passagemath-flint 10.6.1rc10__cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/rings/polynomial/polynomial_rational_flint.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,2598 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-flint
+# distutils: libraries = NTL_LIBRARIES gmp
+# distutils: extra_compile_args = NTL_CFLAGS
+# distutils: include_dirs = NTL_INCDIR
+# distutils: library_dirs = NTL_LIBDIR
+# distutils: extra_link_args = NTL_LIBEXTRA
+# distutils: language = c++
+r"""
+Univariate polynomials over `\QQ` implemented via FLINT
+
+AUTHOR:
+
+- Sebastian Pancratz
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#          Copyright (C) 2010 Sebastian Pancratz <sfp@pancratz.org>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from cysignals.signals cimport sig_on, sig_str, sig_off
+
+from libc.limits cimport LONG_MIN
+from cpython.long cimport PyLong_AsLong
+from sage.arith.long cimport pyobject_to_long
+
+from sage.libs.flint.acb cimport acb_div_fmpz
+from sage.libs.flint.arb cimport arb_div_fmpz
+from sage.libs.flint.arb_fmpz_poly cimport _arb_fmpz_poly_evaluate_arb, _arb_fmpz_poly_evaluate_acb
+from sage.libs.flint.fmpz cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.fmpq cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.fmpz_poly cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.fmpq_poly cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.fmpq_poly_sage cimport *
+from sage.libs.gmp.mpz cimport *
+from sage.libs.gmp.mpq cimport *
+
+from sage.rings.complex_arb cimport ComplexBall
+from sage.rings.integer cimport Integer, smallInteger
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.fraction_field_element import FractionFieldElement
+from sage.rings.rational cimport Rational
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.rings.real_arb cimport RealBall
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element cimport Polynomial
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_integer_dense_flint cimport Polynomial_integer_dense_flint
+
+from sage.structure.parent cimport Parent
+from sage.structure.element cimport Element
+from sage.structure.element import coerce_binop
+
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+
+try:
+    from cypari2.gen import Gen as pari_gen
+except ImportError:
+    pari_gen = ()
+
+
+cdef inline bint _do_sig(fmpq_poly_t op) noexcept:
+    """
+    Return 1 when signal handling should be carried out for an operation
+    on this polynomial and 0 otherwise.
+
+    Strictly speaking, whether or not signal handling should be carried
+    ought to depend on the operation as well as the operands in question.
+    For simplicity we carry out signal handling for all but the simplest
+    of operands regardless of the operation.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+        sage: f = 1 + t/2
+        sage: g = 2/3 + t^2
+        sage: _ = f * g      # indirect doctest
+    """
+    # Issue #12173: check that the degree is greater than 1000 before computing
+    # the max limb size
+    return (fmpq_poly_length(op) > 0 and
+            (fmpq_poly_degree(op) > 1000 or
+                sage_fmpq_poly_max_limbs(op) > 1))
+
+cdef class Polynomial_rational_flint(Polynomial):
+    """
+    Univariate polynomials over the rationals, implemented via FLINT.
+
+    Internally, we represent rational polynomial as the quotient of an integer
+    polynomial and a positive denominator which is coprime to the content of
+    the numerator.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: f = QQ['x'].random_element()
+        sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_rational_flint import Polynomial_rational_flint
+        sage: isinstance(f, Polynomial_rational_flint)
+        True
+
+    .. automethod:: _add_
+    .. automethod:: _sub_
+    .. automethod:: _lmul_
+    .. automethod:: _rmul_
+    .. automethod:: _mul_
+    .. automethod:: _mul_trunc_
+    """
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # Allocation & initialisation                                             #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    cdef Polynomial_rational_flint _new(self):
+        """
+        Quickly create a new polynomial object in this class.
+
+        OUTPUT: polynomial of type ``Polynomial_rational_flint``
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 2/3*t^2
+            sage: g = -1/2*t + 2
+            sage: f + g           # indirect doctest
+            2/3*t^2 - 1/2*t + 2
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = Polynomial_rational_flint.__new__(Polynomial_rational_flint)
+        res._parent = self._parent
+        res._is_gen = 0
+        return res
+
+    cpdef Polynomial _new_constant_poly(self, x, Parent P):
+        r"""
+        Quickly create a new constant polynomial with value x in parent P.
+
+        ASSUMPTION:
+
+        x must be a rational or convertible to an int.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: x._new_constant_poly(2/1,R)
+            2
+            sage: x._new_constant_poly(2,R)
+            2
+            sage: x._new_constant_poly("2",R)
+            2
+            sage: x._new_constant_poly("2.1",R)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '2.1'
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = Polynomial_rational_flint.__new__(Polynomial_rational_flint)
+        res._parent = P
+        res._is_gen = <char>0
+        if isinstance(x, int):
+            fmpq_poly_set_si(res._poly, <int> x)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, Integer):
+            fmpq_poly_set_mpz(res._poly, (<Integer> x).value)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, Rational):
+            fmpq_poly_set_mpq(res._poly, (<Rational> x).value)
+
+        else:
+            fmpq_poly_set_si(res._poly, int(x))
+        return res
+
+    def __cinit__(self):
+        """
+        Initialises the underlying data structure.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 2/3 * t - 7  #indirect doctest
+        """
+        fmpq_poly_init(self._poly)
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        """
+        Deallocate the underlying data structure.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1/3 * t
+            sage: del f
+        """
+        fmpq_poly_clear(self._poly)
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, x=None, check=True, is_gen=False, construct=False):
+        """
+        Initialises the associated data for the polynomial ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``parent`` -- polynomial ring, the parent of ``self``
+        - ``x`` -- data for the new polynomial ``self``, e.g. a polynomial, an
+          integer, a rational, a list of rationals, a dictionary with keys
+          the degrees and the rational coefficients, etc (default: ``None``)
+        - ``check`` -- whether the integrity of the data needs to be verified,
+          largely ignored by this method (default: ``True``)
+        - ``is_gen`` -- whether ``self`` shall be initialised as the generator of
+          the parent polynomial ring
+        - ``construct`` -- whether the element shall always be constructed
+          as an independent copy of any input data (default: ``False``)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = -4 * t^2 + 1/3 * t - 1/7  # indirect doctest
+
+            sage: f = ZZ['x']([1..10^6])
+            sage: g = f.change_ring(QQ)
+            sage: g[:10]
+            10*x^9 + 9*x^8 + 8*x^7 + 7*x^6 + 6*x^5 + 5*x^4 + 4*x^3 + 3*x^2 + 2*x + 1
+        """
+        cdef long deg
+        cdef unsigned long n
+        cdef Rational c
+        cdef list L1
+        cdef fmpq_t q
+
+        Polynomial.__init__(self, parent, is_gen=is_gen)
+
+        if is_gen:
+            fmpq_poly_set_coeff_si(self._poly, 1, 1)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, Polynomial_rational_flint):
+            fmpq_poly_set(self._poly, (<Polynomial_rational_flint> x)._poly)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, int):
+            fmpq_poly_set_si(self._poly, <int> x)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, Integer):
+            fmpq_poly_set_mpz(self._poly, (<Integer> x).value)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, Rational):
+            fmpq_poly_set_mpq(self._poly, (<Rational> x).value)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, (list, tuple)):
+
+            if len(x) == 0:
+                return
+            elif len(x) == 1:
+                Polynomial_rational_flint.__init__(self, parent, x[0],
+                                check=check, is_gen=False, construct=construct)
+                return
+
+            L1 = [e if isinstance(e, Rational) else Rational(e) for e in x]
+            n  = <unsigned long> len(x)
+            sig_on()
+            fmpq_poly_fit_length(self._poly, n)
+            for deg from 0 <= deg < n:
+                fmpq_init_set_readonly(q, (<Rational> L1[deg]).value)
+                fmpq_poly_set_coeff_fmpq(self._poly, deg, q)
+                fmpq_clear_readonly(q)
+            sig_off()
+
+#           deg = 0
+#           for e in x:
+#               c = Rational(e)
+#               fmpq_poly_set_coeff_mpq(self._poly, deg, c.value)
+#               deg += 1
+
+        elif isinstance(x, dict):
+            for deg, e in x.iteritems():
+                c = Rational(e)
+                fmpq_poly_set_coeff_mpq(self._poly, deg, c.value)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, pari_gen):
+            k = self._parent.base_ring()
+            x = [k(w) for w in x.list()]
+            Polynomial_rational_flint.__init__(self, parent, x, check=True,
+                                             is_gen=False, construct=construct)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, Polynomial_integer_dense_flint):
+            fmpq_poly_set_fmpz_poly(self._poly, (<Polynomial_integer_dense_flint>x)._poly)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, Polynomial):
+            k = self._parent.base_ring()
+            x = [k(w) for w in list(x)]
+            Polynomial_rational_flint.__init__(self, parent, x, check=True,
+                                             is_gen=False, construct=construct)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, FractionFieldElement) and (x.parent().base() is parent or x.parent().base() == parent) and x.denominator() == 1:
+            x = x.numerator()
+            Polynomial_rational_flint.__init__(self, parent, x, check=check,
+                                            is_gen=is_gen, construct=construct)
+
+        else:
+            x = parent.base_ring()(x)
+            Polynomial_rational_flint.__init__(self, parent, x, check=check,
+                                            is_gen=is_gen, construct=construct)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        This is used when pickling polynomials.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 2/3 * t^2 + 1
+            sage: r = f.__reduce__(); r
+            (<class 'sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_rational_flint.Polynomial_rational_flint'>, (Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field, [1, 0, 2/3], False, False))
+            sage: r[0](*r[1])
+            2/3*t^2 + 1
+            sage: loads(dumps(f)) == f
+            True
+        """
+        return (Polynomial_rational_flint,
+               (self.parent(), self.list(), False, self.is_gen()))
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        """
+        Return a copy of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 4/5 * t^3 - 1/17
+            sage: copy(f) == f
+            True
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        fmpq_poly_set(res._poly, self._poly)
+        return res
+
+    def _singular_(self, singular=None):
+        """
+        Return a Singular representation of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``singular`` -- Singular interpreter (default: default interpreter)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
+            sage: f = 3*x^2 + 2*x + 5
+            sage: singular(f)                                                           # needs sage.libs.singular
+            3*x^2+2*x+5
+        """
+        if singular is None:
+            from sage.interfaces.singular import singular
+        self._parent._singular_(singular).set_ring()  # Expensive!
+        return singular(self._singular_init_())
+
+    cpdef list list(self, bint copy=True):
+        """
+        Return a list with the coefficients of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 + t + t^2/2 + t^3/3 + t^4/4
+            sage: f.list()
+            [1, 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4]
+            sage: g = R(0)
+            sage: g.list()
+            []
+        """
+        cdef unsigned long length = fmpq_poly_length(self._poly)
+        return [self.get_unsafe(n) for n in range(length)]
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # Basis access                                                            #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    def degree(self):
+        """
+        Return the degree of ``self``.
+
+        By convention, the degree of the zero polynomial is `-1`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 + t + t^2/2 + t^3/3 + t^4/4
+            sage: f.degree()
+            4
+            sage: g = R(0)
+            sage: g.degree()
+            -1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: type(f.degree())
+            <class 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
+        """
+        return smallInteger(fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly))
+
+    cdef get_unsafe(self, Py_ssize_t n):
+        """
+        Return the `n`-th coefficient of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- degree of the monomial whose coefficient is to be
+          returned
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 + t + t^2/2 + t^3/3 + t^4/4
+            sage: f[-1], f[0], f[3], f[5]           # indirect doctest
+            (0, 1, 1/3, 0)
+            sage: f[:3]                             # indirect doctest
+            1/2*t^2 + t + 1
+        """
+        cdef Rational z = Rational.__new__(Rational)
+        fmpq_poly_get_coeff_mpq(z.value, self._poly, n)
+        return z
+
+    cpdef _unsafe_mutate(self, unsigned long n, value):
+        """
+        Set the `n`-th coefficient of ``self`` to ``value``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 + t + t^2/2 + t^3/3 + t^4/4
+            sage: f._unsafe_mutate(4, 1/5)
+            sage: f
+            1/5*t^4 + 1/3*t^3 + 1/2*t^2 + t + 1
+
+        WARNING:
+
+        Polynomials in Sage are meant to be immutable, and some methods may
+        rely on this convention.  This method should be used only with the
+        utmost care.
+        """
+        cdef bint do_sig = _do_sig(self._poly)
+        cdef fmpz_t tmpfz
+
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+            if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+            fmpq_poly_set_coeff_si(self._poly, n, value)
+            if do_sig: sig_off()
+        elif isinstance(value, Integer):
+            if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+            fmpz_init_set_readonly(tmpfz, (<Integer> value).value)
+            fmpq_poly_set_coeff_fmpz(self._poly, n, tmpfz)
+            fmpz_clear_readonly(tmpfz)
+            if do_sig: sig_off()
+        elif isinstance(value, Rational):
+            if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+            fmpq_poly_set_coeff_mpq(self._poly, n, (<Rational> value).value)
+            if do_sig: sig_off()
+        else:
+            value = Rational(value)
+            if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+            fmpq_poly_set_coeff_mpq(self._poly, n, (<Rational> value).value)
+            if do_sig: sig_off()
+
+    def __call__(self, *x, **kwds):
+        """
+        Call this polynomial with the given parameters, which can be
+        interpreted as polynomial composition or evaluation by this
+        method.
+
+        If the argument is not simply an integer, a rational, or a
+        polynomial, the call is passed on to the generic implementation
+        in the Polynomial class.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The first example illustrates polynomial composition::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = t^2 - 1
+            sage: g = t + 1
+            sage: f(g)          # indirect doctest
+            t^2 + 2*t
+
+        Now we illustrate how a polynomial can be evaluated at a rational
+        number::
+
+            sage: f(-2/3)       # indirect doctest
+            -5/9
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: t(-sys.maxsize-1r) == t(-sys.maxsize-1)
+            True
+            sage: (t/3)(RealBallField(100)(1))
+            [0.33333333333333333333333333333...]
+            sage: (t/3)(ComplexBallField(10)(1+i))                                      # needs sage.symbolic
+            [0.33...] + [0.33...]*I
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint f
+        cdef Rational r
+        cdef fmpz_t tmpfz
+        cdef fmpq_t tmpfq, tmpfq1
+        cdef RealBall arb_a, arb_z
+        cdef ComplexBall acb_a, acb_z
+
+        if len(x) == 1:
+            a = x[0]
+            if isinstance(a, Polynomial_rational_flint):
+                f = (<Polynomial_rational_flint> a)._new()
+                sig_str("FLINT exception")
+                fmpq_poly_compose(f._poly, self._poly,
+                    (<Polynomial_rational_flint> a)._poly)
+                sig_off()
+                return f
+            elif isinstance(a, Rational):
+                r = Rational.__new__(Rational)
+                sig_str("FLINT exception")
+                fmpq_init_set_readonly(tmpfq, (<Rational> a).value)
+                fmpq_init(tmpfq1)
+                fmpq_poly_evaluate_fmpq(tmpfq1, self._poly, tmpfq)
+                fmpq_get_mpq(r.value, tmpfq1)
+                fmpq_clear(tmpfq1)
+                fmpq_clear_readonly(tmpfq)
+                sig_off()
+                return r
+            elif isinstance(a, Integer):
+                r = Rational.__new__(Rational)
+                sig_str("FLINT exception")
+                fmpz_init_set_readonly(tmpfz, (<Integer> a).value)
+                fmpq_init(tmpfq)
+                fmpq_poly_evaluate_fmpz(tmpfq, self._poly, tmpfz)
+                fmpq_get_mpq(r.value, tmpfq)
+                fmpq_clear(tmpfq)
+                fmpz_clear_readonly(tmpfz)
+                sig_off()
+                return r
+            elif isinstance(a, int):
+                r = Rational.__new__(Rational)
+                sig_str("FLINT exception")
+                fmpz_init(tmpfz)
+                fmpq_init(tmpfq)
+                fmpz_set_si(tmpfz, PyLong_AsLong(a))
+                fmpq_poly_evaluate_fmpz(tmpfq, self._poly, tmpfz)
+                fmpq_get_mpq(r.value, tmpfq)
+                fmpq_clear(tmpfq)
+                fmpz_clear(tmpfz)
+                sig_off()
+                return r
+            if isinstance(a, RealBall):
+                arb_a = <RealBall> a
+                arb_z = arb_a._new()
+                sig_on()
+                _arb_fmpz_poly_evaluate_arb(arb_z.value, fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly),
+                        fmpq_poly_length(self._poly), arb_a.value, arb_a._parent._prec)
+                arb_div_fmpz(arb_z.value, arb_z.value, fmpq_poly_denref(self._poly), arb_a._parent._prec)
+                sig_off()
+                return arb_z
+            if isinstance(a, ComplexBall):
+                acb_a = <ComplexBall> a
+                acb_z = acb_a._new()
+                sig_on()
+                _arb_fmpz_poly_evaluate_acb(acb_z.value, fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly),
+                        fmpq_poly_length(self._poly), acb_a.value, acb_a._parent._prec)
+                acb_div_fmpz(acb_z.value, acb_z.value, fmpq_poly_denref(self._poly), acb_a._parent._prec)
+                sig_off()
+                return acb_z
+
+        return Polynomial.__call__(self, *x, **kwds)
+
+    cpdef Polynomial truncate(self, long n):
+        """
+        Return ``self`` truncated modulo `t^n`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- the power of `t` modulo which ``self`` is truncated
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 - t + 1/2*t^2 - 1/3*t^3
+            sage: f.truncate(0)
+            0
+            sage: f.truncate(2)
+            -t + 1
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res
+        cdef bint do_sig
+
+        if (n >= fmpq_poly_length(self._poly)):
+            return self
+        else:
+            res = self._new()
+            if n > 0:
+                do_sig = _do_sig(self._poly)
+                if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+                fmpq_poly_get_slice(res._poly, self._poly, 0, n)
+                if do_sig: sig_off()
+            return res
+
+    def reverse(self, degree=None):
+        """
+        Reverse the coefficients of this polynomial (thought of as a polynomial
+        of degree ``degree``).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``degree`` -- ``None`` or integral value that fits in an ``unsigned
+          long`` (default: degree of ``self``); if specified, truncate or zero
+          pad the list of coefficients to this degree before reversing it
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We first consider the simplest case, where we reverse all coefficients
+        of a polynomial and obtain a polynomial of the same degree::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 + t + t^2 / 2 + t^3 / 3 + t^4 / 4
+            sage: f.reverse()
+            t^4 + t^3 + 1/2*t^2 + 1/3*t + 1/4
+
+        Next, an example where the returned polynomial has lower degree because
+        the original polynomial has low coefficients equal to zero::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 3/4*t^2 + 6*t^7
+            sage: f.reverse()
+            3/4*t^5 + 6
+
+        The next example illustrates the passing of a value for ``degree`` less
+        than the length of ``self``, notationally resulting in truncation prior to
+        reversing::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 + t + t^2 / 2 + t^3 / 3 + t^4 / 4
+            sage: f.reverse(2)
+            t^2 + t + 1/2
+
+        Now we illustrate the passing of a value for ``degree`` greater than
+        the length of ``self``, notationally resulting in zero padding at the top
+        end prior to reversing::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 + t + t^2 / 2 + t^3 / 3
+            sage: f.reverse(4)
+            t^4 + t^3 + 1/2*t^2 + 1/3*t
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        We illustrate two ways in which the interpretation of ``degree`` as an
+        unsigned long int may fail.  Firstly, an integral value which is
+        too large, yielding an :exc:`OverflowError`::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 + t/2
+            sage: f.reverse(2**64 - 1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            OverflowError:... int too large to convert...
+
+        Secondly, a value which cannot be converted to an integral value,
+        resulting in a ValueError::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 + t/2
+            sage: f.reverse(I)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: degree must be convertible to long
+
+        We check that this specialized implementation is compatible with the
+        generic one::
+
+            sage: all((t + 2*t^2).reverse(degree=d)
+            ....:     == Polynomial.reverse(t + 2*t^2, degree=d)
+            ....:     for d in [None, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+            True
+        """
+        cdef unsigned long len
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res
+        cdef bint do_sig
+
+        if degree is None:
+            len = fmpq_poly_length(self._poly)
+        else:
+            try:
+                len = <unsigned long> (degree + 1)
+            except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                raise ValueError('degree must be convertible to long')
+
+        res = self._new()
+        do_sig = _do_sig(self._poly)
+        if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_reverse(res._poly, self._poly, len)
+        if do_sig: sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def revert_series(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return a polynomial `f` such that ``f(self(x)) = self(f(x)) = x mod x^n``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = t - t^3/6 + t^5/120
+            sage: f.revert_series(6)
+            3/40*t^5 + 1/6*t^3 + t
+
+            sage: f.revert_series(-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ValueError: argument n must be a nonnegative integer, got -1
+
+            sage: g = - t^3/3 + t^5/5
+            sage: g.revert_series(6)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: self must have constant coefficient 0 and a unit for coefficient t^1
+        """
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        cdef unsigned long m
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ValueError("argument n must be a nonnegative integer, got {}".format(n))
+        m = n
+        if not self[0].is_zero() or not self[1].is_unit():
+            raise ValueError("self must have constant coefficient 0 and a unit for coefficient {}^1".format(self.parent().gen()))
+
+        sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_revert_series(res._poly, self._poly, m)
+        sig_off()
+
+        return res
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # Comparisons                                                             #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    cpdef bint is_zero(self) except -1:
+        """
+        Return whether or not ``self`` is the zero polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 - t + 1/2*t^2 - 1/3*t^3
+            sage: f.is_zero()
+            False
+            sage: R(0).is_zero()
+            True
+        """
+        return fmpq_poly_is_zero(self._poly)
+
+    cpdef bint is_one(self) except -1:
+        r"""
+        Return whether or not this polynomial is one.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: R([0,1]).is_one()
+            False
+            sage: R([1]).is_one()
+            True
+            sage: R([0]).is_one()
+            False
+            sage: R([-1]).is_one()
+            False
+            sage: R([1,1]).is_one()
+            False
+        """
+        return fmpq_poly_is_one(self._poly)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """
+        Return whether or not ``self`` is nonzero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 - t + 1/2*t^2 - 1/3*t^3
+            sage: bool(f)
+            True
+            sage: bool(R(0))
+            False
+        """
+        return not fmpq_poly_is_zero(self._poly)
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # Shifting                                                                #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    def __lshift__(self, long n):
+        """
+        Notationally multiply ``self`` by `t^n`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: t << 10                     # indirect doctest
+            t^11
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: t << (-1)
+            1
+            sage: t << (-10)
+            0
+            sage: f = R.random_element(1000)
+            sage: (f << 23) >> 23 == f        # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        if n < 0:
+            assert n != LONG_MIN
+            return self >> (-n)
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint f = <Polynomial_rational_flint> self
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res
+        cdef bint do_sig
+
+        if n == 0 or fmpq_poly_is_zero(f._poly):
+            return self
+        else:
+            res = f._new()
+            do_sig = fmpq_poly_length(f._poly) > 5000 or n > 5000
+
+            if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+            fmpq_poly_shift_left(res._poly, f._poly, n)
+            if do_sig: sig_off()
+            return res
+
+    def __rshift__(self, long n):
+        """
+        Notationally return the quotient of Euclidean division of ``self``
+        by `t^n`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 + t + t^2/2 + t^3/3 + t^4/4
+            sage: f >> 2
+            1/4*t^2 + 1/3*t + 1/2
+            sage: f >> (-2)
+            1/4*t^6 + 1/3*t^5 + 1/2*t^4 + t^3 + t^2
+        """
+        if n < 0:
+            assert n != LONG_MIN
+            return self << (-n)
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint f = <Polynomial_rational_flint> self
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res
+        cdef bint do_sig
+
+        if n == 0 or fmpq_poly_is_zero(f._poly):
+            return self
+        else:
+            res = f._new()
+            do_sig = _do_sig(f._poly)
+
+            if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+            fmpq_poly_shift_right(res._poly, f._poly, n)
+            if do_sig: sig_off()
+            return res
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # Arithmetic                                                              #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    cpdef _add_(self, right):
+        """
+        Return the sum of two rational polynomials.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 2/3 + t + 2*t^3
+            sage: g = -1 + t/3 - 10/11*t^4
+            sage: f + g
+            -10/11*t^4 + 2*t^3 + 4/3*t - 1/3
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = R.random_element(2000)
+            sage: f + f == 2 * f              # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint op2 = <Polynomial_rational_flint> right
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        cdef bint do_sig = _do_sig(self._poly) or _do_sig(op2._poly)
+
+        if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_add(res._poly, self._poly, op2._poly)
+        if do_sig: sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cpdef _sub_(self, right):
+        """
+        Return the difference of two rational polynomials.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = -10/11*t^4 + 2*t^3 + 4/3*t - 1/3
+            sage: g = 2*t^3
+            sage: f - g                                 # indirect doctest
+            -10/11*t^4 + 4/3*t - 1/3
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = R.random_element(2000)
+            sage: f - f/2 == 1/2 * f          # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint op2 = <Polynomial_rational_flint> right
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        cdef bint do_sig = _do_sig(self._poly) or _do_sig(op2._poly)
+
+        if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_sub(res._poly, self._poly, op2._poly)
+        if do_sig: sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cpdef _neg_(self):
+        """
+        Return the difference of two rational polynomials.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 3*t/2
+            sage: -f            # indirect doctest
+            -3/2*t
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = R.random_element(2000)
+            sage: f + (-f) == 0               # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        cdef bint do_sig = _do_sig(self._poly)
+
+        if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_neg(res._poly, self._poly)
+        if do_sig: sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def quo_rem(self, right):
+        r"""
+        Return the quotient and remainder of the Euclidean division of
+        ``self`` and ``right``.
+
+        Raises a :exc:`ZeroDivisionError` if ``right`` is zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = R.random_element(2000)
+            sage: g = R.random_element(1000)
+            sage: q, r = f.quo_rem(g)
+            sage: f == q*g + r
+            True
+        """
+        if right.is_zero():
+            raise ZeroDivisionError("division by zero polynomial")
+        if self.is_zero():
+            return self, self
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint qq = self._new()
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint rr = self._new()
+
+        sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_divrem(qq._poly, rr._poly, self._poly,
+                         (<Polynomial_rational_flint> right)._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return qq, rr
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def gcd(self, right):
+        r"""
+        Return the (monic) greatest common divisor of ``self`` and ``right``.
+
+        Corner cases:  if ``self`` and ``right`` are both zero, returns zero.  If
+        only one of them is zero, returns the other polynomial, up to
+        normalisation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = -2 + 3*t/2 + 4*t^2/7 - t^3
+            sage: g = 1/2 + 4*t + 2*t^4/3
+            sage: f.gcd(g)
+            1
+            sage: f = (-3*t + 1/2) * f
+            sage: g = (-3*t + 1/2) * (4*t^2/3 - 1) * g
+            sage: f.gcd(g)
+            t - 1/6
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+
+        sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_gcd(res._poly, self._poly,
+                (<Polynomial_rational_flint> right)._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def lcm(self, right):
+        r"""
+        Return the monic (or zero) least common multiple of ``self`` and ``right``.
+
+        Corner cases:  if either of ``self`` and ``right`` are zero, returns zero.
+        This behaviour is ensures that the relation `\lcm(a,b)\cdot \gcd(a,b) = a\cdot b`
+        holds up to multiplication by rationals.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = -2 + 3*t/2 + 4*t^2/7 - t^3
+            sage: g = 1/2 + 4*t + 2*t^4/3
+            sage: f.lcm(g)
+            t^7 - 4/7*t^6 - 3/2*t^5 + 8*t^4 - 75/28*t^3 - 66/7*t^2 + 87/8*t + 3/2
+            sage: f.lcm(g) * f.gcd(g) // (f * g)
+            -3/2
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+
+        sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_lcm(res._poly, self._poly,
+                      (<Polynomial_rational_flint> right)._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def xgcd(self, right):
+        r"""
+        Return polynomials `d`, `s`, and `t` such that ``d == s * self + t * right``,
+        where `d` is the (monic) greatest common divisor of ``self`` and ``right``.
+        The choice of `s` and `t` is not specified any further.
+
+        Corner cases:  if ``self`` and ``right`` are zero, returns zero polynomials.
+        Otherwise, if only ``self`` is zero, returns ``(d, s, t) = (right, 0, 1)`` up
+        to normalisation, and similarly if only ``right`` is zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 2/3 + 3/4 * t - t^2
+            sage: g = -3 + 1/7 * t
+            sage: f.xgcd(g)
+            (1, -12/5095, -84/5095*t - 1701/5095)
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The following example used to crash (cf. :issue:`11771`)::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 10**383 * (t+1)
+            sage: g = 10**445 * t^2 + 1
+            sage: r = f.xgcd(g)
+            sage: r[0] == f.gcd(g)
+            True
+            sage: r[1]*f + r[2]*g == r[0]
+            True
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint d = self._new()
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint s = self._new()
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint t = self._new()
+
+        sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_xgcd(d._poly, s._poly, t._poly, self._poly, (<Polynomial_rational_flint>right)._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return d, s, t
+
+    cpdef _mul_(self, right):
+        """
+        Return the product of ``self`` and ``right``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = -1 + 3*t/2 - t^3
+            sage: g = 2/3 + 7/3*t + 3*t^2
+            sage: f * g                           # indirect doctest
+            -3*t^5 - 7/3*t^4 + 23/6*t^3 + 1/2*t^2 - 4/3*t - 2/3
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = R.random_element(2000)
+            sage: g = R.random_element(2000)
+            sage: (f + g) * (f - g) == f^2 - g^2  # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint op2 = <Polynomial_rational_flint> right
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        cdef bint do_sig = _do_sig(self._poly) or _do_sig(op2._poly)
+
+        if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_mul(res._poly, self._poly, op2._poly)
+        if do_sig: sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cpdef Polynomial _mul_trunc_(self, Polynomial right, long n):
+        r"""
+        Truncated multiplication.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: p1 = 1/2 - 3*x + 2/7*x**3
+            sage: p2 = x + 2/5*x**5 + x**7
+            sage: p1._mul_trunc_(p2, 5)
+            2/7*x^4 - 3*x^2 + 1/2*x
+            sage: (p1*p2).truncate(5)
+            2/7*x^4 - 3*x^2 + 1/2*x
+
+            sage: p1._mul_trunc_(p2, 1)
+            0
+            sage: p1._mul_trunc_(p2, 0)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: n must be > 0
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Call the FLINT method ``fmpq_poly_mullow``.
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint op2 = <Polynomial_rational_flint> right
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        cdef bint do_sig = _do_sig(self._poly) or _do_sig(op2._poly)
+
+        if n <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("n must be > 0")
+
+        if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_mullow(res._poly, self._poly, op2._poly, n)
+        if do_sig: sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cpdef _rmul_(self, Element left):
+        r"""
+        Return ``left * self``, where ``left`` is a rational number.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 3/2*t^3 - t + 1/3
+            sage: 6 * f                  # indirect doctest
+            9*t^3 - 6*t + 2
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        cdef bint do_sig = _do_sig(self._poly)
+
+        if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_scalar_mul_mpq(res._poly, self._poly,
+                                 (<Rational> left).value)
+        if do_sig: sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cpdef _lmul_(self, Element right):
+        r"""
+        Return ``self * right``, where ``right`` is a rational number.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 3/2*t^3 - t + 1/3
+            sage: f * 6                   # indirect doctest
+            9*t^3 - 6*t + 2
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        cdef bint do_sig = _do_sig(self._poly)
+
+        if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_scalar_mul_mpq(res._poly, self._poly,
+                                 (<Rational> right).value)
+        if do_sig: sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def __pow__(Polynomial_rational_flint self, exp, mod):
+        """
+        Return ``self`` raised to the power of ``exp``.
+
+        The corner case of ``exp == 0`` is handled by returning the constant
+        polynomial 1.  Note that this includes the case ``0^0 == 1``.
+
+        This method only supports integral values for ``exp`` that fit into
+        a signed long int (except when this is a constant polynomial).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exp`` -- exponent
+
+        OUTPUT: polynomial; this polynomial raised to the power of ``exp``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1/2 + 2*t - t^2/3
+            sage: f^0
+            1
+            sage: f^3
+            -1/27*t^6 + 2/3*t^5 - 23/6*t^4 + 6*t^3 + 23/4*t^2 + 3/2*t + 1/8
+            sage: f^(-3)
+            -27/(t^6 - 18*t^5 + 207/2*t^4 - 162*t^3 - 621/4*t^2 - 81/2*t - 27/8)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: t^0
+            1
+            sage: R(0)^0
+            1
+            sage: R(0)^(-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ZeroDivisionError: negative exponent in power of zero
+
+        We verify the checking of the exponent::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: (1 + t)^(2/3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: not a 3rd power
+            sage: (1 + t)^(2^63)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            OverflowError: Sage Integer too large to convert to C long
+
+        FLINT memory errors do not crash Sage (:issue:`17629`)::
+
+            sage: t^(sys.maxsize//2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            RuntimeError: FLINT exception
+
+        Flush the output buffer to get rid of stray output -- see
+        :issue:`28649`::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.misc_c import cyflush
+            sage: cyflush()
+            ...
+
+        Test fractional powers (:issue:`20086`)::
+
+            sage: P.<R> = QQ[]
+            sage: (1/27*R^3 + 2/3*R^2 + 4*R + 8)^(2/3)
+            1/9*R^2 + 4/3*R + 4
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in R over Rational Field
+            sage: P(1/4)^(1/2)
+            1/2
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in R over Rational Field
+
+            sage: (R+2)^(2/5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: not a 5th power
+
+            sage: P(1/3)^(1/2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: not a perfect 2nd power
+            sage: P(4)^P(1/2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Univariate Polynomial
+            Ring in R over Rational Field to Rational Field
+            sage: (R + 1)^P(2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Univariate Polynomial
+            Ring in R over Rational Field to Rational Field
+            sage: (R + 1)^R
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Univariate Polynomial
+            Ring in R over Rational Field to Rational Field
+            sage: 2^R
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Univariate Polynomial
+            Ring in R over Rational Field to Rational Field
+
+        Check that using third argument raises an error::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
+            sage: pow(x, 2, x)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: pow() with a modulus is not implemented for this ring
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res
+        cdef long n
+
+        if mod is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "pow() with a modulus is not implemented for this ring"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            n = pyobject_to_long(exp)
+        except TypeError:
+            r = QQ.coerce(exp)
+            num = r.numerator()
+            den = r.denominator()
+
+            if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == 0:
+                return self.parent()(self[0].nth_root(den) ** num)
+
+            return self.nth_root(den) ** num
+
+        else:
+            if n < 0:
+                if fmpq_poly_is_zero(self._poly):
+                    raise ZeroDivisionError("negative exponent in power of zero")
+                res = self._new()
+                sig_str("FLINT exception")
+                fmpq_poly_pow(res._poly, self._poly, -n)
+                sig_off()
+                return ~res
+            else:
+                res = self._new()
+                sig_str("FLINT exception")
+                if self._is_gen:
+                    fmpq_poly_set_coeff_si(res._poly, n, 1)
+                else:
+                    fmpq_poly_pow(res._poly, self._poly, n)
+                sig_off()
+                return res
+
+    def __floordiv__(Polynomial_rational_flint self, right):
+        """
+        Return the quotient of ``self`` and ``right`` obtained by Euclidean division.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = t^3 - t/2 + 1/5
+            sage: g = 2/3*t - 1
+            sage: f // g                       # indirect doctest
+            3/2*t^2 + 9/4*t + 21/8
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f  = R.random_element(1000)
+            sage: g  = R.random_element(500)
+            sage: if g == 0: g = R(1)
+            sage: qr = f.quo_rem(g)
+            sage: q  = f // g                  # indirect doctest
+            sage: qr[0] == q
+            True
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res
+        cdef bint do_sig
+        cdef fmpq_t tmpfq
+
+        if right == 0:
+            raise ZeroDivisionError("division by zero polynomial")
+
+        if not isinstance(right, Polynomial_rational_flint):
+            if right in QQ:
+                res = self._new()
+                do_sig = _do_sig(self._poly)
+
+                if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+                fmpq_init_set_readonly(tmpfq, (<Rational> QQ(right)).value)
+                fmpq_poly_scalar_div_fmpq(res._poly, self._poly, tmpfq)
+                fmpq_clear_readonly(tmpfq)
+                if do_sig: sig_off()
+                return res
+
+            right = self._parent(right)
+
+        res = self._new()
+        sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_div(res._poly, self._poly,
+                                     (<Polynomial_rational_flint>right)._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cpdef Polynomial inverse_series_trunc(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return a polynomial approximation of precision ``prec`` of the inverse
+        series of this polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: p = 2 + x - 3/5*x**2
+            sage: q5 = p.inverse_series_trunc(5)
+            sage: q5
+            151/800*x^4 - 17/80*x^3 + 11/40*x^2 - 1/4*x + 1/2
+            sage: q5 * p
+            -453/4000*x^6 + 253/800*x^5 + 1
+
+            sage: q100 = p.inverse_series_trunc(100)
+            sage: (q100 * p).truncate(100)
+            1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (0*x).inverse_series_trunc(4)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term is zero
+            sage: x.inverse_series_trunc(4)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term is zero
+            sage: (x+1).inverse_series_trunc(0)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the precision must be positive, got 0
+        """
+        if prec <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("the precision must be positive, got {}".format(prec))
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1 or \
+           fmpz_is_zero(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term is zero")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        if prec <= 0:
+            return res
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_inv_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cpdef _mod_(self, right):
+        """
+        Return the remainder of ``self`` and ``right`` obtain by Euclidean division.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = t^3 - t/2 + 1/5
+            sage: g = 2/3*t - 1
+            sage: f % g                        # indirect doctest
+            113/40
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f  = R.random_element(1000)
+            sage: g  = R.random_element(500)
+            sage: if g == 0: g = R(1)
+            sage: qr = f.quo_rem(g)
+            sage: r  = f % g                   # indirect doctest
+            sage: qr[1] == r
+            True
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res
+
+        if right == 0:
+            raise ZeroDivisionError("division by zero polynomial")
+
+        res = self._new()
+        sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_rem(res._poly, self._poly,
+                                     (<Polynomial_rational_flint>right)._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # Further methods                                                         #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    def numerator(self):
+        """
+        Return the numerator of ``self``.
+
+        Representing ``self`` as the quotient of an integer polynomial and
+        a positive integer denominator (coprime to the content of the
+        polynomial), returns the integer polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = (3 * t^3 + 1) / -3
+            sage: f.numerator()
+            -3*t^3 - 1
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint num
+        num = Polynomial_integer_dense_flint.__new__(Polynomial_integer_dense_flint)
+        parent = ZZ[self.variable_name()]
+        Polynomial_integer_dense_flint.__init__(num, parent, x=None,
+                                    check=False, is_gen=False, construct=False)
+        sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_get_numerator(num._poly, self._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return num
+
+    def denominator(self):
+        """
+        Return the denominator of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = (3 * t^3 + 1) / -3
+            sage: f.denominator()
+            3
+        """
+        cdef Integer den = Integer.__new__(Integer)
+        if fmpq_poly_denref(self._poly) is NULL:
+            mpz_set_ui(den.value, 1)
+        else:
+            fmpz_get_mpz(den.value, <fmpz *> fmpq_poly_denref(self._poly))
+        return den
+
+    def _derivative(self, var=None):
+        """
+        Return the derivative of this polynomial with respect to ``var``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``var`` -- must be either (equal to) the generator of the polynomial
+          ring to which this polynomial belongs, or ``None``; either way the
+          behaviour is the same
+
+        OUTPUT: derivative as a ``Polynomial_rational_flint``
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`~Polynomial.derivative`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = x^4 - x - 1
+            sage: f._derivative()
+            4*x^3 - 1
+            sage: f._derivative(None)
+            4*x^3 - 1
+            sage: f._derivative(2*x)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: cannot differentiate with respect to 2*x
+
+        Check that :issue:`28187` is fixed::
+
+            sage: x = var("x")                                                          # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: f._derivative(x)                                                      # needs sage.symbolic
+            4*x^3 - 1
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint der
+        cdef bint do_sig
+
+        if var is not None and var != self._parent.gen():
+            raise ValueError("cannot differentiate with respect to {}".format(var))
+
+        der = self._new()
+        do_sig = _do_sig(self._poly)
+
+        if do_sig: sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_derivative(der._poly, self._poly)
+        if do_sig: sig_off()
+        return der
+
+    def real_root_intervals(self):
+        """
+        Return isolating intervals for the real roots of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We compute the roots of the characteristic polynomial of some
+        Salem numbers::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 1 - t^2 - t^3 - t^4 + t^6
+            sage: f.real_root_intervals()
+            [((1/2, 3/4), 1), ((1, 3/2), 1)]
+        """
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.real_roots import real_roots
+        return real_roots(self)
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def resultant(Polynomial_rational_flint self, right):
+        r"""
+        Return the resultant of ``self`` and ``right``.
+
+        Enumerating the roots over `\QQ` as `r_1, \dots, r_m` and
+        `s_1, \dots, s_n` and letting `x` and `y` denote the leading
+        coefficients of `f` and `g`, the resultant of the two polynomials
+        is defined by
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            x^{\deg g} y^{\deg f} \prod_{i,j} (r_i - s_j).
+
+        Corner cases:  if one of the polynomials is zero, the resultant
+        is zero.  Note that otherwise if one of the polynomials is constant,
+        the last term in the above is the empty product.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = (t - 2/3) * (t + 4/5) * (t - 1)
+            sage: g = (t - 1/3) * (t + 1/2) * (t + 1)
+            sage: f.resultant(g)
+            119/1350
+            sage: h = (t - 1/3) * (t + 1/2) * (t - 1)
+            sage: f.resultant(h)
+            0
+        """
+        cdef Rational res = Rational.__new__(Rational)
+        cdef fmpq_t t
+        fmpq_init(t)
+        sig_str("FLINT exception")
+        fmpq_poly_resultant(t, self._poly,
+                            (<Polynomial_rational_flint>right)._poly)
+        fmpq_get_mpq(res.value, t)
+        sig_off()
+        fmpq_clear(t)
+        return res
+
+    @cached_method
+    def is_irreducible(self):
+        r"""
+        Return whether this polynomial is irreducible.
+
+        This method computes the primitive part as an element of `\ZZ[t]` and
+        calls the method ``is_irreducible`` for elements of that polynomial
+        ring.
+
+        By definition, over any integral domain, an element `r` is irreducible
+        if and only if it is nonzero, not a unit and whenever `r = ab` then
+        `a` or `b` is a unit.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: (t^2 + 2).is_irreducible()
+            True
+            sage: (t^2 - 1).is_irreducible()
+            False
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: R(0).is_irreducible()
+            False
+            sage: R(-1/2).is_irreducible()
+            False
+            sage: (t + 1).is_irreducible()
+            True
+
+        Test that caching works::
+
+           sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+           sage: f = t + 1
+           sage: f.is_irreducible()
+           True
+           sage: f.is_irreducible.cache
+           True
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint primitive
+        cdef unsigned long length = fmpq_poly_length(self._poly)
+
+        if length < 2:
+            return False
+        elif length == 2:
+            return True
+        else:
+            primitive = Polynomial_integer_dense_flint.__new__(Polynomial_integer_dense_flint)
+            parent = ZZ[self.variable_name()]
+            Polynomial_integer_dense_flint.__init__(primitive, parent,
+                             x=None, check=True, is_gen=False, construct=False)
+
+            sig_str("FLINT exception")
+            fmpq_poly_get_numerator(primitive._poly, self._poly)
+            fmpz_poly_primitive_part(primitive._poly, primitive._poly)
+            sig_off()
+            return primitive.is_irreducible()
+
+    #######################################################
+    # Transcendental functions (return truncated series)  #
+    #######################################################
+
+    def _log_series(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return the logarithm of this polynomial up to precision ``prec``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: (1+x)._log_series(5)
+            -1/4*x^4 + 1/3*x^3 - 1/2*x^2 + x
+
+            sage: (1/3*x^3 - 2*x^2 + x + 1)._log_series(10)._exp_series(10)
+            1/3*x^3 - 2*x^2 + x + 1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: x._log_series(5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term should be 1 in order to take logarithm
+            sage: (0*x)._log_series(5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term should be 1 in order to take logarithm
+        """
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1 or \
+           fmpz_cmp(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly),
+                    fmpq_poly_denref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term should be 1 in order to take logarithm")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_log_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def _exp_series(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return the exponential of this polynomial up to precision ``prec``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: x._exp_series(5)
+            1/24*x^4 + 1/6*x^3 + 1/2*x^2 + x + 1
+            sage: (1/3*x^4 - 3*x^2 - 1/2*x)._exp_series(5)._log_series(5)
+            1/3*x^4 - 3*x^2 - 1/2*x
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (x+1)._exp_series(5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term should be 0 in order to take exponential
+            sage: (0*x)._exp_series(5)
+            1
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+        """
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1:
+            return self._parent.one()
+        elif not fmpz_is_zero(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term should be 0 in order to take exponential")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_exp_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def _atan_series(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return the arctangent of this polynomial up to precision ``prec``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: x._atan_series(7)
+            1/5*x^5 - 1/3*x^3 + x
+            sage: (1/5*x^3 + 2*x^2 - x)._atan_series(10)._tan_series(10)
+            1/5*x^3 + 2*x^2 - x
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (1+x)._atan_series(3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term should be 0 in order to take arctangent
+            sage: (0*x)._atan_series(10)
+            0
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+        """
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1:
+            return self._parent.zero()
+        elif not fmpz_is_zero(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term should be 0 in order to take arctangent")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_atan_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def _atanh_series(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return the hyperbolic arctangent of this polynomial up to precision
+        ``prec``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: x._atanh_series(7)
+            1/5*x^5 + 1/3*x^3 + x
+            sage: (1/5*x^3 + 2*x^2 - x)._atanh_series(10)._tanh_series(10)
+            1/5*x^3 + 2*x^2 - x
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (0*x)._atanh_series(10)
+            0
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+        """
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1:
+            return self._parent.zero()
+        elif not fmpz_is_zero(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term should be 0 in order to take hyperbolic arctangent")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_atanh_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def _asin_series(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return the arcsine of this polynomial up to precision ``prec``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: x._asin_series(7)
+            3/40*x^5 + 1/6*x^3 + x
+            sage: (1/5*x^3 + 2*x^2 - x)._asin_series(10)._sin_series(10)
+            1/5*x^3 + 2*x^2 - x
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (x+1)._asin_series(5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term should be 0 in order to take arcsine
+            sage: (0*x)._asin_series(5)
+            0
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+        """
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1:
+            return self._parent.zero()
+        elif not fmpz_is_zero(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term should be 0 in order to take arcsine")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_asin_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def _asinh_series(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return the hyperbolic arcsine of this polynomial up to precision
+        ``prec``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: x._asinh_series(7)
+            3/40*x^5 - 1/6*x^3 + x
+            sage: (1/5*x^3 + 2*x^2 - x)._asinh_series(10)._sinh_series(10)
+            1/5*x^3 + 2*x^2 - x
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (x+1)._asinh_series(5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term should be 0 in order to take hyperbolic arcsine
+            sage: (0*x)._asinh_series(5)
+            0
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+        """
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1:
+            return self._parent.zero()
+        elif not fmpz_is_zero(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term should be 0 in order to take hyperbolic arcsine")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_asinh_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def _tan_series(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return the tangent of this polynomial up to precision ``prec``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: x._tan_series(8)
+            17/315*x^7 + 2/15*x^5 + 1/3*x^3 + x
+            sage: (1/5*x^3 + 2*x^2 - x)._tan_series(10)._atan_series(10)
+            1/5*x^3 + 2*x^2 - x
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (x+1)._tan_series(10)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term should be 0 in order to take tangent
+            sage: (0*x)._tan_series(5)
+            0
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+        """
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1:
+            return self._parent.zero()
+        elif not fmpz_is_zero(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term should be 0 in order to take tangent")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_tan_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def _sin_series(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return the sine of this polynomial up to precision ``prec``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: x._sin_series(8)
+            -1/5040*x^7 + 1/120*x^5 - 1/6*x^3 + x
+            sage: (1/5*x^3 - 2*x^2 + 1/2*x)._sin_series(10)._asin_series(10)
+            1/5*x^3 - 2*x^2 + 1/2*x
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (x+1)._sin_series(10)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term should be 0 in order to take sine
+            sage: (0*x)._sin_series(5)
+            0
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+        """
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1:
+            return self._parent.zero()
+        elif not fmpz_is_zero(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term should be 0 in order to take sine")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_sin_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def _cos_series(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return the cosine of this polynomial up to precision ``prec``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: x._cos_series(10)
+            1/40320*x^8 - 1/720*x^6 + 1/24*x^4 - 1/2*x^2 + 1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (x+1)._cos_series(5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term should be 0 in order to take cosine
+            sage: (0*x)._cos_series(5)
+            0
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+        """
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1:
+            return self._parent.zero()
+        elif not fmpz_is_zero(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term should be 0 in order to take cosine")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_cos_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def _sinh_series(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return the hyperbolic sine of this polynomial up to precision ``prec``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: x._sinh_series(8)
+            1/5040*x^7 + 1/120*x^5 + 1/6*x^3 + x
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (x+1)._sinh_series(5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term should be 0 in order to take hyperbolic sine
+            sage: (0*x)._sinh_series(5)
+            0
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+        """
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1:
+            return self._parent.zero()
+        elif not fmpz_is_zero(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term should be 0 in order to take hyperbolic sine")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_sinh_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def _cosh_series(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return the hyperbolic cosine of this polynomial up to precision
+        ``prec``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: x._cosh_series(8)
+            1/720*x^6 + 1/24*x^4 + 1/2*x^2 + 1
+
+        A trigonometric identity::
+
+            sage: x._cosh_series(8) + x._sinh_series(8) == x._exp_series(8)
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (x+1)._cosh_series(5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term should be 0 in order to take hyperbolic cosine
+            sage: (0*x)._cosh_series(5)
+            1
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+        """
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1:
+            return self._parent.one()
+        elif not fmpz_is_zero(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term should be 0 in order to take hyperbolic cosine")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_cosh_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def _tanh_series(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return the hyperbolic tangent of this polynomial up to precision
+        ``prec``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: x._tanh_series(8)
+            -17/315*x^7 + 2/15*x^5 - 1/3*x^3 + x
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (x+1)._tanh_series(5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term should be 0 in order to take hyperbolic tangent
+            sage: (0*x)._tanh_series(5)
+            0
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+        """
+        if fmpq_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1:
+            return self._parent.zero()
+        elif not fmpz_is_zero(fmpq_poly_numref(self._poly)):
+            raise ValueError("constant term should be 0 in order to take hyperbolic tangent")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_rational_flint res = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpq_poly_tanh_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # Methods using PARI                                                      #
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    def galois_group(self, pari_group=False, algorithm='pari'):
+        """
+        Return the Galois group of this polynomial as a permutation group.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- irreducible polynomial
+
+        - ``pari_group`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` instead
+          return the Galois group as a PARI group.  This has a useful label
+          in it, and may be slightly faster since it doesn't require looking
+          up a group in GAP.  To get a permutation group from a PARI
+          group ``P``, type ``PermutationGroup(P)``.
+
+        - ``algorithm`` -- ``'pari'``, ``'gap'``, ``'kash'``, ``'magma'`` (default:
+          ``'pari'``, for degrees is at most 11;
+          ``'gap'``, for degrees from 12 to 15;
+          ``'kash'``, for degrees from 16 or more).
+
+        OUTPUT: Galois group
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        The Galois group is computed using PARI in C library mode, or possibly
+        GAP, KASH, or MAGMA.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The PARI documentation contains the following warning: The method
+            used is that of resolvent polynomials and is sensitive to the
+            current precision. The precision is updated internally but, in very
+            rare cases, a wrong result may be returned if the initial precision
+            was not sufficient.
+
+            GAP uses the "Transitive Groups Libraries" from the "TransGrp"
+            GAP package which comes installed with the "gap" Sage package.
+
+            MAGMA does not return a provably correct result.  Please see the
+            MAGMA documentation for how to obtain a provably correct result.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups sage.libs.pari
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = x^4 - 17*x^3 - 2*x + 1
+            sage: G = f.galois_group(); G
+            Transitive group number 5 of degree 4
+            sage: G.gens()
+            ((1,2,3,4), (1,2))
+            sage: G.order()
+            24
+
+        It is potentially useful to instead obtain the corresponding PARI
+        group, which is little more than a 4-tuple.  See the PARI manual for
+        the exact details.  (Note that the third entry in the tuple is in the
+        new standard ordering.)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups sage.libs.pari
+            sage: f = x^4 - 17*x^3 - 2*x + 1
+            sage: G = f.galois_group(pari_group=True); G
+            PARI group [24, -1, 5, "S4"] of degree 4
+            sage: PermutationGroup(G)
+            Transitive group number 5 of degree 4
+
+        You can use KASH or GAP to compute Galois groups as well.  The advantage is
+        that KASH (resp. GAP) can compute Galois groups of fields up to
+        degree 23 (resp. 15), whereas PARI only goes to degree 11.
+        (In my not-so-thorough experiments PARI is faster than KASH.)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = x^4 - 17*x^3 - 2*x + 1
+            sage: f.galois_group(algorithm='kash')   # optional - kash
+            Transitive group number 5 of degree 4
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.gap
+            sage: f = x^4 - 17*x^3 - 2*x + 1
+            sage: f.galois_group(algorithm='gap')
+            Transitive group number 5 of degree 4
+            sage: f = x^13 - 17*x^3 - 2*x + 1
+            sage: f.galois_group(algorithm='gap')
+            Transitive group number 9 of degree 13
+            sage: f = x^12 - 2*x^8 - x^7 + 2*x^6 + 4*x^4 - 2*x^3 - x^2 - x + 1
+            sage: f.galois_group(algorithm='gap')
+            Transitive group number 183 of degree 12
+
+            sage: f.galois_group(algorithm='magma')  # optional - magma
+            Transitive group number 183 of degree 12
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        We illustrate the behaviour in the case of reducible polynomials::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = (1 + t)^2
+            sage: f.galois_group()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: The polynomial must be irreducible
+
+        Variable names that are reserved in PARI, such as ``zeta``,
+        are supported (see :issue:`20631`)::
+
+            sage: R.<zeta> = QQ[]
+            sage: (zeta^2 + zeta + 1).galois_group(pari_group=True)                     # needs sage.libs.pari
+            PARI group [2, -1, 1, "S2"] of degree 2
+        """
+        if not self.is_irreducible():
+            raise ValueError("The polynomial must be irreducible")
+
+        if self.degree() > 11 and algorithm == 'pari':
+            if self.degree() < 16:
+                algorithm = 'gap'
+            else:
+                algorithm = 'kash'
+
+        if self.degree() > 21 and algorithm == 'kash':
+            raise NotImplementedError("Galois group computation is "
+                "supported for degrees up to 11 using PARI, or up to 21 "
+                "if KASH is installed.  Try "
+                "algorithm='magma' if you have magma.")
+
+        if algorithm == 'pari':
+            from sage.groups.pari_group import PariGroup
+            G = self._pari_with_name().Polrev().polgalois()
+            H = PariGroup(G, self.degree())
+            if pari_group:
+                return H
+            else:
+                from sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup import PermutationGroup
+                return PermutationGroup(H)
+
+        elif algorithm == 'kash':
+            try:
+                from sage.interfaces.kash import kash
+                from sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named import TransitiveGroup
+                kash.eval('X := PolynomialRing(RationalField()).1')
+                s = self._repr(name='X')
+                G = kash('Galois(%s)' % s)
+                d = int(kash.eval('%s.ext1' % G.name()))
+                n = int(kash.eval('%s.ext2' % G.name()))
+                return TransitiveGroup(d, n)
+            except RuntimeError as msg:
+                raise NotImplementedError(str(msg) + "\nSorry, " +
+                    "computation of Galois groups of fields of degree " +
+                    "bigger than 11 is not yet implemented.  Try installing " +
+                    "the optional free (closed source) KASH software, which " +
+                    "supports degrees up to 21, or use algorithm='magma' if " +
+                    "you have magma.")
+
+        elif algorithm == 'gap':
+            if self.degree() > 15:
+                raise NotImplementedError("Galois group computation is " +
+                    "supported for degrees up to 15 using GAP. Try " +
+                    "algorithm='kash'.")
+            from sage.libs.gap.libgap import libgap
+            from sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named import TransitiveGroup
+            fgap = libgap(self)
+            return TransitiveGroup(self.degree(), fgap.GaloisType())
+
+        elif algorithm == 'magma':
+            from sage.interfaces.magma import magma
+            from sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named import TransitiveGroup
+            X = magma(self).GaloisGroup()
+            try:
+                n, d = X.TransitiveGroupIdentification(nvals=2)
+                d = int(d)
+                n = int(n)
+            except RuntimeError as msg:
+                raise RuntimeError(str(msg) + "\nUnable to lookup " +
+                    "description of Galois group as a transitive " +
+                    "group.\n%s" % X)
+            return TransitiveGroup(d, n)
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Algorithm %s not supported." % algorithm)
+
+    def factor_mod(self, p):
+        """
+        Return the factorization of ``self`` modulo the prime `p`.
+
+        Assumes that the degree of this polynomial is at least one, and raises
+        a :exc:`ValueError` otherwise.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- prime number
+
+        OUTPUT: factorization of this polynomial  modulo `p`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.pari
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: (x^5 + 17*x^3 + x + 3).factor_mod(3)
+            x * (x^2 + 1)^2
+            sage: (x^5 + 2).factor_mod(5)
+            (x + 2)^5
+
+        Variable names that are reserved in PARI, such as ``zeta``,
+        are supported (see :issue:`20631`)::
+
+            sage: R.<zeta> = QQ[]
+            sage: (zeta^2 + zeta + 1).factor_mod(7)                                     # needs sage.libs.pari
+            (zeta + 3) * (zeta + 5)
+        """
+        from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_constructor import FiniteField
+
+        p = Integer(p)
+        if not p.is_prime():
+            raise ValueError("p must be prime")
+
+        if self.degree() < 1:
+            raise ValueError("The polynomial must have degree at least 1")
+
+        G = self._pari_with_name().factormod(p)
+        K = FiniteField(p)
+        R = K[self.parent().variable_name()]
+        return R(1)._factor_pari_helper(G, unit=R(self).leading_coefficient())
+
+    def factor_padic(self, p, prec=10):
+        r"""
+        Return the `p`-adic factorization of this polynomial to the given
+        precision.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- prime number
+
+        - ``prec`` -- integer; the precision
+
+        OUTPUT: factorization of ``self`` viewed as a `p`-adic polynomial
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.padic
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = x^3 - 2
+            sage: f.factor_padic(2)
+            (1 + O(2^10))*x^3 + O(2^10)*x^2 + O(2^10)*x
+            + 2 + 2^2 + 2^3 + 2^4 + 2^5 + 2^6 + 2^7 + 2^8 + 2^9 + O(2^10)
+            sage: f.factor_padic(3)
+            (1 + O(3^10))*x^3 + O(3^10)*x^2 + O(3^10)*x
+            + 1 + 2*3 + 2*3^2 + 2*3^3 + 2*3^4 + 2*3^5 + 2*3^6 + 2*3^7 + 2*3^8 + 2*3^9 + O(3^10)
+            sage: f.factor_padic(5)
+            ((1 + O(5^10))*x
+             + 2 + 4*5 + 2*5^2 + 2*5^3 + 5^4 + 3*5^5 + 4*5^7 + 2*5^8 + 5^9 + O(5^10))
+            * ((1 + O(5^10))*x^2
+               + (3 + 2*5^2 + 2*5^3 + 3*5^4 + 5^5 + 4*5^6 + 2*5^8 + 3*5^9 + O(5^10))*x
+               + 4 + 5 + 2*5^2 + 4*5^3 + 4*5^4 + 3*5^5 + 3*5^6 + 4*5^7 + 4*5^9 + O(5^10))
+
+        The input polynomial is considered to have "infinite" precision,
+        therefore the `p`-adic factorization of the polynomial is not
+        the same as first coercing to `\QQ_p` and then factoring
+        (see also :issue:`15422`)::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.padic
+            sage: f = x^2 - 3^6
+            sage: f.factor_padic(3, 5)
+            ((1 + O(3^5))*x + 3^3 + O(3^5)) * ((1 + O(3^5))*x + 2*3^3 + 2*3^4 + O(3^5))
+            sage: f.change_ring(Qp(3,5)).factor()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            PrecisionError: p-adic factorization not well-defined since
+            the discriminant is zero up to the requestion p-adic precision
+
+        A more difficult example::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 100 * (5*x + 1)^2 * (x + 5)^2
+            sage: f.factor_padic(5, 10)                                                 # needs sage.rings.padic
+            (4*5^4 + O(5^14)) * ((1 + O(5^9))*x + 5^-1 + O(5^9))^2
+            * ((1 + O(5^10))*x + 5 + O(5^10))^2
+
+        Try some bogus inputs::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.padic
+            sage: f.factor_padic(3, -1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: prec_cap must be nonnegative
+            sage: f.factor_padic(6, 10)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: p must be prime
+            sage: f.factor_padic('hello', 'world')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unable to convert 'hello' to an integer
+        """
+        from sage.rings.padics.factory import Qp
+
+        p = Integer(p)
+        prec = Integer(prec)
+
+        # Parent field for coefficients and polynomial
+        K = Qp(p, prec, type='capped-rel')
+        R = K[self.parent().variable_name()]
+
+        # Factor the *exact* polynomial using factorpadic()
+        G = self._pari_with_name().factorpadic(p, prec)
+
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.padics.polynomial_padic import _pari_padic_factorization_to_sage
+        return _pari_padic_factorization_to_sage(G, R, self.leading_coefficient())
+
+    def hensel_lift(self, p, e):
+        r"""
+        Assuming that this polynomial factors modulo `p` into distinct
+        monic factors, computes the Hensel lifts of these factors modulo
+        `p^e`. We assume that ``self`` has integer coefficients.
+
+        Return an empty list if this polynomial has degree less than one.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- prime number; coerceable to :class:`Integer`
+        - ``e`` -- exponent; coerceable to :class:`Integer`
+
+        OUTPUT: Hensel lifts; list of polynomials over `\ZZ / p^e \ZZ`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: R((x-1)*(x+1)).hensel_lift(7, 2)                                      # needs sage.libs.pari
+            [x + 1, x + 48]
+
+        If the input polynomial `f` is not monic, we get a factorization of
+        `f / lc(f)`::
+
+            sage: R(2*x^2 - 2).hensel_lift(7, 2)                                        # needs sage.libs.pari
+            [x + 1, x + 48]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.pari
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: R(0).hensel_lift(7, 2)
+            []
+            sage: R(x).hensel_lift(7, 2)
+            [x]
+            sage: R(x - 1).hensel_lift(7, 2)
+            [x + 48]
+
+        Variable names that are reserved in PARI, such as ``I``, are
+        supported (see :issue:`20631`)::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.pari
+            sage: R.<I> = QQ[]
+            sage: (I^2 + 1).hensel_lift(5, 3)
+            [I + 57, I + 68]
+            sage: (I^2 + 1).hensel_lift(2, 3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: I^2 + 1 is not square-free modulo 2
+        """
+        from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import IntegerModRing
+
+        p = Integer(p)
+        if not p.is_prime():
+            raise ValueError("p must be prime")
+        e = Integer(e)
+        if e < 1:
+            raise ValueError("e must be at least 1")
+
+        # The relevant PARI method doesn't seem to play well with constant and
+        # linear polynomials, so we handle these separately.
+        #
+        if self.degree() < 1:
+            return [ ]
+        elif self.degree() == 1:
+            R = IntegerModRing(p**e)
+            S = R[self.parent().variable_name()]
+            return [S(self)]
+
+        f = self._pari_with_name()
+        F = f.factormod(p)
+        if any(n > 1 for n in F[1]):
+            raise ValueError("{} is not square-free modulo {}".format(self, p))
+        H = f.polhensellift(F[0].liftint(), p, e)
+        R = IntegerModRing(p**e)
+        S = R[self.parent().variable_name()]
+        return [S(m) for m in H]
+
+    def discriminant(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the discriminant of this polynomial.
+
+        The discriminant `R_n` is defined as
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            R_n = a_n^{2 n-2} \prod_{1 \le i < j \le n} (r_i - r_j)^2,
+
+        where `n` is the degree of this polynomial, `a_n` is the leading
+        coefficient and the roots over `\QQbar` are `r_1, \ldots, r_n`.
+
+        The discriminant of constant polynomials is defined to be 0.
+
+        OUTPUT: discriminant, an element of the base ring of the polynomial ring
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            Note the identity `R_n(f) := (-1)^{(n (n-1)/2)} R(f,f') a_n^{(n-k-2)}`,
+            where `n` is the degree of this polynomial, `a_n` is the leading
+            coefficient, `f'` is the derivative of `f`, and `k` is the degree
+            of `f'`.  Calls :meth:`resultant`.
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Use PARI.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        In the case of elliptic curves in special form, the discriminant is
+        easy to calculate::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = t^3 + t + 1
+            sage: d = f.discriminant(); d                                               # needs sage.libs.pari
+            -31
+            sage: d.parent() is QQ                                                      # needs sage.libs.pari
+            True
+            sage: EllipticCurve([1, 1]).discriminant() / 16                             # needs sage.schemes
+            -31
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = 2*t^3 + t + 1
+            sage: d = f.discriminant(); d                                               # needs sage.libs.pari
+            -116
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = t^3 + 3*t - 17
+            sage: f.discriminant()                                                      # needs sage.libs.pari
+            -7911
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.pari
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: R(0).discriminant()
+            0
+            sage: R(2/3).discriminant()
+            0
+            sage: (t + 1/2).discriminant()
+            1
+
+        Variable names that are reserved in PARI, such as ``I``, are
+        supported (see :issue:`20631`)::
+
+            sage: R.<I> = QQ[]
+            sage: (I^2 + 1).discriminant()                                              # needs sage.libs.pari
+            -4
+        """
+        return QQ(self._pari_with_name().poldisc())
+
+    # Alias for discriminant
+    disc = discriminant
+
+    def galois_group_davenport_smith_test(self, num_trials=50, assume_irreducible=False):
+        """
+        Use the Davenport-Smith test to attempt to certify that `f` has Galois group `A_n` or `S_n`.
+
+        Return 1 if the Galois group is certified as `S_n`, 2 if `A_n`, or 0 if no conclusion is reached.
+
+        By default, we first check that `f` is irreducible. For extra efficiency, one can override this
+        by specifying ``assume_irreducible=True``; this yields undefined results if `f` is not irreducible.
+
+        A corresponding function in Magma is ``IsEasySnAn``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.pari
+            sage: P.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: u = x^7 + x + 1
+            sage: u.galois_group_davenport_smith_test()
+            1
+            sage: u = x^7 - x^4 - x^3 + 3*x^2 - 1
+            sage: u.galois_group_davenport_smith_test()
+            2
+            sage: u = x^7 - 2
+            sage: u.galois_group_davenport_smith_test()
+            0
+        """
+        from sage.arith.misc import primes_first_n
+        from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import IntegerModRing
+
+        if not assume_irreducible and not self.is_irreducible():
+            return 0
+        d = self.degree()
+        for p in primes_first_n(num_trials):
+            fp = self.change_ring(IntegerModRing(p))
+            g = fp.factor()[-1][0]
+            d1 = g.degree()
+            # Here we use the fact that a transitive permutation representation with a long prime cycle
+            # must have image at least as big as A_n.
+            if (d1 <= 7 and (d,d1) in ((1,1),(2,2),(3,2),(3,3),(4,3),(5,3),(5,4),(6,5),(7,5))) or\
+                (d1 > d/2 and d1 < d-2 and d1.is_prime()):
+                return (2 if self.disc().is_square() else 1)
+        return 0