passagemath-repl 10.5.28__py3-none-any.whl → 10.5.30__py3-none-any.whl

sage/tests/books/computational-mathematics-with-sagemath/calculus_doctest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,550 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-repl
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.symbolic
+"""
+This file (./calculus_doctest.sage) was *autogenerated* from ./calculus.tex,
+with sagetex.sty version 2011/05/27 v2.3.1.
+It contains the contents of all the sageexample environments from this file.
+You should be able to doctest this file with:
+sage -t ./calculus_doctest.sage
+It is always safe to delete this file; it is not used in typesetting your
+document.
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 76::
+
+  sage: bool(arctan(1+abs(x)) == pi/2 - arctan(1/(1+abs(x))))
+  False
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 121::
+
+  sage: a, x = var('a, x'); y = cos(x+a) * (x+1); y
+  (x + 1)*cos(a + x)
+  sage: y.subs(a=-x); y.subs(x=pi/2, a=pi/3); y.subs(x=0.5, a=2.3)
+  x + 1
+  -1/4*sqrt(3)*(pi + 2)
+  -1.41333351100299
+  sage: y(a=-x); y(x=pi/2, a=pi/3); y(x=0.5, a=2.3)
+  x + 1
+  -1/4*sqrt(3)*(pi + 2)
+  -1.41333351100299
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 143::
+
+  sage: x, y, z = var('x, y, z') ; q = x*y + y*z + z*x
+  sage: bool(q(x=y, y=z, z=x) == q), bool(q(z=y)(y=x) == 3*x^2)
+  (True, True)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 155::
+
+  sage: y, z = var('y, z'); f = x^3 + y^2 + z
+  sage: f.substitute(x^3 == y^2, z==1)
+  2*y^2 + 1
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 176::
+
+  sage: f(x)=(2*x+1)^3 ; f(-3)
+  -125
+  sage: f.expand()
+  x |--> 8*x^3 + 12*x^2 + 6*x + 1
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 193::
+
+  sage: y = var('y'); u = sin(x) + x*cos(y)
+  sage: v = u.function(x, y); v
+  (x, y) |--> x*cos(y) + sin(x)
+  sage: w(x, y) = u; w
+  (x, y) |--> x*cos(y) + sin(x)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 240::
+
+  sage: x, y = SR.var('x,y')
+  sage: p = (x+y)*(x+1)^2
+  sage: p2 = p.expand(); p2
+  x^3 + x^2*y + 2*x^2 + 2*x*y + x + y
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 251::
+
+  sage: p2.collect(x)
+  x^3 + x^2*(y + 2) + x*(2*y + 1) + y
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 260::
+
+  sage: ((x+y+sin(x))^2).expand().collect(sin(x))
+  x^2 + 2*x*y + y^2 + 2*(x + y)*sin(x) + sin(x)^2
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 416::
+
+  sage: (x^x/x).simplify()
+  x^(x - 1)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 426::
+
+  sage: f = (e^x-1) / (1+e^(x/2)); f.canonicalize_radical()
+  e^(1/2*x) - 1
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 435::
+
+  sage: f = cos(x)^6 + sin(x)^6 + 3 * sin(x)^2 * cos(x)^2
+  sage: f.simplify_trig()
+  1
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 447::
+
+  sage: f = cos(x)^6; f.reduce_trig()
+  1/32*cos(6*x) + 3/16*cos(4*x) + 15/32*cos(2*x) + 5/16
+  sage: f = sin(5 * x); f.expand_trig()
+  5*cos(x)^4*sin(x) - 10*cos(x)^2*sin(x)^3 + sin(x)^5
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 482::
+
+  sage: n = var('n'); f = factorial(n+1)/factorial(n)
+  sage: f.simplify_factorial()
+  n + 1
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 502::
+
+  sage: f = sqrt(abs(x)^2); f.canonicalize_radical()
+  abs(x)
+  sage: f = log(x*y); f.canonicalize_radical()
+  log(x) + log(y)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 592::
+
+  sage: assume(x > 0); bool(sqrt(x^2) == x)
+  True
+  sage: forget(x > 0); bool(sqrt(x^2) == x)
+  False
+  sage: n = var('n'); assume(n, 'integer'); sin(n*pi)
+  0
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 600::
+
+  sage: forget(n, 'integer');
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 690::
+
+  sage: a = var('a')
+  sage: c = (a+1)^2 - (a^2+2*a+1)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 700::
+
+  sage: eq =  c * x == 0
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 707::
+
+  sage: eq2 = eq / c; eq2
+  x == 0
+  sage: solve(eq2, x)
+  [x == 0]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 715::
+
+  sage: solve(eq, x)
+  [x == x]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 725::
+
+  sage: expand(c)
+  0
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 738::
+
+  sage: c = cos(a)^2 + sin(a)^2 - 1
+  sage: eq = c*x == 0
+  sage: solve(eq, x)
+  [x == 0]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 750::
+
+  sage: c.simplify_trig()
+  0
+  sage: c.is_zero()
+  True
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 839::
+
+  sage: z, phi = var('z, phi')
+  sage: eq =  z**2 - 2/cos(phi)*z + 5/cos(phi)**2 - 4 == 0; eq
+  z^2 - 2*z/cos(phi) + 5/cos(phi)^2 - 4 == 0
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 852::
+
+  sage: eq.lhs()
+  z^2 - 2*z/cos(phi) + 5/cos(phi)^2 - 4
+  sage: eq.rhs()
+  0
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 861::
+
+  sage: solve(eq, z)
+  [z == -(2*sqrt(cos(phi)^2 - 1) - 1)/cos(phi),
+   z ==  (2*sqrt(cos(phi)^2 - 1) + 1)/cos(phi)]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 871::
+
+  sage: y = var('y'); solve(y^7==y, y)
+  [y == 1/2*I*sqrt(3) + 1/2, y == 1/2*I*sqrt(3) - 1/2, y == -1,
+   y == -1/2*I*sqrt(3) - 1/2, y == -1/2*I*sqrt(3) + 1/2, y == 1, y == 0]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 880::
+
+  sage: solve(x^2-1, x, solution_dict=True)
+  [{x: -1}, {x: 1}]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 894::
+
+  sage: solve([x+y == 3, 2*x+2*y == 6], x, y)
+  [[x == -r1 + 3, y == r1]]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 910::
+
+  sage: solve([cos(x)*sin(x) == 1/2, x+y == 0], x, y)
+  [[x == 1/4*pi + pi*z..., y == -1/4*pi - pi*z...]]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 920::
+
+  sage: solve(x^2+x-1 > 0, x)
+  [[x < -1/2*sqrt(5) - 1/2], [x > 1/2*sqrt(5) - 1/2]]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 943::
+
+  sage: x, y, z = var('x, y, z')
+  sage: solve([x^2 * y * z == 18, x * y^3 * z == 24,\
+  ....:        x * y * z^4 == 6], x, y, z)
+  [[x == 3, y == 2, z == 1],
+   [x == (1.3372150673296... - 2.685489874065...*I),
+    y == (-1.7004342714592... + 1.0528643257547...*I),
+    z == (0.93247222940435... - 0.36124166618715...*I)], ...]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 975::
+
+  sage: expr = sin(x) + sin(2 * x) + sin(3 * x)
+  sage: solve(expr, x)
+  [sin(3*x) == -sin(2*x) - sin(x)]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 983::
+
+  sage: find_root(expr, 0.1, pi)  # abs tol 1e-12
+  2.0943951023931957
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 989::
+
+  sage: f = expr.simplify_trig(); f
+  2*(2*cos(x)^2 + cos(x))*sin(x)
+  sage: solve(f, x)
+  [x == 0, x == 2/3*pi, x == 1/2*pi]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1022::
+
+  sage: (x^3+2*x+1).roots(x)
+  [(-1/2*(1/18*sqrt(59)*sqrt(3) - 1/2)^(1/3)*(I*sqrt(3) + 1)
+     - 1/3*(I*sqrt(3) - 1)/(1/18*sqrt(59)*sqrt(3) - 1/2)^(1/3), 1),
+    (-1/2*(1/18*sqrt(59)*sqrt(3) - 1/2)^(1/3)*(-I*sqrt(3) + 1)
+     - 1/3*(-I*sqrt(3) - 1)/(1/18*sqrt(59)*sqrt(3) - 1/2)^(1/3), 1),
+    ((1/18*sqrt(59)*sqrt(3) - 1/2)^(1/3)
+     - 2/3/(1/18*sqrt(59)*sqrt(3) - 1/2)^(1/3), 1)]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1058::
+
+  sage: (x^3+2*x+1).roots(x, ring=RR)
+  [(-0.453397651516404, 1)]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1062::
+
+  sage: (x^3+2*x+1).roots(x, ring=CC)
+  [(-0.453397651516404, 1),
+   (0.226698825758202 - 1.46771150871022*I, 1),
+   (0.226698825758202 + 1.46771150871022*I, 1)]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1086::
+
+  sage: solve(x^(1/x)==(1/x)^x, x)
+  [(1/x)^x == x^(1/x)]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1124::
+
+  sage: y = function('y')(x)
+  sage: desolve(diff(y,x,x) + x*diff(y,x) + y == 0, y, [0,0,1])
+  -1/2*I*sqrt(2)*sqrt(pi)*erf(1/2*I*sqrt(2)*x)*e^(-1/2*x^2)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1171::
+
+  sage: k, n = var('k, n')
+  sage: sum(k, k, 1, n).factor()
+  1/2*(n + 1)*n
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1179::
+
+  sage: n, k, y = var('n, k, y')
+  sage: sum(binomial(n,k) * x^k * y^(n-k), k, 0, n)
+  (x + y)^n
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1189::
+
+  sage: k, n = var('k, n')
+  sage: sum(binomial(n,k), k, 0, n),\
+  ....: sum(k * binomial(n, k), k, 0, n),\
+  ....: sum((-1)^k*binomial(n,k), k, 0, n)
+  (2^n, 2^(n - 1)*n, 0)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1199::
+
+  sage: a, q, k, n = var('a, q, k, n')
+  sage: sum(a*q^k, k, 0, n)
+  (a*q^(n + 1) - a)/(q - 1)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1212::
+
+  sage: assume(abs(q) < 1)
+  sage: sum(a*q^k, k, 0, infinity)
+  -a/(q - 1)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1218::
+
+  sage: forget(); assume(q > 1); sum(a*q^k, k, 0, infinity)
+  Traceback (most recent call last):
+  ...
+  ValueError: Sum is divergent.
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1300::
+
+  sage: limit((x**(1/3) - 2) / ((x + 19)**(1/3) - 3), x = 8)
+  9/4
+  sage: f(x) = (cos(pi/4-x)-tan(x))/(1-sin(pi/4 + x))
+  sage: limit(f(x), x = pi/4)
+  Infinity
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1317::
+
+  sage: limit(f(x), x = pi/4, dir='minus')
+  +Infinity
+  sage: limit(f(x), x = pi/4, dir='plus')
+  -Infinity
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1368::
+
+  sage: u(n) = n^100 / 100^n
+  sage: u(1.);u(2.);u(3.);u(4.);u(5.);u(6.);u(7.);u(8.);u(9.);u(10.)
+  0.0100000000000000
+  1.26765060022823e26
+  5.15377520732011e41
+  1.60693804425899e52
+  7.88860905221012e59
+  6.53318623500071e65
+  3.23447650962476e70
+  2.03703597633449e74
+  2.65613988875875e77
+  1.00000000000000e80
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1389::
+
+  sage: plot(u(x), x, 1, 40)
+  Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1407::
+
+  sage: v(x) = diff(u(x), x); sol = solve(v(x) == 0, x); sol
+  [x == 50/log(10), x == 0]
+  sage: floor(sol[0].rhs())
+  21
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1420::
+
+  sage: limit(u(n), n=infinity)
+  0
+  sage: n0 = find_root(u(n) - 1e-8 == 0, 22, 1000); n0
+  105.07496210187252
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1502::
+
+  sage: ((1+arctan(x))^(1/x)).series(x==0, 3)
+  (e) + (-1/2*e)*x + (1/8*e)*x^2 + Order(x^3)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1507::
+
+  sage: (ln(2*sin(x))).series(x==pi/6, 3)
+  (sqrt(3))*(-1/6*pi + x) + (-2)*(-1/6*pi + x)^2
+  + Order(-1/216*(pi - 6*x)^3)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1520::
+
+  sage: (ln(2*sin(x))).series(x==pi/6, 3).truncate()
+  -1/18*(pi - 6*x)^2 - 1/6*sqrt(3)*(pi - 6*x)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1537::
+
+  sage: taylor((x**3+x)**(1/3) - (x**3-x)**(1/3), x, infinity, 2)
+  2/3/x
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1577::
+
+  sage: tan(4*arctan(1/5)).simplify_trig()
+  120/119
+  sage: tan(pi/4+arctan(1/239)).simplify_trig()
+  120/119
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1591::
+
+  sage: f = arctan(x).series(x, 10); f
+  1*x + (-1/3)*x^3 + 1/5*x^5 + (-1/7)*x^7 + 1/9*x^9 + Order(x^10)
+  sage: (16*f.subs(x==1/5) - 4*f.subs(x==1/239)).n(); pi.n()
+  3.14159268240440
+  3.14159265358979
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1662::
+
+  sage: k = var('k')
+  sage: sum(1/k^2, k, 1, infinity),\
+  ....: sum(1/k^4, k, 1, infinity),\
+  ....: sum(1/k^5, k, 1, infinity)
+  (1/6*pi^2, 1/90*pi^4, zeta(5))
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1689::
+
+  sage: s = 2*sqrt(2)/9801*(sum((factorial(4*k)) * (1103+26390*k) /
+  ....:     ((factorial(k)) ^ 4 * 396 ^ (4 * k)) for k in (0..11)))
+  sage: (1/s).n(digits=100)
+  3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974...
+  sage: (pi-1/s).n(digits=100).n()
+  -4.36415445739398e-96
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1722::
+
+  sage: n = var('n'); u = sin(pi*(sqrt(4*n^2+1)-2*n))
+  sage: taylor(u, n, infinity, 3)
+  1/4*pi/n - 1/384*(6*pi + pi^3)/n^3
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1762::
+
+  sage: diff(sin(x^2), x)
+  2*x*cos(x^2)
+  sage: function('f')(x); function('g')(x); diff(f(g(x)), x)
+  f(x)
+  g(x)
+  D[0](f)(g(x))*diff(g(x), x)
+  sage: diff(ln(f(x)), x)
+  diff(f(x), x)/f(x)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1780::
+
+  sage: f(x,y) = x*y + sin(x^2) + e^(-x); derivative(f, x)
+  (x, y) |--> 2*x*cos(x^2) + y - e^(-x)
+  sage: derivative(f, y)
+  (x, y) |--> x
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1803::
+
+  sage: x, y = var('x, y'); f = ln(x**2+y**2) / 2
+  sage: delta = diff(f,x,2) + diff(f,y,2)
+  sage: delta.simplify_rational()
+  0
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1854::
+
+  sage: sin(x).integral(x, 0, pi/2)
+  1
+  sage: integrate(1/(1+x^2), x)
+  arctan(x)
+  sage: integrate(1/(1+x^2), x, -infinity, infinity)
+  pi
+  sage: integrate(exp(-x**2), x, 0, infinity)
+  1/2*sqrt(pi)
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1864::
+
+  sage: integrate(exp(-x), x, -infinity, infinity)
+  Traceback (most recent call last):
+  ...
+  ValueError: Integral is divergent.
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1878::
+
+  sage: u = var('u'); f = x * cos(u) / (u^2 + x^2)
+  sage: assume(x>0); f.integrate(u, 0, infinity)
+  1/2*pi*e^(-x)
+  sage: forget(); assume(x<0); f.integrate(u, 0, infinity)
+  -1/2*pi*e^x
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 1904::
+
+  sage: integral_numerical(sin(x)/x, 0, 1)   # abs tol 1e-12
+  (0.946083070367183, 1.0503632079297087e-14)
+  sage: g = integrate(exp(-x**2), x, 0, infinity)
+  sage: g, g.n()                             # abs tol 1e-12
+  (1/2*sqrt(pi), 0.886226925452758)
+  sage: approx = integral_numerical(exp(-x**2), 0, infinity)
+  sage: approx                               # abs tol 1e-12
+  (0.8862269254527568, 1.714774436012769e-08)
+  sage: approx[0]-g.n()                      # abs tol 1e-12
+  -1.11022302462516e-15
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 2228::
+
+  sage: A = matrix(QQ, [[1,2],[3,4]]); A
+  [1 2]
+  [3 4]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 2468::
+
+  sage: A = matrix(QQ, [[2,4,3],[-4,-6,-3],[3,3,1]])
+  sage: A.characteristic_polynomial()
+  x^3 + 3*x^2 - 4
+  sage: A.eigenvalues()
+  [1, -2, -2]
+  sage: A.minimal_polynomial().factor()
+  (x - 1) * (x + 2)^2
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 2487::
+
+  sage: A.eigenvectors_right()
+  [(1, [(1, -1, 1)], 1), (-2, [(1, -1, 0)], 2)]
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 2499::
+
+  sage: A.jordan_form(transformation=True)
+  (
+  [ 1| 0  0]
+  [--+-----]  [ 1  1  1]
+  [ 0|-2  1]  [-1 -1  0]
+  [ 0| 0 -2], [ 1  0 -1]
+  )
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 2533::
+
+  sage: A = matrix(QQ, [[1,-1/2],[-1/2,-1]])
+  sage: A.jordan_form()
+  Traceback (most recent call last):
+  ...
+  RuntimeError: Some eigenvalue does not exist in Rational Field.
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 2543::
+
+  sage: A = matrix(QQ, [[1,-1/2],[-1/2,-1]])
+  sage: A.minimal_polynomial()
+  x^2 - 5/4
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 2557::
+
+  sage: R = QQ[sqrt(5)]
+  sage: A = A.change_ring(R)
+  sage: A.jordan_form(transformation=True, subdivide=False)
+  (
+  [ 1/2*sqrt5          0]  [         1          1]
+  [         0 -1/2*sqrt5], [-sqrt5 + 2  sqrt5 + 2]
+  )
+
+Sage example in ./calculus.tex, line 2597::
+
+  sage: K.<sqrt2> = NumberField(x^2 - 2)
+  sage: L.<sqrt3> = K.extension(x^2 - 3)
+  sage: A = matrix(L, [[2, sqrt2*sqrt3, sqrt2],  \
+  ....:                [sqrt2*sqrt3, 3, sqrt3],  \
+  ....:                [sqrt2, sqrt3, 1]])
+  sage: A.jordan_form(transformation=True)
+  (
+  [6|0|0]
+  [-+-+-]
+  [0|0|0]  [              1               1               0]
+  [-+-+-]  [1/2*sqrt2*sqrt3               0               1]
+  [0|0|0], [      1/2*sqrt2          -sqrt2          -sqrt3]
+  )
+"""