bessel_K(x,y) == sy._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.bessel import bessel_K
+    return bessel_K(self.args[0]._sage_(), self.args[1]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_ynm(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, Ynm
+        sage: _ = var('n,m,t,p')
+        sage: sy = Ynm(Symbol('n'), Symbol('m'), Symbol('t'), Symbol('p'))
+        sage: assert spherical_harmonic(n,m,t,p)._sympy_() == sy
+        sage: assert spherical_harmonic(n,m,t,p) == sy._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.special import spherical_harmonic
+    return spherical_harmonic(self.args[0]._sage_(),
+                              self.args[1]._sage_(),
+                              self.args[2]._sage_(),
+                              self.args[3]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_re(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, re
+        sage: assert real_part(x)._sympy_() == re(Symbol('x'))
+        sage: assert real_part(x) == re(Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.other import real_part
+    return real_part(self.args[0]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_im(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, im
+        sage: assert imag_part(x)._sympy_() == im(Symbol('x'))
+        sage: assert imag_part(x) == im(Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.other import imag_part
+    return imag_part(self.args[0]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_abs(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, Abs
+        sage: assert abs(x)._sympy_() == Abs(Symbol('x'))
+        sage: assert abs(x) == Abs(Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.functions.other import abs_symbolic
+    return abs_symbolic(self.args[0]._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_crootof(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, CRootOf
+        sage: sobj = CRootOf(Symbol('x')**2 - 2, 1)
+        sage: assert complex_root_of(x^2-2, 1)._sympy_() == sobj
+        sage: assert complex_root_of(x^2-2, 1) == sobj._sage_()
+
+        sage: from sympy import solve as ssolve
+        sage: sols = ssolve(x^6+x+1, x)
+        sage: (sols[0]+1)._sage_().n()
+        0.209332811185582 - 0.300506920309552*I
+    """
+    from sage.functions.other import complex_root_of
+    from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+    return complex_root_of(self.args[0]._sage_(), SR(self.args[1]))
+
+
+def _sympysage_matrix(self):
+    """
+    Convert SymPy matrix ``self`` to Sage.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.matrices import Matrix, SparseMatrix, ImmutableMatrix
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.sympy import sympy_init
+        sage: from sympy.abc import x
+        sage: sympy_init()
+        sage: sM = Matrix([[1, x + 1], [x - 1, 1]]); sM
+        Matrix([
+        [    1, x + 1],
+        [x - 1,     1]])
+        sage: M = sM._sage_(); M
+        [    1 x + 1]
+        [x - 1     1]
+        sage: M.parent()
+        Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Symbolic Ring
+
+        sage: sN = SparseMatrix.eye(3); sN
+        Matrix([
+        [1, 0, 0],
+        [0, 1, 0],
+        [0, 0, 1]])
+        sage: N = sN._sage_(); N
+        [1 0 0]
+        [0 1 0]
+        [0 0 1]
+        sage: N.parent()
+        Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 sparse matrices over Integer Ring
+
+        sage: sO = SparseMatrix.zeros(3); sO
+        Matrix([
+        [0, 0, 0],
+        [0, 0, 0],
+        [0, 0, 0]])
+        sage: O = sO._sage_(); O
+        [0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0]
+        sage: O.parent()
+        Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 sparse matrices over Integer Ring
+
+    If ``self`` is immutable, the result is cached::
+
+        sage: sImmM = ImmutableMatrix([[1, x + 1], [x - 1, 1]]); sImmM
+        Matrix([
+        [    1, x + 1],
+        [x - 1,     1]])
+        sage: ImmM = sImmM._sage_(); ImmM
+        [    1 x + 1]
+        [x - 1     1]
+        sage: ImmM is sImmM._sage_()
+        True
+
+    If ``self`` is mutable, the conversion is redone every time::
+
+        sage: sM[0, 0] = 1000
+        sage: MutatedM = sM._sage_(); MutatedM
+        [ 1000 x + 1]
+        [x - 1     1]
+        sage: M == MutatedM
+        False
+    """
+    try:
+        return self._sage_object
+    except AttributeError:
+        from sympy.matrices import SparseMatrix, ImmutableMatrix
+        from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+
+        rows, cols = self.shape
+        d = {row_col: value._sage_()
+             for row_col, value in self.todok().items()}
+        if not d:
+            from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+            base_ring = ZZ
+        else:
+            from sage.structure.element import get_coercion_model
+            from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+            coercion_model = get_coercion_model()
+            try:
+                base_ring = coercion_model.common_parent(*d.values())
+            except TypeError:  # no common canonical parent
+                base_ring = SR
+        result = matrix(base_ring, rows, cols, d,
+                        sparse=isinstance(self, SparseMatrix),
+                        immutable=True)
+        if isinstance(self, ImmutableMatrix):
+            self._sage_object = result
+        return result
+
+
+def _sympysage_relational(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy import Eq, Ne, Gt, Ge, Lt, Le, Symbol
+        sage: sx = Symbol('x')
+        sage: assert (x == 0)._sympy_() == Eq(sx, 0)
+        sage: assert (x == 0) == Eq(x, 0)._sage_()
+        sage: assert (x != 0)._sympy_() == Ne(sx, 0)
+        sage: assert (x != 0) == Ne(x, 0)._sage_()
+        sage: assert (x > 0)._sympy_() == Gt(sx, 0)
+        sage: assert (x > 0) == Gt(x, 0)._sage_()
+        sage: assert (x >= 0)._sympy_() == Ge(sx, 0)
+        sage: assert (x >= 0) == Ge(x, 0)._sage_()
+        sage: assert (x < 0)._sympy_() == Lt(sx, 0)
+        sage: assert (x < 0) == Lt(x, 0)._sage_()
+        sage: assert (x <= 0)._sympy_() == Le(sx, 0)
+        sage: assert (x <= 0) == Le(x, 0)._sage_()
+    """
+    from operator import eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le
+    from sympy import Eq, Ne, Gt, Ge, Lt, Le
+    ops = {Eq: eq, Ne: ne, Gt: gt, Lt: lt, Ge: ge, Le: le}
+    return ops.get(self.func)(self.lhs._sage_(), self.rhs._sage_())
+
+
+def _sympysage_false(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.logic.boolalg import BooleanFalse
+        sage: assert SR(False)._sympy_() == BooleanFalse()      # known bug
+        sage: assert SR(False) == BooleanFalse()._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+    return SR(False)
+
+
+def _sympysage_true(self):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sympy.logic.boolalg import BooleanTrue
+        sage: assert SR(True)._sympy_() == BooleanTrue()      # known bug
+        sage: assert SR(True) == BooleanTrue()._sage_()
+    """
+    from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+    return SR(True)
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@run_once
+def sympy_init():
+    """
+    Add ``_sage_()`` methods to SymPy objects where needed.
+
+    This gets called with every call to ``Expression._sympy_()``
+    so there is only need to call it if you bypass ``_sympy_()`` to
+    create SymPy objects. Note that SymPy objects have ``_sage_()``
+    methods hard installed but having them inside Sage as
+    one file makes them easier to maintain for Sage developers.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.sympy import sympy_init
+        sage: from sympy import Symbol, Abs
+        sage: sympy_init()
+        sage: assert abs(x) == Abs(Symbol('x'))._sage_()
+    """
+    from sympy import Add
+    if Add._sage_ == _sympysage_add:
+        return
+
+    from sympy import Mul, Pow, Symbol, Subs
+    from sympy.core.function import (Function, AppliedUndef, Derivative)
+    from sympy.core.numbers import (Float, Integer, Rational, Infinity,
+                                    NegativeInfinity, ComplexInfinity,
+                                    Exp1, Pi, GoldenRatio,
+                                    EulerGamma, Catalan, ImaginaryUnit)
+    from sympy.core.numbers import NaN as sympy_nan
+    from sympy.core.relational import Relational
+    from sympy.functions.combinatorial.factorials import (RisingFactorial,
+                                                          FallingFactorial)
+    from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import (re, im, Abs)
+    from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import LambertW
+    from sympy.functions.elementary.integers import ceiling
+    from sympy.functions.elementary.piecewise import Piecewise
+    from sympy.functions.special.error_functions import fresnels, fresnelc
+    from sympy.functions.special.bessel import (besselj, bessely, besseli, besselk)
+    from sympy.functions.special.delta_functions import (DiracDelta, Heaviside)
+    from sympy.functions.special.error_functions import expint
+    from sympy.functions.special.elliptic_integrals import elliptic_k
+    from sympy.functions.special.gamma_functions import loggamma, polygamma
+    from sympy.functions.special.hyper import hyper
+    from sympy.functions.special.spherical_harmonics import Ynm
+    from sympy.functions.special.tensor_functions import KroneckerDelta
+    from sympy.logic.boolalg import BooleanTrue, BooleanFalse
+    from sympy.integrals.integrals import Integral
+    from sympy.polys import Poly
+    from sympy.polys.domains.integerring import IntegerRing
+    from sympy.polys.domains.rationalfield import RationalField
+    from sympy.polys.domains.polynomialring import PolynomialRing
+    from sympy.polys.rootoftools import CRootOf
+    from sympy.polys.rootisolation import RealInterval, ComplexInterval
+    from sympy.series.order import Order
+    from sympy.matrices import ImmutableMatrix, ImmutableSparseMatrix, Matrix, SparseMatrix
+
+    Float._sage_ = _sympysage_float
+    Integer._sage_ = _sympysage_integer
+    Rational._sage_ = _sympysage_rational
+    RealInterval._sage_ = _sympysage_real_interval
+    ComplexInterval._sage_ = _sympysage_complex_interval
+    IntegerRing._sage_ = _sympysage_integer_ring
+    RationalField._sage_ = _sympysage_rational_field
+    PolynomialRing._sage_ = _sympysage_polynomial_ring
+    Poly._sage_ = _sympysage_polynomial
+    Infinity._sage_ = _sympysage_pinfty
+    NegativeInfinity._sage_ = _sympysage_ninfty
+    ComplexInfinity._sage_ = _sympysage_uinfty
+    sympy_nan._sage_ = _sympysage_nan
+    ImmutableMatrix._sage_ = _sympysage_matrix
+    ImmutableSparseMatrix._sage_ = _sympysage_matrix
+    Matrix._sage_ = _sympysage_matrix
+    SparseMatrix._sage_ = _sympysage_matrix
+    Relational._sage_ = _sympysage_relational
+    Exp1._sage_ = _sympysage_e
+    Pi._sage_ = _sympysage_pi
+    GoldenRatio._sage_ = _sympysage_golden_ratio
+    EulerGamma._sage_ = _sympysage_eulerg
+    Catalan._sage_ = _sympysage_catalan
+    ImaginaryUnit._sage_ = _sympysage_i
+    Add._sage_ = _sympysage_add
+    Mul._sage_ = _sympysage_mul
+    Pow._sage_ = _sympysage_pow
+    Symbol._sage_ = _sympysage_symbol
+    Subs._sage_ = _sympysage_Subs
+    Function._sage_ = _sympysage_function
+    AppliedUndef._sage_ = _sympysage_function
+    import sympy.core.function
+    sympy.core.function._undef_sage_helper = UndefSageHelper()
+    Integral._sage_ = _sympysage_integral
+    Derivative._sage_ = _sympysage_derivative
+    Order._sage_ = _sympysage_order
+    LambertW._sage_ = _sympysage_lambertw
+    RisingFactorial._sage_ = _sympysage_rf
+    FallingFactorial._sage_ = _sympysage_ff
+    loggamma._sage_ = _sympysage_lgamma
+    polygamma._sage_ = _sympysage_polygamma
+    DiracDelta._sage_ = _sympysage_dirac_delta
+    Heaviside._sage_ = _sympysage_heaviside
+    expint._sage_ = _sympysage_expint
+    hyper._sage_ = _sympysage_hyp
+    elliptic_k._sage_ = _sympysage_elliptic_k
+    KroneckerDelta._sage_ = _sympysage_kronecker_delta
+    Piecewise._sage_ = _sympysage_piecewise
+    fresnels._sage_ = _sympysage_fresnels
+    fresnelc._sage_ = _sympysage_fresnelc
+    besselj._sage_ = _sympysage_besselj
+    bessely._sage_ = _sympysage_bessely
+    besseli._sage_ = _sympysage_besseli
+    besselk._sage_ = _sympysage_besselk
+    Ynm._sage_ = _sympysage_ynm
+    re._sage_ = _sympysage_re
+    im._sage_ = _sympysage_im
+    Abs._sage_ = _sympysage_abs
+    CRootOf._sage_ = _sympysage_crootof
+    BooleanFalse._sage_ = _sympysage_false
+    BooleanTrue._sage_ = _sympysage_true
+    ceiling._sage_ = _sympysage_ceiling
+
+
+def check_expression(expr, var_symbols, only_from_sympy=False):
+    """
+    Do ``eval(expr)`` both in Sage and SymPy and other checks.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.sympy import check_expression
+        sage: check_expression("1.123*x", "x")
+    """
+    from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+    from sympy import (__dict__ as sympydict, Basic, S, var as svar)
+    # evaluate the expression in the context of Sage:
+    if var_symbols:
+        SR.var(var_symbols)
+    is_different = False
+    try:
+        e_sage = SR(expr)
+        assert not isinstance(e_sage, Basic)
+    except (NameError, TypeError):
+        is_different = True
+
+    # evaluate the expression in the context of SymPy:
+    if var_symbols:
+        svar(var_symbols)
+    b = globals().copy()
+    b.update(sympydict)
+    assert "sin" in b
+    b.update(sympydict)
+    e_sympy = eval(expr, b)
+    assert isinstance(e_sympy, Basic)
+
+    # Sympy func may have specific _sage_ method
+    if is_different:
+        _sage_method = getattr(e_sympy.func, "_sage_")
+        e_sage = _sage_method(S(e_sympy))
+
+    # Do the actual checks:
+    if not only_from_sympy:
+        assert S(e_sage) == e_sympy
+    assert e_sage == SR(e_sympy)
+
+
+def test_all():
+    """
+    Call some tests that were originally in SymPy.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.sympy import test_all
+        sage: test_all()
+    """
+    def test_basics():
+        check_expression("x", "x")
+        check_expression("x**2", "x")
+        check_expression("x**2+y**3", "x y")
+        check_expression("1/(x+y)**2-x**3/4", "x y")
+
+    def test_complex():
+        check_expression("I", "")
+        check_expression("23+I*4", "x")
+
+    def test_complex_fail():
+        # Sage doesn't properly implement _sympy_ on I
+        check_expression("I*y", "y")
+        check_expression("x+I*y", "x y")
+
+    def test_integer():
+        check_expression("4*x", "x")
+        check_expression("-4*x", "x")
+
+    def test_real():
+        check_expression("1.123*x", "x")
+        check_expression("-18.22*x", "x")
+
+    def test_functions():
+        # Test at least one Function without own _sage_ method
+        from sympy import factorial
+        assert "_sage_" not in factorial.__dict__
+        check_expression("factorial(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("sin(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("cos(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("tan(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("cot(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("asin(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("acos(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("atan(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("atan2(y, x)", "x, y")
+        check_expression("acot(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("sinh(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("cosh(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("tanh(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("coth(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("asinh(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("acosh(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("atanh(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("acoth(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("exp(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("log(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("abs(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("arg(x)", "x")
+        check_expression("conjugate(x)", "x")
+
+    def test_issue_4023():
+        from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+        from sage.functions.all import log
+        from sympy import integrate, simplify
+        a, x = SR.var("a x")
+        i = integrate(log(x) / a, (x, a, a + 1))
+        i2 = simplify(i)
+        s = SR(i2)
+        assert s == (a * log(1 + a) - a * log(a) + log(1 + a) - 1) / a
+
+    def test_integral():
+        # test Sympy-->Sage
+        check_expression("Integral(x, (x,))", "x", only_from_sympy=True)
+        check_expression("Integral(x, (x, 0, 1))", "x", only_from_sympy=True)
+        check_expression("Integral(x*y, (x,), (y, ))", "x,y", only_from_sympy=True)
+        check_expression("Integral(x*y, (x,), (y, 0, 1))", "x,y", only_from_sympy=True)
+        check_expression("Integral(x*y, (x, 0, 1), (y,))", "x,y", only_from_sympy=True)
+        check_expression("Integral(x*y, (x, 0, 1), (y, 0, 1))", "x,y", only_from_sympy=True)
+        check_expression("Integral(x*y*z, (x, 0, 1), (y, 0, 1), (z, 0, 1))", "x,y,z", only_from_sympy=True)
+
+    def test_integral_failing():
+        # Note: sage may attempt to turn this into Integral(x, (x, x, 0))
+        check_expression("Integral(x, (x, 0))", "x", only_from_sympy=True)
+        check_expression("Integral(x*y, (x,), (y, 0))", "x,y", only_from_sympy=True)
+        check_expression("Integral(x*y, (x, 0, 1), (y, 0))", "x,y", only_from_sympy=True)
+
+    def test_undefined_function():
+        from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+        from sage.calculus.var import function
+        from sympy import Symbol, Function
+        f = function('f')
+        sf = Function('f')
+        x, y = SR.var('x y')
+        sx = Symbol('x')
+        sy = Symbol('y')
+        assert f(x)._sympy_() == sf(sx)
+        assert f(x) == sf(sx)._sage_()
+        assert f(x, y)._sympy_() == sf(sx, sy)
+        assert f(x, y) == sf(sx, sy)._sage_()
+        assert f._sympy_() == sf
+        assert f == sf._sage_()
+
+    test_basics()
+    test_complex()
+    test_complex_fail()
+    test_integer()
+    test_real()
+    test_functions()
+    test_issue_4023()
+    test_integral()
+    # test_integral_failing()
+    test_undefined_function()
+
+
+def sympy_set_to_list(set, vars):
+    """
+    Convert all set objects that can be returned by SymPy's solvers.
+    """
+    from sage.rings.infinity import UnsignedInfinity
+    from sympy import (FiniteSet, And, Or, Union, Interval, oo, S)
+    from sympy.core.relational import Relational
+    if set == S.Reals:
+        return [x._sage_() < oo for x in vars]
+    elif set == S.Complexes:
+        return [x._sage_() != UnsignedInfinity for x in vars]
+    elif set is None or set == S.EmptySet:
+        return []
+    if isinstance(set, (And, Or, Relational)):
+        if isinstance(set, And):
+            return [[item for rel in set._args[0]
+                    for item in sympy_set_to_list(rel, vars)]]
+        elif isinstance(set, Or):
+            return [sympy_set_to_list(iv, vars) for iv in set._args[0]]
+        elif isinstance(set, Relational):
+            return [set._sage_()]
+    elif isinstance(set, FiniteSet):
+        x = vars[0]
+        return [x._sage_() == arg._sage_() for arg in set.args]
+    elif isinstance(set, (Union, Interval)):
+        x = vars[0]
+        if isinstance(set, Interval):
+            left, right, lclosed, rclosed = set._args
+            if lclosed:
+                rel1 = [x._sage_() > left._sage_()]
+            else:
+                rel1 = [x._sage_() >= left._sage_()]
+            if rclosed:
+                rel2 = [x._sage_() < right._sage_()]
+            else:
+                return [x._sage_() <= right._sage_()]
+            if right == oo:
+                return rel1
+            if left == -oo:
+                return rel2
+            return [rel1, rel2]
+        if isinstance(set, Union):
+            return [sympy_set_to_list(iv, vars) for iv in set._args]
+    return set