passagemath-repl 10.5.28__py3-none-any.whl → 10.5.30__py3-none-any.whl

sage/tests/books/computational-mathematics-with-sagemath/recequadiff_doctest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-repl
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.symbolic
+"""
+This file (./recequadiff_doctest.sage) was *autogenerated* from ./recequadiff.tex,
+with sagetex.sty version 2011/05/27 v2.3.1.
+It contains the contents of all the sageexample environments from this file.
+You should be able to doctest this file with:
+sage -t ./recequadiff_doctest.sage
+It is always safe to delete this file; it is not used in typesetting your
+document.
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 182::
+
+  sage: x = var('x')
+  sage: y = function('y')(x)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 295::
+
+  sage: x = var('x'); y = function('y')(x)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 298::
+
+  sage: desolve(diff(y,x) + 3*y == exp(x), y, show_method=True)
+  [1/4*(4*_C + e^(4*x))*e^(-3*x), 'linear']
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 320::
+
+  sage: desolve(y*diff(y,x) == x, y, show_method=True)
+  [1/2*y(x)^2 == 1/2*x^2 + _C, 'separable']
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 332::
+
+  sage: desolve(diff(y,x) == exp(x+y), y, show_method=True)
+  [-(e^(x + y(x)) + 1)*e^(-y(x)) == _C, 'exact']
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 350::
+
+  sage: desolve(diff(y,x)-y == x*y^4, y, show_method=True)
+  [e^x/(-1/3*(3*x - 1)*e^(3*x) + _C)^(1/3), 'bernoulli']
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 371::
+
+  sage: desolve(x^2*diff(y,x) == y^2+x*y+x^2, y, show_method=True)
+  [_C*x == e^(arctan(y(x)/x)), 'homogeneous']
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 399::
+
+  sage: desolve(diff(y,x) == (cos(y)-2*x)/(y+x*sin(y)), y,
+  ....:         show_method=True)
+  [x^2 - x*cos(y(x)) + 1/2*y(x)^2 == _C, 'exact']
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 431::
+
+  sage: desolve(diff(y,x) == x*y^2+y/x-1/x^2, y,
+  ....:         contrib_ode=True, show_method=True)[1]
+  'riccati'
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 459::
+
+  sage: diffeq = y == x*diff(y,x)-diff(y,x)^2
+  sage: solution,method = desolve(diffeq,
+  ....:                           y,
+  ....:                           contrib_ode=True,
+  ....:                           show_method=True)
+  sage: solution
+  [y(x) == -_C^2 + _C*x, y(x) == 1/4*x^2]
+  sage: method in ["clairaut", "clairault"]
+  True
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 487::
+
+  sage: x = var('x'); y = function('y')(x)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 491::
+
+  sage: DE = diff(y,x)+2*y == x**2-2*x+3
+  sage: desolve(DE, y)
+  1/4*((2*x^2 - 2*x + 1)*e^(2*x) - 2*(2*x - 1)*e^(2*x) + 4*_C
+  + 6*e^(2*x))*e^(-2*x)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 499::
+
+  sage: desolve(DE, y).expand()
+  1/2*x^2 + _C*e^(-2*x) - 3/2*x + 9/4
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 518::
+
+  sage: desolve(DE, y, show_method=True)[1]
+  'linear'
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 526::
+
+  sage: desolve(DE, y, ics=[0,1]).expand()
+  1/2*x^2 - 3/2*x - 5/4*e^(-2*x) + 9/4
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 541::
+
+  sage: x = var('x'); y = function('y')(x)
+  sage: desolve(diff(y,x)*log(y) == y*sin(x), y, show_method=True)
+  [1/2*log(y(x))^2 == _C - cos(x), 'separable']
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 552::
+
+  sage: ed = desolve(diff(y,x)*log(y) == y*sin(x), y); ed
+  1/2*log(y(x))^2 == _C - cos(x)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 565::
+
+  sage: solve(ed, y)
+  [y(x) == e^(-sqrt(2*_C - 2*cos(x))), y(x) == e^(sqrt(2*_C - 2*cos(x)))]
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 581::
+
+  sage: solve(ed, y)[0].substitute(_C==5).rhs()
+  Traceback (most recent call last):
+  ...
+  NameError: name '_C' is not defined
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 593::
+
+  sage: ed.variables()
+  (_C, x)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 604::
+
+  sage: c = ed.variables()[0]
+  sage: solve(ed, y)[0].substitute(c == 5).rhs()
+  e^(-sqrt(-2*cos(x) + 10))
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 624::
+
+  sage: plot(solve(ed, y)[0].substitute(c == 2).rhs(), x, -3, 3)
+  Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 640::
+
+  sage: P = Graphics()
+  sage: for k in range(1,20,2):
+  ....:     P += plot(solve(ed, y)[0].substitute(c==1+k/4).rhs(), x, -3, 3)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 660::
+
+  sage: P = Graphics()
+  sage: for j in [0,1]:
+  ....:     for k in range(1,10,2):
+  ....:         f = solve(ed,y)[j].substitute(c==2+0.25*k).rhs()
+  ....:         P += plot(f, x, -3, 3)
+  sage: P
+  Graphics object consisting of 10 graphics primitives
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 731::
+
+  sage: u = function('u')(x)
+  sage: y = x*u
+  sage: DE = x*diff(y,x) == y + sqrt(x**2 + y**2)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 746::
+
+  sage: forget()
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 750::
+
+  sage: assume(x>0)
+  sage: desolve(DE, u)
+  x == _C*e^arcsinh(u(x))
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 773::
+
+  sage: S = desolve(DE,u)._maxima_().ev(logarc=True).sage().solve(u); S
+  [u(x) == -(sqrt(u(x)^2 + 1)*_C - x)/_C]
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 792::
+
+  sage: solu = (x-S[0]*c)^2; solu
+  (_C*u(x) - x)^2 == (u(x)^2 + 1)*_C^2
+  sage: sol = solu.solve(u); sol
+  [u(x) == -1/2*(_C^2 - x^2)/(_C*x)]
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 801::
+
+  sage: y(x) = x*sol[0].rhs(); y(x)
+  -1/2*(_C^2 - x^2)/_C
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 820::
+
+  sage: c = y(x).variables()[0]
+  sage: P = Graphics()
+  sage: for k in range(-19,19,2):
+  ....:     P += plot(y(x).substitute(c == 1/k), x, 0, 3)
+  sage: P
+  Graphics object consisting of 19 graphics primitives
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 870::
+
+  sage: x = var('x'); y = function('y')(x); a, b = var('a, b')
+  sage: DE = diff(y,x) - a*y == -b*y**2
+  sage: sol = desolve(DE,[y,x]); sol
+  -(log(b*y(x) - a) - log(y(x)))/a == _C + x
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 880::
+
+  sage: Sol = solve(sol, y)[0]; Sol
+  log(y(x)) == _C*a + a*x + log(b*y(x) - a)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 892::
+
+  sage: Sol(x) = Sol.lhs()-Sol.rhs(); Sol(x)
+  -_C*a - a*x - log(b*y(x) - a) + log(y(x))
+  sage: Sol = Sol.simplify_log(); Sol(x)
+  -_C*a - a*x + log(y(x)/(b*y(x) - a))
+  sage: solve(Sol, y)[0].simplify()
+  y(x) == a*e^(_C*a + a*x)/(b*e^(_C*a + a*x) - 1)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 928::
+
+  sage: x = var('x'); y = function('y')(x)
+  sage: DE = diff(y,x,2)+3*y == x^2-7*x+31
+  sage: desolve(DE, y).expand()
+  1/3*x^2 + _K2*cos(sqrt(3)*x) + _K1*sin(sqrt(3)*x) - 7/3*x + 91/9
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 938::
+
+  sage: desolve(DE, y, ics=[0,1,2]).expand()
+  1/3*x^2 + 13/9*sqrt(3)*sin(sqrt(3)*x) - 7/3*x - 82/9*cos(sqrt(3)*x) + 91/9
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 948::
+
+  sage: desolve(DE, y, ics=[0,1,-1,0]).expand()
+  1/3*x^2 - 7/3*x - 82/9*cos(sqrt(3))*sin(sqrt(3)*x)/sin(sqrt(3))
+  + 115/9*sin(sqrt(3)*x)/sin(sqrt(3)) - 82/9*cos(sqrt(3)*x) + 91/9
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1022::
+
+  sage: x, t = var('x, t'); f = function('f')(x); g = function('g')(t)
+  sage: z = f*g
+  sage: eq(x,t) = diff(z,x,2) == diff(z,t); eq(x,t)
+  g(t)*diff(f(x), x, x) == f(x)*diff(g(t), t)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1042::
+
+  sage: eqn = eq/z; eqn(x,t)
+  diff(f(x), x, x)/f(x) == diff(g(t), t)/g(t)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1061::
+
+  sage: k = var('k')
+  sage: eq1(x,t) = eqn(x,t).lhs() == k; eq2(x,t) = eqn(x,t).rhs() == k
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1069::
+
+  sage: g(t) = desolve(eq2(x,t),[g,t]); g(t)
+  _C*e^(k*t)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1092::
+
+  sage: assume(k>0); desolve(eq1,[f,x])
+  _K1*e^(sqrt(k)*x) + _K2*e^(-sqrt(k)*x)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1176::
+
+  sage: x, s = var('x, s'); f = function('f')(x)
+  sage: f(x) = sin(x); f.laplace(x,s)
+  x |--> 1/(s^2 + 1)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1191::
+
+  sage: X(s) = 1/(s^2-3*s-4)/(s^2+1) + (s-4)/(s^2-3*s-4)
+  sage: X(s).inverse_laplace(s, x)
+  3/34*cos(x) + 1/85*e^(4*x) + 9/10*e^(-x) - 5/34*sin(x)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1206::
+
+  sage: X(s).partial_fraction()
+  1/34*(3*s - 5)/(s^2 + 1) + 9/10/(s + 1) + 1/85/(s - 4)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1221::
+
+  sage: x = var('x'); y = function('y')(x)
+  sage: eq = diff(y,x,x) - 3*diff(y,x) - 4*y - sin(x) == 0
+  sage: desolve_laplace(eq, y)
+  1/85*(17*y(0) + 17*D[0](y)(0) + 1)*e^(4*x) + 1/10*(8*y(0)
+  - 2*D[0](y)(0) - 1)*e^(-x) + 3/34*cos(x) - 5/34*sin(x)
+  sage: desolve_laplace(eq, y, ics=[0,1,-1])
+  3/34*cos(x) + 1/85*e^(4*x) + 9/10*e^(-x) - 5/34*sin(x)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1279::
+
+  sage: x = var('x'); y1 = function('y1')(x)
+  sage: y2 = function('y2')(x); y3 = function('y3')(x)
+  sage: y = vector([y1, y2, y3])
+  sage: A = matrix([[2,-2,0],[-2,0,2],[0,2,2]])
+  sage: system = [diff(y[i], x) - (A * y)[i] for i in range(3)]
+  sage: desolve_system(system, [y1, y2, y3], ics=[0,2,1,-2])
+  [y1(x) == e^(4*x) + e^(-2*x),
+   y2(x) == -e^(4*x) + 2*e^(-2*x),
+   y3(x) == -e^(4*x) - e^(-2*x)]
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1328::
+
+  sage: x = var('x'); y1 = function('y1')(x); y2 = function('y2')(x)
+  sage: y = vector([y1,y2])
+  sage: A = matrix([[3,-4],[1,3]])
+  sage: system = [diff(y[i], x) - (A * y)[i] for i in range(2)]
+  sage: desolve_system(system, [y1, y2], ics=[0,2,0])
+  [y1(x) == 2*cos(2*x)*e^(3*x), y2(x) == e^(3*x)*sin(2*x)]
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1385::
+
+  sage: x = var('x'); u1 = function('u1')(x); u2 = function('u2')(x)
+  sage: u3 = function('u3')(x); u4 = function('u4')(x)
+  sage: u = vector([u1,u2,u3,u4])
+  sage: A = matrix([[0,0,1,0],[0,0,0,1],[2,-6,1,3],[-2,6,1,-1]])
+  sage: system = [diff(u[i], x) - (A*u)[i] for i in range(4)]
+  sage: sol = desolve_system(system, [u1, u2, u3, u4])
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1399::
+
+  sage: sol[0]
+  u1(x) == 1/12*(2*u1(0) - 6*u2(0) + 5*u3(0) + 3*u4(0))*e^(2*x)
+  + 1/24*(2*u1(0) - 6*u2(0) - u3(0) + 3*u4(0))*e^(-4*x) + 3/4*u1(0)
+  + 3/4*u2(0) - 3/8*u3(0) - 3/8*u4(0)
+  sage: sol[1]
+  u2(x) == -1/12*(2*u1(0) - 6*u2(0) - u3(0) - 3*u4(0))*e^(2*x)
+  - 1/24*(2*u1(0) - 6*u2(0) - u3(0) + 3*u4(0))*e^(-4*x) + 1/4*u1(0)
+  + 1/4*u2(0) - 1/8*u3(0) - 1/8*u4(0)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1557::
+
+  sage: x = var('x'); f = function('f')(x)
+  sage: f(x) = 3.83*x*(1 - x/100000)
+  sage: def u(n):
+  ....:     if n==0: return(20000)
+  ....:     else: return f(u(n-1))
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1568::
+
+  sage: def v(n):
+  ....:     V = 20000;
+  ....:     for k in [1..n]:
+  ....:         V = f(V)
+  ....:     return V
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1582::
+
+  sage: def cloud(u, n):
+  ....:     L = [[0,u(0)]];
+  ....:     for k in [1..n]:
+  ....:         L += [[k,u(k)]]
+  ....:     points(L).show()
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1598::
+
+  sage: cloud(u,50)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1619::
+
+  sage: def snail(f, x, u0, n, xmin, xmax):
+  ....:     u = u0
+  ....:     P = plot(x, x, xmin, xmax, color='gray')
+  ....:     for i in range(n):
+  ....:         P += line([[u,u],[u,f(u)],[f(u),f(u)]], color = 'red')
+  ....:         u = f(u)
+  ....:     P += f.plot(x, xmin, xmax, color='blue')
+  ....:     P.show()
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1637::
+
+  sage: f(x) = 3.83*x*(1 - x/100000)
+  sage: snail(f,x,20000,100,0,100000)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1687::
+
+  sage: from sympy import Function
+  sage: from sympy.abc import n
+  sage: u = Function('u')
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1700::
+
+  sage: f = u(n+2)-(3/2)*u(n+1)+(1/2)*u(n)
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1707::
+
+  sage: from sympy import rsolve
+  sage: rsolve(f, u(n), {u(0):-1,u(1):1}) == 3 - 4*2**(-n)
+  True
+
+Sage example in ./recequadiff.tex, line 1798::
+
+  sage: from sympy import rsolve_hyper
+  sage: from sympy.abc import n
+  sage: rsolve_hyper([-2,1],2**(n+2),n)
+  2**n*C0 + 2**(n + 1)*n
+"""

sage/tests/books/computational-mathematics-with-sagemath/sol/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-repl

sage/tests/books/computational-mathematics-with-sagemath/sol/calculus_doctest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-repl
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.symbolic
+"""
+This file (./sol/calculus_doctest.sage) was *autogenerated* from ./sol/calculus.tex,
+with sagetex.sty version 2011/05/27 v2.3.1.
+It contains the contents of all the sageexample environments from this file.
+You should be able to doctest this file with:
+sage -t ./sol/calculus_doctest.sage
+It is always safe to delete this file; it is not used in typesetting your
+document.
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 3::
+
+  sage: reset()
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 10::
+
+  sage: n = var('n'); pmax = 4; s = [n + 1]
+  sage: for p in [1..pmax]:
+  ....:     s += [factor(((n+1)^(p+1) - sum(binomial(p+1, j) * s[j]
+  ....:           for j in [0..p-1])) / (p+1))]
+  sage: s
+  [n + 1,
+   1/2*(n + 1)*n,
+   1/6*(2*n + 1)*(n + 1)*n,
+   1/4*(n + 1)^2*n^2,
+   1/30*(3*n^2 + 3*n - 1)*(2*n + 1)*(n + 1)*n]
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 42::
+
+  sage: x, h, a = var('x, h, a'); f = function('f')
+  sage: g(x) = taylor(f(x), x, a, 3)
+  sage: phi(h) = (g(a+3*h) - 3*g(a+2*h) + 3*g(a+h) - g(a)) / h^3; phi(h)
+  diff(f(a), a, a, a)
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 75::
+
+  sage: n = 7; x, h, a = var('x h a'); f = function('f')
+  sage: g(x) = taylor(f(x), x, a, n)
+  sage: sum((-1)^(n-k) * binomial(n,k) * g(a+k*h) for k in (0..n)) / h^n
+  diff(f(a), a, a, a, a, a, a, a)
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 100::
+
+  sage: theta = 12*arctan(1/38) + 20*arctan(1/57) \
+  ....:       + 7*arctan(1/239) + 24*arctan(1/268)
+  sage: tan(theta).trig_expand().trig_simplify()
+  1
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 110::
+
+  sage: 12*(1/38) + 20*(1/57) + 7*(1/239) + 24*(1/268)
+  37735/48039
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 135::
+
+  sage: x = var('x'); f(x) = taylor(arctan(x), x, 0, 21)
+  sage: approx = 4 * (12 * f(1/38) + 20 * f(1/57)
+  ....:           + 7 * f(1/239) + 24 * f(1/268))
+  sage: approx.n(digits = 50); pi.n(digits = 50)
+  3.1415926535897932384626433832795028851616168852864
+  3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751
+  sage: approx.n(digits = 50) - pi.n(digits = 50)
+  9.6444748591132486785420917537404705292978817080880e-37
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 182::
+
+  sage: n = var('n'); phi = lambda x: n*pi + pi/2 - arctan(1/x)
+  sage: x = n*pi
+  sage: for i in range(4):
+  ....:    x = taylor(phi(x), n, infinity, 2*i); x
+  1/2*pi + pi*n
+  1/2*pi + pi*n - 1/(pi*n) + 1/2/(pi*n^2)
+  1/2*pi + pi*n - 1/(pi*n) + 1/2/(pi*n^2)
+    - 1/12*(3*pi^2 + 8)/(pi^3*n^3) + 1/8*(pi^2 + 8)/(pi^3*n^4)
+  1/2*pi + pi*n - 1/(pi*n) + 1/2/(pi*n^2)
+    - 1/12*(3*pi^2 + 8)/(pi^3*n^3) + 1/8*(pi^2 + 8)/(pi^3*n^4)
+    - 1/240*(15*pi^4 + 240*pi^2 + 208)/(pi^5*n^5)
+    + 1/96*(3*pi^4 + 80*pi^2 + 208)/(pi^5*n^6)
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 239::
+
+  sage: h = var('h'); f(x, y) = x * y * (x^2 - y^2) / (x^2 + y^2)
+  sage: D1f(x, y) = diff(f(x,y), x); limit((D1f(0,h) - 0) / h, h=0)
+  -1
+  sage: D2f(x, y) = diff(f(x,y), y); limit((D2f(h,0) - 0) / h, h=0)
+  1
+  sage: g = plot3d(f(x, y), (x, -3, 3), (y, -3, 3))
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 285::
+
+  sage: n, t = var('n, t')
+  sage: v(n) = (4/(8*n+1)-2/(8*n+4)-1/(8*n+5)-1/(8*n+6))*1/16^n
+  sage: assume(8*n+1>0)
+  sage: f(t) = 4*sqrt(2)-8*t^3-4*sqrt(2)*t^4-8*t^5
+  sage: u(n) = integrate(f(t) * t^(8*n), t, 0, 1/sqrt(2))
+  sage: (u(n)-v(n)).canonicalize_radical()
+  0
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 317::
+
+  sage: t = var('t'); J = integrate(f(t) / (1-t^8), t, 0, 1/sqrt(2))
+  sage: J.canonicalize_radical()
+  pi + 2*log(sqrt(2) + 1) + 2*log(sqrt(2) - 1)
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 325::
+
+  sage: J.simplify_log().canonicalize_radical()
+  pi
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 337::
+
+  sage: l = sum(v(n) for n in (0..40)); l.n(digits=60)
+  3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510581474759
+  sage: pi.n(digits=60)
+  3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510582097494
+  sage: print("%e" % (l-pi).n(digits=60))
+  -6.227358e-54
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 369::
+
+  sage: x = var('x'); ps = lambda f, g : integral(f * g, x, -pi, pi)
+  sage: n = 5; a = var('a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5')
+  sage: P = sum(a[k] * x^k for k in (0..n))
+  sage: equ = [ps(P - sin(x), x^k) for k in (0..n)]
+  sage: sol = solve(equ, a)
+  sage: P = sum(sol[0][k].rhs() * x^k for k in (0..n)); P
+  105/8*(pi^4 - 153*pi^2 + 1485)*x/pi^6 - 315/4*(pi^4 - 125*pi^2 +
+  1155)*x^3/pi^8 + 693/8*(pi^4 - 105*pi^2 + 945)*x^5/pi^10
+  sage: g = plot(P,x,-6,6,color='red') + plot(sin(x),x,-6,6,color='blue')
+  sage: g.show(ymin = -1.5, ymax = 1.5)
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 430::
+
+  sage: p, e = var('p, e')
+  sage: theta1, theta2, theta3 = var('theta1, theta2, theta3')
+  sage: r(theta) = p / (1 - e * cos(theta))
+  sage: r1 = r(theta1); r2 = r(theta2); r3 = r(theta3)
+  sage: R1 = vector([r1 * cos(theta1), r1 * sin(theta1), 0])
+  sage: R2 = vector([r2 * cos(theta2), r2 * sin(theta2), 0])
+  sage: R3 = vector([r3 * cos(theta3), r3 * sin(theta3), 0])
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 446::
+
+  sage: D = R1.cross_product(R2)+R2.cross_product(R3)+R3.cross_product(R1)
+  sage: S = (r1 - r3) * R2 + (r3 - r2) * R1 + (r2 - r1) * R3
+  sage: i = vector([1, 0, 0]); V =  S + e * i.cross_product(D)
+  sage: V.simplify_full()
+  (0, 0, 0)
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 466::
+
+  sage: S.cross_product(D).simplify_full()[1:3]
+  (0, 0)
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 479::
+
+  sage: N = r3 * R1.cross_product(R2) + r1 * R2.cross_product(R3)\
+  ....:   + r2 * R3.cross_product(R1)
+  sage: W = p * S + e * i.cross_product(N)
+  sage: W.simplify_full()
+  (0, 0, 0)
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 504::
+
+  sage: R1=vector([0,1,0]); R2=vector([2,2,0]); R3=vector([3.5,0,0])
+  sage: r1 = R1.norm(); r2 = R2.norm(); r3 = R3.norm()
+  sage: D = R1.cross_product(R2) + R2.cross_product(R3) \
+  ....:   + R3.cross_product(R1)
+  sage: S = (r1 - r3) * R2 + (r3 - r2) * R1 + (r2 - r1) * R3
+  sage: N = r3 * R1.cross_product(R2) + r1 * R2.cross_product(R3) \
+  ....:   + r2 * R3.cross_product(R1)
+  sage: e = S.norm() / D.norm(); p = N.norm() / D.norm()
+  sage: a = p/(1-e^2); c = a * e; b = sqrt(a^2 - c^2)
+  sage: X = S.cross_product(D); i = X / X.norm()
+  sage: phi = atan2(i[1], i[0]) * 180 / pi.n()
+  sage: print("%.3f %.3f %.3f %.3f %.3f %.3f" % (a, b, c, e, p, phi))
+  2.360 1.326 1.952 0.827 0.746 17.917
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 544::
+
+  sage: A = matrix(QQ, [[ 2,  -3,   2, -12, 33],
+  ....:                 [ 6,   1,  26, -16, 69],
+  ....:                 [10, -29, -18, -53, 32],
+  ....:                 [ 2,   0,   8, -18, 84]])
+  sage: A.right_kernel()
+  Vector space of degree 5 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
+  Basis matrix:
+  [     1      0  -7/34   5/17   1/17]
+  [     0      1  -3/34 -10/17  -2/17]
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 571::
+
+  sage: H = A.echelon_form(); H
+  [ 1  0  4  0 -3]
+  [ 0  1  2  0  7]
+  [ 0  0  0  1 -5]
+  [ 0  0  0  0  0]
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 608::
+
+  sage: A.column_space()
+  Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 3 over Rational Field
+  Basis matrix:
+  [       1        0        0 1139/350]
+  [       0        1        0    -9/50]
+  [       0        0        1   -12/35]
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 624::
+
+  sage: S.<x, y, z, t> = QQ[]
+  sage: C = matrix(S, 4, 1, [x, y, z, t])
+  sage: B = block_matrix([A, C], ncols=2)
+  sage: C = B.echelon_form()
+  sage: C[3,5]*350
+  -1139*x + 63*y + 120*z + 350*t
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 643::
+
+  sage: K = A.left_kernel(); K
+  Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
+  Basis matrix:
+  [        1  -63/1139 -120/1139 -350/1139]
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 653::
+
+  sage: matrix(K.0).right_kernel()
+  Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 3 over Rational Field
+  Basis matrix:
+  [       1        0        0 1139/350]
+  [       0        1        0    -9/50]
+  [       0        0        1   -12/35]
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 668::
+
+  sage: A = matrix(QQ, [[-2, 1, 1], [8, 1, -5], [4, 3, -3]])
+  sage: C = matrix(QQ, [[1, 2, -1], [2, -1, -1], [-5, 0, 3]])
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 680::
+
+  sage: B = C.solve_left(A); B
+  [ 0 -1  0]
+  [ 2  3  0]
+  [ 2  1  0]
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 691::
+
+  sage: C.left_kernel()
+  Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
+  Basis matrix:
+  [1 2 1]
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 699::
+
+  sage: x, y, z = var('x, y, z'); v = matrix([[1, 2, 1]])
+  sage: B = B + (x*v).stack(y*v).stack(z*v); B
+  [      x 2*x - 1       x]
+  [  y + 2 2*y + 3       y]
+  [  z + 2 2*z + 1       z]
+
+Sage example in ./sol/calculus.tex, line 708::
+
+  sage: A == B*C
+  True
+"""