passagemath-gap-pkg-semigroups 10.6.29__cp312-abi3-macosx_13_0_x86_64.whl

gap/pkg/semigroups/gap/attributes/translat.gi

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+#############################################################################
+##
+# W  translat.gi
+# Y  Copyright (C) 2015-22                     James D. Mitchell, Finn Smith
+##
+##  Licensing information can be found in the README file of this package.
+##
+#############################################################################
+##
+##
+#############################################################################
+## This file contains methods for dealing with left and right translation
+## semigroups, as well as translational hulls.
+##
+## Some of the implementation in this file was based on the implementation of
+## RMS in reesmatsemi.gi in the GAP library - in particular, the creation of
+## the semigroups and their relation to their elements.
+##
+## The code specific to rectangular bands is based on
+## Howie, J.M. (1995) 'Fundamentals of Semigroup theory'.
+## United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. (p. 116)
+##
+## This file is organised as follows:
+##    1. Internal functions
+##    2. Functions for the creation of left/right translations semigroup
+##        and translational hulls, and their elements
+##    3. Methods for rectangular bands
+##    4. Methods for monoids
+##    5. Technical methods, eg. PrintObj, *, =, etc.
+##
+#############################################################################
+
+#############################################################################
+# 1. Internal Functions
+#############################################################################
+
+SEMIGROUPS.HasEasyTranslationsGenerators := function(T)
+  local S;
+
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+  return IsZeroSimpleSemigroup(S) or
+         IsRectangularBand(S) or
+         IsSimpleSemigroup(S) or
+         SEMIGROUPS.IsNormalRMSOverGroup(S) or
+         IsMonogenicSemigroup(S) or
+         IsMonoid(S);
+end;
+
+SEMIGROUPS.HasEasyBitranslationsGenerators := function(T)
+  local S;
+
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+  return IsRectangularBand(S) or
+         IsMonogenicSemigroup(S);
+end;
+
+# Hash translations by their underlying transformations
+SEMIGROUPS.HashFunctionForTranslations :=
+{x, data} -> ORB_HashFunctionForPlainFlatList(x![1], data);
+
+# Hash bitranslations as sum of underlying transformation hashes
+SEMIGROUPS.HashFunctionForBitranslations := function(x, data)
+    return (SEMIGROUPS.HashFunctionForTranslations(x![1], data)
+      + SEMIGROUPS.HashFunctionForTranslations(x![2], data)) mod data + 1;
+end;
+
+SEMIGROUPS.LeftTranslationsBacktrackData := function(S)
+  local n, m, id, repspos, multtable, multsets, r_classes, r_class_map,
+  r_class_inv_map, r_classes_below, max_R_intersects, intersect, reps,
+  left_canon_inverse_by_gen, left_inverses_by_rep, x, right_inverses, seen, t,
+  s, transposed_multtable, transposed_multsets, U, Ui, keep, B, sb, r, i, j, a,
+  u;
+
+  n       := Size(S);
+  reps    := UnderlyingRepresentatives(LeftTranslations(S));
+  m       := Size(reps);
+  id      := n + 1;
+  repspos := List(reps, x -> PositionCanonical(S, x));
+
+  multtable := List(MultiplicationTableWithCanonicalPositions(S), ShallowCopy);
+  for i in [1 .. n] do
+    Add(multtable[i], i);
+  od;
+  Add(multtable, [1 .. id]);
+
+  multsets := List(multtable, Set);
+
+  r_classes := RClasses(S);
+  r_class_map := [];
+
+  for i in [1 .. Length(r_classes)] do
+    for s in r_classes[i] do
+      r_class_map[PositionCanonical(S, s)] := i;
+    od;
+  od;
+
+  r_class_inv_map := List(r_classes,
+                          x -> PositionCanonical(S, Representative(x)));
+  r_classes_below := List([1 .. m],
+                          i -> Set(r_class_map{multsets[repspos[i]]}));
+  max_R_intersects := List([1 .. m], x -> []);
+
+  for i in [1 .. m - 1] do
+    for j in [i + 1 .. m] do
+      intersect := Intersection(r_classes_below[i], r_classes_below[j]);
+      reps := r_class_inv_map{intersect};
+
+      max_R_intersects[i][j] := Filtered(reps,
+                                         x -> not ForAny(reps,
+                                                         y -> x <> y and
+                                                           x in multsets[y]));
+
+      max_R_intersects[j][i] := max_R_intersects[i][j];
+    od;
+  od;
+
+  left_canon_inverse_by_gen := List([1 .. n], x -> []);
+
+  # for all s in S, store the elements t such that reps[i] * t = s for each i
+  left_inverses_by_rep := List([1 .. n], x -> List([1 .. m], y -> []));
+  for i in [1 .. m] do
+    for t in [1 .. id] do
+      x := multtable[repspos[i]][t];
+      Add(left_inverses_by_rep[x][i], t);
+      if not IsBound(left_canon_inverse_by_gen[x][i]) then
+        left_canon_inverse_by_gen[x][i] := t;
+      fi;
+    od;
+  od;
+
+  # for each t in the left inverses of some a in max_R_intersects[i][j] by
+  # reps[j], compute the right inverses of each s in S under t
+  right_inverses := List([1 .. n], x -> ListWithIdenticalEntries(n + 1, fail));
+  seen := List([1 .. id], ReturnFalse);
+  for i in [1 .. m] do
+    for j in [1 .. m] do
+      if i = j then
+        continue;
+      fi;
+      for a in max_R_intersects[i][j] do
+        t := left_canon_inverse_by_gen[a][j];
+        # don't repeat the calculation if we've already done it for t!
+        if not seen[t] then
+          seen[t] := true;
+          for u in [1 .. n] do
+            s := multtable[u][t];
+            if right_inverses[s][t] = fail then
+              right_inverses[s][t] := [];
+            fi;
+            Add(right_inverses[s][t], u);
+          od;
+        fi;
+      od;
+    od;
+  od;
+
+  transposed_multtable := TransposedMat(multtable);
+  transposed_multsets  := List(transposed_multtable, Set);
+
+  # compute intersection over a of the sets U_{i, a} from the paper
+  U := [];
+  for i in [1 .. m] do
+    Ui := BlistList([1 .. n], []);
+    for s in [1 .. n] do
+      if Ui[s] then
+        continue;
+      fi;
+      keep := true;
+      for a in multsets[repspos[i]] do
+        B := left_inverses_by_rep[a][i];
+        sb := multtable[s][B[1]];
+        if multtable[s]{B} <> ListWithIdenticalEntries(Size(B), sb) then
+          keep := false;
+          break;
+        fi;
+      od;
+      if keep then
+        UniteBlistList([1 .. n], Ui, transposed_multsets[s]);
+        Ui[s] := true;
+      fi;
+    od;
+    U[i] := ListBlist([1 .. n], Ui);
+  od;
+
+  r := rec();
+  r.left_canon_inverse_by_gen := left_canon_inverse_by_gen;
+  r.left_inverses_by_rep := left_inverses_by_rep;
+  r.max_R_intersects := max_R_intersects;
+  r.multsets := multsets;
+  r.multtable := multtable;
+  r.n := n;
+  r.right_inverses := right_inverses;
+  r.U := U;
+  r.V := List([1 .. m], j -> List([1 .. n], a -> []));
+  r.W := List([1 .. m], i -> List([1 .. m], j -> []));
+  return r;
+end;
+
+SEMIGROUPS.RightInversesLeftReps := function(S)
+  local n, reps, m, multtable, out, k, x, i, t;
+
+  n         := Size(S);
+  reps      := UnderlyingRepresentatives(LeftTranslations(S));
+  m         := Size(reps);
+  multtable := MultiplicationTableWithCanonicalPositions(S);
+  out       := List([1 .. n], x -> List([1 .. m], y -> []));
+
+  for i in [1 .. m] do
+    k := PositionCanonical(S, reps[i]);
+    for t in [1 .. n] do
+      x := multtable[t][k];
+      Add(out[x][i], t);
+    od;
+  od;
+  return out;
+end;
+
+SEMIGROUPS.LeftInversesRightReps := function(S)
+  local n, reps, m, multtable, out, k, x, i, t;
+
+  n         := Size(S);
+  reps      := UnderlyingRepresentatives(RightTranslations(S));
+  m         := Size(reps);
+  multtable := MultiplicationTableWithCanonicalPositions(S);
+  out       := List([1 .. n], x -> List([1 .. m], y -> []));
+
+  for i in [1 .. m] do
+    k := PositionCanonical(S, reps[i]);
+    for t in [1 .. n] do
+      x := multtable[k][t];
+      Add(out[x][i], t);
+    od;
+  od;
+  return out;
+end;
+
+SEMIGROUPS.RightTranslationsBacktrackData := function(S)
+  local n, m, id, repspos, transpose_multtable, transpose_multsets, l_classes,
+  l_class_map, l_class_inv_map, l_classes_below, max_L_intersects, intersect,
+  reps, right_canon_inverse_by_gen, right_inverses_by_rep, x, left_inverses,
+  seen, s, multsets, T, Ti, keep, B, sb, r, i, j, t, a, u, multtable;
+
+  n       := Size(S);
+  reps    := UnderlyingRepresentatives(RightTranslations(S));
+  m       := Size(reps);
+  id      := n + 1;
+  repspos := List(reps, x -> PositionCanonical(S, x));
+
+  transpose_multtable :=
+    List(TransposedMultiplicationTableWithCanonicalPositions(S),
+         ShallowCopy);
+  for i in [1 .. n] do
+    Add(transpose_multtable[i], i);
+  od;
+  Add(transpose_multtable, [1 .. id]);
+  transpose_multsets := List(transpose_multtable, Set);
+
+  multtable := TransposedMat(transpose_multtable);  # For the added identity
+
+  l_classes := LClasses(S);
+  l_class_map := [];
+
+  for i in [1 .. Length(l_classes)] do
+    for s in l_classes[i] do
+      l_class_map[PositionCanonical(S, s)] := i;
+    od;
+  od;
+
+  l_class_inv_map := List(l_classes,
+                          x -> PositionCanonical(S, Representative(x)));
+  l_classes_below := List([1 .. m],
+                      i -> Set(l_class_map{transpose_multsets[repspos[i]]}));
+  max_L_intersects := List([1 .. m], x -> []);
+
+  for i in [1 .. m - 1] do
+    for j in [i + 1 .. m] do
+      intersect := Intersection(l_classes_below[i], l_classes_below[j]);
+      reps := l_class_inv_map{intersect};
+
+      max_L_intersects[i][j] := Filtered(reps,
+                                  x -> not ForAny(reps,
+                                            y -> x <> y and
+                                                 x in transpose_multsets[y]));
+
+      max_L_intersects[j][i] := max_L_intersects[i][j];
+    od;
+  od;
+
+  right_canon_inverse_by_gen := List([1 .. n], x -> []);
+
+  # for all s in S, store the elements t such that t * reps[i] = s for each i
+  right_inverses_by_rep := List([1 .. n], x -> List([1 .. m], y -> []));
+  for i in [1 .. m] do
+    for t in [1 .. id] do
+      x := transpose_multtable[repspos[i]][t];
+      Add(right_inverses_by_rep[x][i], t);
+      if not IsBound(right_canon_inverse_by_gen[x][i]) then
+        right_canon_inverse_by_gen[x][i] := t;
+      fi;
+    od;
+  od;
+
+  # for each t in the right inverses of some a in max_L_intersects[i][j] by
+  # reps[j], compute the left inverses of each s in S under t
+  left_inverses := List([1 .. n], x -> ListWithIdenticalEntries(n + 1, fail));
+  seen := List([1 .. id], ReturnFalse);
+  for i in [1 .. m] do
+    for j in [1 .. m] do
+      if i = j then
+        continue;
+      fi;
+      for a in max_L_intersects[i][j] do
+        for t in right_inverses_by_rep[a][j] do
+          # don't repeat the calculation if we've already done it for t!
+          if not seen[t] then
+            seen[t] := true;
+            for u in [1 .. n] do
+              s := transpose_multtable[u][t];
+              if left_inverses[s][t] = fail then
+                left_inverses[s][t] := [];
+              fi;
+              Add(left_inverses[s][t], u);
+            od;
+          fi;
+        od;
+      od;
+    od;
+  od;
+
+  multsets := List(multtable, Set);
+
+  T := [];
+  for i in [1 .. m] do
+    Ti := BlistList([1 .. n], []);
+    for s in [1 .. n] do
+      if Ti[s] then
+        continue;
+      fi;
+      keep := true;
+      for a in transpose_multsets[repspos[i]] do
+        B := right_inverses_by_rep[a][i];
+        sb := transpose_multtable[s][B[1]];
+        if (transpose_multtable[s]{B} <>
+            ListWithIdenticalEntries(Size(B), sb)) then
+          keep := false;
+          break;
+        fi;
+      od;
+      if keep then
+        UniteBlistList([1 .. n], Ti, multsets[s]);
+        Ti[s] := true;
+      fi;
+    od;
+    T[i] := ListBlist([1 .. n], Ti);
+  od;
+
+  r := rec();
+  r.left_inverses := left_inverses;
+  r.max_L_intersects := max_L_intersects;
+  r.n := n;
+  r.right_canon_inverse_by_gen := right_canon_inverse_by_gen;
+  r.right_inverses_by_rep := right_inverses_by_rep;
+  r.transpose_multtable := transpose_multtable;
+  r.T := T;
+  r.F := List([1 .. m], j -> List([1 .. n], a -> []));
+  r.G := List([1 .. m], i -> List([1 .. m], j -> []));
+  return r;
+end;
+
+SEMIGROUPS.LeftTranslationsBacktrackDataW := function(data, i, j, s)
+  local left_canon_inverse_by_gen, multtable, right_inverses, W, r, x, a;
+
+  if IsBound(data.W[i][j][s]) then
+    return data.W[i][j][s];
+  fi;
+
+  left_canon_inverse_by_gen := data.left_canon_inverse_by_gen;
+  multtable := data.multtable;
+  right_inverses := data.right_inverses;
+  W := [1 .. data.n];
+  for a in data.max_R_intersects[i][j] do
+    r := left_canon_inverse_by_gen[a][i];
+    x := multtable[s][r];
+    if right_inverses[x][left_canon_inverse_by_gen[a][j]] = fail then
+      W := [];
+      break;
+    else
+      W := Intersection(W,
+           right_inverses[x][left_canon_inverse_by_gen[a][j]]);
+    fi;
+  od;
+  data.W[i][j][s] := W;
+  return W;
+end;
+
+SEMIGROUPS.RightTranslationsBacktrackDataG := function(data, i, j, s)
+  local right_canon_inverse_by_gen, transpose_multtable, left_inverses, G, l, x,
+  a;
+
+  if IsBound(data.G[i][j][s]) then
+    return data.G[i][j][s];
+  fi;
+
+  right_canon_inverse_by_gen := data.right_canon_inverse_by_gen;
+  transpose_multtable := data.transpose_multtable;
+  left_inverses := data.left_inverses;
+  G := [1 .. data.n];
+  for a in data.max_L_intersects[i][j] do
+    l := right_canon_inverse_by_gen[a][i];
+    x := transpose_multtable[s][l];
+    if left_inverses[x][right_canon_inverse_by_gen[a][j]] = fail then
+      G := [];
+      break;
+    else
+      G := Intersection(G,
+           left_inverses[x][right_canon_inverse_by_gen[a][j]]);
+    fi;
+  od;
+  data.G[i][j][s] := G;
+  return G;
+end;
+
+SEMIGROUPS.LeftTranslationsBacktrack := function(L, opt...)
+  local S, reps, m, nr_only, nr, data, U, omega_stack, bt, lambda, out, i;
+
+  S                 := UnderlyingSemigroup(L);
+  reps              := UnderlyingRepresentatives(L);
+  m                 := Size(reps);
+  nr_only           := opt = ["nr_only"];
+  nr                := 0;
+
+  data := SEMIGROUPS.LeftTranslationsBacktrackData(S);
+  U := data.U;
+
+  # restrict via the U_{i}
+  for i in [1 .. m] do
+    omega_stack := [List(U, ShallowCopy)];
+  od;
+
+  bt := function(i)
+    local consistent, W, s, j;
+
+    for s in omega_stack[i][i] do
+      lambda[i] := s;
+      if i = m then
+        if nr_only then
+          nr := nr + 1;
+        else
+          Add(out, ShallowCopy(lambda));
+        fi;
+      else
+        consistent := true;
+        omega_stack[i + 1] := [];
+        for j in [i + 1 .. m] do
+          W := SEMIGROUPS.LeftTranslationsBacktrackDataW(data, i, j, s);
+          omega_stack[i + 1][j] := Intersection(omega_stack[i][j], W);
+          if IsEmpty(omega_stack[i + 1][j]) then
+            consistent := false;
+            break;
+          fi;
+        od;
+        if consistent then
+          bt(i + 1);
+        fi;
+      fi;
+    od;
+  end;
+
+  lambda := [];
+  out := [];
+  bt(1);
+
+  if nr_only then
+    return nr;
+  fi;
+
+  Apply(out, x -> LeftTranslationNC(L, x));
+  return out;
+end;
+
+SEMIGROUPS.RightTranslationsBacktrack := function(R, opt...)
+  local S, reps, n, m, omega_stack, nr_only, nr, data, T, possiblegenvals, bt,
+  rho, out, i;
+
+  S           := UnderlyingSemigroup(R);
+  reps        := UnderlyingRepresentatives(R);
+  n           := Size(S);
+  m           := Size(reps);
+  omega_stack := List([1 .. m], i -> List([1 .. m], j -> []));
+  nr_only     := opt = ["nr_only"];
+  nr          := 0;
+
+  data := SEMIGROUPS.RightTranslationsBacktrackData(S);
+  T := data.T;
+
+  possiblegenvals := List([1 .. m], i -> [1 .. n]);
+
+  # restrict via the T_{i}
+  for i in [1 .. m] do
+    IntersectSet(possiblegenvals[i], T[i]);
+  od;
+
+  bt := function(i)
+    local consistent, G, s, j;
+    for s in omega_stack[i][i] do
+      rho[i] := s;
+      if i = m then
+        if nr_only then
+          nr := nr + 1;
+        else
+          Add(out, ShallowCopy(rho));
+        fi;
+      else
+        consistent := true;
+        omega_stack[i + 1] := [];
+        for j in [i + 1 .. m] do
+          G := SEMIGROUPS.RightTranslationsBacktrackDataG(data, i, j, s);
+          omega_stack[i + 1][j] := Intersection(omega_stack[i][j], G);
+          if IsEmpty(omega_stack[i + 1][j]) then
+            consistent := false;
+            break;
+          fi;
+        od;
+        if consistent then
+          bt(i + 1);
+        fi;
+      fi;
+    od;
+  end;
+
+  omega_stack := [possiblegenvals];
+  rho := [];
+  out := [];
+  bt(1);
+
+  if nr_only then
+    return nr;
+  fi;
+
+  Apply(out, x -> RightTranslationNC(RightTranslations(S), x));
+  return out;
+end;
+
+SEMIGROUPS.BitranslationsBacktrack := function(H, opt...)
+  local S, n, l_reps, r_reps, l_m, r_m, l_repspos, r_repspos, l_omega_stack,
+  r_omega_stack, nr_only, nr, multtable, left_data, right_data,
+  left_inverses_by_right_rep, right_inverses_by_left_rep, U, T, L, R, l_bt,
+  r_bt, lambda, rho, out, i;
+
+  S             := UnderlyingSemigroup(H);
+  n             := Size(S);
+  l_reps        := UnderlyingRepresentatives(LeftTranslations(S));
+  r_reps        := UnderlyingRepresentatives(RightTranslations(S));
+  l_m           := Size(l_reps);
+  r_m           := Size(r_reps);
+  l_repspos     := List(l_reps, x -> PositionCanonical(S, x));
+  r_repspos     := List(r_reps, x -> PositionCanonical(S, x));
+  l_omega_stack := List([1 .. l_m], i -> List([1 .. l_m], j -> []));
+  r_omega_stack := List([1 .. r_m], i -> List([1 .. r_m], j -> []));
+  nr_only       := opt = ["nr_only"];
+  nr            := 0;
+
+  multtable := MultiplicationTableWithCanonicalPositions(S);
+
+  left_data                   := SEMIGROUPS.LeftTranslationsBacktrackData(S);
+  right_data                  := SEMIGROUPS.RightTranslationsBacktrackData(S);
+  left_inverses_by_right_rep  := SEMIGROUPS.LeftInversesRightReps(S);
+  right_inverses_by_left_rep  := SEMIGROUPS.RightInversesLeftReps(S);
+
+  U := left_data.U;
+  T := right_data.T;
+
+  l_omega_stack[1] := List([1 .. l_m], i -> [1 .. n]);
+  r_omega_stack[1] := List([1 .. r_m], i -> [1 .. n]);
+
+  # restrict via the T_{i} and U_{i}
+  for i in [1 .. l_m] do
+    l_omega_stack[1][i] := U[i];
+  od;
+  for i in [1 .. r_m] do
+    r_omega_stack[1][i] := T[i];
+  od;
+
+  L := LeftTranslations(S);
+  R := RightTranslations(S);
+
+  l_bt := function(i)
+    local depth, r_finished, consistent, W, x, s, j;
+
+    if i <= r_m then
+      depth := 2 * i - 1;
+    else
+      depth := r_m + i;
+    fi;
+
+    r_finished := i > r_m;
+
+    for s in l_omega_stack[depth][i] do
+      lambda[i] := s;
+
+      if r_finished and i = l_m then
+        if nr_only then
+          nr := nr + 1;
+        else
+          Add(out, BitranslationNC(H,
+                                   LeftTranslationNC(L, lambda),
+                                   RightTranslationNC(R, rho)));
+        fi;
+        continue;
+      fi;
+
+      consistent                := true;
+      l_omega_stack[depth + 1]  := [];
+      r_omega_stack[depth + 1]  := [];
+
+      # make sure to take care of linking condition
+      # x_i * lambda(x_i) = (x_i)rho * x_i
+      for j in [i .. Maximum(l_m, r_m)] do
+        if (j > i and j <= l_m) then
+          W := SEMIGROUPS.LeftTranslationsBacktrackDataW(left_data, i, j, s);
+          l_omega_stack[depth + 1][j] := Intersection(l_omega_stack[depth][j],
+                                                      W);
+        fi;
+
+        if j <= r_m then
+          x := multtable[r_repspos[j]][s];
+          r_omega_stack[depth + 1][j] :=
+              Intersection(r_omega_stack[depth][j],
+                           right_inverses_by_left_rep[x][i]);
+        fi;
+
+        if ((j > i and j <= l_m and IsEmpty(l_omega_stack[depth + 1][j])) or
+            (j <= r_m and IsEmpty(r_omega_stack[depth + 1][j]))) then
+          consistent := false;
+          break;
+        fi;
+      od;
+
+      if consistent then
+        if r_finished then
+          l_bt(i + 1);
+        else
+          # this i is intentional, we go LRLRLR...
+          r_bt(i);
+        fi;
+      fi;
+    od;
+  end;
+
+  r_bt := function(i)
+    local depth, l_finished, consistent, G, x, s, j;
+
+    if i <= l_m then
+      depth := 2 * i;
+    else
+      depth := l_m + i;
+    fi;
+
+    l_finished := i >= l_m;
+
+    for s in r_omega_stack[depth][i] do
+      rho[i] := s;
+
+      if l_finished and i = r_m then
+        if nr_only then
+          nr := nr + 1;
+        else
+          Add(out, BitranslationNC(H,
+                                   LeftTranslationNC(L, lambda),
+                                   RightTranslationNC(R, rho)));
+        fi;
+        continue;
+      fi;
+
+      consistent := true;
+      l_omega_stack[depth + 1] := [];
+      r_omega_stack[depth + 1] := [];
+
+      for j in [i + 1 .. Maximum(r_m, l_m)] do
+        if j <= r_m then
+          G := SEMIGROUPS.RightTranslationsBacktrackDataG(right_data, i, j, s);
+          r_omega_stack[depth + 1][j] := Intersection(r_omega_stack[depth][j],
+                                                      G);
+        fi;
+
+        if j <= l_m then
+          x := multtable[s][l_repspos[j]];
+          l_omega_stack[depth + 1][j] :=
+              Intersection(l_omega_stack[depth][j],
+                           left_inverses_by_right_rep[x][i]);
+        fi;
+
+        if ((j <= l_m and IsEmpty(l_omega_stack[depth + 1][j])) or
+            (j <= r_m and IsEmpty(r_omega_stack[depth + 1][j]))) then
+          consistent := false;
+          break;
+        fi;
+      od;
+
+      if consistent then
+        if l_finished then
+          r_bt(i + 1);
+        else
+          l_bt(i + 1);
+        fi;
+      fi;
+    od;
+  end;
+
+  lambda := [];
+  rho := [];
+  out := [];
+  # Warning: it is assumed that the alternation starts with L; otherwise
+  # the depth calculation in l_bt and r_bt must be altered, and some of the
+  # logic changed
+  l_bt(1);
+
+  if nr_only then
+    return nr;
+  fi;
+
+  return out;
+end;
+
+#############################################################################
+# 2. Creation of translations semigroups, translational hull, and elements
+#############################################################################
+
+InstallMethod(LeftTranslations, "for a finite enumerable semigroup",
+[IsSemigroup and CanUseFroidurePin and IsFinite],
+function(S)
+  local fam, L, type;
+
+  if SEMIGROUPS.IsNormalRMSOverGroup(S) then
+    fam   := SEMIGROUPS.FamOfRMSLeftTranslationsByTriple();
+    type  := fam!.type;
+  else
+    fam       := NewFamily("LeftTranslationsSemigroupElementsFamily",
+                      IsLeftTranslation);
+    type      := NewType(fam, IsLeftTranslation);
+    fam!.type := type;
+  fi;
+
+  # create the semigroup of left translations
+  L := Objectify(NewType(CollectionsFamily(fam), IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup
+                         and IsWholeFamily and IsAttributeStoringRep), rec());
+
+  # store the type of the elements in the semigroup
+  SetTypeLeftTranslationsSemigroupElements(L, type);
+  SetLeftTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(fam, L);
+  SetUnderlyingSemigroup(L, S);
+  SetLeftTranslations(S, L);
+
+  return L;
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(RightTranslations, "for a finite enumerable semigroup",
+[IsSemigroup and CanUseFroidurePin and IsFinite],
+function(S)
+  local fam, type, R;
+
+  if SEMIGROUPS.IsNormalRMSOverGroup(S) then
+    fam   := SEMIGROUPS.FamOfRMSRightTranslationsByTriple();
+    type  := fam!.type;
+  else
+    fam       := NewFamily("RightTranslationsSemigroupElementsFamily",
+                      IsRightTranslation);
+    type      := NewType(fam, IsRightTranslation);
+    fam!.type := type;
+  fi;
+
+  # create the semigroup of right translations
+  R := Objectify(NewType(CollectionsFamily(fam), IsRightTranslationsSemigroup
+    and IsWholeFamily and IsAttributeStoringRep), rec());
+
+  # store the type of the elements in the semigroup
+  SetTypeRightTranslationsSemigroupElements(R, type);
+  SetRightTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(fam, R);
+  SetUnderlyingSemigroup(R, S);
+  SetRightTranslations(S, R);
+
+  return R;
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(TranslationalHull, "for a finite enumerable semigroup",
+[IsSemigroup and CanUseFroidurePin and IsFinite],
+function(S)
+  local fam, type, H;
+
+  if SEMIGROUPS.IsNormalRMSOverGroup(S) then
+    fam   := SEMIGROUPS.FamOfRMSBitranslationsByTriple();
+    type  := fam!.type;
+  else
+    fam := NewFamily("BitranslationsFamily",
+                      IsBitranslation);
+    type      := NewType(fam, IsBitranslation);
+    fam!.type := type;
+  fi;
+
+  # create the translational hull
+  H := Objectify(NewType(CollectionsFamily(fam), IsBitranslationsSemigroup and
+    IsWholeFamily and IsAttributeStoringRep), rec());
+
+  # store the type of the elements in the semigroup
+  SetTypeBitranslations(H, type);
+  SetTranslationalHullOfFamily(fam, H);
+  SetUnderlyingSemigroup(H, S);
+  SetTranslationalHull(S, H);
+
+  return H;
+end);
+
+# Create and calculate the semigroup of inner left translations
+InstallMethod(InnerLeftTranslations, "for a semigroup",
+[IsSemigroup and CanUseFroidurePin and IsFinite],
+function(S)
+  local A, I, L, l, s;
+
+  I := [];
+  L := LeftTranslations(S);
+  A := GeneratorsOfSemigroup(S);
+
+  for s in A do
+    l := LeftTranslationNC(L, MappingByFunction(S, S, x -> s * x));
+    Add(I, l);
+  od;
+  return Semigroup(I);
+end);
+
+# Create and calculate the semigroup of inner right translations
+InstallMethod(InnerRightTranslations, "for a semigroup",
+[IsSemigroup and CanUseFroidurePin and IsFinite],
+function(S)
+  local A, I, R, r, s;
+
+  I := [];
+  R := RightTranslations(S);
+  A := GeneratorsOfSemigroup(S);
+
+  for s in A do
+    r := RightTranslationNC(R, MappingByFunction(S, S, x -> x * s));
+    Add(I, r);
+  od;
+  return Semigroup(I);
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(LeftTranslation,
+"for a left translations semigroup and a general mapping",
+[IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup, IsGeneralMapping],
+function(L, map)
+  local S, reps;
+
+  S    := UnderlyingSemigroup(L);
+  reps := UnderlyingRepresentatives(L);
+
+  if S <> Source(map) or Source(map) <> Range(map) then
+    ErrorNoReturn("the domain and range of the second argument must be ",
+                  "the underlying semigroup of the first");
+  elif ForAny(reps, s -> ForAny(S, t -> (s ^ map) * t <> (s * t) ^ map)) then
+    ErrorNoReturn("the mapping given must define a left translation");
+  fi;
+
+  return LeftTranslationNC(L, map);
+end);
+
+InstallOtherMethod(LeftTranslation,
+"for a left translations semigroup and a dense list",
+[IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup, IsDenseList],
+function(L, l)
+  local S, reps, semi_list, full_lambda, g, lg, x, y, i, s;
+
+  S    := UnderlyingSemigroup(L);
+  reps := UnderlyingRepresentatives(L);
+
+  if Length(l) <> Length(reps) then
+    ErrorNoReturn("the second argument must map indices of representatives ",
+                  "to indices of elements of the semigroup of the first ",
+                  "argument");
+  elif not ForAll(l, y -> IsPosInt(y) and y <= Size(S)) then
+    ErrorNoReturn("the second argument must map indices of representatives ",
+                  "to indices of elements of the semigroup of the first ",
+                  "argument");
+  fi;
+  # TODO (later) store and use LeftTranslationsBacktrackData
+  semi_list := AsListCanonical(S);
+  full_lambda := [];
+  for i in [1 .. Size(reps)] do
+    g := reps[i];
+    lg := l[i];
+    for s in S do
+      x := PositionCanonical(S, g * s);
+      y := PositionCanonical(S, semi_list[lg] * s);
+      if not IsBound(full_lambda[x]) then
+        full_lambda[x] := y;
+      fi;
+      if full_lambda[x] <> y then
+        ErrorNoReturn("the transformation given must define a left ",
+                      "translation");
+      fi;
+    od;
+  od;
+
+  return LeftTranslationNC(L, l);
+end);
+
+# Careful - expects a particular form for normal RMS
+InstallGlobalFunction(LeftTranslationNC,
+function(L, l, opt...)
+  local S, reps, map_as_list, i;
+
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(L);
+  if _IsLeftTranslationOfNormalRMSSemigroup(L) then
+    if IsEmpty(opt) then
+      return _LeftTranslationOfNormalRMSNC(L, l);
+    else
+      return _LeftTranslationOfNormalRMSNC(L, l, opt[1]);
+    fi;
+  fi;
+  if IsDenseList(l) then
+    return Objectify(TypeLeftTranslationsSemigroupElements(L),
+                    [ShallowCopy(l)]);
+  fi;
+  # l is a mapping on UnderlyingSemigroup(S)
+  reps := UnderlyingRepresentatives(L);
+  map_as_list  := [];
+  for i in [1 .. Length(reps)] do
+    map_as_list[i] := PositionCanonical(S, reps[i] ^ l);
+  od;
+
+  return Objectify(TypeLeftTranslationsSemigroupElements(L), [map_as_list]);
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(RightTranslation,
+"for a right translations semigroup and a general mapping",
+[IsRightTranslationsSemigroup, IsGeneralMapping],
+function(R, map)
+  local S, reps;
+
+  S    := UnderlyingSemigroup(R);
+  reps := UnderlyingRepresentatives(R);
+
+  if S <> Source(map) or Source(map) <> Range(map) then
+    ErrorNoReturn("the domain and range of the second argument must be ",
+                  "the underlying semigroup of the first");
+  elif ForAny(reps, s -> ForAny(S, t -> s * (t ^ map) <> (s * t) ^ map)) then
+    ErrorNoReturn("the mapping given must define a right translation");
+  fi;
+
+  return RightTranslationNC(R, map);
+end);
+
+InstallOtherMethod(RightTranslation,
+"for a right translations semigroup and a dense list",
+[IsRightTranslationsSemigroup, IsDenseList],
+function(R, r)
+  local S, reps, semi_list, full_rho, g, rg, x, y, i, s;
+
+  S    := UnderlyingSemigroup(R);
+  reps := UnderlyingRepresentatives(R);
+
+  if Length(r) <> Length(reps) then
+    ErrorNoReturn("the second argument must map indices of representatives ",
+                  "to indices of elements of the semigroup of the first ",
+                  "argument");
+  elif not ForAll(r, y -> IsPosInt(y) and y <= Size(S)) then
+    ErrorNoReturn("the second argument must map indices of representatives ",
+                  "to indices of elements of the semigroup of the first ",
+                  "argument");
+  fi;
+
+  # TODO (later) store and use some of RightTranslationsBacktrackData
+  semi_list := AsListCanonical(S);
+  full_rho := [];
+  for i in [1 .. Size(reps)] do
+    g := reps[i];
+    rg := r[i];
+    for s in S do
+      x := PositionCanonical(S, s * g);
+      y := PositionCanonical(S, s * semi_list[rg]);
+      if not IsBound(full_rho[x]) then
+        full_rho[x] := y;
+      fi;
+      if full_rho[x] <> y then
+        ErrorNoReturn("the transformation given must define a right ",
+                      "translation");
+      fi;
+    od;
+  od;
+
+  return RightTranslationNC(R, r);
+end);
+
+# Careful - expects a particular form for normal RMS
+InstallGlobalFunction(RightTranslationNC,
+function(R, r, opt...)
+  local S, reps, map_as_list, i;
+
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(R);
+  if _IsRightTranslationOfNormalRMSSemigroup(R) then
+    if IsEmpty(opt) then
+      return _RightTranslationOfNormalRMSNC(R, r);
+    else
+      return _RightTranslationOfNormalRMSNC(R, r, opt[1]);
+    fi;
+  fi;
+  if IsDenseList(r) then
+    return Objectify(TypeRightTranslationsSemigroupElements(R),
+                    [ShallowCopy(r)]);
+  fi;
+  # r is a mapping on UnderlyingSemigroup(S)
+  reps := UnderlyingRepresentatives(R);
+  map_as_list  := [];
+  for i in [1 .. Length(reps)] do
+    map_as_list[i] := PositionCanonical(S, reps[i] ^ r);
+  od;
+
+  return Objectify(TypeRightTranslationsSemigroupElements(R), [map_as_list]);
+end);
+
+# Creates the ideal of the translational hull consisting of
+# all inner bitranslations
+InstallMethod(InnerTranslationalHull, "for a semigroup",
+[IsSemigroup and CanUseFroidurePin and IsFinite],
+function(S)
+  local A, I, H, L, R, l, r, s;
+
+  I := [];
+  H := TranslationalHull(S);
+  L := LeftTranslations(S);
+  R := RightTranslations(S);
+  A := GeneratorsOfSemigroup(S);
+
+  for s in A do
+    l := LeftTranslationNC(L, MappingByFunction(S, S, x -> s * x));
+    r := RightTranslationNC(R, MappingByFunction(S, S, x -> x * s));
+    Add(I, BitranslationNC(H, l, r));
+  od;
+  return Semigroup(I);
+end);
+
+# Creates a bitranslation (l, r) from a left translation l and a right
+# translation r, as an element of a translational hull H.
+InstallMethod(Bitranslation,
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup, IsLeftTranslation, IsRightTranslation],
+function(H, l, r)
+  local S, L, R, l_reps, r_reps;
+
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(H);
+  L := LeftTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(l));
+  R := RightTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(r));
+
+  if UnderlyingSemigroup(L) <> S or UnderlyingSemigroup(R) <> S then
+    ErrorNoReturn("each argument must have the same underlying semigroup");
+  fi;
+
+  l_reps := UnderlyingRepresentatives(L);
+  r_reps := UnderlyingRepresentatives(R);
+
+  if ForAny(l_reps, t -> ForAny(r_reps, s -> s * (t ^ l) <> (s ^ r) * t)) then
+     ErrorNoReturn("the translations given must satisfy the linking ",
+                   "condition");
+  fi;
+
+  return BitranslationNC(H, l, r);
+end);
+
+InstallGlobalFunction(BitranslationNC,
+{H, l, r} -> Objectify(TypeBitranslations(H), [l, r]));
+
+#############################################################################
+# 3. Methods for rectangular bands
+#############################################################################
+
+# Every transformation on the relevant index set corresponds to a translation.
+# The R classes of an I x J rectangular band correspond to (i, J) for i in I.
+# Dually for L classes.
+InstallMethod(Size,
+"for the semigroup of left or right translations of a rectangular band",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily], 2,
+function(T)
+  local S, n;
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+  if not IsRectangularBand(S) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  elif IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup(T) then
+    n := NrRClasses(S);
+  else
+    n := NrLClasses(S);
+  fi;
+
+  return n ^ n;
+end);
+
+# The translational hull of a rectangular band is the direct product of the
+# left translations and right translations
+InstallMethod(Size, "for the translational hull of a rectangular band",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+1,
+function(H)
+  local S, L, R;
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(H);
+  if not IsRectangularBand(S) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+  L := LeftTranslations(S);
+  R := RightTranslations(S);
+  return Size(L) * Size(R);
+end);
+
+# Generators of the left/right translations semigroup on the I x J rectangular
+# band correspond to the generators of the full transformation monoid on I or J.
+InstallMethod(GeneratorsOfSemigroup,
+"for the semigroup of left or right translations of a rectangular band",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+2,
+function(T)
+  local S, n, iso, inv, rms, gens, t, f;
+
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+  if not IsRectangularBand(S) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+
+  iso := IsomorphismReesMatrixSemigroup(S);
+  inv := InverseGeneralMapping(iso);
+  rms := Range(iso);
+  if IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup(T) then
+    n := Length(Rows(rms));
+  else
+    n := Length(Columns(rms));
+  fi;
+
+  gens := [];
+  for t in GeneratorsOfMonoid(FullTransformationMonoid(n)) do
+    if IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup(T) then
+      f := function(x)
+        return ReesMatrixSemigroupElement(rms, x[1] ^ t,
+          (), x[3]);
+      end;
+      Add(gens, LeftTranslationNC(T, CompositionMapping(inv,
+      MappingByFunction(rms, rms, f), iso)));
+    else
+      f := function(x)
+        return ReesMatrixSemigroupElement(rms, x[1],
+          (), x[3] ^ t);
+      end;
+      Add(gens, RightTranslationNC(T, CompositionMapping(inv,
+        MappingByFunction(rms, rms, f), iso)));
+    fi;
+  od;
+  return gens;
+end);
+
+# Generators of translational hull are the direct product of
+# generators of left/right translations semigroup for rectangular bands
+# since they are monoids
+InstallMethod(GeneratorsOfSemigroup,
+"for the translational hull of a rectangular band",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup],
+2,
+function(H)
+  local S, left_gens, right_gens, l, r, gens;
+
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(H);
+  if not IsRectangularBand(S) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+
+  left_gens  := GeneratorsOfSemigroup(LeftTranslations(S));
+  right_gens := GeneratorsOfSemigroup(RightTranslations(S));
+  gens      := [];
+
+  for l in left_gens do
+    for r in right_gens do
+      Add(gens, BitranslationNC(H, l, r));
+    od;
+  od;
+
+  return gens;
+end);
+
+#############################################################################
+# 4. Methods for monoids
+#############################################################################
+
+InstallMethod(GeneratorsOfSemigroup,
+"for the left translations of a finite monoid",
+[IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+function(L)
+  if not IsMonoid(UnderlyingSemigroup(L)) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+  return GeneratorsOfSemigroup(InnerLeftTranslations(UnderlyingSemigroup(L)));
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(GeneratorsOfSemigroup,
+"for the right translations of a finite monoid",
+[IsRightTranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+function(R)
+  if not IsMonoid(UnderlyingSemigroup(R)) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+  return GeneratorsOfSemigroup(InnerRightTranslations(UnderlyingSemigroup(R)));
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(GeneratorsOfSemigroup,
+"for the translational hull of a finite monoid",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+function(H)
+  if not IsMonoid(UnderlyingSemigroup(H)) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+  return GeneratorsOfSemigroup(InnerTranslationalHull(UnderlyingSemigroup(H)));
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(Size,
+"for a semigroup of left/right translations of a monoid",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+1,
+function(T)
+  if not IsMonoid(UnderlyingSemigroup(T)) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+  return Size(UnderlyingSemigroup(T));
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(Size, "for a translational hull of a monoid",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+1,
+function(H)
+  if not IsMonoid(UnderlyingSemigroup(H)) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+  return Size(UnderlyingSemigroup(H));
+end);
+
+#############################################################################
+# 5. Methods for monogenic semigroups
+#############################################################################
+
+InstallMethod(GeneratorsOfSemigroup,
+"for the left translations of a finite monogenic semigroup",
+[IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+function(L)
+  if not IsMonogenicSemigroup(UnderlyingSemigroup(L)) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+  return Union([One(L)],
+     GeneratorsOfSemigroup(InnerLeftTranslations(UnderlyingSemigroup(L))));
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(GeneratorsOfSemigroup,
+"for the right translations of a finite monogenic semigroup",
+[IsRightTranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+function(R)
+  if not IsMonogenicSemigroup(UnderlyingSemigroup(R)) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+  return Union([One(R)],
+     GeneratorsOfSemigroup(InnerRightTranslations(UnderlyingSemigroup(R))));
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(GeneratorsOfSemigroup,
+"for the translational hull of a finite monogenic semigroup",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+function(H)
+  if not IsMonogenicSemigroup(UnderlyingSemigroup(H)) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+  return Union([One(H)],
+     GeneratorsOfSemigroup(InnerTranslationalHull(UnderlyingSemigroup(H))));
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(Size,
+"for a semigroup of left/right translations of a monogenic semigroup",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+1,
+function(T)
+  if not IsMonogenicSemigroup(UnderlyingSemigroup(T)) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+  return Size(UnderlyingSemigroup(T));
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(Size, "for a translational hull of a monogenic semigroup",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+1,
+function(H)
+  if not IsMonogenicSemigroup(UnderlyingSemigroup(H)) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+  return Size(UnderlyingSemigroup(H));
+end);
+
+#############################################################################
+# 6. Technical methods
+#############################################################################
+
+InstallMethod(UnderlyingRepresentatives,
+"for a semigroup of left or right translations",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup],
+function(T)
+  local S, L, G;
+
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+  L := IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup(T);
+
+  if SEMIGROUPS.IsNormalRMSOverGroup(S) then
+    G := UnderlyingSemigroup(S);
+    if L then
+      return List(Rows(S), i -> RMSElement(S, i, One(G), 1));
+    else
+      return List(Columns(S), j -> RMSElement(S, 1, One(G), j));
+    fi;
+  fi;
+
+  if IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup(T) then
+    return List(MaximalRClasses(S), Representative);
+  else
+    return List(MaximalLClasses(S), Representative);
+  fi;
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(RepresentativeMultipliers,
+"for a semigroup of left translation",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup],
+function(T)
+  local S, reps, M, out, x, i, j;
+
+  S    := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+  reps := UnderlyingRepresentatives(T);
+
+  if IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup(T) then
+    M := MultiplicationTableWithCanonicalPositions(S);
+  else
+    M := TransposedMultiplicationTableWithCanonicalPositions(S);
+  fi;
+
+  out  := ListWithIdenticalEntries(Length(M), fail);
+  for i in [1 .. Length(reps)] do
+    x := PositionCanonical(S, reps[i]);
+    for j in [1 .. Size(S)] do
+      if out[M[x][j]] = fail then
+        # store [i, j] instead of [x, j] for efficiency
+        out[M[x][j]] := [i, j];
+      fi;
+    od;
+    out[x] := [i, 0];
+  od;
+  return out;
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(AsList, "for a semigroup of left or right translations",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+function(T)
+  # Just use the AsList for semigroups if generators are known
+  if SEMIGROUPS.HasEasyTranslationsGenerators(T) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  elif IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup(T) then
+    return SEMIGROUPS.LeftTranslationsBacktrack(T);
+  else
+    return SEMIGROUPS.RightTranslationsBacktrack(T);
+  fi;
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(AsList, "for a translational hull",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+function(H)
+  local S;
+
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(H);
+  if SEMIGROUPS.HasEasyBitranslationsGenerators(H) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  elif IsReesZeroMatrixSemigroup(S) and IsZeroSimpleSemigroup(S) then
+    return SEMIGROUPS.BitranslationsRZMS(H);
+  elif SEMIGROUPS.IsNormalRMSOverGroup(S) then
+    return SEMIGROUPS.BitranslationsNormalRMS(H);
+  else
+    return SEMIGROUPS.BitranslationsBacktrack(H);
+  fi;
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(Size, "for a semigroups of left or right translations",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+T -> Size(AsList(T)));
+
+InstallMethod(Size, "for a translational hull",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+H -> Size(AsList(H)));
+
+InstallMethod(NrLeftTranslations, "for a semigroup",
+[IsSemigroup and CanUseFroidurePin and IsFinite],
+function(S)
+  local L, out;
+
+  L := LeftTranslations(S);
+  if SEMIGROUPS.HasEasyTranslationsGenerators(L) then
+    return Size(L);  # this is probably more efficient
+  fi;
+
+  out := SEMIGROUPS.LeftTranslationsBacktrack(L, "nr_only");
+  SetSize(L, out);
+  return out;
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(NrRightTranslations, "for a semigroup",
+[IsSemigroup and CanUseFroidurePin and IsFinite],
+function(S)
+  local R, out;
+
+  R := RightTranslations(S);
+  if SEMIGROUPS.HasEasyTranslationsGenerators(R) then
+    return Size(R);  # this is probably more efficient
+  fi;
+
+  out := SEMIGROUPS.RightTranslationsBacktrack(R, "nr_only");
+  SetSize(R, out);
+  return out;
+end);
+
+# TODO (later): avoid reproducing the logic in AsList
+InstallMethod(NrBitranslations, "for a semigroup",
+[IsSemigroup and CanUseFroidurePin and IsFinite],
+function(S)
+  local H, out;
+
+  H := TranslationalHull(S);
+  if SEMIGROUPS.HasEasyBitranslationsGenerators(H) then
+    return Size(H);  # this is probably more efficient
+  elif IsReesZeroMatrixSemigroup(S) and IsZeroSimpleSemigroup(S) then
+    out := SEMIGROUPS.BitranslationsRZMS(H, "nr_only");
+  elif SEMIGROUPS.IsNormalRMSOverGroup(S) then
+    out := SEMIGROUPS.BitranslationsNormalRMS(H, "nr_only");
+  else
+    out := SEMIGROUPS.BitranslationsBacktrack(H, "nr_only");
+  fi;
+
+  SetSize(H, out);
+  return out;
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(Representative, "for a semigroup of left or right translations",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+function(T)
+  local S;
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+  if IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup(T) then
+    return LeftTranslation(T, MappingByFunction(S, S, x -> x));
+  else
+    return RightTranslation(T, MappingByFunction(S, S, x -> x));
+  fi;
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(Representative, "for a translational hull",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+function(H)
+  local L, R, S;
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(H);
+  L := LeftTranslations(S);
+  R := RightTranslations(S);
+  return Bitranslation(H, Representative(L), Representative(R));
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(ViewObj, "for a semigroup of left or right translations",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+function(T)
+  Print("<the semigroup of ");
+  if IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup(T) then Print("left ");
+    else Print("right ");
+  fi;
+  Print("translations of ", ViewString(UnderlyingSemigroup(T)), ">");
+end);
+
+# TODO: not supposed to do this
+InstallMethod(ViewObj, "for a semigroup of translations",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup], PrintObj);
+
+InstallMethod(PrintObj, "for a semigroup of translations",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup],
+function(T)
+  if IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup(T) then
+    Print("<left ");
+  else
+    Print("<right ");
+  fi;
+  Print("translations semigroup over ",
+        ViewString(UnderlyingSemigroup(T)),
+        ">");
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(ViewObj, "for a translation",
+[IsSemigroupTranslation], PrintObj);
+
+InstallMethod(PrintObj, "for a translation",
+[IsSemigroupTranslation],
+function(t)
+  local L, S;
+  L := IsLeftTranslation(t);
+  if L then
+    S := UnderlyingSemigroup(LeftTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(t)));
+    Print("<left ");
+  else
+    S := UnderlyingSemigroup(RightTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(t)));
+    Print("<right ");
+  fi;
+
+  Print("translation on ", ViewString(S), ">");
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(ViewObj, "for a translational hull",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup], PrintObj);
+
+InstallMethod(PrintObj, "for a translational hull",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup and IsWholeFamily],
+function(H)
+  Print("<translational hull over ", ViewString(UnderlyingSemigroup(H)), ">");
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(PrintObj, "for a subsemigroup of a translational hull",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup],
+function(H)
+  Print("<semigroup of bitranslations over ",
+        ViewString(UnderlyingSemigroup(H)), ">");
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(ViewObj, "for a bitranslation",
+[IsBitranslation], PrintObj);
+
+InstallMethod(PrintObj, "for a bitranslation",
+[IsBitranslation],
+function(t)
+  local H;
+  H := TranslationalHullOfFamily(FamilyObj(t));
+  Print("<bitranslation on ", ViewString(UnderlyingSemigroup(H)), ">");
+end);
+
+# Note the order of multiplication
+InstallMethod(\*, "for left translations of a semigroup",
+IsIdenticalObj,
+[IsLeftTranslation, IsLeftTranslation],
+function(x, y)
+  local L, S, prod, i;
+  L := LeftTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(x));
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(L);
+  prod := [];
+  for i in [1 .. Size(UnderlyingRepresentatives(L))] do
+    prod[i] := PositionCanonical(S, EnumeratorCanonical(S)[y![1][i]] ^ x);
+  od;
+  return Objectify(FamilyObj(x)!.type, [prod]);
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(\=, "for left translations of a semigroup",
+IsIdenticalObj, [IsLeftTranslation, IsLeftTranslation],
+{x, y} -> x![1] = y![1]);
+
+InstallMethod(\<, "for left translations of a semigroup",
+IsIdenticalObj, [IsLeftTranslation, IsLeftTranslation],
+{x, y} -> x![1] < y![1]);
+
+# Different order of multiplication
+InstallMethod(\*, "for right translations of a semigroup",
+IsIdenticalObj,
+[IsRightTranslation, IsRightTranslation],
+function(x, y)
+  local R, S, prod, i;
+  R := RightTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(x));
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(R);
+  prod := [];
+  for i in [1 .. Size(UnderlyingRepresentatives(R))] do
+    prod[i] := PositionCanonical(S, EnumeratorCanonical(S)[x![1][i]] ^ y);
+  od;
+  return Objectify(FamilyObj(x)!.type, [prod]);
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(\=, "for right translations of a semigroup",
+IsIdenticalObj, [IsRightTranslation, IsRightTranslation],
+{x, y} -> x![1] = y![1]);
+
+InstallMethod(\<, "for right translations of a semigroup",
+IsIdenticalObj, [IsRightTranslation, IsRightTranslation],
+{x, y} -> x![1] < y![1]);
+
+InstallMethod(\^, "for a semigroup element and a translation",
+[IsAssociativeElement, IsSemigroupTranslation],
+function(x, t)
+  local T, S, M, enum, y;
+
+  if IsLeftTranslation(t) then
+    T := LeftTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(t));
+    S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+    M := MultiplicationTableWithCanonicalPositions(S);
+  else
+    T := RightTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(t));
+    S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+    M := TransposedMultiplicationTableWithCanonicalPositions(S);
+  fi;
+  if not x in S then
+    ErrorNoReturn("the first argument must be an element of the domain of ",
+                  "the second");
+  fi;
+  enum := EnumeratorCanonical(S);
+  x := PositionCanonical(S, x);
+  y := RepresentativeMultipliers(T)[x];
+  if y[2] = 0 then
+    return enum[t![1][y[1]]];
+  else
+    return enum[M[t![1][y[1]]][y[2]]];
+  fi;
+end);
+
+SEMIGROUPS.ImagePositionsOfTranslation := function(x)
+  local T, S, tab, images, g;
+  if IsLeftTranslation(x) then
+    T := LeftTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(x));
+    S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+    tab := MultiplicationTableWithCanonicalPositions(S);
+  else
+    T := RightTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(x));
+    S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+    tab := TransposedMultiplicationTableWithCanonicalPositions(S);
+  fi;
+  images := [];
+  for g in UnderlyingRepresentatives(T) do
+    UniteSet(images, tab[PositionCanonical(S, g ^ x)]);
+  od;
+  return images;
+end;
+
+InstallMethod(ImageSetOfTranslation, "for a left or right translation",
+[IsSemigroupTranslation],
+function(x)
+  local T, S, enum;
+  if IsLeftTranslation(x) then
+    T := LeftTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(x));
+    S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+  else
+    T := RightTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(x));
+    S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+  fi;
+  enum := EnumeratorCanonical(S);
+  return Set(List(SEMIGROUPS.ImagePositionsOfTranslation(x), i -> enum[i]));
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(\*, "for bitranslations",
+IsIdenticalObj, [IsBitranslation, IsBitranslation],
+{x, y} -> Objectify(FamilyObj(x)!.type, [x![1] * y![1], x![2] * y![2]]));
+
+InstallMethod(\=, "for bitranslations",
+IsIdenticalObj, [IsBitranslation, IsBitranslation],
+{x, y} -> x![1] = y![1] and x![2] = y![2]);
+
+InstallMethod(\<, "for bitranslations", IsIdenticalObj,
+[IsBitranslation, IsBitranslation],
+{x, y} -> x![1] < y![1] or (x![1] = y![1] and x![2] < y![2]));
+
+InstallMethod(UnderlyingSemigroup,
+"for a semigroup of left or right translations",
+[IsTranslationsSemigroup],
+function(T)
+  if IsLeftTranslationsSemigroup(T) then
+    return UnderlyingSemigroup(LeftTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(
+                                                                ElementsFamily(
+                                                                FamilyObj(T))));
+  else
+    return UnderlyingSemigroup(RightTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(
+                                                                ElementsFamily(
+                                                                FamilyObj(T))));
+  fi;
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(UnderlyingSemigroup,
+"for a subsemigroup of the translational hull",
+[IsBitranslationsSemigroup],
+function(H)
+    return UnderlyingSemigroup(TranslationalHullOfFamily(ElementsFamily(
+                                                        FamilyObj(H))));
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(ChooseHashFunction, "for a left or right translation and int",
+[IsSemigroupTranslation, IsInt],
+function(_, hashlen)
+  return rec(func := SEMIGROUPS.HashFunctionForTranslations,
+             data := hashlen);
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(ChooseHashFunction, "for a bitranslation and int",
+[IsBitranslation, IsInt],
+function(_, hashlen)
+  return rec(func := SEMIGROUPS.HashFunctionForBitranslations,
+             data := hashlen);
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(OneOp, "for a translational hull",
+[IsBitranslation],
+function(h)
+  local H, L, R, S, l, r;
+  H := TranslationalHullOfFamily(FamilyObj(h));
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(H);
+  L := LeftTranslations(S);
+  R := RightTranslations(S);
+  l := LeftTranslation(L, MappingByFunction(S, S, x -> x));
+  r := RightTranslation(R, MappingByFunction(S, S, x -> x));
+  return Bitranslation(H, l, r);
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(OneOp, "for a semigroup of translations",
+[IsSemigroupTranslation],
+function(t)
+  local S, T;
+  if IsLeftTranslation(t) then
+    T := LeftTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(t));
+    S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+    return LeftTranslation(T, MappingByFunction(S, S, x -> x));
+  else
+    T := RightTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(t));
+    S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+    return RightTranslation(T, MappingByFunction(S, S, x -> x));
+  fi;
+end);
+
+InstallGlobalFunction(LeftPartOfBitranslation,
+function(h)
+  if not IsBitranslation(h) then
+     ErrorNoReturn("the argument must be a bitranslation");
+  fi;
+  return h![1];
+end);
+
+InstallGlobalFunction(RightPartOfBitranslation,
+function(h)
+  if not IsBitranslation(h) then
+     ErrorNoReturn("the argument must be a bitranslation");
+  fi;
+  return h![2];
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(IsWholeFamily, "for a collection of translations",
+[IsSemigroupTranslationCollection],
+function(C)
+  local L, S, T, t;
+
+  t := Representative(C);
+  L := IsLeftTranslation(t);
+
+  if L then
+    T := LeftTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(t));
+  else
+    T := RightTranslationsSemigroupOfFamily(FamilyObj(t));
+  fi;
+
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(T);
+
+  if not HasSize(T) or
+          IsRectangularBand(S) or
+          IsSimpleSemigroup(S) or
+          IsZeroSimpleSemigroup(S) or
+          IsMonoidAsSemigroup(S) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+
+  return Size(T) = Size(C);
+end);
+
+InstallMethod(IsWholeFamily, "for a collection of bitranslations",
+[IsBitranslationCollection],
+function(C)
+  local b, H, S;
+  b := Representative(C);
+  H := TranslationalHullOfFamily(FamilyObj(b));
+  S := UnderlyingSemigroup(H);
+
+  if not HasSize(H) or
+          IsRectangularBand(S) or
+          IsMonoidAsSemigroup(S) then
+    TryNextMethod();
+  fi;
+
+  return Size(H) = Size(C);
+end);