passagemath-repl 10.4.62__py3-none-any.whl

sage/tests/arxiv_0812_2725.py

@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-repl
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.combinat
+r"""
+Sage code for computing k-distant crossing numbers.
+
+This code accompanies the article :arxiv:`0812.2725`. It is being
+submitted because of a suggestion from
+http://groups.google.com/group/sage-support/msg/3ea7ed2eeab0824a.
+
+Right now, this code only computes k-dcrossings. If you are only
+interested in the distribution, this is good enough because the extended
+Kasraoui-Zeng involution tells us the distribution of k-dcrossings and
+k-dnestings is symmetric. It would be nice, though, to have a function
+which actually performed that involution.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Dan Drake (2008-12-15): initial version.
+
+EXAMPLES:
+
+The example given in the paper. Note that in this format, we omit fixed
+points since they cannot create any sort of crossing. ::
+
+    sage: from sage.tests.arxiv_0812_2725 import *
+    sage: dcrossing([(1,5), (2,4), (4,9), (6,12), (7,10), (10,11)])
+    3
+"""
+#*****************************************************************************
+# Copyright (C) 2008 Dan Drake <ddrake@member.ams.org>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or (at
+# your option) any later version.
+#
+# See https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
+#*****************************************************************************
+from sage.combinat.set_partition import SetPartitions as SetPartitions
+
+
+def CompleteMatchings(n):
+    """
+    Return a generator for the complete matchings of the set [1..n].
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``n`` -- nonnegative integer
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A generator for the complete matchings of the set [1..n], or,
+    what is basically the same thing, complete matchings of the
+    graph K_n. Each complete matching is represented by a list of
+    2-element tuples.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    There are 3 complete matchings on 4 vertices::
+
+        sage: from sage.tests.arxiv_0812_2725 import *
+        sage: [m for m in CompleteMatchings(4)]
+        [[(3, 4), (1, 2)], [(2, 4), (1, 3)], [(2, 3), (1, 4)]]
+
+    There are no complete matchings on an odd number of vertices; the
+    number of complete matchings on an even number of vertices is a
+    double factorial::
+
+        sage: from sage.tests.arxiv_0812_2725 import *
+        sage: [len([m for m in CompleteMatchings(n)]) for n in [0..8]]
+        [1, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 15, 0, 105]
+
+    The exact behavior of CompleteMatchings(n) if n is not a nonnegative
+    integer depends on what [1..n] returns, and also on what range(1,
+    len([1..n])) is.
+    """
+    yield from matchingsset(list(range(1, n + 1)))
+
+
+def matchingsset(L):
+    """
+    Return a generator for complete matchings of the sequence L.
+
+    This is not really meant to be called directly, but rather by
+    CompleteMatchings().
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``L`` -- a sequence. Lists, tuples, et cetera; anything that
+      supports ``len()`` and slicing should work.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A generator for complete matchings on K_n, where n is the length
+    of L and vertices are labeled by elements of L. Each matching is
+    represented by a list of 2-element tuples.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.tests.arxiv_0812_2725 import *
+        sage: [m for m in matchingsset(('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'))]
+        [[('c', 'd'), ('a', 'b')], [('b', 'd'), ('a', 'c')], [('b', 'c'), ('a', 'd')]]
+
+    There's only one matching of the empty set/list/tuple: the empty
+    matching. ::
+
+        sage: [m for m in matchingsset(())]
+        [[]]
+    """
+    if not L:
+        yield []
+    else:
+        for k in range(1, len(L)):
+            for m in matchingsset(L[1: k] + L[k + 1:]):
+                yield m + [(L[0], L[k])]
+
+
+def dcrossing(m_):
+    """
+    Return the largest k for which the given matching or set
+    partition has a k-distant crossing.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``m`` -- a matching or set partition, as a list of 2-element tuples
+      representing the edges. You'll need to call ``setp_to_edges()`` on
+      the objects returned by ``SetPartitions()`` to put them into the
+      proper format.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    The largest k for which the object has a k-distant crossing.
+    Matchings and set partitions with no crossings at all yield -1.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The main example from the paper::
+
+        sage: from sage.tests.arxiv_0812_2725 import *
+        sage: dcrossing(setp_to_edges(Set(map(Set, [[1,5],[2,4,9],[3],[6,12],[7,10,11],[8]]))))
+        3
+
+    A matching example::
+
+        sage: from sage.tests.arxiv_0812_2725 import *
+        sage: dcrossing([(4, 7), (3, 6), (2, 5), (1, 8)])
+        2
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    The empty matching and set partition are noncrossing::
+
+        sage: dcrossing([])
+        -1
+        sage: dcrossing(Set([]))
+        -1
+
+    One edge::
+
+        sage: dcrossing([Set((1,2))])
+        -1
+        sage: dcrossing(Set([Set((1,2))]))
+        -1
+
+    Set partition with block of size >= 3 is always at least
+    0-dcrossing::
+
+        sage: dcrossing(setp_to_edges(Set([Set((1,2,3))])))
+        0
+    """
+    d = -1
+    m = list(m_)
+    while m:
+        e1_ = m.pop()
+        for e2_ in m:
+            e1, e2 = sorted(e1_), sorted(e2_)
+            if (e1[0] < e2[0] and e2[0] <= e1[1] and e1[1] < e2[1] and
+                    e1[1] - e2[0] > d):
+                d = e1[1] - e2[0]
+            if (e2[0] < e1[0] and e1[0] <= e2[1] and e2[1] < e1[1] and
+                    e2[1] - e1[0] > d):
+                d = e2[1] - e1[0]
+    return d
+
+
+def setp_to_edges(p):
+    """
+    Transform a set partition into a list of edges.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``p`` -- a Sage set partition
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A list of non-loop edges of the set partition. As this code just
+    works with crossings, we can ignore the loops.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The main example from the paper::
+
+        sage: from sage.tests.arxiv_0812_2725 import *
+        sage: sorted(setp_to_edges(Set(map(Set, [[1,5],[2,4,9],[3],[6,12],[7,10,11],[8]]))))
+        [[1, 5], [2, 4], [4, 9], [6, 12], [7, 10], [10, 11]]
+    """
+    q = (sorted(b) for b in p)
+    return [b[n: n + 2] for b in q for n in range(len(b) - 1)]
+
+
+def dcrossvec_setp(n):
+    """
+    Return a list with the distribution of k-dcrossings on set partitions of [1..n].
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``n`` -- nonnegative integer
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A list whose k'th entry is the number of set partitions p for
+    which dcrossing(p) = k. For example, let L = dcrossvec_setp(3).
+    We have L = [1, 0, 4]. L[0] is 1 because there's 1 partition of
+    [1..3] that has 0-dcrossing: [(1, 2, 3)].
+
+    One tricky bit is that noncrossing matchings get put at the end,
+    because L[-1] is the last element of the list. Above, we have
+    L[-1] = 4 because the other four set partitions are all
+    d-noncrossing. Because of this, you should not think of the last
+    element of the list as having index n-1, but rather -1.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.tests.arxiv_0812_2725 import *
+        sage: dcrossvec_setp(3)
+        [1, 0, 4]
+
+        sage: dcrossvec_setp(4)
+        [5, 1, 0, 9]
+
+    The one set partition of 1 element is noncrossing, so the last
+    element of the list is 1::
+
+        sage: dcrossvec_setp(1)
+        [1]
+    """
+    vec = [0] * n
+    for p in SetPartitions(n):
+        vec[dcrossing(setp_to_edges(p))] += 1
+    return vec
+
+
+def dcrossvec_cm(n):
+    """
+    Return a list with the distribution of k-dcrossings on complete matchings on n vertices.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``n`` -- nonnegative integer
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A list whose k'th entry is the number of complete matchings m
+    for which dcrossing(m) = k. For example, let L =
+    dcrossvec_cm(4). We have L = [0, 1, 0, 2]. L[1] is 1 because
+    there's one matching on 4 vertices that is 1-dcrossing: [(2, 4),
+    (1, 3)]. L[0] is zero because dcrossing() returns the *largest*
+    k for which the matching has a dcrossing, and 0-dcrossing is
+    equivalent to 1-dcrossing for complete matchings.
+
+    One tricky bit is that noncrossing matchings get put at the end,
+    because L[-1] is the last element of the list. Because of this, you
+    should not think of the last element of the list as having index
+    n-1, but rather -1.
+
+    If n is negative, you get silly results. Don't use them in your
+    next paper. :)
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The single complete matching on 2 vertices has no crossings, so the
+    only nonzero entry of the list (the last entry) is 1::
+
+        sage: from sage.tests.arxiv_0812_2725 import *
+        sage: dcrossvec_cm(2)
+        [0, 1]
+
+    Similarly, the empty matching has no crossings::
+
+        sage: dcrossvec_cm(0)
+        [1]
+
+    For odd n, there are no complete matchings, so the list has all
+    zeros::
+
+        sage: dcrossvec_cm(5)
+        [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+
+        sage: dcrossvec_cm(4)
+        [0, 1, 0, 2]
+    """
+    vec = [0] * max(n, 1)
+    for m in CompleteMatchings(n):
+        vec[dcrossing(m)] += 1
+    return vec
+
+
+def tablecolumn(n, k):
+    """
+    Return column n of Table 1 or 2 from the paper :arxiv:`0812.2725`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``n`` -- positive integer
+
+    - ``k`` -- integer for which table you want: Table 1 is complete
+      matchings, Table 2 is set partitions
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    The n'th column of the table as a list. This is basically just the
+    partial sums of dcrossvec_{cm,setp}(n).
+
+    table2column(1, 2) incorrectly returns [], instead of [1], but you
+    probably don't need this function to work through n = 1.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Complete matchings::
+
+        sage: from sage.tests.arxiv_0812_2725 import *
+        sage: tablecolumn(2, 1)
+        [1]
+
+        sage: tablecolumn(6, 1)
+        [5, 5, 11, 14, 15]
+
+    Set partitions::
+
+        sage: tablecolumn(5, 2)
+        [21, 42, 51, 52]
+
+        sage: tablecolumn(2, 2)
+        [2]
+    """
+    if k == 1:
+        v = dcrossvec_cm(n)
+    else:
+        v = dcrossvec_setp(n)
+    i = v[-1]
+    return [i + sum(v[:k]) for k in range(len(v) - 1)]