passagemath-objects 10.6.47__cp311-cp311-macosx_13_0_x86_64.whl

sage/misc/cachefunc.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,3781 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-objects
+r"""
+Cached Functions and Methods
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- William Stein: initial version, (inspired by conversation with Justin Walker)
+- Mike Hansen: added doctests and made it work with class methods.
+- Willem Jan Palenstijn: add CachedMethodCaller for binding cached methods to
+  instances.
+- Tom Boothby: added DiskCachedFunction.
+- Simon King: improved performance, more doctests, cython version,
+  CachedMethodCallerNoArgs, weak cached function, cached special methods.
+- Julian Rueth (2014-03-19, 2014-05-09, 2014-05-12): added ``key`` parameter, allow caching
+  for unhashable elements, added ``do_pickle`` parameter
+
+EXAMPLES:
+
+By :issue:`11115`, cached functions and methods are now also
+available in Cython code. The following examples cover various ways
+of usage.
+
+Python functions::
+
+    sage: @cached_function
+    ....: def test_pfunc(x):
+    ....:     '''
+    ....:     Some documentation
+    ....:     '''
+    ....:     return -x
+    sage: test_pfunc(5) is test_pfunc(5)
+    True
+
+In some cases, one would only want to keep the result in cache as long
+as there is any other reference to the result. By :issue:`12215`, this is
+enabled for :class:`~sage.structure.unique_representation.UniqueRepresentation`,
+which is used to create unique parents: If an algebraic structure, such
+as a finite field, is only temporarily used, then it will not stay in
+cache forever. That behaviour is implemented using ``weak_cached_function``,
+that behaves the same as ``cached_function``, except that it uses a
+:class:`~sage.misc.weak_dict.CachedWeakValueDictionary` for storing the results.
+
+Cython cdef functions do not allow arbitrary decorators.
+However, one can wrap a Cython function and turn it into
+a cached function, by :issue:`11115`. We need to provide
+the name that the wrapped method or function should have,
+since otherwise the name of the original function would
+be used::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.misc.cython
+    sage: cython('''cpdef test_funct(x): return -x''')
+    sage: wrapped_funct = cached_function(test_funct, name='wrapped_funct')
+    sage: wrapped_funct
+    Cached version of <cyfunction test_funct at ...>
+    sage: wrapped_funct.__name__
+    'wrapped_funct'
+    sage: wrapped_funct(5)
+    -5
+    sage: wrapped_funct(5) is wrapped_funct(5)
+    True
+
+We can proceed similarly for cached methods of Cython classes,
+provided that they allow attribute assignment or have a public
+attribute ``_cached_methods`` of type ``<dict>``. Since
+:issue:`11115`, this is the case for all classes inheriting from
+:class:`~sage.structure.parent.Parent`. See below for a more explicit
+example. By :issue:`12951`, cached methods of extension classes can
+be defined by simply using the decorator. However, an indirect
+approach is still needed for cpdef methods::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.misc.cython
+    sage: cython_code = ['cpdef test_meth(self, x):',
+    ....: '    "some doc for a wrapped cython method"',
+    ....: '    return -x',
+    ....: 'from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method',
+    ....: 'from sage.structure.parent cimport Parent',
+    ....: 'cdef class MyClass(Parent):',
+    ....: '    @cached_method',
+    ....: '    def direct_method(self, x):',
+    ....: '        "Some doc for direct method"',
+    ....: '        return 2*x',
+    ....: '    wrapped_method = cached_method(test_meth,name="wrapped_method")']
+    sage: cython(os.linesep.join(cython_code))
+    sage: O = MyClass()
+    sage: O.direct_method
+    Cached version of <cyfunction MyClass.direct_method at ...>
+    sage: O.wrapped_method
+    Cached version of <cyfunction test_meth at ...>
+    sage: O.wrapped_method.__name__
+    'wrapped_method'
+    sage: O.wrapped_method(5)
+    -5
+    sage: O.wrapped_method(5) is O.wrapped_method(5)
+    True
+    sage: O.direct_method(5)
+    10
+    sage: O.direct_method(5) is O.direct_method(5)
+    True
+
+By :issue:`11115`, even if a parent does not allow attribute
+assignment, it can inherit a cached method from the parent class of a
+category (previously, the cache would have been broken)::
+
+    sage: cython_code = ["from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method",
+    ....: "from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_in_parent_method",
+    ....: "from sage.categories.category import Category",
+    ....: "from sage.categories.objects import Objects",
+    ....: "class MyCategory(Category):",
+    ....: "    @cached_method",
+    ....: "    def super_categories(self):",
+    ....: "        return [Objects()]",
+    ....: "    class ElementMethods:",
+    ....: "        @cached_method",
+    ....: "        def element_cache_test(self):",
+    ....: "            return -self",
+    ....: "        @cached_in_parent_method",
+    ....: "        def element_via_parent_test(self):",
+    ....: "            return -self",
+    ....: "    class ParentMethods:",
+    ....: "        @cached_method",
+    ....: "        def one(self):",
+    ....: "            return self.element_class(self,1)",
+    ....: "        @cached_method",
+    ....: "        def invert(self, x):",
+    ....: "            return -x"]
+    sage: cython('\n'.join(cython_code))                                                # needs sage.misc.cython
+    sage: C = MyCategory()                                                              # needs sage.misc.cython
+
+In order to keep the memory footprint of elements small, it was
+decided to not support the same freedom of using cached methods
+for elements: If an instance of a class derived from
+:class:`~sage.structure.element.Element` does not allow attribute
+assignment, then a cached method inherited from the category of
+its parent will break, as in the class ``MyBrokenElement`` below.
+
+However, there is a class :class:`~sage.structure.element.ElementWithCachedMethod`
+that has generally a slower attribute access, but fully supports
+cached methods. We remark, however, that cached methods are
+*much* faster if attribute access works. So, we expect that
+:class:`~sage.structure.element.ElementWithCachedMethod` will
+hardly be used.
+::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.misc.cython
+    sage: cython_code = ["from sage.structure.element cimport Element, ElementWithCachedMethod", "from cpython.object cimport PyObject_RichCompare",
+    ....: "cdef class MyBrokenElement(Element):",
+    ....: "    cdef public object x",
+    ....: "    def __init__(self, P, x):",
+    ....: "        self.x=x",
+    ....: "        Element.__init__(self,P)",
+    ....: "    def __neg__(self):",
+    ....: "        return MyBrokenElement(self.parent(),-self.x)",
+    ....: "    def _repr_(self):",
+    ....: "        return '<%s>'%self.x",
+    ....: "    def __hash__(self):",
+    ....: "        return hash(self.x)",
+    ....: "    cpdef _richcmp_(left, right, int op):",
+    ....: "        return PyObject_RichCompare(left.x, right.x, op)",
+    ....: "    def raw_test(self):",
+    ....: "        return -self",
+    ....: "cdef class MyElement(ElementWithCachedMethod):",
+    ....: "    cdef public object x",
+    ....: "    def __init__(self, P, x):",
+    ....: "        self.x=x",
+    ....: "        ElementWithCachedMethod.__init__(self,P)",
+    ....: "    def __neg__(self):",
+    ....: "        return MyElement(self.parent(),-self.x)",
+    ....: "    def _repr_(self):",
+    ....: "        return '<%s>'%self.x",
+    ....: "    def __hash__(self):",
+    ....: "        return hash(self.x)",
+    ....: "    cpdef _richcmp_(left, right, int op):",
+    ....: "        return PyObject_RichCompare(left.x, right.x, op)",
+    ....: "    def raw_test(self):",
+    ....: "        return -self",
+    ....: "from sage.structure.parent cimport Parent",
+    ....: "cdef class MyParent(Parent):",
+    ....: "    Element = MyElement"]
+    sage: cython('\n'.join(cython_code))
+    sage: P = MyParent(category=C)
+    sage: ebroken = MyBrokenElement(P, 5)
+    sage: e = MyElement(P, 5)
+
+The cached methods inherited by the parent works::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.misc.cython
+    sage: P.one()
+    <1>
+    sage: P.one() is P.one()
+    True
+    sage: P.invert(e)
+    <-5>
+    sage: P.invert(e) is P.invert(e)
+    True
+
+The cached methods inherited by ``MyElement`` works::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.misc.cython
+    sage: e.element_cache_test()
+    <-5>
+    sage: e.element_cache_test() is e.element_cache_test()
+    True
+    sage: e.element_via_parent_test()
+    <-5>
+    sage: e.element_via_parent_test() is e.element_via_parent_test()
+    True
+
+The other element class can only inherit a ``cached_in_parent_method``, since
+the cache is stored in the parent. In fact, equal elements share the cache,
+even if they are of different types::
+
+    sage: e == ebroken                                                                  # needs sage.misc.cython
+    True
+    sage: type(e) == type(ebroken)                                                      # needs sage.misc.cython
+    False
+    sage: ebroken.element_via_parent_test() is e.element_via_parent_test()              # needs sage.misc.cython
+    True
+
+However, the cache of the other inherited method breaks, although the method
+as such works::
+
+    sage: ebroken.element_cache_test()                                                  # needs sage.misc.cython
+    <-5>
+    sage: ebroken.element_cache_test() is ebroken.element_cache_test()                  # needs sage.misc.cython
+    False
+
+The cache can be emptied::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.misc.cython
+    sage: a = test_pfunc(5)
+    sage: test_pfunc.clear_cache()
+    sage: a is test_pfunc(5)
+    False
+    sage: a = P.one()
+    sage: P.one.clear_cache()
+    sage: a is P.one()
+    False
+
+Since ``e`` and ``ebroken`` share the cache, when we empty it for one element
+it is empty for the other as well::
+
+    sage: b = ebroken.element_via_parent_test()                                         # needs sage.misc.cython
+    sage: e.element_via_parent_test.clear_cache()                                       # needs sage.misc.cython
+    sage: b is ebroken.element_via_parent_test()                                        # needs sage.misc.cython
+    False
+
+Introspection works::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.misc.cython
+    sage: from sage.misc.edit_module import file_and_line
+    sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getdoc, sage_getfile, sage_getsource
+    sage: print(sage_getdoc(test_pfunc))
+       Some documentation
+    sage: print(sage_getdoc(O.wrapped_method))
+    some doc for a wrapped cython method
+    <BLANKLINE>
+    sage: print(sage_getdoc(O.direct_method))
+    Some doc for direct method
+    <BLANKLINE>
+    sage: print(sage_getsource(O.wrapped_method))
+    cpdef test_meth(self, x):
+        "some doc for a wrapped cython method"
+        return -x
+    sage: print(sage_getsource(O.direct_method))
+    @cached_method
+    def direct_method(self, x):
+        "Some doc for direct method"
+        return 2*x
+
+It is a very common special case to cache a method that has no
+arguments. In that special case, the time needed to access the cache
+can be drastically reduced by using a special implementation. The
+cached method decorator automatically determines which implementation
+ought to be chosen. A typical example is
+:meth:`sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_ideal.MPolynomialIdeal.gens`
+(no arguments) versus
+:meth:`sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_ideal.MPolynomialIdeal.groebner_basis`
+(several arguments)::
+
+    sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
+    sage: I = P * [a, b]
+    sage: I.gens()
+    [a, b]
+    sage: I.gens() is I.gens()
+    True
+    sage: I.groebner_basis()                                                            # needs sage.libs.singular
+    [a, b]
+    sage: I.groebner_basis() is I.groebner_basis()                                      # needs sage.libs.singular
+    True
+    sage: type(I.gens)
+    <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
+    sage: type(I.groebner_basis)
+    <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCaller'>
+
+By :issue:`12951`, the cached_method decorator is also supported on non-c(p)def
+methods of extension classes, as long as they either support attribute assignment
+or have a public attribute of type ``<dict>`` called ``_cached_methods``. The
+latter is easy::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.misc.cython
+    sage: cython_code = [
+    ....: "from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method",
+    ....: "cdef class MyClass:",
+    ....: "    cdef public dict _cached_methods",
+    ....: "    @cached_method",
+    ....: "    def f(self, a, b):",
+    ....: "        return a*b"]
+    sage: cython(os.linesep.join(cython_code))
+    sage: P = MyClass()
+    sage: P.f(2, 3)
+    6
+    sage: P.f(2, 3) is P.f(2, 3)
+    True
+
+Providing attribute access is a bit more tricky, since it is needed that
+an attribute inherited by the instance from its class can be overridden
+on the instance. That is why providing a ``__getattr__`` would not be
+enough in the following example::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.misc.cython
+    sage: cython_code = [
+    ....: "from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method",
+    ....: "cdef class MyOtherClass:",
+    ....: "    cdef dict D",
+    ....: "    def __init__(self):",
+    ....: "        self.D = {}",
+    ....: "    def __setattr__(self, n, v):",
+    ....: "        self.D[n] = v",
+    ....: "    def __getattribute__(self, n):",
+    ....: "        try:",
+    ....: "            return self.D[n]",
+    ....: "        except KeyError:",
+    ....: "            pass",
+    ....: "        return getattr(type(self),n).__get__(self)",
+    ....: "    @cached_method",
+    ....: "    def f(self, a, b):",
+    ....: "        return a+b"]
+    sage: cython(os.linesep.join(cython_code))
+    sage: Q = MyOtherClass()
+    sage: Q.f(2, 3)
+    5
+    sage: Q.f(2, 3) is Q.f(2, 3)
+    True
+
+Note that supporting attribute access is somehow faster than the
+easier method::
+
+    sage: timeit("a = P.f(2,3)")   # random                                             # needs sage.misc.cython
+    625 loops, best of 3: 1.3 µs per loop
+    sage: timeit("a = Q.f(2,3)")   # random                                             # needs sage.misc.cython
+    625 loops, best of 3: 931 ns per loop
+
+Some immutable objects (such as `p`-adic numbers) cannot implement a
+reasonable hash function because their ``==`` operator has been
+modified to return ``True`` for objects which might behave differently
+in some computations::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.rings.padics
+    sage: K.<a> = Qq(9)
+    sage: b = a.add_bigoh(1)
+    sage: c = a + 3
+    sage: b
+    a + O(3)
+    sage: c
+    a + 3 + O(3^20)
+    sage: b == c
+    True
+    sage: b == a
+    True
+    sage: c == a
+    False
+
+If such objects defined a non-trivial hash function, this would break
+caching in many places. However, such objects should still be usable
+in caches. This can be achieved by defining an appropriate method
+``_cache_key``::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.rings.padics
+    sage: hash(b)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    TypeError: ...unhashable type: 'sage.rings.padics.qadic_flint_CR.qAdicCappedRelativeElement'...
+    sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+    sage: @cached_method
+    ....: def f(x): return x == a
+    sage: f(b)
+    True
+    sage: f(c)  # if b and c were hashable, this would return True
+    False
+    sage: b._cache_key()
+    (..., ((0, 1),), 0, 1)
+    sage: c._cache_key()
+    (..., ((0, 1), (1,)), 0, 20)
+
+.. NOTE::
+
+    This attribute will only be accessed if the object itself
+    is not hashable.
+
+An implementation must make sure that for elements ``a`` and ``b``,
+if ``a != b``, then also ``a._cache_key() != b._cache_key()``.
+In practice this means that the ``_cache_key`` should always include
+the parent as its first argument::
+
+    sage: S.<a> = Qq(4)                                                                 # needs sage.rings.padics
+    sage: d = a.add_bigoh(1)                                                            # needs sage.rings.padics
+    sage: b._cache_key() == d._cache_key()  # this would be True if the parents were not included
+    False
+
+Note that shallow copy of mutable objects may behave unexpectedly::
+
+    sage: class Foo:
+    ....:     @cached_method
+    ....:     def f(self):
+    ....:         return self.x
+    sage: from copy import copy, deepcopy
+    sage: a = Foo()
+    sage: a.x = 1
+    sage: a.f()
+    1
+    sage: b = copy(a)
+    sage: b.x = 2
+    sage: b.f()  # incorrect!
+    1
+    sage: b.f is a.f  # this is the problem
+    True
+    sage: b = deepcopy(a)
+    sage: b.x = 2
+    sage: b.f()  # correct
+    2
+    sage: b.f is a.f
+    False
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2008 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#                          Mike Hansen <mhansen@gmail.com>
+#                     2011 Simon King <simon.king@uni-jena.de>
+#                     2014 Julian Rueth <julian.rueth@fsfe.org>
+#                     2015 Jeroen Demeyer <jdemeyer@cage.ugent.be>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+cdef extern from "methodobject.h":
+    cdef int METH_NOARGS, METH_O
+    cdef int PyCFunction_GetFlags(object op) except -1
+
+import os
+from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getfile_relative, sage_getsourcelines, sage_getargspec
+from inspect import isfunction
+
+from sage.misc.weak_dict cimport CachedWeakValueDictionary
+from sage.misc.decorators import decorator_keywords
+
+cdef frozenset special_method_names = frozenset(
+    ['__abs__', '__add__',
+     '__and__', '__call__', '__cmp__', '__coerce__', '__complex__', '__contains__', '__del__',
+     '__delattr__', '__delete__', '__delitem__', '__delslice__', '__dir__', '__div__',
+     '__eq__', '__float__', '__floordiv__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__get__', '__getattr__',
+     '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__hex__',
+     '__iadd__', '__iand__', '__idiv__', '__ifloordiv__', '__ilshift__', '__imod__', '__imul__',
+     '__index__', '__init__', '__instancecheck__', '__int__', '__invert__', '__ior__', '__ipow__',
+     '__irshift__', '__isub__', '__iter__', '__itruediv__', '__ixor__', '__le__', '__len__',
+     '__length_hint__', '__long__', '__lshift__', '__lt__', '__missing__', '__mod__', '__mul__',
+     '__ne__', '__neg__', '__new__', '__oct__', '__or__', '__pos__', '__pow__',
+     '__radd__', '__rand__', '__rdiv__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rfloordiv__', '__rlshift__',
+     '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__ror__', '__rpow__', '__rrshift__', '__rshift__', '__rsub__',
+     '__rtruediv__', '__rxor__', '__set__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__setslice__', '__sizeof__',
+     '__str__', '__sub__', '__subclasscheck__', '__truediv__', '__unicode__', '__xor__', 'next'])
+
+
+def _cached_function_unpickle(module, name, cache=None):
+    """
+    Unpickle the cache function ``name`` defined in ``module``.
+
+    This function loads ``name`` from ``module`` (it does not restore the code
+    of the actual function when it was pickled.) The cache is restored from
+    ``cache`` if present.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``module`` -- the name of the module to import the function from
+    - ``name`` -- the name of the cached function
+    - ``cache`` -- list of cached key value pairs
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: type(hilbert_class_polynomial)                                            # needs sage.schemes
+        <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedFunction'>
+        sage: loads(dumps(hilbert_class_polynomial)) is hilbert_class_polynomial  #indirect doctest                     # needs sage.schemes
+        True
+
+    Verify that the ``cache`` parameter works::
+
+        sage: @cached_function(do_pickle=True)
+        ....: def f(n): return n
+        sage: import __main__
+        sage: __main__.f = f
+        sage: f(0)
+        0
+        sage: ((0,),()) in f.cache
+        True
+
+        sage: s = dumps(f)
+        sage: f.clear_cache()
+        sage: ((0,),()) in f.cache
+        False
+        sage: f = loads(s)
+        sage: ((0,),()) in f.cache
+        True
+        sage: f(0)
+        0
+    """
+    ret = getattr(__import__(module, fromlist=['']), name)
+    if cache is not None:
+        ret.cache.update(cache)
+    return ret
+
+
+cdef class NonpicklingDict(dict):
+    r"""
+    A special dict which does not pickle its contents.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import NonpicklingDict
+        sage: d = NonpicklingDict()
+        sage: d[0] = 0
+        sage: loads(dumps(d))
+        {}
+    """
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return data required to unpickle this dictionary.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import NonpicklingDict
+            sage: d = NonpicklingDict()
+            sage: d[0] = 0
+            sage: d.__reduce__()
+            (<class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.NonpicklingDict'>, ())
+        """
+        return NonpicklingDict, ()
+
+
+cdef unhashable_key = object()
+
+cpdef inline dict_key(o):
+    """
+    Return a key to cache object ``o`` in a dict.
+
+    This is different from ``cache_key`` since the ``cache_key`` might
+    get confused with the key of a hashable object. Therefore, such keys
+    include ``unhashable_key`` which acts as a unique marker which is
+    certainly not stored in the dictionary otherwise.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import dict_key
+        sage: dict_key(42)
+        42
+        sage: K.<u> = Qq(9)                                                             # needs sage.rings.padics
+        sage: dict_key(u)                                                               # needs sage.rings.padics
+        (<object object at ...>, (..., 20))
+    """
+    try:
+        hash(o)
+    except TypeError:
+        o = (unhashable_key, cache_key_unhashable(o))
+    return o
+
+
+cpdef inline cache_key(o):
+    r"""
+    Helper function to return a hashable key for ``o`` which can be used for
+    caching.
+
+    This function is intended for objects which are not hashable such as
+    `p`-adic numbers. The difference from calling an object's ``_cache_key``
+    method directly, is that it also works for tuples and unpacks them
+    recursively (if necessary, i.e., if they are not hashable).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import cache_key
+        sage: K.<u> = Qq(9)                                                             # needs sage.rings.padics
+        sage: a = K(1); a                                                               # needs sage.rings.padics
+        1 + O(3^20)
+        sage: cache_key(a)                                                              # needs sage.rings.padics
+        (..., ((1,),), 0, 20)
+
+    This function works if ``o`` is a tuple. In this case it unpacks its
+    entries recursively::
+
+        sage: o = (1, 2, (3, a))                                                        # needs sage.rings.padics
+        sage: cache_key(o)                                                              # needs sage.rings.padics
+        (1, 2, (3, (..., ((1,),), 0, 20)))
+
+    Note that tuples are only partially unpacked if some of its entries are
+    hashable::
+
+        sage: o = (1/2, a)                                                              # needs sage.rings.padics
+        sage: cache_key(o)                                                              # needs sage.rings.padics
+        (1/2, (..., ((1,),), 0, 20))
+    """
+    try:
+        hash(o)
+    except TypeError:
+        o = cache_key_unhashable(o)
+    return o
+
+
+cdef cache_key_unhashable(o):
+    """
+    Return a key for caching an item which is unhashable.
+    """
+    if isinstance(o, tuple):
+        return tuple(cache_key(item) for item in o)
+    try:
+        k = o._cache_key()
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise TypeError("unhashable type: {!r}".format(type(o).__name__))
+    return cache_key(k)
+
+
+cdef class CachedFunction():
+    """
+    Create a cached version of a function, which only recomputes
+    values it hasn't already computed. Synonyme: ``cached_function``
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``f`` -- a function
+    - ``name`` -- (optional string) name that the cached version
+      of ``f`` should be provided with
+    - ``key`` -- (optional callable) takes the input and returns a
+      key for the cache, typically one would use this to normalize input
+    - ``do_pickle`` -- (optional boolean) whether or not the contents of the
+      cache should be included when pickling this function; the default is not
+      to include them.
+
+    If ``f`` is a function, do either ``g = CachedFunction(f)``
+    or ``g = cached_function(f)`` to make a cached version of ``f``,
+    or put ``@cached_function`` right before the definition of ``f``
+    (i.e., use Python decorators)::
+
+        @cached_function
+        def f(...):
+            ....
+
+    The inputs to the function must be hashable or they must define
+    :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: @cached_function
+        ....: def mul(x, y=2):
+        ....:     return x*y
+        sage: mul(3)
+        6
+
+    We demonstrate that the result is cached, and that, moreover,
+    the cache takes into account the various ways of providing
+    default arguments::
+
+        sage: mul(3) is mul(3,2)
+        True
+        sage: mul(3,y=2) is mul(3,2)
+        True
+
+    The user can clear the cache::
+
+        sage: a = mul(4)
+        sage: mul.clear_cache()
+        sage: a is mul(4)
+        False
+
+    It is also possible to explicitly override the cache with
+    a different value::
+
+        sage: mul.set_cache('foo',5)
+        sage: mul(5,2)
+        'foo'
+
+    The parameter ``key`` can be used to ignore parameters for
+    caching. In this example we ignore the parameter ``algorithm``::
+
+        sage: @cached_function(key=lambda x,y,algorithm: (x,y))
+        ....: def mul(x, y, algorithm='default'):
+        ....:     return x*y
+        sage: mul(1,1,algorithm='default') is mul(1,1,algorithm='algorithm') is mul(1,1) is mul(1,1,'default')
+        True
+    """
+    def __init__(self, f, *, classmethod=False, name=None, key=None, do_pickle=None):
+        """
+        Create a cached version of a function, which only recomputes
+        values it hasn't already computed. A custom name can be
+        provided by an optional argument "name".
+
+        If ``f`` is a function, do either ``g = CachedFunction(f)``
+        to make a cached version of ``f``, or put ``@CachedFunction``
+        right before the definition of ``f`` (i.e., use Python decorators)::
+
+            @CachedFunction
+            def f(...):
+                ....
+
+        The inputs to the function must be hashable or they must define
+        :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.combinat
+            sage: g = CachedFunction(number_of_partitions)
+            sage: g.__name__
+            'number_of_partitions'
+            sage: 'partitions' in sage.misc.sageinspect.sage_getdoc(g)
+            True
+            sage: g(5)                                                                  # needs sage.libs.flint
+            7
+            sage: g.cache                                                               # needs sage.libs.flint
+            {((5, 'default'), ()): 7}
+
+            sage: def f(t=1): print(t)
+            sage: h = CachedFunction(f)
+            sage: w = walltime()
+            sage: h(); h(1); h(t=1)
+            1
+            sage: walltime(w) < 2
+            True
+
+        By default, the contents of the cache are not pickled::
+
+            sage: @cached_function
+            ....: def f(n): return None
+            sage: import __main__
+            sage: __main__.f = f
+            sage: for i in range(100): f(i)
+            sage: len(f.cache)
+            100
+
+            sage: s = dumps(f)
+            sage: f.clear_cache()
+            sage: f = loads(s)
+            sage: len(f.cache)
+            0
+
+        If ``do_pickle`` is set, then the cache is pickled::
+
+            sage: @cached_function(do_pickle=True)
+            ....: def f(n): return None
+            sage: __main__.f = f
+            sage: for i in range(100): f(i)
+            sage: len(f.cache)
+            100
+
+            sage: s = dumps(f)
+            sage: f.clear_cache()
+            sage: f = loads(s)
+            sage: len(f.cache)
+            100
+        """
+        self.is_classmethod = classmethod
+        self._common_init(f, None, name=name, key=key, do_pickle=do_pickle)
+        self.cache = {} if do_pickle else NonpicklingDict()
+
+    def _common_init(self, f, argument_fixer, name=None, key=None, do_pickle=None):
+        """
+        Perform initialization common to CachedFunction and CachedMethodCaller.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: @cached_function
+            ....: def test_cache(x):
+            ....:     return -x
+            sage: test_cache.__name__  # indirect doctest
+            'test_cache'
+        """
+        self.f = f
+        self.key = key
+        self.do_pickle = do_pickle
+        if name is not None:
+            self.__name__ = name
+        else:
+            self.__name__ = f.__name__
+        try:
+            self.__cached_module__ = f.__module__
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__cached_module__ = f.__objclass__.__module__
+        if argument_fixer is not None:
+            # it is None unless the argument fixer
+            # was known previously. See #15038.
+            self._argument_fixer = argument_fixer
+
+    @property
+    def __module__(self):
+        return self.__cached_module__
+
+    cdef get_key_args_kwds(self, tuple args, dict kwds):
+        """
+        Return the key in the cache to be used when ``args`` and
+        ``kwds`` are passed in as parameters.
+
+        See ``get_key`` for the Python interface and tests.
+        """
+        # The key for "no arguments" is cached in empty_key
+        if not args and not kwds:
+            if self.empty_key is None:
+                self.empty_key = self.fix_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+            return self.empty_key
+
+        return self.fix_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+
+    cdef int argfix_init(self) except -1:
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: @cached_function
+            ....: def test_cache(x):
+            ....:     return -x
+            sage: test_cache(1)
+            -1
+        """
+        self._argument_fixer = ArgumentFixer(self.f,
+                                             classmethod=self.is_classmethod)
+
+    cdef fix_args_kwds(self, tuple args, dict kwds):
+        r"""
+        Normalize parameters to obtain a key for the cache.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: @cached_function(key=lambda x,y,algorithm: (x,y))
+            ....: def mul(x, y, algorithm='default'):
+            ....:     return x*y
+            sage: mul.get_key(1,1,"default")  # indirect doctest
+            (1, 1)
+        """
+        if self._argument_fixer is None:
+            self.argfix_init()
+
+        k = self._argument_fixer.fix_to_pos_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+        if self.key is None:
+            return k
+        else:
+            return self.key(*k[0], **dict(k[1]))
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        Pickling of cached functions.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: type(hilbert_class_polynomial)                                        # needs sage.schemes
+            <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedFunction'>
+            sage: loads(dumps(hilbert_class_polynomial)) is hilbert_class_polynomial  #indirect doctest                 # needs sage.schemes
+            True
+        """
+        return _cached_function_unpickle, (self.__cached_module__, self.__name__, self.cache)
+
+    #########
+    #  Introspection
+    #
+    # We provide some methods explicitly, and
+    # forward other questions to the cached function.
+
+    def _instancedoc_(self):
+        """
+        Provide documentation for the cached function.
+
+        A cached function shall inherit the documentation
+        from the function that is wrapped, not from the
+        documentation of the wrapper.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: I = P * [x,y]
+            sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getdoc
+            sage: print(sage_getdoc(I.groebner_basis))  # indirect doctest
+            WARNING: the enclosing module is marked...
+               Return the reduced Groebner basis of this ideal.
+            ...
+
+        Test that :issue:`15184` is fixed::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getfile
+            sage: type(I.groebner_basis)
+            <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCaller'>
+            sage: os.path.exists(sage_getfile(I.groebner_basis))
+            True
+
+        Test that :issue:`18064` is fixed::
+
+            sage: @cached_function
+            ....: def f():
+            ....:     return 3
+            sage: f.__doc__
+            'File: ... (starting at line 1)\n'
+        """
+        from sage.misc.sageinspect import _extract_embedded_position
+        f = self.f
+        doc = f.__doc__ or ''
+        if not doc or _extract_embedded_position(doc) is None:
+            try:
+                sourcelines = sage_getsourcelines(f)
+                filename = sage_getfile_relative(f)
+                # this is a rather expensive way of getting the line number, because
+                # retrieving the source requires reading the source file and in many
+                # cases this is not required (in cython it's embedded in the docstring,
+                # on code objects you'll find it in co_filename and co_firstlineno)
+                # however, this hasn't been factored out yet in sageinspect
+                # and the logic in sage_getsourcelines is rather intricate.
+                file_info = "File: {} (starting at line {})".format(filename, sourcelines[1]) + os.linesep
+
+                doc = file_info + doc
+            except IOError:
+                pass
+        return doc
+
+    def _sage_src_(self):
+        """
+        Return the source code for the wrapped function.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getsource
+            sage: g = CachedFunction(number_of_partitions)
+            sage: 'flint' in sage_getsource(g)  # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getsource
+        return sage_getsource(self.f)
+
+    def _sage_src_lines_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the list of source lines and the first line number
+        of the wrapped function.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: I = P*[x,y]
+            sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getsourcelines
+            sage: l = '        elif algorithm.startswith("macaulay2:"):\n'
+            sage: l in sage_getsourcelines(I.groebner_basis)[0]  # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getsourcelines
+        return sage_getsourcelines(self.f)
+
+    def _sage_argspec_(self):
+        """
+        Return the argspec of the wrapped function or method.
+
+        This was implemented in :issue:`11115`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: I = P*[x,y]
+            sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getargspec
+            sage: sage_getargspec(I.groebner_basis)   # indirect doctest
+            FullArgSpec(args=['self', 'algorithm', 'deg_bound', 'mult_bound', 'prot'],
+                        varargs='args', varkw='kwds', defaults=('', None, None, False),
+                        kwonlyargs=[], kwonlydefaults=None, annotations={})
+        """
+        return sage_getargspec(self.f)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Return value from cache or call the wrapped function,
+        caching the output.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.combinat sage.libs.flint
+            sage: g = CachedFunction(number_of_partitions)
+            sage: a = g(5)
+            sage: g.cache
+            {((5, 'default'), ()): 7}
+            sage: a = g(10^5)   # indirect doctest
+            sage: a == number_of_partitions(10^5)
+            True
+            sage: a is g(10^5)
+            True
+            sage: a is number_of_partitions(10^5)
+            True
+
+        Check that :issue:`16316` has been fixed, i.e., caching works for
+        immutable unhashable objects which define
+        :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.padics
+            sage: @cached_function
+            ....: def f(x): return x+x
+            sage: K.<u> = Qq(4)
+            sage: x = K(1,1); x
+            1 + O(2)
+            sage: y = K(1,2); y
+            1 + O(2^2)
+            sage: x == y
+            True
+            sage: f(x) is f(x)
+            True
+            sage: f(y) is not f(x)
+            True
+        """
+        k = self.get_key_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                return self.cache[k]
+            except TypeError:  # k is not hashable
+                k = dict_key(k)
+                return self.cache[k]
+        except KeyError:
+            w = self.f(*args, **kwds)
+            self.cache[k] = w
+            return w
+
+    def cached(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Return the result from the cache if available. If the value is
+        not cached, raise :exc:`KeyError`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: @cached_function
+            ....: def f(x):
+            ....:     return x
+            sage: f.cached(5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            KeyError: ((5,), ())
+            sage: f(5)
+            5
+            sage: f.cached(5)
+            5
+        """
+        k = self.get_key_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+
+        try:
+            return self.cache[k]
+        except TypeError:  # k is not hashable
+            k = dict_key(k)
+            return self.cache[k]
+
+    def is_in_cache(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Check if the argument list is in the cache.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+            ....:         self._x = x
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self, z, y=0):
+            ....:         return self._x*z+y
+            sage: a = Foo(2)
+            sage: a.f.is_in_cache(3)
+            False
+            sage: a.f(3)
+            6
+            sage: a.f.is_in_cache(3,y=0)
+            True
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`16316` has been fixed, i.e., caching works for
+        immutable unhashable objects which define
+        :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.padics
+            sage: @cached_function
+            ....: def f(x): return x
+            sage: K.<u> = Qq(4)
+            sage: x = K(1,1); x
+            1 + O(2)
+            sage: f.is_in_cache(x)
+            False
+            sage: f(x)
+            1 + O(2)
+            sage: f.is_in_cache(x)
+            True
+        """
+        k = self.get_key_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+        try:
+            return k in self.cache
+        except TypeError:  # k is not hashable
+            k = dict_key(k)
+            return k in self.cache
+
+    def set_cache(self, value, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Set the value for those args and keyword args
+        Mind the unintuitive syntax (value first).
+        Any idea on how to improve that welcome!
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.combinat sage.libs.flint
+            sage: g = CachedFunction(number_of_partitions)
+            sage: a = g(5)
+            sage: g.cache
+            {((5, 'default'), ()): 7}
+            sage: g.set_cache(17, 5)
+            sage: g.cache
+            {((5, 'default'), ()): 17}
+            sage: g(5)
+            17
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`16316` has been fixed, i.e., caching works for
+        immutable unhashable objects which define
+        :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.padics
+            sage: @cached_function
+            ....: def f(x): return x
+            sage: K.<u> = Qq(4)
+            sage: x = K(1,1); x
+            1 + O(2)
+            sage: f.set_cache(x, x)
+            sage: f.is_in_cache(x)
+            True
+
+        DEVELOPER NOTE:
+
+        Is there a way to use the following intuitive syntax?
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: g(5) = 19    # todo: not implemented
+            sage: g(5)         # todo: not implemented
+            19
+        """
+        k = self.get_key_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+        try:
+            self.cache[k] = value
+        except TypeError:  # k is not hashable
+            k = dict_key(k)
+            self.cache[k] = value
+
+    def get_key(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Return the key in the cache to be used when ``args``
+        and ``kwds`` are passed in as parameters.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: @cached_function
+            ....: def foo(x):
+            ....:     return x^2
+            sage: foo(2)
+            4
+            sage: foo.get_key(2)
+            ((2,), ())
+            sage: foo.get_key(x=3)
+            ((3,), ())
+
+        Examples for cached methods::
+
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+            ....:         self._x = x
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self, y, z=0):
+            ....:         return self._x * y + z
+            sage: a = Foo(2)
+            sage: z = a.f(37)
+            sage: k = a.f.get_key(37); k
+            ((37, 0), ())
+            sage: a.f.cache[k] is z
+            True
+
+        Note that the method does not test whether there are
+        too many arguments, or wrong argument names::
+
+            sage: a.f.get_key(1,2,3,x=4,y=5,z=6)
+            ((1, 2, 3), (('x', 4), ('y', 5), ('z', 6)))
+
+        It does, however, take into account the different
+        ways of providing named arguments, possibly with a
+        default value::
+
+            sage: a.f.get_key(5)
+            ((5, 0), ())
+            sage: a.f.get_key(y=5)
+            ((5, 0), ())
+            sage: a.f.get_key(5,0)
+            ((5, 0), ())
+            sage: a.f.get_key(5,z=0)
+            ((5, 0), ())
+            sage: a.f.get_key(y=5,z=0)
+            ((5, 0), ())
+        """
+        return self.get_key_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: g = CachedFunction(number_of_partitions)
+            sage: g     # indirect doctest
+            Cached version of <function number_of_partitions at 0x...>
+        """
+        try:
+            return "Cached version of {}".format(self.f)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return "Cached version of a method (pending reassignment)"
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        """
+        Clear the cache dictionary.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.combinat
+            sage: g = CachedFunction(number_of_partitions)
+            sage: a = g(5)                                                              # needs sage.libs.flint
+            sage: g.cache                                                               # needs sage.libs.flint
+            {((5, 'default'), ()): 7}
+            sage: g.clear_cache()
+            sage: g.cache
+            {}
+        """
+        self.cache.clear()
+
+    def precompute(self, arglist, num_processes=1):
+        """
+        Cache values for a number of inputs.  Do the computation
+        in parallel, and only bother to compute values that we
+        haven't already cached.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``arglist`` -- list (or iterables) of arguments for which
+          the method shall be precomputed
+
+        - ``num_processes`` -- number of processes used by
+          :func:`~sage.parallel.decorate.parallel`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: @cached_function
+            ....: def oddprime_factors(n):
+            ....:     l = [p for p,e in factor(n) if p != 2]
+            ....:     return len(l)
+            sage: oddprime_factors.precompute(range(1,100), 4)
+            sage: oddprime_factors.cache[(25,),()]
+            1
+        """
+        from sage.parallel.decorate import parallel, normalize_input
+        P = parallel(num_processes)(self.f)
+        cdef list arglist2 = []
+        for a in arglist:
+            ak = normalize_input(a)
+            if self.get_key_args_kwds(ak[0], ak[1]) not in self.cache:
+                arglist2.append(ak)
+        for ((args, kwargs), val) in P(arglist2):
+            self.set_cache(val, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+cached_function = decorator_keywords(CachedFunction)
+
+
+cdef class WeakCachedFunction(CachedFunction):
+    """
+    A version of :class:`CachedFunction` using weak references on the
+    values.
+
+    If ``f`` is a function, do either ``g = weak_cached_function(f)`` to make
+    a cached version of ``f``, or put ``@weak_cached_function`` right before
+    the definition of ``f`` (i.e., use Python decorators)::
+
+        @weak_cached_function
+        def f(...):
+            ...
+
+    As an exception meant to improve performance, the most recently
+    computed values are strongly referenced. The number of strongly
+    cached values can be controlled by the ``cache`` keyword.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import weak_cached_function
+        sage: class A: pass
+        sage: @weak_cached_function(cache=0)
+        ....: def f():
+        ....:     print("doing a computation")
+        ....:     return A()
+        sage: a = f()
+        doing a computation
+
+    The result is cached::
+
+        sage: b = f()
+        sage: a is b
+        True
+
+    However, if there are no strong references left, the result is
+    deleted, and thus a new computation takes place::
+
+        sage: del a
+        sage: del b
+        sage: a = f()
+        doing a computation
+
+    Above, we used the ``cache=0`` keyword. With a larger value, the
+    most recently computed values are cached anyway, even if they are
+    not referenced::
+
+        sage: @weak_cached_function(cache=3)
+        ....: def f(x):
+        ....:     print("doing a computation for x={}".format(x))
+        ....:     return A()
+        sage: a = f(1); del a
+        doing a computation for x=1
+        sage: a = f(2), f(1); del a
+        doing a computation for x=2
+        sage: a = f(3), f(1); del a
+        doing a computation for x=3
+        sage: a = f(4), f(1); del a
+        doing a computation for x=4
+        doing a computation for x=1
+        sage: a = f(5), f(1); del a
+        doing a computation for x=5
+
+    The parameter ``key`` can be used to ignore parameters for
+    caching. In this example we ignore the parameter ``algorithm``::
+
+        sage: @weak_cached_function(key=lambda x,algorithm: x)
+        ....: def mod_ring(x, algorithm='default'):
+        ....:     return IntegerModRing(x)
+        sage: mod_ring(1,algorithm='default') is mod_ring(1,algorithm='algorithm') is mod_ring(1) is mod_ring(1,'default')
+        True
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Check that :issue:`16316` has been fixed, i.e., caching works for
+    immutable unhashable objects which define
+    :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.padics
+        sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import weak_cached_function
+        sage: @weak_cached_function
+        ....: def f(x): return x+x
+        sage: K.<u> = Qq(4)
+        sage: R.<t> = K[]
+        sage: x = t + K(1,1); x
+        (1 + O(2^20))*t + 1 + O(2)
+        sage: y = t + K(1,2); y
+        (1 + O(2^20))*t + 1 + O(2^2)
+        sage: x == y
+        True
+        sage: f(x) is f(x)
+        True
+        sage: f(y) is not f(x)
+        True
+
+    Examples and tests for ``is_in_cache``::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import weak_cached_function
+        sage: class A:
+        ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+        ....:         self.x = x
+        sage: @weak_cached_function(cache=0)
+        ....: def f(n):
+        ....:    return A(n)
+        sage: a = f(5)
+
+    The key 5 is in the cache, as long as there is a strong
+    reference to the corresponding value::
+
+        sage: f.is_in_cache(5)
+        True
+
+    However, if there are no strong references left, the cached
+    item is removed from the cache::
+
+        sage: del a
+        sage: f.is_in_cache(5)
+        False
+
+    Check that :issue:`16316` has been fixed, i.e., caching works for
+    immutable unhashable objects which define
+    :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.padics
+        sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import weak_cached_function
+        sage: @weak_cached_function
+        ....: def f(x): return x
+        sage: K.<u> = Qq(4)
+        sage: R.<t> = K[]
+        sage: f.is_in_cache(t)
+        False
+        sage: f(t)
+        (1 + O(2^20))*t
+        sage: f.is_in_cache(t)
+        True
+
+    Examples and tests for ``set_cache``::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import weak_cached_function
+        sage: @weak_cached_function
+        ....: def f(n):
+        ....:     raise RuntimeError
+        sage: f.set_cache(ZZ, 5)
+        sage: f(5)
+        Integer Ring
+
+    Check that :issue:`16316` has been fixed, i.e., caching works for
+    immutable unhashable objects which define
+    :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.padics
+        sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import weak_cached_function
+        sage: @weak_cached_function
+        ....: def f(x): return x
+        sage: K.<u> = Qq(4)
+        sage: R.<t> = K[]
+        sage: f.set_cache(t,t)
+        sage: f.is_in_cache(t)
+        True
+    """
+    def __init__(self, f, *, classmethod=False, name=None, key=None, **kwds):
+        """
+        The inputs to the function must be hashable or they must define
+        :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`.
+        The outputs to the function must be weakly referenceable.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import weak_cached_function
+            sage: class A: pass
+            sage: @weak_cached_function
+            ....: def f():
+            ....:     return A()
+            sage: f
+            Cached version of <function f at ...>
+
+        We demonstrate that pickling works, provided the uncached function
+        is available::
+
+            sage: import __main__
+            sage: __main__.f = f
+            sage: loads(dumps(f))
+            Cached version of <function f at ...>
+            sage: str(f.cache)
+            '<CachedWeakValueDictionary at 0x...>'
+        """
+        self._common_init(f, None, name=name, key=key)
+        self.cache = CachedWeakValueDictionary(**kwds)
+
+
+weak_cached_function = decorator_keywords(WeakCachedFunction)
+
+
+class CachedMethodPickle():
+    """
+    This class helps to unpickle cached methods.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        Since :issue:`8611`, a cached method is an attribute
+        of the instance (provided that it has a ``__dict__``).
+        Hence, when pickling the instance, it would be attempted
+        to pickle that attribute as well, but this is a problem,
+        since functions cannot be pickled, currently. Therefore,
+        we replace the actual cached method by a place holder,
+        that kills itself as soon as any attribute is requested.
+        Then, the original cached attribute is reinstated. But the
+        cached values are in fact saved (if ``do_pickle`` is set.)
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: R.<x, y, z> = PolynomialRing(QQ, 3)
+        sage: I = R * (x^3 + y^3 + z^3, x^4 - y^4)
+        sage: I.groebner_basis()                                                        # needs sage.libs.singular
+        [y^5*z^3 - 1/4*x^2*z^6 + 1/2*x*y*z^6 + 1/4*y^2*z^6,
+         x^2*y*z^3 - x*y^2*z^3 + 2*y^3*z^3 + z^6,
+         x*y^3 + y^4 + x*z^3, x^3 + y^3 + z^3]
+        sage: I.groebner_basis
+        Cached version of <function ...groebner_basis at 0x...>
+
+    We now pickle and unpickle the ideal. The cached method
+    ``groebner_basis`` is replaced by a placeholder::
+
+        sage: J = loads(dumps(I))
+        sage: J.groebner_basis
+        Pickle of the cached method "groebner_basis"
+
+    But as soon as any other attribute is requested from the
+    placeholder, it replaces itself by the cached method, and
+    the entries of the cache are actually preserved::
+
+        sage: J.groebner_basis.is_in_cache()                                            # needs sage.libs.singular
+        True
+        sage: J.groebner_basis
+        Cached version of <function ...groebner_basis at 0x...>
+        sage: J.groebner_basis() == I.groebner_basis()                                  # needs sage.libs.singular
+        True
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Since :issue:`11115`, there is a special implementation for
+    cached methods that don't take arguments::
+
+        sage: class A:
+        ....:     @cached_method(do_pickle=True)
+        ....:     def f(self): return 1
+        ....:     @cached_method(do_pickle=True)
+        ....:     def g(self, x): return x
+
+        sage: import __main__
+        sage: __main__.A = A
+        sage: a = A()
+        sage: type(a.f)
+        <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
+        sage: type(a.g)
+        <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCaller'>
+
+    We demonstrate that both implementations can be pickled and
+    preserve the cache. For that purpose, we assign nonsense to the
+    cache. Of course, it is a very bad idea to override the cache in
+    that way.  So, please don't try this at home::
+
+        sage: a.f.set_cache(0)
+        sage: a.f()
+        0
+        sage: a.g.set_cache(0,x=1)
+        sage: a.g(1)
+        0
+        sage: b = loads(dumps(a))
+        sage: b.f()
+        0
+        sage: b.g(1)
+        0
+
+    Anyway, the cache will be automatically reconstructed after
+    clearing it::
+
+        sage: a.f.clear_cache()
+        sage: a.f()
+        1
+
+        sage: a.g.clear_cache()
+        sage: a.g(1)
+        1
+
+    AUTHOR:
+
+    - Simon King (2011-01)
+    """
+    def __init__(self, inst, name, cache=None):
+        """
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``inst`` -- some instance
+        - ``name`` -- string; usually the name of an attribute
+          of ``inst`` to which ``self`` is assigned
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import CachedMethodPickle
+            sage: P = CachedMethodPickle(1, 'foo')
+            sage: P
+            Pickle of the cached method "foo"
+        """
+        self._instance = inst
+        self._name = name
+        self._cache = cache
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<x, y, z> = PolynomialRing(QQ, 3)
+            sage: I = R * (x^3 + y^3 + z^3, x^4 - y^4)
+            sage: G = I.groebner_basis()                                                # needs sage.libs.singular
+            sage: J = loads(dumps(I))
+            sage: J.groebner_basis  # indirect doctest
+            Pickle of the cached method "groebner_basis"
+        """
+        return 'Pickle of the cached method "{}"'.format(self._name)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        This class is a pickle. However, sometimes, pickles
+        need to be pickled another time.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<x, y, z> = PolynomialRing(QQ, 3)
+            sage: I = R * (x^3 + y^3 + z^3, x^4 - y^4)
+            sage: I.groebner_basis()                                                    # needs sage.libs.singular
+            [y^5*z^3 - 1/4*x^2*z^6 + 1/2*x*y*z^6 + 1/4*y^2*z^6,
+             x^2*y*z^3 - x*y^2*z^3 + 2*y^3*z^3 + z^6,
+             x*y^3 + y^4 + x*z^3, x^3 + y^3 + z^3]
+            sage: J = loads(dumps(I))
+            sage: J.groebner_basis
+            Pickle of the cached method "groebner_basis"
+
+        When we now pickle ``J``, the pickle of the cached method
+        needs to be taken care of::
+
+            sage: K = loads(dumps(J))  # indirect doctest
+            sage: K.groebner_basis
+            Pickle of the cached method "groebner_basis"
+            sage: K.groebner_basis.cache                                                # needs sage.libs.singular
+            {(('', None, None, False), ()):
+            [y^5*z^3 - 1/4*x^2*z^6 + 1/2*x*y*z^6 + 1/4*y^2*z^6,
+             x^2*y*z^3 - x*y^2*z^3 + 2*y^3*z^3 + z^6,
+             x*y^3 + y^4 + x*z^3, x^3 + y^3 + z^3]}
+        """
+        return CachedMethodPickle, (self._instance, self._name, self._cache)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        The purpose of this call method is to kill ``self`` and to
+        replace it by an actual :class:`CachedMethodCaller`. The last
+        thing that ``self`` does before disappearing is to call the
+        :class:`CachedMethodCaller` and return the result.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
+            sage: I = P*[a,b]
+            sage: I.gens
+            Cached version of <function ...gens at 0x...>
+            sage: J = loads(dumps(I))
+            sage: J.gens
+            Pickle of the cached method "gens"
+            sage: J.gens()   # indirect doctest
+            [a, b]
+            sage: J.gens
+            Cached version of <function ...gens at 0x...>
+        """
+        self._instance.__dict__.__delitem__(self._name)
+        CM = getattr(self._instance, self._name)
+        if self._cache is not None:
+            if isinstance(CM, CachedMethodCallerNoArgs):
+                CM.cache = self._cache
+            else:
+                for k, v in self._cache:
+                    CM.cache[k] = v
+        return CM(*args, **kwds)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, s):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<x, y, z> = PolynomialRing(QQ, 3)
+            sage: I = R * (x^3 + y^3 + z^3, x^4 - y^4)
+            sage: G = I.groebner_basis()                                                # needs sage.libs.singular
+            sage: J = loads(dumps(I))
+            sage: J.groebner_basis
+            Pickle of the cached method "groebner_basis"
+
+        If an attribute of name ``s`` is requested (say,
+        ``is_in_cache``), the attribute ``self._name`` of
+        ``self._instance`` is deleted. Then, the attribute
+        of name ``s`` of the attribute ``self._name`` of
+        ``self._instance`` is requested. Since ``self._name``
+        is a cached method defined for the class of
+        ``self._instance``, retrieving the just-deleted
+        attribute ``self._name`` succeeds.
+
+        In that way, the unpickling of the cached method is
+        finally accomplished::
+
+            sage: J.groebner_basis.is_in_cache()  # indirect doctest                    # needs sage.libs.singular
+            True
+            sage: J.groebner_basis
+            Cached version of <function ...groebner_basis at 0x...>
+        """
+        self._instance.__dict__.__delitem__(self._name)
+        CM = getattr(self._instance, self._name)
+        if self._cache is not None:
+            if isinstance(CM, CachedMethodCallerNoArgs):
+                CM.cache = self._cache
+            else:
+                for k, v in self._cache:
+                    CM.cache[k] = v
+        return getattr(CM, s)
+
+
+cdef class CachedMethodCaller(CachedFunction):
+    """
+    Utility class that is used by :class:`CachedMethod` to bind a
+    cached method to an instance.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        Since :issue:`11115`, there is a special implementation
+        :class:`CachedMethodCallerNoArgs` for methods that do not take
+        arguments.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: class A:
+        ....:    @cached_method
+        ....:    def bar(self, x):
+        ....:        return x^2
+        sage: a = A()
+        sage: a.bar
+        Cached version of <function ...bar at 0x...>
+        sage: type(a.bar)
+        <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCaller'>
+        sage: a.bar(2) is a.bar(x=2)
+        True
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    As of :issue:`15692` the contents of the cache are not pickled anymore::
+
+        sage: import __main__
+        sage: __main__.A = A
+        sage: len(a.bar.cache)
+        1
+        sage: b = loads(dumps(a))
+        sage: len(b.bar.cache)
+        0
+
+    The parameter ``do_pickle`` can be used to change this behaviour::
+
+        sage: class A:
+        ....:    @cached_method(do_pickle=True)
+        ....:    def bar(self, x):
+        ....:        return x^2
+
+        sage: __main__.A = A
+        sage: a = A()
+        sage: a.bar(2)
+        4
+        sage: len(a.bar.cache)
+        1
+        sage: b = loads(dumps(a))
+        sage: len(b.bar.cache)
+        1
+    """
+    def __init__(self, CachedMethod cachedmethod, inst, *, cache=None, name=None, key=None, do_pickle=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+            ....:         self._x = x
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self, *args):
+            ....:         return self._x^2
+            sage: a = Foo(2)
+            sage: a.f.cache
+            {}
+            sage: a.f()
+            4
+            sage: a.f.cache
+            {((), ()): 4}
+        """
+        # initialize CachedFunction. Since the cached method is actually bound
+        # to an instance, it now makes sense to initialise the ArgumentFixer
+        # and reuse it for all bound cached method callers of the unbound
+        # cached method.
+        if cachedmethod._cachedfunc._argument_fixer is None:
+            cachedmethod._cachedfunc.argfix_init()
+        self._common_init(cachedmethod._cachedfunc.f,
+                          cachedmethod._cachedfunc._argument_fixer,
+                          name=name,
+                          key=key,
+                          do_pickle=do_pickle)
+        if cache is None:
+            self.cache = NonpicklingDict() if do_pickle else {}
+        else:
+            self.cache = cache
+        self._instance = inst
+        self._cachedmethod = cachedmethod
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        The pickle of a :class:`CachedMethodCaller` unpickles
+        to a :class:`CachedMethodPickle`, that is able to replace
+        itself by a copy of the original :class:`CachedMethodCaller`.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<x, y, z> = PolynomialRing(QQ, 3)
+            sage: I = R * (x^3 + y^3 + z^3, x^4 - y^4)
+            sage: G = I.groebner_basis()                                                # needs sage.libs.singular
+            sage: J = loads(dumps(I))  # indirect doctest
+            sage: J.groebner_basis
+            Pickle of the cached method "groebner_basis"
+            sage: J.groebner_basis.is_in_cache()                                        # needs sage.libs.singular
+            True
+            sage: J.groebner_basis
+            Cached version of <function ...groebner_basis at 0x...>
+        """
+        if isinstance(self._cachedmethod, CachedInParentMethod) or hasattr(self._instance, self._cachedmethod._cache_name):
+            return CachedMethodPickle, (self._instance, self.__name__)
+        else:
+            return CachedMethodPickle, (self._instance, self.__name__, self.cache)
+
+    def _instance_call(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Call the cached method without using the cache.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
+            sage: I = P * [a, b]
+            sage: I.groebner_basis()                                                    # needs sage.libs.singular
+            [a, b]
+            sage: I.groebner_basis._instance_call() is I.groebner_basis()               # needs sage.libs.singular
+            False
+            sage: I.groebner_basis._instance_call() == I.groebner_basis()               # needs sage.libs.singular
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: class Foo():
+            ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+            ....:         self._x = x
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self, n=2):
+            ....:         return self._x^n
+            sage: a = Foo(2)
+            sage: a.f()
+            4
+
+        Usually, a cached method is indeed cached::
+
+            sage: a.f() is a.f()
+            True
+
+        However, when it becomes necessary, one can call it without
+        using the cache::
+
+            sage: a.f._instance_call() is a.f()
+            False
+            sage: a.f._instance_call() == a.f()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.f(self._instance, *args, **kwds)
+
+    cdef fix_args_kwds(self, tuple args, dict kwds):
+        r"""
+        Normalize parameters to obtain a key for the cache.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: class A():
+            ....:     def _f_normalize(self, x, algorithm): return x
+            ....:     @cached_method(key=_f_normalize)
+            ....:     def f(self, x, algorithm='default'): return x
+            sage: a = A()
+            sage: a.f(1, algorithm='default') is a.f(1) is a.f(1, algorithm='algorithm')
+            True
+        """
+        if self._argument_fixer is None:
+            self.argfix_init()
+
+        k = self._argument_fixer.fix_to_pos_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+        if self.key is None:
+            return k
+        else:
+            return self.key(self._instance, *k[0], **dict(k[1]))
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Call the cached method.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.superseded import deprecated_function_alias
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self, x, y=1):
+            ....:         return x+y
+            ....:     g = deprecated_function_alias(57, f)
+            sage: a = Foo()
+            sage: a.f(1)  #indirect doctest
+            2
+
+        The result is cached, taking into account
+        the three ways of providing (named) arguments::
+
+            sage: a.f(5) is a.f(5,1)
+            True
+            sage: a.f(5) is a.f(5,y=1)
+            True
+            sage: a.f(5) is a.f(y=1,x=5)
+            True
+
+        The method can be called as an unbound function using the same cache::
+
+            sage: a.f(5) is Foo.f(a, 5)
+            True
+            sage: a.f(5) is Foo.f(a,5,1)
+            True
+            sage: a.f(5) is Foo.f(a, 5,y=1)
+            True
+            sage: a.f(5) is Foo.f(a, y=1,x=5)
+            True
+
+        Cached methods are compatible with
+        :meth:`sage.misc.superseded.deprecated_function_alias`::
+
+            sage: a.g(5) is a.f(5)
+            doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: g is deprecated. Please use f instead.
+            See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/57 for details.
+            True
+            sage: Foo.g(a, 5) is a.f(5)
+            True
+            sage: Foo.g(a, y=1,x=5) is a.f(5)
+            True
+
+        We test that :issue:`5843` is fixed::
+
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+            ....:         self._x = x
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self, y):
+            ....:         return self._x
+            sage: a = Foo(2)
+            sage: b = Foo(3)
+            sage: a.f(b.f)
+            2
+
+        Check that :issue:`16316` has been fixed, i.e., caching works for
+        immutable unhashable objects which define
+        :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.padics
+            sage: K.<u> = Qq(4)
+            sage: class A():
+            ....:   @cached_method
+            ....:   def f(self, x): return x+x
+            sage: a = A()
+            sage: x = K(1,1); x
+            1 + O(2)
+            sage: y = K(1,2); y
+            1 + O(2^2)
+            sage: x == y
+            True
+            sage: a.f(x) is a.f(x)
+            True
+            sage: a.f(y) is not a.f(x)
+            True
+        """
+        if self._instance is None:
+            # unbound cached method such as ``Foo.f``
+            instance = args[0]
+            args = args[1:]
+            return self._cachedmethod.__get__(instance)(*args, **kwds)
+
+        k = self.get_key_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+
+        cdef dict cache = <dict>self.cache
+        try:
+            try:
+                return cache[k]
+            except TypeError:  # k is not hashable
+                k = dict_key(k)
+                return cache[k]
+        except KeyError:
+            w = self._instance_call(*args, **kwds)
+            cache[k] = w
+            return w
+
+    def cached(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Return the result from the cache if available. If the value is
+        not cached, raise :exc:`KeyError`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: class CachedMethodTest():
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self, x):
+            ....:         return x
+            sage: o = CachedMethodTest()
+            sage: CachedMethodTest.f.cached(o, 5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            KeyError: ((5,), ())
+            sage: o.f.cached(5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            KeyError: ((5,), ())
+            sage: o.f(5)
+            5
+            sage: CachedMethodTest.f.cached(o, 5)
+            5
+            sage: o.f.cached(5)
+            5
+        """
+        if self._instance is None:
+            # unbound cached method such as ``CachedMethodTest.f``
+            instance = args[0]
+            args = args[1:]
+            return self._cachedmethod.__get__(instance).cached(*args, **kwds)
+
+        k = self.get_key_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+
+        try:
+            return self.cache[k]
+        except TypeError:  # k is not hashable
+            k = dict_key(k)
+            return self.cache[k]
+
+    def __get__(self, inst, cls):
+        r"""
+        Get a :class:`CachedMethodCaller` bound to a specific
+        instance of the class of the cached method.
+
+        NOTE:
+
+        :class:`CachedMethodCaller` has a separate ``__get__``
+        since the categories framework creates and caches the
+        return value of ``CachedMethod.__get__`` with
+        ``inst==None``.
+
+        This getter attempts to assign a bound method as an
+        attribute to the given instance. If this is not
+        possible (for example, for some extension classes),
+        it is attempted to find an attribute ``_cached_methods``,
+        and store/retrieve the bound method there. In that
+        way, cached methods can be implemented for extension
+        classes deriving from :class:`~sage.structure.parent.Parent`
+        and :class:`~sage.structure.element.Element`.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Due to the separate ``__get__`` method, it is possible
+        to define a cached method in one class and use it as
+        an attribute of another class. ::
+
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self, y):
+            ....:         return y - 1
+            sage: class Bar:
+            ....:     f = Foo.f
+            sage: b1 = Bar()
+            sage: b2 = Bar()
+
+        The :class:`CachedMethod` is replaced by an instance
+        of :class:`CachedMethodCaller` that (by :issue:`8611`)
+        is set as an attribute. Hence, we have::
+
+            sage: b1.f is b1.f
+            True
+
+        Any instance of ``Bar`` gets its own instance of
+        :class:`CachedMethodCaller`::
+
+            sage: b1.f is b2.f
+            False
+
+        The method caller knows the instance that it belongs
+        to::
+
+            sage: Foo.f._instance is None
+            True
+            sage: b1.f._instance is b1
+            True
+            sage: b2.f._instance is b2
+            True
+
+        An extension class can inherit a cached method from the
+        parent or element class of a category (:issue:`11115`).
+        See :class:`CachedMethodCaller` for examples.
+
+        Verify that :issue:`16337` has been resolved::
+
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     @cached_method(key=lambda self,y: y+1)
+            ....:     def f(self, y):
+            ....:         return y - 1
+            sage: class Bar:
+            ....:     f = Foo.f
+
+            sage: b = Bar()
+            sage: b.f(0)
+            -1
+            sage: b.f.cache
+            {1: -1}
+        """
+        # This is for Parents or Elements that do not allow attribute assignment
+        try:
+            return (<dict>inst._cached_methods)[self._cachedmethod._cachedfunc.__name__]
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError, KeyError):
+            pass
+
+        cls = type(self)
+        Caller = cls(self._cachedmethod, inst,
+                     cache=self._cachedmethod._get_instance_cache(inst),
+                     name=self._cachedmethod._cachedfunc.__name__,
+                     key=self.key, do_pickle=self.do_pickle)
+
+        try:
+            setattr(inst, self._cachedmethod._cachedfunc.__name__, Caller)
+            return Caller
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            if inst._cached_methods is None:
+                inst._cached_methods = {self._cachedmethod._cachedfunc.__name__: Caller}
+            else:
+                (<dict>inst._cached_methods)[self._cachedmethod._cachedfunc.__name__] = Caller
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return Caller
+
+    def precompute(self, arglist, num_processes=1):
+        """
+        Cache values for a number of inputs.  Do the computation
+        in parallel, and only bother to compute values that we
+        haven't already cached.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``arglist`` -- list (or iterables) of arguments for which
+          the method shall be precomputed
+
+        - ``num_processes`` -- number of processes used by
+          :func:`~sage.parallel.decorate.parallel`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: class Foo():
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self, i):
+            ....:         return i^2
+            sage: foo = Foo()
+            sage: foo.f(3)
+            9
+            sage: foo.f(1)
+            1
+            sage: foo.f.precompute(range(2), 2)
+            sage: foo.f.cache == {((0,), ()): 0, ((1,), ()): 1, ((3,), ()): 9}
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.parallel.decorate import parallel, normalize_input
+        P = parallel(num_processes)(self._instance_call)
+        cdef list arglist2 = []
+        for a in arglist:
+            ak = normalize_input(a)
+            if self.get_key_args_kwds(ak[0], ak[1]) not in self.cache:
+                arglist2.append(ak)
+        for ((args, kwargs), val) in P(arglist2):
+            self.set_cache(val, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+cdef class CachedMethodCallerNoArgs(CachedFunction):
+    """
+    Utility class that is used by :class:`CachedMethod` to bind a
+    cached method to an instance, in the case of a method that does
+    not accept any arguments except ``self``.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        The return value ``None`` would not be cached. So, if you have
+        a method that does not accept arguments and may return ``None``
+        after a lengthy computation, then ``@cached_method`` should not
+        be used.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
+        sage: I = P*[a,b]
+        sage: I.gens
+        Cached version of <function ...gens at 0x...>
+        sage: type(I.gens)
+        <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
+        sage: I.gens is I.gens
+        True
+        sage: I.gens() is I.gens()
+        True
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    As of :issue:`15692` the contents of the cache are not pickled anymore::
+
+        sage: class A:
+        ....:    @cached_method
+        ....:    def bar(self):
+        ....:        return 4
+        sage: import __main__
+        sage: __main__.A = A
+        sage: a = A()
+        sage: a.bar()
+        4
+        sage: a.bar.cache
+        4
+        sage: b = loads(dumps(a))
+        sage: b.bar.cache
+
+    The parameter ``do_pickle`` can be used to change this behaviour::
+
+        sage: class A:
+        ....:    @cached_method(do_pickle=True)
+        ....:    def bar(self):
+        ....:        return 4
+
+        sage: __main__.A = A
+        sage: a = A()
+        sage: a.bar()
+        4
+        sage: a.bar.cache
+        4
+        sage: b = loads(dumps(a))
+        sage: b.bar.cache
+        4
+
+    AUTHOR:
+
+    - Simon King (2011-04)
+    """
+    def __init__(self, inst, f, cache=None, name=None, do_pickle=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+            ....:         self._x = x
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self):
+            ....:         return self._x^2
+            sage: a = Foo(2)
+            sage: print(a.f.cache)
+            None
+            sage: a.f()
+            4
+            sage: a.f.cache
+            4
+        """
+        # initialize CachedFunction
+        if isinstance(f, str):
+            try:
+                F = getattr(inst.__class__, f)
+            except AttributeError:
+                F = getattr(inst, f)
+            if isinstance(F, CachedFunction):
+                f = F.f
+            else:
+                f = F
+        self._common_init(f, None, name=name, do_pickle=do_pickle)
+        # This is for unpickling a CachedMethodCallerNoArgs out
+        # of an old CachedMethodCaller:
+        cachename = '_cache__' + self.__name__
+        if hasattr(inst, cachename):
+            # This is for data that are pickled in an old format
+            CACHE = getattr(inst, cachename)
+            if len(CACHE) > 1:
+                raise TypeError("Apparently you are opening a pickle in which '{}' was a method accepting arguments".format(name))
+            if len(CACHE) == 1:
+                self.cache = CACHE.values()[0]
+            else:
+                self.cache = cache
+            delattr(inst, cachename)
+        else:
+            self.cache = cache  # None means: the underlying method will be called
+        self._instance = inst
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        Since functions cannot be pickled, the cached method caller
+        is pickled by a :class:`CachedMethodPickle`, that replaces
+        itself by an actual :class:`CachedMethodCallerNoArgs` as soon
+        as it is asked to do anything.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
+            sage: I = P*[a,b]
+            sage: I.gens()
+            [a, b]
+            sage: I.gens
+            Cached version of <function ...gens at 0x...>
+            sage: J = loads(dumps(I))
+            sage: J.gens
+            Pickle of the cached method "gens"
+            sage: J.gens.cache  # the cache is dropped because gens is not marked with do_pickle=True
+            sage: J.gens
+            Cached version of <function ...gens at 0x...>
+        """
+        if self.do_pickle:
+            return CachedMethodPickle, (self._instance, self.__name__, self.cache)
+        return CachedMethodPickle, (self._instance, self.__name__)
+
+    def _instance_call(self):
+        """
+        Call the cached method without using the cache.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
+            sage: I = P*[a,b]
+            sage: I.gens()
+            [a, b]
+            sage: I.gens._instance_call() is I.gens()
+            False
+            sage: I.gens._instance_call() == I.gens()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.f(self._instance)
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        """
+        Call the cached method.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
+            sage: I = P*[a,b]
+            sage: I.gens()    # indirect doctest
+            [a, b]
+            sage: I.gens() is I.gens()
+            True
+        """
+        if self.cache is None:
+            f = self.f
+            self.cache = f(self._instance)
+        return self.cache
+
+    def set_cache(self, value):
+        """
+        Override the cache with a specific value.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            ``None`` is not suitable for a cached value. It would be
+            interpreted as an empty cache, forcing a new computation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
+            sage: I = P*[a,b]
+            sage: I.gens()
+            [a, b]
+            sage: I.gens.set_cache('bar')
+            sage: I.gens()
+            'bar'
+
+        The cache can be emptied and thus the original value will
+        be reconstructed::
+
+            sage: I.gens.clear_cache()
+            sage: I.gens()
+            [a, b]
+
+        The attempt to assign ``None`` to the cache fails::
+
+            sage: I.gens.set_cache(None)
+            sage: I.gens()
+            [a, b]
+        """
+        self.cache = value
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        r"""
+        Clear the cache dictionary.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
+            sage: I = P*[a,b]
+            sage: I.gens()
+            [a, b]
+            sage: I.gens.set_cache('bar')
+            sage: I.gens()
+            'bar'
+
+        The cache can be emptied and thus the original value will
+        be reconstructed::
+
+            sage: I.gens.clear_cache()
+            sage: I.gens()
+            [a, b]
+        """
+        self.cache = None
+
+    def is_in_cache(self):
+        """
+        Answers whether the return value is already in the cache.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            Recall that a cached method without arguments cannot cache
+            the return value ``None``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: I = P*[x,y]
+            sage: I.gens.is_in_cache()
+            False
+            sage: I.gens()
+            [x, y]
+            sage: I.gens.is_in_cache()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.cache is not None
+
+    def __get__(self, inst, cls):
+        """
+        Get a :class:`CachedMethodCallerNoArgs` bound to a specific
+        instance of the class of the cached method.
+
+        NOTE:
+
+        :class:`CachedMethodCallerNoArgs` has a separate ``__get__``
+        since the categories framework creates and caches the
+        return value of ``CachedMethod.__get__`` with
+        ``inst==None``.
+
+        This getter attempts to assign a bound method as an
+        attribute to the given instance. If this is not
+        possible (for example, for some extension classes),
+        it is attempted to find an attribute ``_cached_methods``,
+        and store/retrieve the bound method there. In that
+        way, cached methods can be implemented for extension
+        classes deriving from :class:`~sage.structure.parent.Parent`
+        and :class:`~sage.structure.element.Element`.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Due to the separate ``__get__`` method, it is possible
+        to define a cached method in one class and use it as
+        an attribute of another class. ::
+
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     def __init__(self, n):
+            ....:         self.__n = n
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self):
+            ....:         return self.__n^2
+            sage: class Bar:
+            ....:     f = Foo.f
+            sage: b1 = Bar()
+            sage: b2 = Bar()
+
+        The :class:`CachedMethod` is replaced by an instance of
+        :class:`CachedMethodCallerNoArgs` that is set as an
+        attribute. Hence, we have::
+
+            sage: b1.f is b1.f
+            True
+            sage: type(b1.f)
+            <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
+
+        Any instance of ``Bar`` gets its own instance of
+        :class:`CachedMethodCaller`::
+
+            sage: b1.f is b2.f
+            False
+
+        The method caller knows the instance that it belongs
+        to::
+
+            sage: Foo.f._instance is None
+            True
+            sage: b1.f._instance is b1
+            True
+            sage: b2.f._instance is b2
+            True
+        """
+        # This is for Parents or Elements that do not allow attribute assignment
+        try:
+            return (<dict>inst._cached_methods)[self.__name__]
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError, KeyError):
+            pass
+        Caller = CachedMethodCallerNoArgs(inst, self.f, name=self.__name__, do_pickle=self.do_pickle)
+        try:
+            setattr(inst, self.__name__, Caller)
+            return Caller
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            if inst._cached_methods is None:
+                inst._cached_methods = {self.__name__: Caller}
+            else:
+                (<dict>inst._cached_methods)[self.__name__] = Caller
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return Caller
+
+
+cdef class GloballyCachedMethodCaller(CachedMethodCaller):
+    """
+    Implementation of cached methods in case that the cache is not
+    stored in the instance, but in some global object. In particular,
+    it is used to implement :class:`CachedInParentMethod`.
+
+    The only difference is that the instance is used as part of the
+    key.
+    """
+    cdef get_key_args_kwds(self, tuple args, dict kwds):
+        """
+        Return the key in the cache to be used when ``args`` and
+        ``kwds`` are passed in as parameters.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: class MyParent(Parent):
+            ....:     pass
+            sage: class MyElement():           # indirect doctest
+            ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+            ....:         self.x = x
+            ....:     def parent(self):
+            ....:         return MyParent()
+            ....:     @cached_in_parent_method
+            ....:     def f(self):
+            ....:         return self.x^2
+            sage: a = MyElement(2)
+            sage: a.f.get_key()
+            (<__main__.MyElement object at 0x...>, ((), ()))
+            sage: a.f.get_key()[0] is a
+            True
+        """
+        k = self.fix_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+        return (self._instance, k)
+
+
+cdef class CachedMethod():
+    """
+    A decorator that creates a cached version of an instance
+    method of a class.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        For proper behavior, the method must be a pure function (no side
+        effects). Arguments to the method must be hashable or transformed into
+        something hashable using ``key`` or they must define
+        :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: class Foo():
+        ....:     @cached_method
+        ....:     def f(self, t, x=2):
+        ....:         print('computing')
+        ....:         return t**x
+        sage: a = Foo()
+
+    The example shows that the actual computation
+    takes place only once, and that the result is
+    identical for equivalent input::
+
+        sage: res = a.f(3, 2); res
+        computing
+        9
+        sage: a.f(t = 3, x = 2) is res
+        True
+        sage: a.f(3) is res
+        True
+
+    Note, however, that accessing the attribute directly will call :meth:`__get__`,
+    and returns a :class:`CachedMethodCaller` or :class:`CachedMethodCallerNoArgs`.
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = QQ[]
+        sage: I = P*[a,b]
+        sage: type(I.__class__.gens)
+        <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
+        sage: type(I.__class__.__dict__["gens"])
+        <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethod'>
+
+    The parameter ``key`` can be used to pass a function which creates a
+    custom cache key for inputs. In the following example, this parameter is
+    used to ignore the ``algorithm`` keyword for caching::
+
+        sage: class A():
+        ....:     def _f_normalize(self, x, algorithm): return x
+        ....:     @cached_method(key=_f_normalize)
+        ....:     def f(self, x, algorithm='default'): return x
+        sage: a = A()
+        sage: a.f(1, algorithm='default') is a.f(1) is a.f(1, algorithm='algorithm')
+        True
+
+    The parameter ``do_pickle`` can be used to enable pickling of the cache.
+    Usually the cache is not stored when pickling::
+
+        sage: class A():
+        ....:     @cached_method
+        ....:     def f(self, x): return None
+        sage: import __main__
+        sage: __main__.A = A
+        sage: a = A()
+        sage: a.f(1)
+        sage: len(a.f.cache)
+        1
+        sage: b = loads(dumps(a))
+        sage: len(b.f.cache)
+        0
+
+    When ``do_pickle`` is set, the pickle contains the contents of the cache::
+
+        sage: class A():
+        ....:     @cached_method(do_pickle=True)
+        ....:     def f(self, x): return None
+        sage: __main__.A = A
+        sage: a = A()
+        sage: a.f(1)
+        sage: len(a.f.cache)
+        1
+        sage: b = loads(dumps(a))
+        sage: len(b.f.cache)
+        1
+
+    Cached methods cannot be copied like usual methods, see :issue:`12603`.
+    Copying them can lead to very surprising results::
+
+        sage: class A:
+        ....:     @cached_method
+        ....:     def f(self):
+        ....:         return 1
+        sage: class B:
+        ....:     g=A.f
+        ....:     def f(self):
+        ....:         return 2
+
+        sage: b=B()
+        sage: b.f()
+        2
+        sage: b.g()
+        1
+        sage: b.f()
+        1
+    """
+    def __init__(self, f, name=None, key=None, do_pickle=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: class Foo():
+            ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+            ....:         self._x = x
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self, n):
+            ....:         return self._x^n
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f0(self):
+            ....:         return self._x^2
+            sage: a = Foo(2)
+            sage: a.f(2)
+            4
+            sage: a.f0()
+            4
+
+        For methods with parameters, the results of method ``f`` is attempted
+        to be stored in a dictionary attribute of the instance ``a``::
+
+            sage: hasattr(a, '_cache__f')
+            True
+            sage: a._cache__f
+            {((2,), ()): 4}
+            sage: a._cache_f0
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            AttributeError: 'Foo' object has no attribute '_cache_f0'...
+
+        As a shortcut, useful to speed up internal computations,
+        the same dictionary is also available as an attribute
+        of the ``CachedMethodCaller``::
+
+            sage: type(a.f)
+            <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCaller'>
+            sage: a.f.cache is a._cache__f
+            True
+
+        Note that if the instance ``a`` would not accept attribute
+        assignment, the computations would still be cached in
+        ``a.f.cache``, and they would in fact be preserved when
+        pickling.
+
+        The cached method ``f0`` accepts no arguments, which allows
+        for an improved way of caching: By an attribute of the cached
+        method itself. This cache is *only* available in that way, i.e.,
+        it is not additionally stored as an attribute of ``a``::
+
+            sage: type(a.f0)
+            <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
+            sage: a.f0.cache
+            4
+            sage: sorted(n for n in dir(a) if not n.startswith('__'))
+            ['_cache__f', '_x', 'f', 'f0']
+
+        The cached method has its name and module set::
+
+            sage: f = Foo.__dict__["f"]
+            sage: f.__name__
+            'f'
+            sage: f.__module__
+            '__main__'
+        """
+        self._cache_name = '_cache__' + (name or f.__name__)
+        self._cachedfunc = CachedFunction(f, classmethod=True, name=name, key=key, do_pickle=do_pickle)
+        self.__name__ = self._cachedfunc.__name__
+        self.__cached_module__ = self._cachedfunc.__module__
+
+    @property
+    def __module__(self):
+        return self.__cached_module__
+
+    def __call__(self, inst, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Call the cached method as a function on an instance.
+        This code path is not used directly except in a few rare cases,
+        see examples for details.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``inst`` -- an instance on which the method is to be called
+        - further positional or named arguments
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.superseded import deprecated_function_alias
+            sage: class Foo():
+            ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+            ....:         self._x = x
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self, n=2):
+            ....:         return self._x^n
+            ....:     g = deprecated_function_alias(57, f)
+            sage: a = Foo(2)
+            sage: Foo.__dict__['f'](a)
+            4
+
+        This uses the cache as usual::
+
+            sage: Foo.__dict__['f'](a) is a.f()
+            True
+
+        This feature makes cached methods compatible with
+        :meth:`sage.misc.superseded.deprecated_function_alias`::
+
+            sage: a.g() is a.f()
+            doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: g is deprecated. Please use f instead.
+            See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/57 for details.
+            True
+            sage: Foo.g(a) is a.f()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.__get__(inst)(*args, **kwds)
+
+    cpdef _get_instance_cache(self, inst):
+        """
+        Return the cache dictionary.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+            ....:         self._x = x
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self, n=2):
+            ....:         return self._x^n
+            sage: a = Foo(2)
+
+        Initially ``_cache__f`` is not an attribute of ``a``::
+
+            sage: hasattr(a, "_cache__f")
+            False
+
+        When the attribute is accessed (thus ``__get__`` is called),
+        the cache is created and assigned to the attribute::
+
+            sage: a.f
+            Cached version of <function Foo.f at 0x...>
+            sage: a._cache__f
+            {}
+            sage: a.f()
+            4
+            sage: a.f.cache
+            {((2,), ()): 4}
+            sage: a._cache__f
+            {((2,), ()): 4}
+
+        Testing the method directly::
+
+            sage: a = Foo(2)
+            sage: hasattr(a, "_cache__f")
+            False
+            sage: Foo.__dict__["f"]._get_instance_cache(a)
+            {}
+            sage: a._cache__f
+            {}
+            sage: a.f()
+            4
+            sage: Foo.__dict__["f"]._get_instance_cache(a)
+            {((2,), ()): 4}
+
+        Using ``__dict__`` is needed to access this function because
+        ``Foo.f`` would call ``__get__`` and thus create a
+        :class:`CachedMethodCaller`::
+
+            sage: type(Foo.f)
+            <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCaller'>
+            sage: type(Foo.__dict__["f"])
+            <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethod'>
+        """
+        default = {} if self._cachedfunc.do_pickle else NonpicklingDict()
+        try:
+            return inst.__dict__.setdefault(self._cache_name, default)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return default
+
+    def __get__(self, object inst, cls):
+        """
+        Get a CachedMethodCaller bound to this specific instance of
+        the class of the cached method.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def f(self):
+            ....:         return 1
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def g(self, x, n=3):
+            ....:         return x^n
+            sage: a = Foo()
+            sage: type(a.f)
+            <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
+            sage: type(a.g)
+            <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCaller'>
+
+        By :issue:`8611`, it is attempted to set the
+        CachedMethodCaller as an attribute of the instance ``a``,
+        replacing the original cached attribute. Therefore, the
+        ``__get__`` method will be used only once, which saves much
+        time. Hence, we have::
+
+            sage: a.f is a.f
+            True
+            sage: a.g is a.g
+            True
+
+        Verify that :issue:`16337` has been resolved::
+
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     @cached_method(key=lambda self, x:x+1)
+            ....:     def f(self, x=0):
+            ....:         return x
+
+            sage: a = Foo()
+            sage: a.f(0)
+            0
+            sage: a.f.cache
+            {1: 0}
+        """
+        # This is for Parents or Elements that do not allow attribute assignment:
+        cdef str name
+        try:
+            name = self._cachedfunc.__name__
+        except AttributeError:
+            name = self.__name__
+        try:
+            return (<dict>inst._cached_methods)[name]
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError, KeyError):
+            pass
+        # Apparently we need to construct the caller.
+        # Since we have an optimized version for functions that do not accept arguments,
+        # we need to analyse the argspec
+        f = self._cachedfunc.f
+        if self.nargs == 0:
+            if isinstance(f, object) and not isfunction(f):
+                try:
+                    if METH_NOARGS&PyCFunction_GetFlags(f.__get__(inst, cls)):
+                        self.nargs = 1
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+            if self.nargs == 0:
+                args, varargs, keywords, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations = sage_getargspec(f)
+                if varargs is None and keywords is None and len(args)<=1:
+                    self.nargs = 1
+                else:
+                    self.nargs = 2  # don't need the exact number
+        if self.nargs == 1:
+            Caller = CachedMethodCallerNoArgs(inst, f, name=name, do_pickle=self._cachedfunc.do_pickle)
+        else:
+            Caller = CachedMethodCaller(self, inst,
+                                        cache=self._get_instance_cache(inst),
+                                        name=name,
+                                        key=self._cachedfunc.key,
+                                        do_pickle=self._cachedfunc.do_pickle)
+        try:
+            setattr(inst, name, Caller)
+            return Caller
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            if inst._cached_methods is None:
+                inst._cached_methods = {name: Caller}
+            else:
+                (<dict>inst._cached_methods)[name] = Caller
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return Caller
+
+
+cdef class CachedSpecialMethod(CachedMethod):
+    """
+    Cached version of *special* python methods.
+
+    IMPLEMENTATION:
+
+    For new style classes ``C``, it is not possible to override a special
+    method, such as ``__hash__``, in the ``__dict__`` of an instance ``c`` of
+    ``C``, because Python will always use what is provided by the class, not
+    by the instance to avoid metaclass confusion. See
+    `<https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#special-method-lookup>`_.
+
+    By consequence, if ``__hash__`` would be wrapped by using
+    :class:`CachedMethod`, then ``hash(c)`` will access ``C.__hash__`` and bind
+    it to ``c``, which means that the ``__get__`` method of
+    :class:`CachedMethod` will be called. But there, we assume that Python has
+    already inspected ``__dict__``, and thus a :class:`CachedMethodCaller`
+    will be created over and over again.
+
+    Here, the ``__get__`` method will explicitly access the ``__dict__``, so that
+    ``hash(c)`` will rely on a single :class:`CachedMethodCaller` stored in
+    the ``__dict__``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: class C:
+        ....:     @cached_method
+        ....:     def __hash__(self):
+        ....:         print("compute hash")
+        ....:         return int(5)
+        ....:
+        sage: c = C()
+        sage: type(C.__hash__)
+        <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
+
+    The hash is computed only once, subsequent calls will use the value from
+    the cache. This was implemented in :issue:`12601`.
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: hash(c)       # indirect doctest
+        compute hash
+        5
+        sage: hash(c)
+        5
+    """
+    def __get__(self, object inst, cls):
+        """
+        Bind a :class:`CachedMethodCaller` to a specific instance, using ``__dict__``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: class C:
+            ....:     @cached_method
+            ....:     def __hash__(self):
+            ....:         print("compute hash")
+            ....:         return int(5)
+            sage: c = C()
+            sage: type(C.__hash__)
+            <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
+            sage: hash(c)       # indirect doctest
+            compute hash
+            5
+            sage: hash(c)
+            5
+
+        Verify that :issue:`16337` has been resolved::
+
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     @cached_method(key=lambda self, x:x+1)
+            ....:     def __hash__(self, x=0):
+            ....:         return x
+
+            sage: a = Foo()
+            sage: a.__hash__(0)
+            0
+            sage: a.__hash__.cache
+            {1: 0}
+        """
+        # This is for Parents or Elements that do not allow attribute assignment:
+        cdef str name
+        try:
+            name = self._cachedfunc.__name__
+        except AttributeError:
+            name = self.__name__
+        cdef dict D = None
+        if inst is not None:
+            try:
+                D = inst.__dict__
+            except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+                try:
+                    D = inst._cached_methods
+                except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+                    raise TypeError("For a cached special method, either attribute assignment or a public '_cached_methods' attribute of type <dict> is needed")
+            if D is None:
+                # This can only happen in the case of _cached_methods
+                D = inst._cached_methods = {}
+            else:
+                try:
+                    return D[name]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+        # Apparently we need to construct the caller.
+        # Since we have an optimized version for functions that do not accept arguments,
+        # we need to analyse the argspec
+        f = self._cachedfunc.f
+        if self.nargs == 0:
+            args, varargs, keywords, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations = sage_getargspec(f)
+            if varargs is None and keywords is None and len(args)<=1:
+                self.nargs = 1
+                Caller = CachedMethodCallerNoArgs(inst, f, name=name, do_pickle=self._cachedfunc.do_pickle)
+            else:
+                self.nargs = 2  # don't need the exact number
+                Caller = CachedMethodCaller(self, inst,
+                                            cache=self._get_instance_cache(inst),
+                                            name=name,
+                                            key=self._cachedfunc.key,
+                                            do_pickle=self._cachedfunc.do_pickle)
+        elif self.nargs == 1:
+            Caller = CachedMethodCallerNoArgs(inst, f, name=name, do_pickle=self._cachedfunc.do_pickle)
+        else:
+            Caller = CachedMethodCaller(self, inst,
+                                        cache=self._get_instance_cache(inst),
+                                        name=name,
+                                        key=self._cachedfunc.key,
+                                        do_pickle=self._cachedfunc.do_pickle)
+        if inst is not None:
+            try:
+                setattr(inst, name, Caller)
+                return Caller
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            D[name] = Caller
+        return Caller
+
+
+@decorator_keywords
+def cached_method(f, name=None, key=None, do_pickle=None):
+    """
+    A decorator for cached methods.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    In the following examples, one can see how a cached method works
+    in application. Below, we demonstrate what is done behind the scenes::
+
+        sage: class C:
+        ....:     @cached_method
+        ....:     def __hash__(self):
+        ....:         print("compute hash")
+        ....:         return int(5)
+        ....:     @cached_method
+        ....:     def f(self, x):
+        ....:         print("computing cached method")
+        ....:         return x*2
+        sage: c = C()
+        sage: type(C.__hash__)
+        <class 'sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethodCallerNoArgs'>
+        sage: hash(c)
+        compute hash
+        5
+
+    When calling a cached method for the second time with the same arguments,
+    the value is gotten from the cache, so that a new computation is not
+    needed::
+
+        sage: hash(c)
+        5
+        sage: c.f(4)
+        computing cached method
+        8
+        sage: c.f(4) is c.f(4)
+        True
+
+    Different instances have distinct caches::
+
+        sage: d = C()
+        sage: d.f(4) is c.f(4)
+        computing cached method
+        False
+        sage: d.f.clear_cache()
+        sage: c.f(4)
+        8
+        sage: d.f(4)
+        computing cached method
+        8
+
+    Using cached methods for the hash and other special methods was
+    implemented in :issue:`12601`, by means of :class:`CachedSpecialMethod`. We
+    show that it is used behind the scenes::
+
+        sage: cached_method(c.__hash__)
+        <sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedSpecialMethod object at ...>
+        sage: cached_method(c.f)
+        <sage.misc.cachefunc.CachedMethod object at ...>
+
+    The parameter ``do_pickle`` can be used if the contents of the cache should be
+    stored in a pickle of the cached method. This can be dangerous with special
+    methods such as ``__hash__``::
+
+        sage: class C:
+        ....:     @cached_method(do_pickle=True)
+        ....:     def __hash__(self):
+        ....:         return id(self)
+
+        sage: import __main__
+        sage: __main__.C = C
+        sage: c = C()
+        sage: hash(c)  # random output
+        sage: d = loads(dumps(c))
+        sage: hash(d) == hash(c)
+        True
+
+    However, the contents of a method's cache are not pickled unless ``do_pickle``
+    is set::
+
+        sage: class C:
+        ....:     @cached_method
+        ....:     def __hash__(self):
+        ....:         return id(self)
+
+        sage: __main__.C = C
+        sage: c = C()
+        sage: hash(c)  # random output
+        sage: d = loads(dumps(c))
+        sage: hash(d) == hash(c)
+        False
+    """
+    cdef str fname = name or f.__name__
+    if fname in special_method_names:
+        return CachedSpecialMethod(f, name, key=key, do_pickle=do_pickle)
+    return CachedMethod(f, name, key=key, do_pickle=do_pickle)
+
+
+cdef class CachedInParentMethod(CachedMethod):
+    r"""
+    A decorator that creates a cached version of an instance
+    method of a class.
+
+    In contrast to :class:`CachedMethod`,
+    the cache dictionary is an attribute of the parent of
+    the instance to which the method belongs.
+
+    ASSUMPTION:
+
+    This way of caching works only if
+
+    - the instances *have* a parent, and
+    - the instances are hashable (they are part of the cache key) or they
+      define :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`
+
+    NOTE:
+
+    For proper behavior, the method must be a pure function (no side effects).
+    If this decorator is used on a method, it will have identical output on
+    equal elements. This is since the element is part of the hash key.
+    Arguments to the method must be hashable or define
+    :meth:`sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject._cache_key`.  The instance it
+    is assigned to must be hashable.
+
+    Examples can be found at :mod:`~sage.misc.cachefunc`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, f, name=None, key=None, do_pickle=None):
+        """
+        Construct a new method with cache stored in the parent of the instance.
+
+        See also ``cached_method`` and ``cached_function``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: class MyParent(Parent):
+            ....:     pass
+            sage: class Foo:                         # indirect doctest
+            ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+            ....:         self._x = x
+            ....:         self._parent = MyParent()
+            ....:     def parent(self):
+            ....:         return self._parent
+            ....:     @cached_in_parent_method
+            ....:     def f(self):
+            ....:         return self._x^2
+            sage: a = Foo(2)
+            sage: a.f()
+            4
+            sage: b = Foo(3)
+            sage: b.f()
+            9
+            sage: hasattr(a.parent(), '_cache__element_f')
+            True
+
+        For speeding up internal computations, this dictionary
+        is also accessible as an attribute of the CachedMethodCaller
+        (by :issue:`8611`)::
+
+            sage: a.parent()._cache__element_f is a.f.cache
+            True
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Test that ``key`` works::
+
+            sage: class A():
+            ....:     def __init__(self):
+            ....:         self._parent = MyParent()
+            ....:     def parent(self): return self._parent
+            ....:     def _f_normalize(self, x, algorithm): return x
+            ....:     @cached_in_parent_method(key=_f_normalize)
+            ....:     def f(self, x, algorithm='default'): return x
+            sage: a = A()
+            sage: a.f(1, algorithm='default') is a.f(1) is a.f(1, algorithm='algorithm')
+            True
+
+        Test that ``do_pickle`` works. Usually the contents of the cache are not
+        pickled::
+
+            sage: class A():
+            ....:     def __init__(self):
+            ....:         self._parent = MyParent()
+            ....:     def parent(self): return self._parent
+            ....:     @cached_in_parent_method
+            ....:     def f(self, x): return x
+            sage: import __main__
+            sage: __main__.A = A
+            sage: __main__.MyParent = MyParent
+            sage: a = A()
+            sage: a.f(1)
+            1
+            sage: len(a.f.cache)
+            1
+            sage: b = loads(dumps(a))
+            sage: len(b.f.cache)
+            0
+
+        Pickling can be enabled with ``do_pickle``::
+
+            sage: class A():
+            ....:     def __init__(self):
+            ....:         self._parent = MyParent()
+            ....:     def parent(self): return self._parent
+            ....:     @cached_in_parent_method(do_pickle=True)
+            ....:     def f(self, x): return x
+            sage: __main__.A = A
+            sage: a = A()
+            sage: a.f(1)
+            1
+            sage: len(a.f.cache)
+            1
+            sage: b = loads(dumps(a))
+            sage: len(b.f.cache)
+            1
+        """
+        self._cache_name = '_cache__' + 'element_' + (name or f.__name__)
+        self._cachedfunc = CachedFunction(f, classmethod=True, name=name, key=key, do_pickle=do_pickle)
+
+    cpdef _get_instance_cache(self, inst):
+        """
+        Return the cache dictionary, which is stored in the parent.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: class MyParent(Parent):
+            ....:     pass
+            sage: class Foo:
+            ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+            ....:         self._x = x
+            ....:     _parent = MyParent()
+            ....:     def parent(self):
+            ....:         return self._parent
+            ....:     def __eq__(self, other):
+            ....:         return self._x^2 == other._x^2
+            ....:     def __hash__(self):
+            ....:         return hash(self._x^2)
+            ....:     def __repr__(self):
+            ....:         return 'My %s'%self._x
+            ....:     @cached_in_parent_method
+            ....:     def f(self):
+            ....:         return self._x^3
+            sage: a = Foo(2)
+            sage: a.f()
+            8
+            sage: a.f.cache   #indirect doctest
+            {(My 2, ((), ())): 8}
+
+        Since the key for the cache depends on equality of
+        the instances, we obtain *identical* result for
+        *equal* instance - even though in this particular
+        example the result is wrong::
+
+            sage: b = Foo(-2)
+            sage: a is not b
+            True
+            sage: a == b
+            True
+            sage: b.f() is a.f()
+            True
+
+        Non-equal instances do not share the result of
+        the cached method, but they do share the cache::
+
+            sage: c = Foo(3)
+            sage: c.f()
+            27
+            sage: c.f.cache is a.f.cache  #indirect doctest
+            True
+
+        Note that the cache is also available as an
+        attribute of the cached method, which speeds
+        up internal computations::
+
+            sage: a.f.cache is b.f.cache is c.f._cachedmethod._get_instance_cache(c)
+            True
+        """
+        default = {} if self._cachedfunc.do_pickle else NonpicklingDict()
+        if inst is None:
+            return default
+        try:
+            P = inst.parent()
+            return P.__dict__.setdefault(self._cache_name, default)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        if not hasattr(P, '_cached_methods'):
+            raise TypeError("The parent of this element does not allow attribute assignment\n" +
+                            "    and does not descend from the Parent base class.\n" +
+                            "    Cannot use CachedInParentMethod.")
+        if P._cached_methods is None:
+            P._cached_methods = {}
+        return (<dict>P._cached_methods).setdefault(self._cache_name, default)
+
+    def __get__(self, inst, cls):
+        """
+        Get a CachedMethodCaller bound to this specific instance of
+        the class of the cached-in-parent method.
+        """
+        Caller = GloballyCachedMethodCaller(self, inst, cache=self._get_instance_cache(inst), key=self._cachedfunc.key, do_pickle=self._cachedfunc.do_pickle)
+        try:
+            setattr(inst, self._cachedfunc.__name__, Caller)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return Caller
+
+
+cached_in_parent_method = decorator_keywords(CachedInParentMethod)
+
+
+class FileCache():
+    """
+    :class:`FileCache` is a dictionary-like class which stores keys
+    and values on disk.  The keys take the form of a tuple ``(A,K)``
+
+    - ``A`` -- tuple of objects ``t`` where each ``t`` is an
+      exact object which is uniquely identified by a short string
+
+    - ``K`` -- tuple of tuples ``(s,v)`` where ``s`` is a valid
+      variable name and ``v`` is an exact object which is uniquely
+      identified by a short string with letters [a-zA-Z0-9-._]
+
+    The primary use case is the :class:`DiskCachedFunction`.  If
+    ``memory_cache == True``, we maintain a cache of objects seen
+    during this session in memory -- but we don't load them from
+    disk until necessary.  The keys and values are stored in a
+    pair of files:
+
+    - ``prefix-argstring.key.sobj`` contains the ``key`` only,
+    - ``prefix-argstring.sobj`` contains the tuple ``(key,val)``
+
+    where ``self[key] == val``.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        We assume that each :class:`FileCache` lives in its own directory.
+        Use **extreme** caution if you wish to break that assumption.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, dir, prefix='', memory_cache=False):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: FC = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = True)
+            sage: FC[((),())] = 1
+            sage: FC[((1,2),())] = 2
+            sage: FC[((),())]
+            1
+        """
+        if not dir or dir[-1] != '/':
+            dir += '/'
+        self._dir = dir
+        os.makedirs(dir, exist_ok=True)
+
+        self._prefix = prefix + '-'
+
+        if memory_cache:
+            self._cache = {}
+        else:
+            self._cache = None
+
+    def file_list(self):
+        """
+        Return the list of files corresponding to ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: FC = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = True, prefix='t')
+            sage: FC[((),())] = 1
+            sage: FC[((1,2),())] = 2
+            sage: FC[((1,),(('a',1),))] = 3
+            sage: for f in sorted(FC.file_list()): print(f[len(dir):])
+            t-.key.sobj
+            t-.sobj
+            t-1_2.key.sobj
+            t-1_2.sobj
+            t-a-1.1.key.sobj
+            t-a-1.1.sobj
+        """
+        files = []
+        prefix = self._prefix
+        dir = self._dir
+        l = len(prefix)
+        for f in os.listdir(dir):
+            if f[:l] == prefix:
+                files.append(dir + f)
+        return files
+
+    def items(self):
+        """
+        Return a list of tuples ``(k,v)`` where ``self[k] = v``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: FC = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False)
+            sage: FC[((),())] = 1
+            sage: FC[((1,2),())] = 2
+            sage: FC[((1,),(('a',1),))] = 3
+            sage: I = FC.items()
+            sage: I.sort(); I
+            [(((), ()), 1), (((1,), (('a', 1),)), 3), (((1, 2), ()), 2)]
+        """
+        return [(k, self[k]) for k in self]
+
+    def values(self):
+        """
+        Return a list of values that are stored in ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: FC = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False)
+            sage: FC[((),())] = 1
+            sage: FC[((1,2),())] = 2
+            sage: FC[((1,),(('a',1),))] = 3
+            sage: FC[((),(('a',1),))] = 4
+            sage: v = FC.values()
+            sage: v.sort(); v
+            [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        """
+        return [self[k] for k in self]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        Return a list of keys of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: FC = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False)
+            sage: FC[((),())] = 1
+            sage: FC[((1,2),())] = 2
+            sage: FC[((1,),(('a',1),))] = 3
+            sage: for k in sorted(FC): print(k)
+            ((), ())
+            ((1,), (('a', 1),))
+            ((1, 2), ())
+        """
+        return iter(self.keys())
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """
+        Return a list of keys ``k`` where ``self[k]`` is defined.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: FC = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False)
+            sage: FC[((),())] = 1
+            sage: FC[((1,2),())] = 2
+            sage: FC[((1,),(('a',1),))] = 3
+            sage: K = FC.keys()
+            sage: K.sort(); K
+            [((), ()), ((1,), (('a', 1),)), ((1, 2), ())]
+        """
+        cdef list K = []
+        from sage.misc.persist import load
+        for f in self.file_list():
+            if f[-9:] == '.key.sobj':
+                K.append(load(f))
+        return K
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Clear all key, value pairs from ``self`` and unlink the associated files
+        from the file cache.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: FC1 = FileCache(dir, memory_cache=False, prefix='foo')
+            sage: FC2 = FileCache(dir, memory_cache=False, prefix='foo')
+            sage: k1 = ((), (('a', 1),))
+            sage: t1 = randint(0, 1000)
+            sage: k2 = ((), (('b', 1),))
+            sage: t2 = randint(0, 1000)
+            sage: FC1[k1] = t1
+            sage: FC2[k2] = t2
+            sage: FC2.clear()
+            sage: k1 in FC1
+            False
+            sage: k2 in FC1
+            False
+        """
+        for k in self:
+            del self[k]
+
+    def _filename(self, key):
+        """
+        Compute the filename associated with a certain key.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: FC = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False, prefix='foo')
+            sage: N = FC._filename(((1,2), (('a',1),('b',2))))
+            sage: print(N[len(dir):])
+            foo-a-1_b-2.1_2
+            sage: N = FC._filename(((), (('a',1),('b',2))))
+            sage: print(N[len(dir):])
+            foo-a-1_b-2
+            sage: N = FC._filename(((1,2), ()))
+            sage: print(N[len(dir):])
+            foo-1_2
+        """
+        a, k = key
+        kwdstr = '_'.join('%s-%s' % x for x in k)
+        argstr = '_'.join('%s' % x for x in a)
+        if kwdstr and argstr:
+            keystr = kwdstr + '.' + argstr
+        else:
+            keystr = kwdstr + argstr
+        return self._dir + self._prefix + keystr
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if ``self[key]`` is defined and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: FC = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False, prefix='foo')
+            sage: k = ((),(('a',1),))
+            sage: FC[k] = True
+            sage: k in FC
+            True
+            sage: ((),()) in FC
+            False
+        """
+        return os.path.exists(self._filename(key) + '.key.sobj')
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """
+        Return the value set by ``self[key] = val``, in this session
+        or a previous one.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: FC1 = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False, prefix='foo')
+            sage: FC2 = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False, prefix='foo')
+            sage: k = ((),(('a',1),))
+            sage: t = randint(0, 1000)
+            sage: FC1[k] = t
+            sage: FC2[k] == FC1[k] == t
+            True
+            sage: FC1[(1,2),(('a',4),('b',2))]
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            KeyError: ((1, 2), (('a', 4), ('b', 2)))
+        """
+        from sage.misc.persist import load
+
+        cache = self._cache
+        if cache is not None:
+            if key in cache:
+                return cache[key]
+
+        f = self._filename(key) + '.sobj'
+        try:
+            k, v = load(f)
+        except IOError:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        if k != key:
+            raise RuntimeError("cache corrupted")
+
+        if cache is not None:
+            cache[key] = v
+        return v
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        """
+        Set ``self[key] = value`` and stores both key and value on
+        disk.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: FC1 = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False, prefix='foo')
+            sage: FC2 = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False, prefix='foo')
+            sage: k = ((),(('a',1),))
+            sage: t = randint(0, 1000)
+            sage: FC1[k] = t
+            sage: FC2[k] == t
+            True
+            sage: FC1[k] = 2000
+            sage: FC2[k]!= t
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.misc.persist import save
+
+        f = self._filename(key)
+
+        save(key, f+'.key.sobj')
+        save((key, value), f + '.sobj')
+        if self._cache is not None:
+            self._cache[key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        """
+        Delete the ``key, value`` pair from ``self`` and unlink the associated
+        files from the file cache.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import FileCache
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: FC1 = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False, prefix='foo')
+            sage: FC2 = FileCache(dir, memory_cache = False, prefix='foo')
+            sage: k = ((),(('a',1),))
+            sage: t = randint(0, 1000)
+            sage: FC1[k] = t
+            sage: del FC2[k]
+            sage: k in FC1
+            False
+       """
+        f = self._filename(key)
+        cache = self._cache
+        if cache is not None and key in cache:
+            del self._cache[key]
+        if os.path.exists(f + '.sobj'):
+            os.remove(f + '.sobj')
+        if os.path.exists(f + '.key.sobj'):
+            os.remove(f + '.key.sobj')
+
+
+class DiskCachedFunction(CachedFunction):
+    """
+    Works similar to CachedFunction, but instead, we keep the
+    cache on disk (optionally, we keep it in memory too).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import DiskCachedFunction
+        sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+        sage: factor = DiskCachedFunction(factor, dir, memory_cache=True)
+        sage: f = factor(2775); f
+        3 * 5^2 * 37
+        sage: f is factor(2775)
+        True
+    """
+    def __init__(self, f, dir, memory_cache=False, key=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import DiskCachedFunction
+            sage: def foo(x): sleep(x)
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: bar = DiskCachedFunction(foo, dir, memory_cache = False)
+            sage: w = walltime()
+            sage: for i in range(10): bar(1)
+            sage: walltime(w) < 2
+            True
+        """
+        CachedFunction.__init__(self, f, key=key)
+        prefix = f.__name__
+        self.cache = FileCache(dir, prefix=prefix, memory_cache = memory_cache)
+
+
+class disk_cached_function:
+    """
+    Decorator for :class:`DiskCachedFunction`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+        sage: @disk_cached_function(dir)
+        ....: def foo(x): return next_prime(2^x)%x
+        sage: x = foo(200); x                                                           # needs sage.libs.pari
+        11
+        sage: @disk_cached_function(dir)
+        ....: def foo(x): return 1/x
+        sage: foo(200)                                                                  # needs sage.libs.pari
+        11
+        sage: foo.clear_cache()
+        sage: foo(200)
+        1/200
+    """
+    def __init__(self, dir, memory_cache=False, key=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: @disk_cached_function(dir, memory_cache=True)
+            ....: def foo(x): return next_prime(2^x)
+            sage: x = foo(200)                                                          # needs sage.libs.pari
+            sage: x is foo(200)                                                         # needs sage.libs.pari
+            True
+            sage: @disk_cached_function(dir, memory_cache=False)
+            ....: def foo(x): return next_prime(2^x)
+            sage: x is foo(200)                                                         # needs sage.libs.pari
+            False
+        """
+        self._dir = dir
+        self._memory_cache = memory_cache
+        self._key = key
+
+    def __call__(self, f):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: dir = tmp_dir()
+            sage: @disk_cached_function(dir)
+            ....: def foo(x): return ModularSymbols(x)
+            sage: foo(389)                                                              # needs sage.modular
+            Modular Symbols space of dimension 65 for Gamma_0(389) of weight 2
+             with sign 0 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return DiskCachedFunction(f, self._dir, memory_cache=self._memory_cache, key=self._key)
+
+
+# Add support for _instancedoc_
+from sage.misc.instancedoc import instancedoc
+instancedoc(CachedFunction)
+instancedoc(WeakCachedFunction)
+instancedoc(CachedMethodCaller)
+instancedoc(CachedMethodCallerNoArgs)
+instancedoc(GloballyCachedMethodCaller)
+instancedoc(DiskCachedFunction)