passagemath-flint 10.6.1rc10__cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/quivers/morphism.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1282 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-flint
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.graphs sage.modules
+"""
+Quiver Morphisms
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#  Copyright (C) 2012 Jim Stark <jstarx@gmail.com>
+#                2013 Simon King <simon.king@uni-jena.de>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
+#    of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+#  See the GNU General Public License for more details; the full text
+#  is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.categories.morphism import CallMorphism
+from sage.matrix.constructor import Matrix
+
+
+class QuiverRepHom(CallMorphism):
+    r"""
+    A homomorphism of quiver representations (of one and the same quiver)
+    is given by specifying, for each vertex of the quiver, a homomorphism
+    of the spaces assigned to this vertex such that these homomorphisms
+    commute with the edge maps.  The domain and codomain of the
+    homomorphism are required to be representations of the same quiver
+    over the same base ring.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``domain`` -- :class:`QuiverRep`, the domain of the homomorphism
+
+    - ``codomain`` -- :class:`QuiverRep`, the codomain of the homomorphism
+
+    - ``data`` -- dict, list, or :class:`QuiverRepElement`
+      (default: empty dict),
+      with the following meaning:
+
+      - list: ``data`` can be a list of images for the generators of
+        the domain.  "Generators" means the output of the ``gens()``
+        method.  An error will be generated if the map so defined
+        is not equivariant with respect to the action of the quiver.
+      - dictionary: ``data`` can be a dictionary associating to each
+        vertex of the quiver either a homomorphism with domain and
+        codomain the spaces associated to this vertex in the domain
+        and codomain modules respectively, or a matrix defining such
+        a homomorphism, or an object that sage can construct such a
+        matrix from.  Not all vertices must be specified, unspecified
+        vertices are assigned the zero map, and keys not corresponding
+        to vertices of the quiver are ignored.  An error will be
+        generated if these maps do not commute with the edge maps of
+        the domain and codomain.
+      - :class:`QuiverRepElement`: if the domain is a
+        :class:`QuiverRep_with_path_basis` then ``data`` can be a single
+        :class:`QuiverRepElement` belonging to the codomain.  The map is
+        then defined by sending each path, ``p``, in the basis to ``data*p``.
+        If ``data`` is not an element of the codomain or the domain is not a
+        :class:`QuiverRep_with_path_basis` then an error will be generated.
+      - :class:`QuiverRepHom`: the input can also be a map `f : D \to C` such
+        that there is a coercion from the domain of ``self`` to ``D``
+        and from ``C`` to the codomain of ``self``.  The composition
+        of these maps is the result.
+
+    OUTPUT: :class:`QuiverRepHom`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+        sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+        sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+        sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+        sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+        sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+
+    With no additional data this creates the zero map::
+
+        sage: f = S.hom(M)
+        sage: f.is_zero()
+        True
+
+    We must specify maps at the vertices to get a nonzero homomorphism.
+    Note that if the dimensions of the spaces assigned to the domain and
+    codomain of a vertex are equal then Sage will construct the identity
+    matrix from ``1``::
+
+        sage: maps2 = {2:[1, -1], 3:1}
+        sage: g = S.hom(maps2, M)
+
+    Here we create the same map by specifying images for the generators::
+
+        sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+        sage: y = M({3: (1,)})
+        sage: h = S.hom([x, y], M)
+        sage: g == h
+        True
+
+    If the domain is a module of type QuiverRep_with_path_basis (for example,
+    the indecomposable projectives) we can create maps by specifying a single
+    image::
+
+        sage: Proj = Q.P(GF(7), 3)
+        sage: Simp = Q.S(GF(7), 3)
+        sage: im = Simp({3: (1,)})
+        sage: Proj.hom(im, Simp).is_surjective()
+        True
+    """
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    #                                                                         #
+    # PRIVATE FUNCTIONS                                                       #
+    #    These functions are not meant to be seen by the end user.            #
+    #                                                                         #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    def __init__(self, domain, codomain, data={}):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``. Type ``QuiverRepHom?`` for more information.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: f = S.hom(M)
+            sage: f.is_zero()
+            True
+            sage: maps2 = {2:[1, -1], 3:1}
+            sage: g = S.hom(maps2, M)
+            sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+            sage: y = M({3: (1,)})
+            sage: h = S.hom([x, y], M)
+            sage: g == h
+            True
+            sage: Proj = Q.P(GF(7), 3)
+            sage: Simp = Q.S(GF(7), 3)
+            sage: im = Simp({3: (1,)})
+            sage: Proj.hom(im, Simp).is_surjective()
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: H1 = Q.P(GF(3), 2).Hom(Q.S(GF(3), 2))
+            sage: H2 = Q.P(GF(3), 2).Hom(Q.S(GF(3), 1))
+            sage: H1.an_element() in H1   # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        # The data of a representation is held in the following private
+        # variables:
+        #
+        # * _quiver
+        #      The quiver of the representation.
+        # * _base_ring
+        #      The base ring of the representation.
+        # * _domain
+        #      The QuiverRep object that is the domain of the homomorphism.
+        # * _codomain
+        #      The QuiverRep object that is the codomain of the homomorphism.
+        # * _vector
+        #      A vector in some free module over the base ring of a length such
+        #      that each coordinate corresponds to an entry in the matrix of a
+        #      homomorphism attached to a vertex.
+        #
+        # The variable data can also be a vector of appropriate length.  When
+        # this is the case it will be loaded directly into _vector and then
+        # _assert_valid_hom is called.
+
+        from sage.quivers.representation import (
+            QuiverRep_with_path_basis,
+            QuiverRepElement,
+        )
+
+        self._domain = domain
+        self._codomain = codomain
+        self._quiver = domain._quiver
+        self._base_ring = domain.base_ring()
+
+        # Check that the quiver and base ring match
+        if codomain._quiver != self._quiver:
+            raise ValueError("the quivers of the domain and codomain must be equal")
+        if codomain.base_ring() != self._base_ring:
+            raise ValueError("the base ring of the domain and codomain must be equal")
+
+        # Get the dimensions of the spaces
+        mat_dims = {}
+        domain_dims = {}
+        codomain_dims = {}
+        for v in self._quiver:
+            domain_dims[v] = domain._spaces[v].dimension()
+            codomain_dims[v] = codomain._spaces[v].dimension()
+            mat_dims[v] = domain_dims[v] * codomain_dims[v]
+        total_dim = sum(mat_dims.values())
+
+        # Handle the case when data is a vector
+        if data in self._base_ring**total_dim:
+            self._vector = data
+            self._assert_valid_hom()
+            super().__init__(domain.Hom(codomain))
+            return
+
+        # If data is not a dict, create one
+        if isinstance(data, dict):
+            maps_dict = data
+        else:
+            # If data is not a list create one, then create a dict from it
+            if isinstance(data, list):
+                im_list = data
+            # If data is a QuiverRepHom, create a list from it
+            elif isinstance(data, QuiverRepHom):
+                f = data._domain.coerce_map_from(domain)
+                g = self._codomain.coerce_map_from(data._codomain)
+                im_list = [g(data(f(x))) for x in domain.gens()]
+
+            # The only case left is that data is a QuiverRepElement
+            else:
+                if not isinstance(data, QuiverRepElement):
+                    raise TypeError("input data must be dictionary, list, "
+                                    "QuiverRepElement or vector")
+                if not isinstance(domain, QuiverRep_with_path_basis):
+                    raise TypeError("if data is a QuiverRepElement then domain "
+                                    "must be a QuiverRep_with_path_basis.")
+                if data not in codomain:
+                    raise ValueError("if data is a QuiverRepElement then it must "
+                                     "be an element of codomain")
+                im_list = [codomain.right_edge_action(data, p) for v in domain._quiver for p in domain._bases[v]]
+
+            # WARNING: This code assumes that the function QuiverRep.gens() returns
+            # the generators ordered first by vertex and then by the order of the
+            # gens() method of the space associated to that vertex.  In particular
+            # this is the order that corresponds to how maps are represented via
+            # matrices
+
+            # Get the gens of the domain and check that im_list is the right length
+            dom_gens = domain.gens()
+            if len(im_list) != len(dom_gens):
+                raise ValueError(("domain is dimension {} but only {} images"
+                                  " were supplied").format(len(dom_gens), len(im_list)))
+
+            # Get the matrices of the maps
+            start_index = 0
+            maps_dict = {}
+            for v in self._quiver:
+                maps_dict[v] = []
+                dim = domain._spaces[v].dimension()
+                for i in range(start_index, start_index + dim):
+                    if im_list[i].support() and im_list[i].support() != [v]:
+                        # If the element does not have the correct
+                        # support raise an error here, otherwise we
+                        # might create a valid hom that does not map
+                        # the generators to the supplied images
+                        txt = "generator supported at vertex {} cannot"
+                        txt += " map to element with support {}"
+                        raise ValueError(txt.format(v, im_list[i].support()))
+                    else:
+                        # If the support works out add the images coordinates
+                        # as a row of the matrix
+                        maps_dict[v].append(codomain._spaces[v].coordinates(im_list[i]._elems[v]))
+
+                start_index += dim
+
+        # Get the coordinates of the vector
+        from sage.categories.map import Map
+        vector = []
+        for v in self._quiver:
+            if v in maps_dict:
+                if isinstance(maps_dict[v], Map):
+                    try:
+                        m = maps_dict[v].matrix()
+                    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+                        gens_images = [codomain._spaces[v].coordinate_vector(maps_dict[v](x))
+                                       for x in domain._spaces[v].gens()]
+                        m = Matrix(self._base_ring, domain_dims[v], codomain_dims[v], gens_images)
+                else:
+                    m = Matrix(self._base_ring, domain_dims[v], codomain_dims[v], maps_dict[v])
+            else:
+                m = Matrix(self._base_ring, domain_dims[v], codomain_dims[v])
+            for i in range(domain_dims[v]):
+                vector += list(m[i])
+
+        # Wrap as a vector, check it, and return
+        self._vector = (self._base_ring**total_dim)(vector)
+        self._assert_valid_hom()
+        super().__init__(domain.Hom(codomain))
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Default string representation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: S.hom(M) # indirect doctest
+            Homomorphism of representations of Multi-digraph on 3 vertices
+        """
+        return "Homomorphism of representations of " + repr(self._quiver)
+
+    def _call_(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+            sage: y = M({3: (1,)})
+            sage: h = S.hom([x, y], M)
+            sage: h(S.gens()[0]) == x
+            True
+            sage: h(S.gens()[1]) == y
+            True
+
+        The following was an issue during work on :issue:`12630`::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1: {}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: M = Q.I(GF(3), 1)
+            sage: m = M.an_element()
+            sage: R = M.quotient(M)
+            sage: R(m)
+            Element of quiver representation
+        """
+        from sage.quivers.representation import QuiverRepElement
+        # Check the input
+        if not isinstance(x, QuiverRepElement):
+            raise ValueError("QuiverRepHom can only be called on QuiverRepElement")
+
+        elements = {v: self.get_map(v)(x._elems[v]) for v in self._quiver}
+        return self._codomain(elements)
+
+    def __add__(left, right):
+        """
+        This function overloads the ``+`` operator.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+            sage: z = M.zero()
+            sage: h = S.hom([x, z], M)
+            sage: g = S.hom([z, z], M)
+            sage: f = g + h
+            sage: f(S.gens()[0]) == x
+            True
+            sage: f(S.gens()[1]) == z
+            True
+        """
+        new_vector = left._vector + right._vector
+        return left._domain.hom(new_vector, left._codomain)
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        """
+        This function overloads the ``+=`` operator.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+            sage: z = M.zero()
+            sage: h = S.hom([x, z], M)
+            sage: g = S.hom([z, z], M)
+            sage: g += h
+            sage: g(S.gens()[0]) == x
+            True
+            sage: g(S.gens()[1]) == z
+            True
+        """
+        self._vector += other._vector
+        return self
+
+    def __sub__(left, right):
+        """
+        This function overloads the ``-`` operator.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+            sage: y = M({3: (1,)})
+            sage: z = M.zero()
+            sage: h = S.hom([x, z], M)
+            sage: g = S.hom([z, y], M)
+            sage: f = h - g
+            sage: f(S.gens()[0]) == x
+            True
+            sage: f(S.gens()[1]) == -y
+            True
+        """
+        new_vector = left._vector - right._vector
+        return left._domain.hom(new_vector, left._codomain)
+
+    def __isub__(self, other):
+        """
+        This function overloads the ``-=`` operator.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+            sage: y = M({3: (1,)})
+            sage: z = M.zero()
+            sage: h = S.hom([x, z], M)
+            sage: g = S.hom([z, y], M)
+            sage: h -= g
+            sage: h(S.gens()[0]) == x
+            True
+            sage: h(S.gens()[1]) == -y
+            True
+        """
+        self._vector -= other._vector
+        return self
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        """
+        This function overrides the unary ``-`` operator.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+            sage: y = M({3: (1,)})
+            sage: h = S.hom([x, y], M)
+            sage: g = -h
+            sage: g(S.gens()[0]) == -x
+            True
+            sage: g(S.gens()[1]) == -y
+            True
+        """
+        return self._domain.hom(-self._vector, self._codomain)
+
+    def __pos__(self):
+        """
+        This function overrides the unary ``+`` operator.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+            sage: y = M({3: (1,)})
+            sage: h = S.hom([x, y], M)
+            sage: g = +h
+            sage: g == h
+            True
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """
+        This function overrides the ``==`` operator.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+            sage: y = M({3: (1,)})
+            sage: g = S.hom([x, y], M)
+            sage: h = S.hom([x, y], M)
+            sage: g == h
+            True
+        """
+        # A homomorphism can only be equal to another homomorphism between the
+        # same domain and codomain
+        if not isinstance(other, QuiverRepHom) or self._domain != other._domain or self._codomain != other._codomain:
+            return False
+
+        # If all that holds just check the vectors
+        return self._vector == other._vector
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Return the hash of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+            sage: y = M({3: (1,)})
+            sage: g = S.hom([x, y], M)
+            sage: H = hash(g)
+        """
+        return hash(tuple(self._vector))
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """
+        This function overrides the ``!=`` operator.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+            sage: y = M({3: (1,)})
+            sage: z = M.zero()
+            sage: g = S.hom([x, y], M)
+            sage: h = S.hom([x, z], M)
+            sage: g != h
+            True
+        """
+        # A homomorphism can only be equal to another homomorphism between the
+        # same domain and codomain
+        if not isinstance(other, QuiverRepHom) or self._domain != other._domain or self._codomain != other._codomain:
+            return True
+
+        # If all that holds just check the vectors
+        return self._vector != other._vector
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return whether ``self`` is the zero morphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: x = M({2: (1, -1)})
+            sage: y = M({3: (1,)})
+            sage: z = M.zero()
+            sage: g = S.hom([x, y], M)
+            sage: h = S.hom([z, z], M)
+            sage: bool(g)
+            True
+            sage: bool(h)
+            False
+        """
+        return any(self._vector)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        """
+        This function overrides the ``*`` operator.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: x = S.gens()[0]
+            sage: y = S.gens()[1]
+            sage: g = S.hom([x, y], S)
+            sage: h = S.hom(S)
+            sage: (g*h).is_zero()
+            True
+        """
+        maps = {v: other.get_matrix(v) * self.get_matrix(v)
+                for v in self._quiver}
+        return other._domain.hom(maps, self._codomain)
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    #                                                                         #
+    # WELL DEFINEDNESS FUNCTIONS                                              #
+    #    These functions test and assert well definedness of the              #
+    #    homomorphism.                                                        #
+    #                                                                         #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    def _assert_valid_hom(self):
+        """
+        Raise a :exc:`ValueError` if the homomorphism is not well defined.
+
+        Specifically it checks that the domain and codomains of the maps are
+        correct and that the edge diagrams commute.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^1, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2)
+            sage: maps2 = {2:[1, -1], 3:1}
+            sage: g = S.hom(maps2, M) # indirect doctest
+            sage: f = S.hom(maps2, S) # indirect doctest
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unable to convert {2: [1, -1], 3: 1} to an element of Dimension 2 QuiverHomSpace
+        """
+        # Check that the domain and codomains dimensions add correctly
+        totaldim = 0
+        for v in self._quiver:
+            totaldim += self._domain._spaces[v].dimension() * self._codomain._spaces[v].dimension()
+        if totaldim != len(self._vector):
+            raise ValueError("dimensions do not match domain and codomain")
+
+        # Check that the edge diagrams commute
+        for e in self._domain._semigroup._sorted_edges:
+            if self.get_matrix(e[0]) * self._codomain._maps[e].matrix() != self._domain._maps[e].matrix() * self.get_matrix(e[1]):
+                raise ValueError("the diagram of edge {} does not commute".format(e))
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    #                                                                         #
+    # ACCESS FUNCTIONS                                                        #
+    #    These functions are used to view the homomorphism data.              #
+    #                                                                         #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    def domain(self):
+        """
+        Return the domain of the homomorphism.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`QuiverRep`; the domain
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ)
+            sage: g = M.hom(S)
+            sage: g.domain() is M
+            True
+        """
+        return self._domain
+
+    def codomain(self):
+        """
+        Return the codomain of the homomorphism.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`QuiverRep`; the codomain
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: S = Q.representation(QQ)
+            sage: g = S.hom(M)
+            sage: g.codomain() is M
+            True
+        """
+        return self._codomain
+
+    def get_matrix(self, vertex):
+        """
+        Return the matrix of the homomorphism attached to vertex
+        ``vertex``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``vertex`` -- integer; a vertex of the quiver
+
+        OUTPUT: the matrix representing the homomorphism associated to
+        the given vertex
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: I = Q.I(QQ, 3)
+            sage: M = I/I.radical()
+            sage: f = M.coerce_map_from(I)
+            sage: f.get_matrix(1)
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+        """
+        # Get dimensions
+        startdim = 0
+        for v in self._quiver:
+            if v == vertex:
+                break
+            startdim += self._domain._spaces[v].dimension() * self._codomain._spaces[v].dimension()
+
+        rows = self._domain._spaces[vertex].dimension()
+        cols = self._codomain._spaces[vertex].dimension()
+
+        # Slice out the matrix and return
+        return Matrix(self._base_ring, rows, cols,
+                      self._vector.list()[startdim:startdim + rows * cols])
+
+    def get_map(self, vertex):
+        """
+        Return the homomorphism at the given vertex ``vertex``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``vertex`` -- integer; a vertex of the quiver
+
+        OUTPUT: the homomorphism associated to the given vertex
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P = Q.P(QQ, 1)
+            sage: S = P/P.radical()
+            sage: f = S.coerce_map_from(P)
+            sage: f.get_map(1).is_bijective()
+            True
+        """
+        return self._domain._spaces[vertex].hom(self.get_matrix(vertex), self._codomain._spaces[vertex])
+
+    def quiver(self):
+        """
+        Return the quiver of the representations in the domain/codomain.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - :class:`DiGraph`, the quiver of the representations in the domain
+          and codomain
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P = Q.P(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = P.hom({1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1}, P)
+            sage: f.quiver() is Q.quiver()
+            True
+        """
+        return self._quiver
+
+    def base_ring(self):
+        """
+        Return the base ring of the representation in the codomain.
+
+        OUTPUT: the base ring of the codomain
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P = Q.P(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = P.hom({1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1}, P)
+            sage: f.base_ring() is QQ
+            True
+        """
+        return self._base_ring
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    #                                                                         #
+    # DATA FUNCTIONS                                                          #
+    #    These functions return data collected from the homomorphism.         #
+    #                                                                         #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    def is_injective(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Test whether the homomorphism is injective.
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean; ``True`` if the homomorphism is injective, ``False``
+        otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P = Q.P(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = P.hom({1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1}, P)
+            sage: f.is_injective()
+            True
+            sage: g = P.hom(P)
+            sage: g.is_injective()
+            False
+        """
+        # The homomorphism is injective if and only if it is injective at every
+        # vertex
+        return not any(self.get_matrix(v).nullity() for v in self._quiver)
+
+    def is_surjective(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Test whether the homomorphism is surjective.
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean; ``True`` if the homomorphism is surjective, ``False``
+        otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P = Q.P(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = P.hom({1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1}, P)
+            sage: f.is_surjective()
+            True
+            sage: g = P.hom(P)
+            sage: g.is_surjective()
+            False
+        """
+        # The homomorphism is surjective if and only if it is surjective at
+        # every vertex
+        for v in self._quiver:
+            m = self.get_matrix(v)
+            if m.rank() != m.ncols():
+                return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def is_isomorphism(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Test whether the homomorphism is an isomorphism.
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean; ``True`` if the homomorphism is bijective, ``False``
+        otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P = Q.P(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = P.hom({1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1}, P)
+            sage: f.is_isomorphism()
+            True
+            sage: g = P.hom(P)
+            sage: g.is_isomorphism()
+            False
+        """
+        # It's an iso if and only if it's an iso at every vertex
+        return all(self.get_matrix(v).is_invertible() for v in self._quiver)
+
+    def is_zero(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Test whether the homomorphism is the zero homomorphism.
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean; ``True`` if the homomorphism is zero, ``False``
+        otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P = Q.P(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = P.hom({1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1}, P)
+            sage: f.is_zero()
+            False
+            sage: g = P.hom(P)
+            sage: g.is_zero()
+            True
+        """
+        # The homomorphism is zero if and only if it is zero at every vertex
+        return all(self.get_matrix(v).is_zero() for v in self._quiver)
+
+    def is_endomorphism(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Test whether the homomorphism is an endomorphism.
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean; ``True`` if the domain equals the codomain, ``False``
+        otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P = Q.P(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = P.hom({1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1}, P)
+            sage: f.is_endomorphism()
+            True
+            sage: S = P/P.radical()
+            sage: g = S.coerce_map_from(P)
+            sage: g.is_endomorphism()
+            False
+        """
+        return self._domain == self._codomain
+
+    def rank(self):
+        """
+        Return the rank of the homomorphism ``self`` (as a `k`-linear
+        map).
+
+        OUTPUT: integer; the rank
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P = Q.P(QQ, 1)
+            sage: S = P/P.radical()
+            sage: f = S.coerce_map_from(P)
+            sage: assert(f.rank() == 1)
+        """
+        # The rank is the sum of the ranks at each vertex
+        return sum(self.get_matrix(v).rank() for v in self._quiver)
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    #                                                                         #
+    # CONSTRUCTION FUNCTIONS                                                  #
+    #    These functions create new homomorphisms, representations, and       #
+    #    elements from the given homomorphism.                                #
+    #                                                                         #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    def kernel(self):
+        """
+        Return the kernel of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`QuiverRep`; the kernel
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            To get the inclusion map of the kernel, ``K``, into the
+            domain, ``D``, use ``D.coerce_map_from(K)``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^2, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: N = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2, {(2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [0]]})
+            sage: maps2 = {2:[[1, 0], [0, 0]], 3:1}
+            sage: g = N.hom(maps2, M)
+            sage: g.kernel().dimension_vector()
+            (0, 1, 0)
+        """
+        spaces = {v: self.get_map(v).kernel() for v in self._quiver}
+        return self._domain._submodule(spaces)
+
+    def image(self):
+        """
+        Return the image of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`QuiverRep`; the image
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            To get the inclusion map of the image, ``I``, into the
+            codomain, ``C``, use ``C.coerce_map_from(I)``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^2, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: N = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2, {(2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [0]]})
+            sage: maps2 = {2:[[1, 0], [0, 0]], 3:1}
+            sage: g = N.hom(maps2, M)
+            sage: g.image().dimension_vector()
+            (0, 1, 1)
+        """
+        spaces = {v: self.get_map(v).image() for v in self._quiver}
+        return self._codomain._submodule(spaces)
+
+    def cokernel(self):
+        """
+        Return the cokernel of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`QuiverRep`; the cokernel
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            To get the factor map of the codomain, ``D``, onto the
+            cokernel, ``C``, use ``C.coerce_map_from(D)``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: spaces = {1: QQ^2, 2: QQ^2, 3:QQ^1}
+            sage: maps = {(1, 2, 'a'): [[1, 0], [0, 0]], (1, 2, 'b'): [[0, 0], [0, 1]], (2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [1]]}
+            sage: M = Q.representation(QQ, spaces, maps)
+            sage: spaces2 = {2: QQ^2, 3: QQ^1}
+            sage: N = Q.representation(QQ, spaces2, {(2, 3, 'c'): [[1], [0]]})
+            sage: maps2 = {2:[[1, 0], [0, 0]], 3:1}
+            sage: g = N.hom(maps2, M)
+            sage: g.cokernel().dimension_vector()
+            (2, 1, 0)
+        """
+        return self._codomain.quotient(self.image())
+
+    def linear_dual(self):
+        r"""
+        Compute the linear dual `Df : DN \to DM` of
+        ``self`` = `f : M \to N` where `D(-) = Hom_k(-, k)`.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`QuiverRepHom`; the map `Df : DN \to DM`
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If `e` is an edge of the quiver `Q` and `g` is an element of
+            `Hom_k(N, k)` then we let `(ga)(m) = g(ma)`.  This gives
+            `Hom_k(N, k)` its structure as a module over the opposite
+            quiver ``Q.reverse()``.  The map `Hom_k(N, k) \to Hom_k(M, k)`
+            returned sends `g` to `gf`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}, 2:{3:['c']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P = Q.P(QQ, 1)
+            sage: S = P/P.radical()
+            sage: f = S.coerce_map_from(P)
+
+        The dual of a surjective map is injective and vice versa::
+
+            sage: f.is_surjective()
+            True
+            sage: g = f.linear_dual()
+            sage: g.is_injective()
+            True
+
+        The dual of a right module is a left module for the same quiver, Sage
+        represents this as a right module for the opposite quiver::
+
+            sage: g.quiver().path_semigroup() is Q.reverse()
+            True
+
+        The double dual of a map is the original representation::
+
+            sage: g.linear_dual() == f
+            True
+        """
+        # The effect of the functor D is that it just transposes the matrix of
+        # a hom
+        maps = {v: self.get_matrix(v).transpose() for v in self._quiver}
+        return self._codomain.linear_dual().hom(maps, self._domain.linear_dual())
+
+    def algebraic_dual(self):
+        r"""
+        Compute the algebraic dual `f^t : N^t \to M^t` of
+        ``self`` = `f : M \to N` where `(-)^t = Hom_Q(-, kQ)`.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`QuiverRepHom`; the map `f^t : N^t \to M^t`
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If `e` is an edge of the quiver `Q` and `g` is an element of
+            `Hom_Q(N, kQ)` then we let `(ge)(m) = eg(m)`.  This gives
+            `Hom_Q(N, kQ)` its structure as a module over the opposite
+            quiver ``Q.reverse()``.  The map
+            `Hom_Q(N, kQ) \to Hom_Q(M, kQ)` returned sends `g` to `gf`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a'], 3:['b','c','d']}, 2:{4:['e','f']}, 3:{4:['g']}, 5:{2:['h','i']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P1 = Q.P(QQ, 4)
+            sage: P1.algebraic_dual()
+            Representation with dimension vector (5, 2, 1, 1, 4)
+
+        The algebraic dual of an indecomposable projective is the indecomposable
+        projective of the same vertex in the opposite quiver. ::
+
+            sage: Q.reverse().P(QQ, 4)
+            Representation with dimension vector (5, 2, 1, 1, 4)
+        """
+        # Get the domain, its basis, and the codomain
+        domain, domain_gens = self._codomain.algebraic_dual(True)
+        codomain, co_domain_gens = self._domain.algebraic_dual(True)
+
+        # Find the images in the domain and create the module
+        # H = QuiverHomSpace(self._domain, self._quiver.free_module(self._base_ring))
+        im_gens = [codomain({v: (g * self)._vector})
+                   for v in self._quiver for g in domain_gens[v]]
+        return domain.hom(im_gens, codomain)
+
+    def direct_sum(self, maps, return_maps=False, pinch=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the direct sum of ``self`` with the maps in the list ``maps``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``maps`` -- :class:`QuiverRepHom` or list of :class:`QuiverRepHom`'s
+
+        - ``return_maps`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``False``, then
+          the return value is a :class:`QuiverRepHom` which is the direct sum
+          of ``self`` with the :class:`QuiverRepHoms` in ``maps``.
+          If ``True``, then the return value is a tuple of length either 3
+          or 5.  The first entry of the tuple is the QuiverRepHom giving
+          the direct sum.  If ``pinch`` is either ``None`` or
+          ``'codomain'`` then the next two entries in the tuple are lists
+          giving respectively the inclusion and the projection maps for
+          the factors of the direct sum.  Summands are ordered as given
+          in maps with ``self`` as the zeroth summand.  If ``pinch`` is
+          either ``None`` or ``'domain'`` then the next two entries in the
+          tuple are the inclusion and projection maps for the codomain.
+          Thus if ``pinch`` is ``None`` then the tuple will have length 5.
+          If ``pinch`` is either ``'domain'`` or ``'codomain'`` then the
+          tuple will have length 3.
+
+        - ``pinch`` -- string or ``None`` (default: ``None``); if this is
+          equal to ``'domain'``, then the domains of ``self`` and the
+          given maps must be equal.  The direct sum of `f: A \to B` and
+          `g: A \to C` returned is then the map `A \to B \oplus C` defined
+          by sending `x` to `(f(x), g(x))`.  If ``pinch`` equals
+          ``'codomain'``, then the codomains of ``self`` and the given
+          maps must be equal.  The direct sum of `f: A \to C` and
+          `g: B \to C` returned is then the map `A \oplus B \to C` defined
+          by sending `(x, y)` to `f(x) + g(y)`.  Finally, if ``pinch`` is
+          anything other than ``'domain'`` or ``'codomain'``, then the
+          direct sum of `f: A \to B` and `g: C \to D` returned is the map
+          `A \oplus C \to B \oplus D` defined by sending `(x, y)` to
+          `(f(x), g(y))`.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`QuiverRepHom` or tuple
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P1 = Q.P(GF(3), 1)
+            sage: P2 = Q.P(GF(3), 2)
+            sage: S1 = P1/P1.radical()
+            sage: S2 = P2/P2.radical()
+            sage: pi1 = S1.coerce_map_from(P1)
+            sage: pi2 = S2.coerce_map_from(P2)
+            sage: f = pi1.direct_sum(pi2)
+            sage: f.domain().dimension_vector() == Q.free_module(GF(3)).dimension_vector()
+            True
+            sage: f.is_surjective()
+            True
+            sage: id = P1.Hom(P1).identity()
+            sage: g = pi1.direct_sum(id, pinch='domain')
+            sage: g.is_surjective()
+            False
+        """
+        # Get the list of maps to be summed
+        if isinstance(maps, QuiverRepHom):
+            maplist = [self, maps]
+        else:
+            maplist = [self] + maps
+
+        # Check that the quivers/base rings are the same.  If pinching also
+        # check that the domain/codomains are correct
+        for x in maplist:
+            if not isinstance(x, QuiverRepHom):
+                raise TypeError("maps must be a QuiverRepHom or list of QuiverRepHoms")
+            if self._quiver is not x._quiver:
+                raise ValueError("cannot direct sum maps from different quivers")
+            if self._base_ring is not x._base_ring:
+                raise ValueError("base rings must be identical")
+            if pinch == 'domain' and self._domain is not x._domain:
+                raise ValueError("cannot pinch maps, domains do not agree")
+            if pinch == 'codomain' and self._codomain is not x._codomain:
+                raise ValueError("cannot pinch maps, codomains do not agree")
+
+        # Get the sums and their maps
+        if pinch == 'domain':
+            domain = self._domain
+        else:
+            domain, d_incl, d_proj = self._domain.direct_sum([x._domain for x in maplist[1:]], return_maps=True)
+        if pinch == 'codomain':
+            codomain = self._codomain
+        else:
+            codomain, c_incl, c_proj = self._codomain.direct_sum([x._codomain for x in maplist[1:]], return_maps=True)
+
+        # Start with the zero map
+        result = domain.hom(codomain)
+
+        # Add each factor
+        for i in range(len(maplist)):
+            if pinch == 'domain':
+                result += c_incl[i] * maplist[i]
+            elif pinch == 'codomain':
+                result += maplist[i] * d_proj[i]
+            else:
+                result += c_incl[i] * maplist[i] * d_proj[i]
+
+        # Return the results
+        if return_maps:
+            if pinch == 'domain':
+                return (result, c_incl, c_proj)
+            elif pinch == 'codomain':
+                return (result, d_incl, d_proj)
+            else:
+                return (result, d_incl, d_proj, c_incl, c_proj)
+        else:
+            return result
+
+    def lift(self, x):
+        """
+        Given an element `x` of the image, return an element of the domain
+        that maps onto it under ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- :class:`QuiverRepElement`
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`QuiverRepElement`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a','b']}, 2:{3:['c','d']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: P = Q.P(QQ, 3)
+            sage: S = P/P.radical()
+            sage: proj = S.coerce_map_from(P)
+            sage: x = S.an_element()
+            sage: y = proj.lift(x)
+            sage: proj(y) == x
+            True
+            sage: zero = S.hom(S, {})
+            sage: zero.lift(x)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: element is not in the image
+        """
+        # Lift at each vertex
+        elems = {v: self.get_map(v).lift(x._elems[v]) for v in self._quiver}
+        return self._domain(elems)
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    #                                                                         #
+    # ADDITIONAL OPERATIONS                                                   #
+    #    These functions operations that are not implemented via binary       #
+    #    operators.                                                           #
+    #                                                                         #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    def scalar_mult(self, scalar):
+        r"""
+        Return the result of the scalar multiplication ``scalar * self``,
+        where ``scalar`` is an element of the base ring `k`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a','b']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: M = Q.P(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = M.Hom(M).an_element()
+            sage: x = M.an_element()
+            sage: g = f.scalar_mult(6)
+            sage: g(x) == 6*f(x)
+            True
+        """
+        return self._domain.hom(scalar * self._vector, self._codomain)
+
+    def iscalar_mult(self, scalar):
+        """
+        Multiply ``self`` by ``scalar`` in place.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = DiGraph({1:{2:['a','b']}}).path_semigroup()
+            sage: M = Q.P(QQ, 1)
+            sage: f = M.Hom(M).an_element()
+            sage: x = M.an_element()
+            sage: y = f(x)
+            sage: f.iscalar_mult(6)
+            sage: f(x) == 6*y
+            True
+        """
+        self._vector *= scalar