onnx-ir 0.0.1__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.1__py3-none-any.whl

onnx_ir/_core.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-# Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
-# Licensed under the MIT License.
+# Copyright (c) ONNX Project Contributors
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 """data structures for the intermediate representation."""
 
 # NOTES for developers:
@@ -22,26 +22,36 @@ import os
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import typing
-from typing import (
-    AbstractSet,
-    Any,
+from collections.abc import (
     Collection,
-    Generic,
     Hashable,
     Iterable,
     Iterator,
-    OrderedDict,
+    Mapping,
+    MutableSequence,
     Sequence,
+)
+from collections.abc import (
+    Set as AbstractSet,
+)
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Generic,
+    NamedTuple,
+    SupportsInt,
     Union,
 )
 
 import ml_dtypes
 import numpy as np
+from typing_extensions import TypeIs
 
 import onnx_ir
 from onnx_ir import (
     _display,
     _enums,
+    _graph_containers,
     _linked_list,
     _metadata,
     _name_authority,
@@ -70,6 +80,7 @@ _NON_NUMPY_NATIVE_TYPES = frozenset(
         _enums.DataType.FLOAT8E5M2FNUZ,
         _enums.DataType.INT4,
         _enums.DataType.UINT4,
+        _enums.DataType.FLOAT4E2M1,
     )
 )
 
@@ -93,7 +104,23 @@ def _compatible_with_dlpack(obj: Any) -> TypeGuard[_protocols.DLPackCompatible]:
 class TensorBase(abc.ABC, _protocols.TensorProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
     """Convenience Shared methods for classes implementing TensorProtocol."""
 
-    __slots__ = ()
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_doc_string",
+        "_metadata",
+        "_metadata_props",
+        "_name",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        doc_string: str | None = None,
+        metadata_props: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._metadata: _metadata.MetadataStore | None = None
+        self._metadata_props: dict[str, str] | None = metadata_props
+        self._name: str | None = name
+        self._doc_string: str | None = doc_string
 
     def _printable_type_shape(self) -> str:
         """Return a string representation of the shape and data type."""
@@ -106,10 +133,28 @@ class TensorBase(abc.ABC, _protocols.TensorProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         """
         return f"{self.__class__.__name__}<{self._printable_type_shape()}>"
 
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str | None:
+        """The name of the tensor."""
+        return self._name
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, value: str | None) -> None:
+        self._name = value
+
+    @property
+    def doc_string(self) -> str | None:
+        """The documentation string."""
+        return self._doc_string
+
+    @doc_string.setter
+    def doc_string(self, value: str | None) -> None:
+        self._doc_string = value
+
     @property
     def size(self) -> int:
         """The number of elements in the tensor."""
-        return np.prod(self.shape.numpy())  # type: ignore[return-value,attr-defined]
+        return math.prod(self.shape.numpy())  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
     @property
     def nbytes(self) -> int:
@@ -117,6 +162,23 @@ class TensorBase(abc.ABC, _protocols.TensorProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         # Use math.ceil because when dtype is INT4, the itemsize is 0.5
         return math.ceil(self.dtype.itemsize * self.size)
 
+    @property
+    def metadata_props(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        if self._metadata_props is None:
+            self._metadata_props = {}
+        return self._metadata_props
+
+    @property
+    def meta(self) -> _metadata.MetadataStore:
+        """The metadata store for intermediate analysis.
+
+        Write to the :attr:`metadata_props` if you would like the metadata to be serialized
+        to the ONNX proto.
+        """
+        if self._metadata is None:
+            self._metadata = _metadata.MetadataStore()
+        return self._metadata
+
     def display(self, *, page: bool = False) -> None:
         rich = _display.require_rich()
 
@@ -182,7 +244,7 @@ def _check_numpy_representation_type(array: np.ndarray, dtype: _enums.DataType)
     When the dtype is not one of the numpy native dtypes, the value needs need to be:
 
     - ``int8`` or ``uint8`` for int4, with the sign bit extended to 8 bits.
-    - ``uint8`` for uint4.
+    - ``uint8`` for uint4 or float4.
     - ``uint8`` for 8-bit data types.
     - ``uint16`` for bfloat16
 
@@ -195,7 +257,7 @@ def _check_numpy_representation_type(array: np.ndarray, dtype: _enums.DataType)
             )
         if dtype.itemsize == 1 and array.dtype not in (
             np.uint8,
-            ml_dtypes.float8_e4m3b11fnuz,
+            ml_dtypes.float8_e4m3fnuz,
             ml_dtypes.float8_e4m3fn,
             ml_dtypes.float8_e5m2fnuz,
             ml_dtypes.float8_e5m2,
@@ -213,6 +275,11 @@ def _check_numpy_representation_type(array: np.ndarray, dtype: _enums.DataType)
                 raise TypeError(
                     f"The numpy array dtype must be uint8 or or ml_dtypes.uint4 (not {array.dtype}) for IR data type {dtype}."
                 )
+        if dtype == _enums.DataType.FLOAT4E2M1:
+            if array.dtype not in (np.uint8, ml_dtypes.float4_e2m1fn):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"The numpy array dtype must be uint8 or ml_dtypes.float4_e2m1fn (not {array.dtype}) for IR data type {dtype}."
+                )
         return
 
     try:
@@ -256,6 +323,8 @@ def _maybe_view_np_array_with_ml_dtypes(
         return array.view(ml_dtypes.int4)
     if dtype == _enums.DataType.UINT4:
         return array.view(ml_dtypes.uint4)
+    if dtype == _enums.DataType.FLOAT4E2M1:
+        return array.view(ml_dtypes.float4_e2m1fn)
     return array
 
 
@@ -298,12 +367,8 @@ class Tensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol, Generic[TArrayCompatible]):
 
     __slots__ = (
         "_dtype",
-        "_metadata",
-        "_metadata_props",
         "_raw",
         "_shape",
-        "doc_string",
-        "name",
     )
 
     def __init__(
@@ -322,7 +387,7 @@ class Tensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol, Generic[TArrayCompatible]):
             value: The backing data of the tensor. It can be a numpy array compatible object or a DLPack compatible object.
                 When the dtype is not one of the numpy native dtypes, the value needs
                 to be ``uint8`` for 4-bit and 8-bit data types, and ``uint16`` for bfloat16
-                when the value is a numpy array; :param:`dtype` must be specified in this case.
+                when the value is a numpy array; ``dtype`` must be specified in this case.
             dtype: The data type of the tensor. It can be None only when value is a numpy array.
                 Users are responsible for making sure the dtype matches the value when value is not a numpy array.
             shape: The shape of the tensor. If None, the shape is obtained from the value.
@@ -336,6 +401,7 @@ class Tensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol, Generic[TArrayCompatible]):
             ValueError: If the shape is not specified and the value does not have a shape attribute.
             ValueError: If the dtype is not specified and the value is not a numpy array.
         """
+        super().__init__(name=name, doc_string=doc_string, metadata_props=metadata_props)
         # NOTE: We should not do any copying here for performance reasons
         if not _compatible_with_numpy(value) and not _compatible_with_dlpack(value):
             raise TypeError(f"Expected an array compatible object, got {type(value)}")
@@ -349,7 +415,7 @@ class Tensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol, Generic[TArrayCompatible]):
             self._shape = Shape(getattr(value, "shape"), frozen=True)  # noqa: B009
         else:
             self._shape = shape
-            self._shape._frozen = True
+            self._shape.freeze()
         if dtype is None:
             if isinstance(value, np.ndarray):
                 self._dtype = _enums.DataType.from_numpy(value.dtype)
@@ -370,17 +436,13 @@ class Tensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol, Generic[TArrayCompatible]):
             value = _maybe_view_np_array_with_ml_dtypes(value, self._dtype)  # type: ignore[assignment]
 
         self._raw = value
-        self.name = name
-        self.doc_string = doc_string
-        self._metadata: _metadata.MetadataStore | None = None
-        self._metadata_props = metadata_props
 
     def __array__(self, dtype: Any = None) -> np.ndarray:
         if isinstance(self._raw, np.ndarray) or _compatible_with_numpy(self._raw):
             return self._raw.__array__(dtype)
-        assert _compatible_with_dlpack(
-            self._raw
-        ), f"Bug: Expected DLPack or Numpy compatible objects, got {type(self._raw)}"
+        assert _compatible_with_dlpack(self._raw), (
+            f"Bug: Expected DLPack or Numpy compatible objects, got {type(self._raw)}"
+        )
         return np.from_dlpack(self._raw)
 
     def __dlpack__(self, *, stream: Any = None) -> Any:
@@ -394,7 +456,10 @@ class Tensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol, Generic[TArrayCompatible]):
         return self.__array__().__dlpack_device__()
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"{self._repr_base()}({self._raw!r}, name={self.name!r})"
+        # Avoid multi-line repr
+        tensor_lines = repr(self._raw).split("\n")
+        tensor_text = " ".join(line.strip() for line in tensor_lines)
+        return f"{self._repr_base()}({tensor_text}, name={self.name!r})"
 
     @property
     def dtype(self) -> _enums.DataType:
@@ -431,7 +496,11 @@ class Tensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol, Generic[TArrayCompatible]):
         """
         # TODO(justinchuby): Support DLPack
         array = self.numpy()
-        if self.dtype in {_enums.DataType.INT4, _enums.DataType.UINT4}:
+        if self.dtype in {
+            _enums.DataType.INT4,
+            _enums.DataType.UINT4,
+            _enums.DataType.FLOAT4E2M1,
+        }:
             # Pack the array into int4
             array = _type_casting.pack_int4(array)
         else:
@@ -440,23 +509,6 @@ class Tensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol, Generic[TArrayCompatible]):
             array = array.view(array.dtype.newbyteorder("<"))
         return array.tobytes()
 
-    @property
-    def metadata_props(self) -> dict[str, str]:
-        if self._metadata_props is None:
-            self._metadata_props = {}
-        return self._metadata_props
-
-    @property
-    def meta(self) -> _metadata.MetadataStore:
-        """The metadata store for intermediate analysis.
-
-        Write to the :attr:`metadata_props` if you would like the metadata to be serialized
-        to the ONNX proto.
-        """
-        if self._metadata is None:
-            self._metadata = _metadata.MetadataStore()
-        return self._metadata
-
 
 class ExternalTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=too-many-ancestors
     """An immutable concrete tensor with its data store on disk.
@@ -497,12 +549,9 @@ class ExternalTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=
         "_dtype",
         "_length",
         "_location",
-        "_metadata",
-        "_metadata_props",
         "_offset",
         "_shape",
-        "doc_string",
-        "name",
+        "_valid",
         "raw",
     )
 
@@ -532,6 +581,7 @@ class ExternalTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=
             metadata_props: The metadata properties.
             base_dir: The base directory for the external data. It is used to resolve relative paths.
         """
+        super().__init__(name=name, doc_string=doc_string, metadata_props=metadata_props)
         # NOTE: Do not verify the location by default. This is because the location field
         # in the tensor proto can be anything and we would like deserialization from
         # proto to IR to not fail.
@@ -547,12 +597,13 @@ class ExternalTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=
         self._dtype: _enums.DataType = dtype
         self.name: str = name  # mutable
         self._shape: Shape = shape
-        self._shape._frozen = True
+        self._shape.freeze()
         self.doc_string: str | None = doc_string  # mutable
         self._array: np.ndarray | None = None
         self.raw: mmap.mmap | None = None
         self._metadata_props = metadata_props
         self._metadata: _metadata.MetadataStore | None = None
+        self._valid = True
 
     @property
     def base_dir(self) -> str | os.PathLike:
@@ -594,6 +645,7 @@ class ExternalTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=
         return self._shape
 
     def _load(self):
+        self._check_validity()
         assert self._array is None, "Bug: The array should be loaded only once."
         if self.size == 0:
             # When the size is 0, mmap is impossible and meaningless
@@ -609,7 +661,11 @@ class ExternalTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=
             )
         # Handle the byte order correctly by always using little endian
         dt = np.dtype(self.dtype.numpy()).newbyteorder("<")
-        if self.dtype in {_enums.DataType.INT4, _enums.DataType.UINT4}:
+        if self.dtype in {
+            _enums.DataType.INT4,
+            _enums.DataType.UINT4,
+            _enums.DataType.FLOAT4E2M1,
+        }:
             # Use uint8 to read in the full byte. Otherwise ml_dtypes.int4 will clip the values
             dt = np.dtype(np.uint8).newbyteorder("<")
             count = self.size // 2 + self.size % 2
@@ -622,10 +678,13 @@ class ExternalTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=
             self._array = _type_casting.unpack_int4(self._array, shape)
         elif self.dtype == _enums.DataType.UINT4:
             self._array = _type_casting.unpack_uint4(self._array, shape)
+        elif self.dtype == _enums.DataType.FLOAT4E2M1:
+            self._array = _type_casting.unpack_float4e2m1(self._array, shape)
         else:
             self._array = self._array.reshape(shape)
 
     def __array__(self, dtype: Any = None) -> np.ndarray:
+        self._check_validity()
         if self._array is None:
             self._load()
         assert self._array is not None
@@ -654,6 +713,7 @@ class ExternalTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=
 
         The data will be memory mapped into memory and will not taken up physical memory space.
         """
+        self._check_validity()
         if self._array is None:
             self._load()
         assert self._array is not None
@@ -664,6 +724,7 @@ class ExternalTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=
 
         This will load the tensor into memory.
         """
+        self._check_validity()
         if self.raw is None:
             self._load()
         assert self.raw is not None
@@ -671,6 +732,26 @@ class ExternalTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=
         length = self._length or self.nbytes
         return self.raw[offset : offset + length]
 
+    def valid(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the tensor is valid.
+
+        The external tensor is valid if it has not been invalidated.
+        """
+        return self._valid
+
+    def _check_validity(self) -> None:
+        if not self.valid():
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"The external tensor '{self!r}' is invalidated. The data may be corrupted or deleted."
+            )
+
+    def invalidate(self) -> None:
+        """Invalidate the tensor.
+
+        The external tensor is invalidated when the data is known to be corrupted or deleted.
+        """
+        self._valid = False
+
     def release(self) -> None:
         """Delete all references to the memory buffer and close the memory-mapped file."""
         self._array = None
@@ -678,34 +759,13 @@ class ExternalTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=
             self.raw.close()
             self.raw = None
 
-    @property
-    def metadata_props(self) -> dict[str, str]:
-        if self._metadata_props is None:
-            self._metadata_props = {}
-        return self._metadata_props
-
-    @property
-    def meta(self) -> _metadata.MetadataStore:
-        """The metadata store for intermediate analysis.
-
-        Write to the :attr:`metadata_props` if you would like the metadata to be serialized
-        to the ONNX proto.
-        """
-        if self._metadata is None:
-            self._metadata = _metadata.MetadataStore()
-        return self._metadata
-
 
 class StringTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=too-many-ancestors
     """Multidimensional array of strings (as binary data to match the string_data field in TensorProto)."""
 
     __slots__ = (
-        "_metadata",
-        "_metadata_props",
         "_raw",
         "_shape",
-        "doc_string",
-        "name",
     )
 
     def __init__(
@@ -726,6 +786,7 @@ class StringTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=to
             doc_string: The documentation string.
             metadata_props: The metadata properties.
         """
+        super().__init__(name=name, doc_string=doc_string, metadata_props=metadata_props)
         if shape is None:
             if not hasattr(value, "shape"):
                 raise ValueError(
@@ -735,19 +796,15 @@ class StringTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=to
             self._shape = Shape(getattr(value, "shape"), frozen=True)  # noqa: B009
         else:
             self._shape = shape
-            self._shape._frozen = True
+            self._shape.freeze()
         self._raw = value
-        self.name = name
-        self.doc_string = doc_string
-        self._metadata: _metadata.MetadataStore | None = None
-        self._metadata_props = metadata_props
 
     def __array__(self, dtype: Any = None) -> np.ndarray:
         if isinstance(self._raw, np.ndarray):
             return self._raw
-        assert isinstance(
-            self._raw, Sequence
-        ), f"Bug: Expected a sequence, got {type(self._raw)}"
+        assert isinstance(self._raw, Sequence), (
+            f"Bug: Expected a sequence, got {type(self._raw)}"
+        )
         return np.array(self._raw, dtype=dtype).reshape(self.shape.numpy())
 
     def __dlpack__(self, *, stream: Any = None) -> Any:
@@ -788,25 +845,125 @@ class StringTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=to
             return self._raw.flatten().tolist()
         return self._raw
 
+
+class LazyTensor(TensorBase, _protocols.TensorProtocol):  # pylint: disable=too-many-ancestors
+    """A tensor that lazily evaluates a function to get the actual tensor.
+
+    This class takes a function returning an `ir.TensorProtocol`, a dtype, and a shape argument.
+    The function is lazily evaluated to get the actual tensor when `tobytes()` or `numpy()` is called.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> import numpy as np
+        >>> import onnx_ir as ir
+        >>> weights = np.array([[1, 2, 3]])
+        >>> def create_tensor():  # Delay applying transformations to the weights
+        ...     weights_t = weights.transpose()
+        ...     return ir.tensor(weights_t)
+        >>> lazy_tensor = ir.LazyTensor(create_tensor, dtype=ir.DataType.INT64, shape=ir.Shape([1, 3]))
+        >>> print(lazy_tensor.numpy())
+        [[1]
+         [2]
+         [3]]
+
+    Attributes:
+        func: The function that returns the actual tensor.
+        dtype: The data type of the tensor.
+        shape: The shape of the tensor.
+        cache: Whether to cache the result of the function. If False,
+            the function is called every time the tensor content is accessed.
+            If True, the function is called only once and the result is cached in memory.
+            Default is False.
+        name: The name of the tensor.
+        doc_string: The documentation string.
+        metadata_props: The metadata properties.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_dtype",
+        "_func",
+        "_shape",
+        "_tensor",
+        "cache",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[], _protocols.TensorProtocol],
+        dtype: _enums.DataType,
+        shape: Shape,
+        *,
+        cache: bool = False,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        doc_string: str | None = None,
+        metadata_props: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a lazy tensor.
+
+        Args:
+            func: The function that returns the actual tensor.
+            dtype: The data type of the tensor.
+            shape: The shape of the tensor.
+            cache: Whether to cache the result of the function.
+            name: The name of the tensor.
+            doc_string: The documentation string.
+            metadata_props: The metadata properties.
+        """
+        super().__init__(name=name, doc_string=doc_string, metadata_props=metadata_props)
+        self._func = func
+        self._dtype = dtype
+        self._shape = shape
+        self._tensor: _protocols.TensorProtocol | None = None
+        self.cache = cache
+
+    def _evaluate(self) -> _protocols.TensorProtocol:
+        """Evaluate the function to get the actual tensor."""
+        if not self.cache:
+            return self._func()
+
+        # Cache the tensor
+        if self._tensor is None:
+            self._tensor = self._func()
+        return self._tensor
+
+    def __array__(self, dtype: Any = None) -> np.ndarray:
+        return self._evaluate().__array__(dtype)
+
+    def __dlpack__(self, *, stream: Any = None) -> Any:
+        return self._evaluate().__dlpack__(stream=stream)
+
+    def __dlpack_device__(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
+        return self._evaluate().__dlpack_device__()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self._repr_base()}(func={self._func!r}, name={self.name!r})"
+
     @property
-    def metadata_props(self) -> dict[str, str]:
-        if self._metadata_props is None:
-            self._metadata_props = {}
-        return self._metadata_props
+    def raw(self) -> Callable[[], _protocols.TensorProtocol]:
+        return self._func
 
     @property
-    def meta(self) -> _metadata.MetadataStore:
-        """The metadata store for intermediate analysis.
+    def dtype(self) -> _enums.DataType:
+        """The data type of the tensor. Immutable."""
+        return self._dtype
 
-        Write to the :attr:`metadata_props` if you would like the metadata to be serialized
-        to the ONNX proto.
-        """
-        if self._metadata is None:
-            self._metadata = _metadata.MetadataStore()
-        return self._metadata
+    @property
+    def shape(self) -> Shape:
+        """The shape of the tensor. Immutable."""
+        return self._shape
+
+    def numpy(self) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Return the tensor as a numpy array."""
+        return self._evaluate().numpy()
+
+    def tobytes(self) -> bytes:
+        """Return the bytes of the tensor."""
+        return self._evaluate().tobytes()
 
 
 class SymbolicDim(_protocols.SymbolicDimProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
+    """Immutable symbolic dimension that can be shared across multiple shapes."""
+
     __slots__ = ("_value",)
 
     def __init__(self, value: str | None) -> None:
@@ -841,12 +998,84 @@ class SymbolicDim(_protocols.SymbolicDimProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self._value})"
 
 
+def _is_int_compatible(value: object) -> TypeIs[SupportsInt]:
+    """Return True if the value is int compatible."""
+    if isinstance(value, int):
+        return True
+    if hasattr(value, "__int__"):
+        # For performance reasons, we do not use isinstance(value, SupportsInt)
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _maybe_convert_to_symbolic_dim(
+    dim: int | SupportsInt | SymbolicDim | str | None,
+) -> SymbolicDim | int:
+    """Convert the value to a SymbolicDim if it is not an int."""
+    if dim is None or isinstance(dim, str):
+        return SymbolicDim(dim)
+    if _is_int_compatible(dim):
+        return int(dim)
+    if isinstance(dim, SymbolicDim):
+        return dim
+    raise TypeError(
+        f"Expected int, str, None or SymbolicDim, but value {dim!r} has type '{type(dim)}'"
+    )
+
+
 class Shape(_protocols.ShapeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
+    """The shape of a tensor, including its dimensions and optional denotations.
+
+    The :class:`Shape` stores the dimensions of a tensor, which can be integers, None (unknown), or
+    symbolic dimensions.
+
+    A shape can be compared to another shape or plain Python list.
+
+    A shape can be frozen (made immutable). When the shape is frozen, it cannot be
+    unfrozen, making it suitable to be shared across tensors or values.
+    Call :method:`freeze` to freeze the shape.
+
+    To update the dimension of a frozen shape, call :method:`copy` to create a
+    new shape with the same dimensions that can be modified.
+
+    Use :method:`get_denotation` and :method:`set_denotation` to access and modify the denotations.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> import onnx_ir as ir
+        >>> shape = ir.Shape(["B", None, 3])
+        >>> shape.rank()
+        3
+        >>> shape.is_static()
+        False
+        >>> shape.is_dynamic()
+        True
+        >>> shape.is_static(dim=2)
+        True
+        >>> shape[0] = 1
+        >>> shape[1] = 2
+        >>> shape.dims
+        (1, 2, 3)
+        >>> shape == [1, 2, 3]
+        True
+        >>> shape.frozen
+        False
+        >>> shape.freeze()
+        >>> shape.frozen
+        True
+
+    Attributes:
+        dims: A tuple of dimensions representing the shape.
+            Each dimension can be an integer, None or a :class:`SymbolicDim`.
+        frozen: Indicates whether the shape is immutable. When frozen, the shape
+            cannot be modified or unfrozen.
+    """
+
     __slots__ = ("_dims", "_frozen")
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        dims: Iterable[int | SymbolicDim | str | None],
+        dims: Iterable[int | SupportsInt | SymbolicDim | str | None],
         /,
         denotations: Iterable[str | None] | None = None,
         frozen: bool = False,
@@ -864,11 +1093,11 @@ class Shape(_protocols.ShapeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
                 Refer to https://github.com/onnx/onnx/blob/main/docs/DimensionDenotation.md#denotation-definition
                 for pre-defined dimension denotations.
             frozen: If True, the shape is immutable and cannot be modified. This
-                is useful when the shape is initialized by a Tensor.
+                is useful when the shape is initialized by a Tensor or when the shape
+                is shared across multiple tensors. The default is False.
         """
         self._dims: list[int | SymbolicDim] = [
-            SymbolicDim(dim) if not isinstance(dim, (int, SymbolicDim)) else dim
-            for dim in dims
+            _maybe_convert_to_symbolic_dim(dim) for dim in dims
         ]
         self._denotations: list[str | None] = (
             list(denotations) if denotations is not None else [None] * len(self._dims)
@@ -879,10 +1108,6 @@ class Shape(_protocols.ShapeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
             )
         self._frozen: bool = frozen
 
-    def copy(self):
-        """Return a copy of the shape."""
-        return Shape(self._dims, self._denotations, self._frozen)
-
     @property
     def dims(self) -> tuple[int | SymbolicDim, ...]:
         """All dimensions in the shape.
@@ -891,8 +1116,29 @@ class Shape(_protocols.ShapeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         """
         return tuple(self._dims)
 
+    @property
+    def frozen(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the shape is frozen.
+
+        When the shape is frozen, it cannot be unfrozen, making it suitable to be shared.
+        Call :method:`freeze` to freeze the shape. Call :method:`copy` to create a
+        new shape with the same dimensions that can be modified.
+        """
+        return self._frozen
+
+    def freeze(self) -> None:
+        """Freeze the shape.
+
+        When the shape is frozen, it cannot be unfrozen, making it suitable to be shared.
+        """
+        self._frozen = True
+
+    def copy(self, frozen: bool = False):
+        """Return a copy of the shape."""
+        return Shape(self._dims, self._denotations, frozen=frozen)
+
     def rank(self) -> int:
-        """The rank of the shape."""
+        """The rank of the tensor this shape represents."""
         return len(self._dims)
 
     def numpy(self) -> tuple[int, ...]:
@@ -928,12 +1174,8 @@ class Shape(_protocols.ShapeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         """
         if self._frozen:
             raise TypeError("The shape is frozen and cannot be modified.")
-        if isinstance(value, str) or value is None:
-            value = SymbolicDim(value)
-        if not isinstance(value, (int, SymbolicDim)):
-            raise TypeError(f"Expected int, str, None or SymbolicDim, got '{type(value)}'")
 
-        self._dims[index] = value
+        self._dims[index] = _maybe_convert_to_symbolic_dim(value)
 
     def get_denotation(self, index: int) -> str | None:
         """Return the denotation of the dimension at the index.
@@ -968,7 +1210,7 @@ class Shape(_protocols.ShapeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
     def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
         """Return True if the shapes are equal.
 
-        Two shapes are eqaul if all their dimensions are equal.
+        Two shapes are equal if all their dimensions are equal.
         """
         if isinstance(other, Shape):
             return self._dims == other._dims
@@ -979,6 +1221,33 @@ class Shape(_protocols.ShapeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
     def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
         return not self.__eq__(other)
 
+    @typing.overload
+    def is_static(self, dim: int) -> bool:  # noqa: D418
+        """Return True if the dimension is static."""
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def is_static(self) -> bool:  # noqa: D418
+        """Return True if all dimensions are static."""
+
+    def is_static(self, dim=None) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the dimension is static. If dim is None, return True if all dimensions are static."""
+        if dim is None:
+            return all(isinstance(dim, int) for dim in self._dims)
+        return isinstance(self[dim], int)
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def is_dynamic(self, dim: int) -> bool:  # noqa: D418
+        """Return True if the dimension is dynamic."""
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def is_dynamic(self) -> bool:  # noqa: D418
+        """Return True if any dimension is dynamic."""
+
+    def is_dynamic(self, dim=None) -> bool:
+        if dim is None:
+            return not self.is_static()
+        return not self.is_static(dim)
+
 
 def _quoted(string: str) -> str:
     """Return a quoted string.
@@ -988,6 +1257,35 @@ def _quoted(string: str) -> str:
     return f'"{string}"'
 
 
+class Usage(NamedTuple):
+    """A usage of a value in a node.
+
+    Attributes:
+        node: The node that uses the value.
+        idx: The input index of the value in the node.
+    """
+
+    node: Node
+    idx: int
+
+
+def _short_tensor_str_for_node(x: Value) -> str:
+    if x.const_value is None:
+        return ""
+    if x.const_value.size <= 10:
+        try:
+            data = x.const_value.numpy().tolist()
+        except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+            return "{...}"
+        return f"{{{data}}}"
+    return "{...}"
+
+
+def _normalize_domain(domain: str) -> str:
+    """Normalize 'ai.onnx' to ''."""
+    return "" if domain == "ai.onnx" else domain
+
+
 class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
     """IR Node.
 
@@ -1001,6 +1299,9 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
     To change the output values, create a new node and replace the each of the inputs of ``output.uses()`` with
     the new output values by calling :meth:`replace_input_with` on the using nodes
     of this node's outputs.
+
+    .. note:
+        When the ``domain`` is `"ai.onnx"`, it is normalized to `""`.
     """
 
     __slots__ = (
@@ -1023,13 +1324,13 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         domain: str,
         op_type: str,
         inputs: Iterable[Value | None],
-        attributes: Iterable[Attr | RefAttr] = (),
+        attributes: Iterable[Attr] | Mapping[str, Attr] = (),
         *,
         overload: str = "",
         num_outputs: int | None = None,
         outputs: Sequence[Value] | None = None,
         version: int | None = None,
-        graph: Graph | None = None,
+        graph: Graph | Function | None = None,
         name: str | None = None,
         doc_string: str | None = None,
         metadata_props: dict[str, str] | None = None,
@@ -1038,27 +1339,30 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
 
         Args:
             domain: The domain of the operator. For onnx operators, this is an empty string.
+                When it is `"ai.onnx"`, it is normalized to `""`.
             op_type: The name of the operator.
-            inputs: The input values. When an input is None, it is an empty input.
+            inputs: The input values. When an input is ``None``, it is an empty input.
             attributes: The attributes. RefAttr can be used only when the node is defined in a Function.
             overload: The overload name when the node is invoking a function.
             num_outputs: The number of outputs of the node. If not specified, the number is 1.
-            outputs: The output values. If None, the outputs are created during initialization.
-            version: The version of the operator. If None, the version is unspecified and will follow that of the graph.
-            graph: The graph that the node belongs to. If None, the node is not added to any graph.
-                A `Node` must belong to zero or one graph.
-            name: The name of the node. If None, the node is anonymous.
+            outputs: The output values. If ``None``, the outputs are created during initialization.
+            version: The version of the operator. If ``None``, the version is unspecified and will follow that of the graph.
+            graph: The graph that the node belongs to. If ``None``, the node is not added to any graph.
+                A `Node` must belong to zero or one graph. If a :class:`Function`, the underlying graph
+                of the function is assigned to the node.
+            name: The name of the node. If ``None``, the node is anonymous. The name may be
+                set by a :class:`Graph` if ``graph`` is specified.
             doc_string: The documentation string.
             metadata_props: The metadata properties.
 
         Raises:
-            TypeError: If the attributes are not Attr or RefAttr.
-            ValueError: If `num_outputs`, when not None, is not the same as the length of the outputs.
-            ValueError: If an output value is None, when outputs is specified.
+            TypeError: If the attributes are not :class:`Attr`.
+            ValueError: If ``num_outputs``, when not ``None``, is not the same as the length of the outputs.
+            ValueError: If an output value is ``None``, when outputs is specified.
             ValueError: If an output value has a producer set already, when outputs is specified.
         """
         self._name = name
-        self._domain: str = domain
+        self._domain: str = _normalize_domain(domain)
         self._op_type: str = op_type
         # NOTE: Make inputs immutable with the assumption that they are not mutated
         # very often. This way all mutations can be tracked.
@@ -1066,22 +1370,21 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         self._inputs: tuple[Value | None, ...] = tuple(inputs)
         # Values belong to their defining nodes. The values list is immutable
         self._outputs: tuple[Value, ...] = self._create_outputs(num_outputs, outputs)
-        attributes = tuple(attributes)
-        if attributes and not isinstance(attributes[0], (Attr, RefAttr)):
-            raise TypeError(
-                f"Expected the attributes to be Attr or RefAttr, got {type(attributes[0])}. "
-                "If you are copying the attributes from another node, make sure you call "
-                "node.attributes.values() because it is a dictionary."
-            )
-        self._attributes: OrderedDict[str, Attr | RefAttr] = OrderedDict(
-            (attr.name, attr) for attr in attributes
+        if isinstance(attributes, Mapping):
+            attributes = tuple(attributes.values())
+        self._attributes: _graph_containers.Attributes = _graph_containers.Attributes(
+            attributes
         )
         self._overload: str = overload
         # TODO(justinchuby): Potentially support a version range
         self._version: int | None = version
         self._metadata: _metadata.MetadataStore | None = None
         self._metadata_props: dict[str, str] | None = metadata_props
-        self._graph: Graph | None = graph
+        # _graph is set by graph.append
+        self._graph: Graph | None = None
+        # Add the node to the graph if graph is specified
+        if graph is not None:
+            graph.append(self)
         self.doc_string = doc_string
 
         # Add the node as a use of the inputs
@@ -1089,10 +1392,6 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
             if input_value is not None:
                 input_value._add_usage(self, i)  # pylint: disable=protected-access
 
-        # Add the node to the graph if graph is specified
-        if self._graph is not None:
-            self._graph.append(self)
-
     def _create_outputs(
         self, num_outputs: int | None, outputs: Sequence[Value] | None
     ) -> tuple[Value, ...]:
@@ -1150,7 +1449,7 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
             + ", ".join(
                 [
                     (
-                        f"%{_quoted(x.name) if x.name else 'anonymous:' + str(id(x))}"
+                        f"%{_quoted(x.name) if x.name else 'anonymous:' + str(id(x))}{_short_tensor_str_for_node(x)}"
                         if x is not None
                         else "None"
                     )
@@ -1178,6 +1477,7 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
 
     @property
     def name(self) -> str | None:
+        """Optional name of the node."""
         return self._name
 
     @name.setter
@@ -1186,14 +1486,26 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
 
     @property
     def domain(self) -> str:
+        """The domain of the operator. For onnx operators, this is an empty string.
+
+        .. note:
+            When domain is `"ai.onnx"`, it is normalized to `""`.
+        """
         return self._domain
 
     @domain.setter
     def domain(self, value: str) -> None:
-        self._domain = value
+        self._domain = _normalize_domain(value)
 
     @property
     def version(self) -> int | None:
+        """Opset version of the operator called.
+
+        If ``None``, the version is unspecified and will follow that of the graph.
+        This property is special to ONNX IR to allow mixed opset usage in a graph
+        for supporting more flexible graph transformations. It does not exist in the ONNX
+        serialization (protobuf) spec.
+        """
         return self._version
 
     @version.setter
@@ -1202,6 +1514,7 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
 
     @property
     def op_type(self) -> str:
+        """The name of the operator called."""
         return self._op_type
 
     @op_type.setter
@@ -1210,6 +1523,7 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
 
     @property
     def overload(self) -> str:
+        """The overload name when the node is invoking a function."""
         return self._overload
 
     @overload.setter
@@ -1218,6 +1532,12 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
 
     @property
     def inputs(self) -> Sequence[Value | None]:
+        """The input values of the node.
+
+        The inputs are immutable. To change the inputs, create a new node and
+        replace the inputs of the using nodes of this node's outputs by calling
+        :meth:`replace_input_with` on the using nodes of this node's outputs.
+        """
         return self._inputs
 
     @inputs.setter
@@ -1226,6 +1546,25 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
             "Directly mutating the input sequence is unsupported. Please use Node.replace_input_with() instead."
         )
 
+    def predecessors(self) -> Sequence[Node]:
+        """Return the predecessor nodes of the node, deduplicated, in a deterministic order."""
+        # Use the ordered nature of a dictionary to deduplicate the nodes
+        predecessors: dict[Node, None] = {}
+        for value in self.inputs:
+            if value is not None and (producer := value.producer()) is not None:
+                predecessors[producer] = None
+        return tuple(predecessors)
+
+    def successors(self) -> Sequence[Node]:
+        """Return the successor nodes of the node, deduplicated, in a deterministic order."""
+        # Use the ordered nature of a dictionary to deduplicate the nodes
+        successors: dict[Node, None] = {}
+        for value in self.outputs:
+            assert value is not None, "Bug: Output values are not expected to be None"
+            for usage in value.uses():
+                successors[usage.node] = None
+        return tuple(successors)
+
     def replace_input_with(self, index: int, value: Value | None) -> None:
         """Replace an input with a new value."""
         if index < 0 or index >= len(self.inputs):
@@ -1279,6 +1618,12 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
 
     @property
     def outputs(self) -> Sequence[Value]:
+        """The output values of the node.
+
+        The outputs are immutable. To change the outputs, create a new node and
+        replace the inputs of the using nodes of this node's outputs by calling
+        :meth:`replace_input_with` on the using nodes of this node's outputs.
+        """
         return self._outputs
 
     @outputs.setter
@@ -1286,7 +1631,8 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         raise AttributeError("outputs is immutable. Please create a new node instead.")
 
     @property
-    def attributes(self) -> OrderedDict[str, Attr | RefAttr]:
+    def attributes(self) -> _graph_containers.Attributes:
+        """The attributes of the node."""
         return self._attributes
 
     @property
@@ -1302,12 +1648,21 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
 
     @property
     def metadata_props(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """The metadata properties of the node.
+
+        The metadata properties are used to store additional information about the node.
+        Unlike ``meta``, this property is serialized to the ONNX proto.
+        """
         if self._metadata_props is None:
             self._metadata_props = {}
         return self._metadata_props
 
     @property
     def graph(self) -> Graph | None:
+        """The graph that the node belongs to.
+
+        If the node is not added to any graph, this property is None.
+        """
         return self._graph
 
     @graph.setter
@@ -1315,9 +1670,17 @@ class Node(_protocols.NodeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         self._graph = value
 
     def op_identifier(self) -> _protocols.OperatorIdentifier:
+        """Return the operator identifier of the node.
+
+        The operator identifier is a tuple of the domain, op_type and overload.
+        """
         return self.domain, self.op_type, self.overload
 
     def display(self, *, page: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Pretty print the node.
+
+        This method is used for debugging and visualization purposes.
+        """
         # Add the node's name to the displayed text
         print(f"Node: {self.name!r}")
         if self.doc_string:
@@ -1344,7 +1707,7 @@ class _TensorTypeBase(_protocols.TypeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable, Hashabl
 
     @property
     def elem_type(self) -> _enums.DataType:
-        """Return the element type of the tensor type"""
+        """Return the element type of the tensor type."""
         return self.dtype
 
     def __hash__(self) -> int:
@@ -1438,18 +1801,19 @@ class Value(_protocols.ValueProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
 
     To find all the nodes that use this value as an input, call :meth:`uses`.
 
-    To check if the value is an output of a graph, call :meth:`is_graph_output`.
+    To check if the value is an is an input, output or initializer of a graph,
+    use :meth:`is_graph_input`, :meth:`is_graph_output` or :meth:`is_initializer`.
 
-    Attributes:
-        name: The name of the value. A value is always named when it is part of a graph.
-        shape: The shape of the value.
-        type: The type of the value.
-        metadata_props: Metadata.
+    Use :meth:`graph` to get the graph that owns the value.
     """
 
     __slots__ = (
         "_const_value",
+        "_graph",
         "_index",
+        "_is_graph_input",
+        "_is_graph_output",
+        "_is_initializer",
         "_metadata",
         "_metadata_props",
         "_name",
@@ -1497,19 +1861,33 @@ class Value(_protocols.ValueProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         # Use a collection of (Node, int) to store uses. This is needed
         # because a single use can use the same value multiple times.
         # Use a dictionary to preserve insertion order so that the visiting order is deterministic
-        self._uses: dict[tuple[Node, int], None] = {}
+        self._uses: dict[Usage, None] = {}
         self.doc_string = doc_string
 
+        # The graph this value belongs to. It is set *only* when the value is added as
+        # a graph input, output or initializer.
+        # The four properties can only be set by the Graph class (_GraphIO and GraphInitializers).
+        self._graph: Graph | None = None
+        self._is_graph_input: bool = False
+        self._is_graph_output: bool = False
+        self._is_initializer: bool = False
+
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         value_name = self.name if self.name else "anonymous:" + str(id(self))
+        type_text = f", type={self.type!r}" if self.type is not None else ""
+        shape_text = f", shape={self.shape!r}" if self.shape is not None else ""
         producer = self.producer()
         if producer is None:
-            producer_text = "None"
+            producer_text = ""
         elif producer.name is not None:
-            producer_text = producer.name
+            producer_text = f", producer='{producer.name}'"
         else:
-            producer_text = f"anonymous_node:{id(producer)}"
-        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({value_name!r}, type={self.type!r}, shape={self.shape}, producer={producer_text}, index={self.index()})"
+            producer_text = f", producer=anonymous_node:{id(producer)}"
+        index_text = f", index={self.index()}" if self.index() is not None else ""
+        const_value_text = self._constant_tensor_part()
+        if const_value_text:
+            const_value_text = f", const_value={const_value_text}"
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(name={value_name!r}{type_text}{shape_text}{producer_text}{index_text}{const_value_text})"
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         value_name = self.name if self.name is not None else "anonymous:" + str(id(self))
@@ -1518,41 +1896,85 @@ class Value(_protocols.ValueProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
 
         # Quote the name because in reality the names can have invalid characters
         # that make them hard to read
-        return f"%{_quoted(value_name)}<{type_text},{shape_text}>"
+        return (
+            f"%{_quoted(value_name)}<{type_text},{shape_text}>{self._constant_tensor_part()}"
+        )
+
+    def _constant_tensor_part(self) -> str:
+        """Display string for the constant tensor attached to str of Value."""
+        if self.const_value is not None:
+            # Only display when the const value is small
+            if self.const_value.size <= 10:
+                return f"{{{self.const_value}}}"
+            else:
+                return f"{{{self.const_value.__class__.__name__}(...)}}"
+        return ""
+
+    @property
+    def graph(self) -> Graph | None:
+        """Return the graph that defines this value.
+
+        When the value is an input/output/initializer of a graph, the owning graph
+        is that graph. When the value is an output of a node, the owning graph is the
+        graph that the node belongs to. When the value is not owned by any graph,
+        it returns ``None``.
+        """
+        if self._graph is not None:
+            return self._graph
+        if self._producer is not None:
+            return self._producer.graph
+        return None
+
+    def _owned_by_graph(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the value is owned by a graph."""
+        result = self._is_graph_input or self._is_graph_output or self._is_initializer
+        if result:
+            assert self._graph is not None
+        return result
 
     def producer(self) -> Node | None:
         """The node that produces this value.
 
         When producer is ``None``, the value does not belong to a node, and is
-        typically a graph input or an initializer.
+        typically a graph input or an initializer. You can use :meth:`graph``
+        to find the graph that owns this value. Use :meth:`is_graph_input`, :meth:`is_graph_output`
+        or :meth:`is_initializer` to check if the value is an input, output or initializer of a graph.
         """
         return self._producer
 
+    def consumers(self) -> Sequence[Node]:
+        """Return the nodes (deduplicated) that consume this value."""
+        return tuple({usage.node: None for usage in self._uses})
+
     def index(self) -> int | None:
         """The index of the output of the defining node."""
         return self._index
 
-    def uses(self) -> Collection[tuple[Node, int]]:
+    def uses(self) -> Collection[Usage]:
         """Return a set of uses of the value.
 
         The set contains tuples of ``(Node, index)`` where the index is the index of the input
         of the node. For example, if ``node.inputs[1] == value``, then the use is ``(node, 1)``.
         """
-        return self._uses.keys()
+        # Create a tuple for the collection so that iteration on will will not
+        # be affected when the usage changes during graph mutation.
+        # This adds a small overhead but is better a user experience than
+        # having users call tuple().
+        return tuple(self._uses)
 
     def _add_usage(self, use: Node, index: int) -> None:
         """Add a usage of this value.
 
         This is an internal method. It should only be called by the Node class.
         """
-        self._uses[(use, index)] = None
+        self._uses[Usage(use, index)] = None
 
     def _remove_usage(self, use: Node, index: int) -> None:
         """Remove a node from the uses of this value.
 
         This is an internal method. It should only be called by the Node class.
         """
-        self._uses.pop((use, index))
+        self._uses.pop(Usage(use, index))
 
     @property
     def name(self) -> str | None:
@@ -1652,15 +2074,17 @@ class Value(_protocols.ValueProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
             self._metadata_props = {}
         return self._metadata_props
 
+    def is_graph_input(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the value is an input of a graph."""
+        return self._is_graph_input
+
     def is_graph_output(self) -> bool:
         """Whether the value is an output of a graph."""
-        if (producer := self.producer()) is None:
-            return False
-        if (graph := producer.graph) is None:
-            return False
-        # Cannot use `in` because __eq__ may be defined by subclasses, even though
-        # it is not recommended
-        return any(output is self for output in graph.outputs)
+        return self._is_graph_output
+
+    def is_initializer(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the value is an initializer of a graph."""
+        return self._is_initializer
 
 
 def Input(
@@ -1673,7 +2097,6 @@ def Input(
 
     This is equivalent to calling ``Value(name=name, shape=shape, type=type, doc_string=doc_string)``.
     """
-
     # NOTE: The function name is capitalized to maintain API backward compatibility.
 
     return Value(name=name, shape=shape, type=type, doc_string=doc_string)
@@ -1770,19 +2193,11 @@ class Graph(_protocols.GraphProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrintable):
         self.name = name
 
         # Private fields that are not to be accessed by any other classes
-        self._inputs = list(inputs)
-        self._outputs = list(outputs)
-        self._initializers = {}
-        for initializer in initializers:
-            if isinstance(initializer, str):
-                raise TypeError(
-                    "Initializer must be a Value, not a string. "
-                    "If you are copying the initializers from another graph, "
-                    "make sure you call graph.initializers.values() because it is a dictionary."
-                )
-            if initializer.name is None:
-                raise ValueError(f"Initializer must have a name: {initializer}")
-            self._initializers[initializer.name] = initializer
+        self._inputs = _graph_containers.GraphInputs(self, inputs)
+        self._outputs = _graph_containers.GraphOutputs(self, outputs)
+        self._initializers = _graph_containers.GraphInitializers(
+            self, {initializer.name: initializer for initializer in initializers}
+        )
         self._doc_string = doc_string
         self._opset_imports = opset_imports or {}
         self._metadata: _metadata.MetadataStore | None = None
@@ -1791,21 +2206,67 @@ class Graph(_protocols.GraphProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrintable):
         # Be sure the initialize the name authority before extending the nodes
         # because it is used to name the nodes and their outputs
         self._name_authority = _name_authority.NameAuthority()
+        # TODO(justinchuby): Trigger again if inputs or initializers are modified.
+        self._set_input_and_initializer_value_names_into_name_authority()
         # Call self.extend not self._nodes.extend so the graph reference is added to the nodes
         self.extend(nodes)
 
     @property
-    def inputs(self) -> list[Value]:
+    def inputs(self) -> MutableSequence[Value]:
         return self._inputs
 
     @property
-    def outputs(self) -> list[Value]:
+    def outputs(self) -> MutableSequence[Value]:
         return self._outputs
 
     @property
-    def initializers(self) -> dict[str, Value]:
+    def initializers(self) -> _graph_containers.GraphInitializers:
+        """The initializers of the graph as a ``MutableMapping[str, Value]``.
+
+        The keys are the names of the initializers. The values are the :class:`Value` objects.
+
+        This property additionally supports the ``add`` method, which takes a :class:`Value`
+        and adds it to the initializers if it is not already present.
+
+        .. note::
+            When setting an initializer with ``graph.initializers[key] = value``,
+            if the value does not have a name, it will be assigned ``key`` as its name.
+
+        """
         return self._initializers
 
+    def register_initializer(self, value: Value) -> None:
+        """Register an initializer to the graph.
+
+        This is a convenience method to register an initializer to the graph with
+        checks.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The :class:`Value` to register as an initializer of the graph.
+                It must have its ``.const_value`` set.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If a value of the same name that is not this value
+                is already registered.
+            ValueError: If the value does not have a name.
+            ValueError: If the initializer is produced by a node.
+            ValueError: If the value does not have its ``.const_value`` set.
+        """
+        if not value.name:
+            raise ValueError(f"Initializer must have a name: {value!r}")
+        if value.name in self._initializers:
+            if self._initializers[value.name] is not value:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Initializer '{value.name}' is already registered, but"
+                    " it is not the same object: existing={self._initializers[value.name]!r},"
+                    f" new={value!r}"
+                )
+        if value.const_value is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Value '{value!r}' must have its const_value set to be an initializer."
+            )
+        self._initializers.add(value)
+
     @property
     def doc_string(self) -> str | None:
         return self._doc_string
@@ -1818,7 +2279,12 @@ class Graph(_protocols.GraphProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrintable):
     def opset_imports(self) -> dict[str, int]:
         return self._opset_imports
 
-    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> Node:
+    @typing.overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> Node: ...
+    @typing.overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> Sequence[Node]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
         return self._nodes[index]
 
     def __len__(self) -> int:
@@ -1830,6 +2296,12 @@ class Graph(_protocols.GraphProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrintable):
     def __reversed__(self) -> Iterator[Node]:
         return reversed(self._nodes)
 
+    def _set_input_and_initializer_value_names_into_name_authority(self):
+        for value in self.inputs:
+            self._name_authority.register_or_name_value(value)
+        for value in self.initializers.values():
+            self._name_authority.register_or_name_value(value)
+
     def _set_node_graph_to_self_and_assign_names(self, node: Node) -> Node:
         """Set the graph reference for the node and assign names to it and its outputs if they don't have one."""
         if node.graph is not None and node.graph is not self:
@@ -1993,7 +2465,7 @@ class Graph(_protocols.GraphProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrintable):
 
         This sort is stable. It preserves the original order as much as possible.
 
-        Referece: https://github.com/madelson/MedallionTopologicalSort#stable-sort
+        Reference: https://github.com/madelson/MedallionTopologicalSort#stable-sort
 
         Raises:
             ValueError: If the graph contains a cycle, making topological sorting impossible.
@@ -2004,7 +2476,7 @@ class Graph(_protocols.GraphProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrintable):
         sorted_nodes_by_graph: dict[Graph, list[Node]] = {
             graph: [] for graph in {node.graph for node in nodes if node.graph is not None}
         }
-        # TODO: Explain why we need to store direct predecessors and children and why
+        # TODO(justinchuby): Explain why we need to store direct predecessors and children and why
         # we only need to store the direct ones
 
         # The depth of a node is defined as the number of direct children it has
@@ -2024,7 +2496,7 @@ class Graph(_protocols.GraphProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrintable):
             node_depth[predecessor] += 1
 
         # 1. Build the direct predecessors of each node and the depth of each node
-        # for sorting topolocally using Kahn's algorithm.
+        # for sorting topologically using Kahn's algorithm.
         # Note that when a node contains graph attributes (aka. has subgraphs),
         # we consider all nodes in the subgraphs *predecessors* of this node. This
         # way we ensure the implicit dependencies of the subgraphs are captured
@@ -2125,11 +2597,11 @@ def _graph_str(graph: Graph | GraphView) -> str:
         )
     signature = f"""\
 graph(
-    name={graph.name or 'anonymous_graph:' + str(id(graph))},
-    inputs=({textwrap.indent(inputs_text, ' ' * 8)}
+    name={graph.name or "anonymous_graph:" + str(id(graph))},
+    inputs=({textwrap.indent(inputs_text, " " * 8)}
     ),
-    outputs=({textwrap.indent(outputs_text, ' ' * 8)}
-    ),{textwrap.indent(initializers_text, ' ' * 4)}
+    outputs=({textwrap.indent(outputs_text, " " * 8)}
+    ),{textwrap.indent(initializers_text, " " * 4)}
 )"""
     node_count = len(graph)
     number_width = len(str(node_count))
@@ -2163,11 +2635,11 @@ def _graph_repr(graph: Graph | GraphView) -> str:
         )
     return f"""\
 {graph.__class__.__name__}(
-    name={graph.name or 'anonymous_graph:' + str(id(graph))!r},
-    inputs=({textwrap.indent(inputs_text, ' ' * 8)}
+    name={graph.name or "anonymous_graph:" + str(id(graph))!r},
+    inputs=({textwrap.indent(inputs_text, " " * 8)}
     ),
-    outputs=({textwrap.indent(outputs_text, ' ' * 8)}
-    ),{textwrap.indent(initializers_text, ' ' * 4)}
+    outputs=({textwrap.indent(outputs_text, " " * 8)}
+    ),{textwrap.indent(initializers_text, " " * 4)}
     len()={len(graph)}
 )"""
 
@@ -2223,7 +2695,7 @@ class GraphView(Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrintable):
         outputs: Sequence[Value],
         *,
         nodes: Iterable[Node],
-        initializers: Sequence[_protocols.ValueProtocol] = (),
+        initializers: Sequence[Value] = (),
         doc_string: str | None = None,
         opset_imports: dict[str, int] | None = None,
         name: str | None = None,
@@ -2232,17 +2704,19 @@ class GraphView(Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrintable):
         self.name = name
         self.inputs = tuple(inputs)
         self.outputs = tuple(outputs)
-        for initializer in initializers:
-            if initializer.name is None:
-                raise ValueError(f"Initializer must have a name: {initializer}")
-        self.initializers = {tensor.name: tensor for tensor in initializers}
+        self.initializers = {initializer.name: initializer for initializer in initializers}
         self.doc_string = doc_string
         self.opset_imports = opset_imports or {}
         self._metadata: _metadata.MetadataStore | None = None
         self._metadata_props: dict[str, str] | None = metadata_props
         self._nodes: tuple[Node, ...] = tuple(nodes)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> Node:
+    @typing.overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> Node: ...
+    @typing.overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> Sequence[Node]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
         return self._nodes[index]
 
     def __len__(self) -> int:
@@ -2318,7 +2792,7 @@ class Model(_protocols.ModelProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         model_version: int | None = None,
         doc_string: str | None = None,
         functions: Sequence[Function] = (),
-        meta_data_props: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        metadata_props: dict[str, str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.graph: Graph = graph
         self.ir_version = ir_version
@@ -2329,7 +2803,7 @@ class Model(_protocols.ModelProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         self.doc_string = doc_string
         self._functions = {func.identifier(): func for func in functions}
         self._metadata: _metadata.MetadataStore | None = None
-        self._metadata_props: dict[str, str] | None = meta_data_props
+        self._metadata_props: dict[str, str] | None = metadata_props
 
     @property
     def functions(self) -> dict[_protocols.OperatorIdentifier, Function]:
@@ -2381,9 +2855,28 @@ Model(
     domain={self.domain!r},
     model_version={self.model_version!r},
     functions={self.functions!r},
-    graph={textwrap.indent(repr(self.graph), ' ' * 4).strip()}
+    graph={textwrap.indent(repr(self.graph), " " * 4).strip()}
 )"""
 
+    def graphs(self) -> Iterable[Graph]:
+        """Get all graphs and subgraphs in the model.
+
+        This is a convenience method to traverse the model. Consider using
+        `onnx_ir.traversal.RecursiveGraphIterator` for more advanced
+        traversals on nodes.
+        """
+        # NOTE(justinchuby): Given
+        # (1) how useful the method is
+        # (2) I couldn't find an appropriate name for it in `traversal.py`
+        # (3) Users familiar with onnxruntime optimization tools expect this method
+        # I created this method as a core method instead of an iterator in
+        # `traversal.py`.
+        seen_graphs: set[Graph] = set()
+        for node in onnx_ir.traversal.RecursiveGraphIterator(self.graph):
+            if node.graph is not None and node.graph not in seen_graphs:
+                seen_graphs.add(node.graph)
+                yield node.graph
+
 
 class Function(_protocols.FunctionProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrintable):
     """IR functions.
@@ -2404,16 +2897,14 @@ class Function(_protocols.FunctionProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrint
         outputs: The output values of the function.
         opset_imports: Opsets imported by the function.
         doc_string: Documentation string.
-        metadata_props: Metadata that will be serialized to the ONNX file.
         meta: Metadata store for graph transform passes.
+        metadata_props: Metadata that will be serialized to the ONNX file.
     """
 
     __slots__ = (
         "_attributes",
         "_domain",
         "_graph",
-        "_metadata",
-        "_metadata_props",
         "_name",
         "_overload",
     )
@@ -2427,16 +2918,15 @@ class Function(_protocols.FunctionProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrint
         # Ensure the inputs and outputs of the function belong to a graph
         # and not from an outer scope
         graph: Graph,
-        attributes: Sequence[Attr],
-        metadata_props: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        attributes: Iterable[Attr] | Mapping[str, Attr],
     ) -> None:
         self._domain = domain
         self._name = name
         self._overload = overload
         self._graph = graph
-        self._attributes = OrderedDict((attr.name, attr) for attr in attributes)
-        self._metadata: _metadata.MetadataStore | None = None
-        self._metadata_props: dict[str, str] | None = metadata_props
+        if isinstance(attributes, Mapping):
+            attributes = tuple(attributes.values())
+        self._attributes = _graph_containers.Attributes(attributes)
 
     def identifier(self) -> _protocols.OperatorIdentifier:
         return self.domain, self.name, self.overload
@@ -2455,7 +2945,7 @@ class Function(_protocols.FunctionProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrint
 
     @domain.setter
     def domain(self, value: str) -> None:
-        self._domain = value
+        self._domain = _normalize_domain(value)
 
     @property
     def overload(self) -> str:
@@ -2466,18 +2956,23 @@ class Function(_protocols.FunctionProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrint
         self._overload = value
 
     @property
-    def inputs(self) -> list[Value]:
+    def inputs(self) -> MutableSequence[Value]:
         return self._graph.inputs
 
     @property
-    def outputs(self) -> list[Value]:
+    def outputs(self) -> MutableSequence[Value]:
         return self._graph.outputs
 
     @property
-    def attributes(self) -> OrderedDict[str, Attr]:
+    def attributes(self) -> _graph_containers.Attributes:
         return self._attributes
 
-    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> Node:
+    @typing.overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> Node: ...
+    @typing.overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> Sequence[Node]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
         return self._graph.__getitem__(index)
 
     def __len__(self) -> int:
@@ -2508,15 +3003,11 @@ class Function(_protocols.FunctionProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrint
         Write to the :attr:`metadata_props` if you would like the metadata to be serialized
         to the ONNX proto.
         """
-        if self._metadata is None:
-            self._metadata = _metadata.MetadataStore()
-        return self._metadata
+        return self._graph.meta
 
     @property
     def metadata_props(self) -> dict[str, str]:
-        if self._metadata_props is None:
-            self._metadata_props = {}
-        return self._metadata_props
+        return self._graph.metadata_props
 
     # Mutation methods
     def append(self, node: Node, /) -> None:
@@ -2549,11 +3040,11 @@ class Function(_protocols.FunctionProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrint
         """
         self._graph.remove(nodes, safe=safe)
 
-    def insert_after(self, node: Node, new_nodes: Iterable[Node], /) -> None:
+    def insert_after(self, node: Node, new_nodes: Iterable[Node] | Node, /) -> None:
         """Insert new nodes after the given node in O(#new_nodes) time."""
         self._graph.insert_after(node, new_nodes)
 
-    def insert_before(self, node: Node, new_nodes: Iterable[Node], /) -> None:
+    def insert_before(self, node: Node, new_nodes: Iterable[Node] | Node, /) -> None:
         """Insert new nodes before the given node in O(#new_nodes) time."""
         self._graph.insert_before(node, new_nodes)
 
@@ -2581,10 +3072,10 @@ class Function(_protocols.FunctionProtocol, Sequence[Node], _display.PrettyPrint
 >
 def {full_name}(
     inputs=(
-{textwrap.indent(inputs_text, ' ' * 8)}
-    ),{textwrap.indent(attributes_text, ' ' * 4)}
+{textwrap.indent(inputs_text, " " * 8)}
+    ),{textwrap.indent(attributes_text, " " * 4)}
     outputs=(
-{textwrap.indent(outputs_text, ' ' * 8)}
+{textwrap.indent(outputs_text, " " * 8)}
     ),
 )"""
         node_count = len(self)
@@ -2611,22 +3102,28 @@ def {full_name}(
         return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.domain!r}, {self.name!r}, {self.overload!r}, inputs={self.inputs!r}, attributes={self.attributes!r}), outputs={self.outputs!r})"
 
 
-class RefAttr(_protocols.ReferenceAttributeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
-    """Reference attribute."""
+class Attr(
+    _protocols.AttributeProtocol,
+    _protocols.ReferenceAttributeProtocol,
+    _display.PrettyPrintable,
+):
+    """Base class for ONNX attributes or references."""
 
-    __slots__ = ("_name", "_ref_attr_name", "_type", "doc_string")
+    __slots__ = ("_name", "_ref_attr_name", "_type", "_value", "doc_string")
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         name: str,
-        ref_attr_name: str,
         type: _enums.AttributeType,
+        value: Any,
+        ref_attr_name: str | None = None,
         *,
         doc_string: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self._name = name
-        self._ref_attr_name = ref_attr_name
         self._type = type
+        self._value = value
+        self._ref_attr_name = ref_attr_name
         self.doc_string = doc_string
 
     @property
@@ -2637,43 +3134,21 @@ class RefAttr(_protocols.ReferenceAttributeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
     def name(self, value: str) -> None:
         self._name = value
 
-    @property
-    def ref_attr_name(self) -> str:
-        return self._ref_attr_name
-
-    @ref_attr_name.setter
-    def ref_attr_name(self, value: str) -> None:
-        self._ref_attr_name = value
-
     @property
     def type(self) -> _enums.AttributeType:
         return self._type
 
-    @type.setter
-    def type(self, value: _enums.AttributeType) -> None:
-        self._type = value
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self._name!r}, {self._type!r}, ref_attr_name={self.ref_attr_name!r})"
-
+    @property
+    def value(self) -> Any:
+        return self._value
 
-class Attr(_protocols.AttributeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
-    """Base class for ONNX attributes."""
+    @property
+    def ref_attr_name(self) -> str | None:
+        return self._ref_attr_name
 
-    __slots__ = ("doc_string", "name", "type", "value")
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        name: str,
-        type: _enums.AttributeType,
-        value: Any,
-        *,
-        doc_string: str | None = None,
-    ):
-        self.name = name
-        self.type = type
-        self.value = value
-        self.doc_string = doc_string
+    def is_ref(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if this attribute is a reference attribute."""
+        return self.ref_attr_name is not None
 
     def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
         if not isinstance(other, _protocols.AttributeProtocol):
@@ -2690,15 +3165,157 @@ class Attr(_protocols.AttributeProtocol, _display.PrettyPrintable):
         return True
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.is_ref():
+            return f"@{self.ref_attr_name}"
         if self.type == _enums.AttributeType.GRAPH:
             return textwrap.indent("\n" + str(self.value), " " * 4)
         return str(self.value)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self.is_ref():
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.name!r}, {self.type!r}, ref_attr_name={self.ref_attr_name!r})"
         return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.name!r}, {self.type!r}, {self.value!r})"
 
+    # Well typed getters
+    def as_float(self) -> float:
+        """Get the attribute value as a float."""
+        if self.type != _enums.AttributeType.FLOAT:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Attribute '{self.name}' is not of type FLOAT. Actual type: {self.type}"
+            )
+        # Do not use isinstance check because it may prevent np.float32 etc. from being used
+        return float(self.value)
+
+    def as_int(self) -> int:
+        """Get the attribute value as an int."""
+        if self.type != _enums.AttributeType.INT:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Attribute '{self.name}' is not of type INT. Actual type: {self.type}"
+            )
+        # Do not use isinstance check because it may prevent np.int32 etc. from being used
+        return int(self.value)
+
+    def as_string(self) -> str:
+        """Get the attribute value as a string."""
+        if self.type != _enums.AttributeType.STRING:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Attribute '{self.name}' is not of type STRING. Actual type: {self.type}"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(self.value, str):
+            raise TypeError(f"Value of attribute '{self!r}' is not a string.")
+        return self.value
+
+    def as_tensor(self) -> _protocols.TensorProtocol:
+        """Get the attribute value as a tensor."""
+        if self.type != _enums.AttributeType.TENSOR:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Attribute '{self.name}' is not of type TENSOR. Actual type: {self.type}"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(self.value, _protocols.TensorProtocol):
+            raise TypeError(f"Value of attribute '{self!r}' is not a tensor.")
+        return self.value
+
+    def as_graph(self) -> Graph:
+        """Get the attribute value as a graph."""
+        if self.type != _enums.AttributeType.GRAPH:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Attribute '{self.name}' is not of type GRAPH. Actual type: {self.type}"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(self.value, Graph):
+            raise TypeError(f"Value of attribute '{self!r}' is not a graph.")
+        return self.value
+
+    def as_floats(self) -> Sequence[float]:
+        """Get the attribute value as a sequence of floats."""
+        if self.type != _enums.AttributeType.FLOATS:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Attribute '{self.name}' is not of type FLOATS. Actual type: {self.type}"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(self.value, Sequence):
+            raise TypeError(f"Value of attribute '{self!r}' is not a Sequence.")
+        # Do not use isinstance check on elements because it may prevent np.int32 etc. from being used
+        # Create a copy of the list to prevent mutation
+        return [float(v) for v in self.value]
+
+    def as_ints(self) -> Sequence[int]:
+        """Get the attribute value as a sequence of ints."""
+        if self.type != _enums.AttributeType.INTS:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Attribute '{self.name}' is not of type INTS. Actual type: {self.type}"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(self.value, Sequence):
+            raise TypeError(f"Value of attribute '{self!r}' is not a Sequence.")
+        # Do not use isinstance check on elements because it may prevent np.int32 etc. from being used
+        # Create a copy of the list to prevent mutation
+        return list(self.value)
+
+    def as_strings(self) -> Sequence[str]:
+        """Get the attribute value as a sequence of strings."""
+        if self.type != _enums.AttributeType.STRINGS:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Attribute '{self.name}' is not of type STRINGS. Actual type: {self.type}"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(self.value, Sequence):
+            raise TypeError(f"Value of attribute '{self!r}' is not a Sequence.")
+        if onnx_ir.DEBUG:
+            if not all(isinstance(x, str) for x in self.value):
+                raise TypeError(f"Value of attribute '{self!r}' is not a Sequence of strings.")
+        # Create a copy of the list to prevent mutation
+        return list(self.value)
+
+    def as_tensors(self) -> Sequence[_protocols.TensorProtocol]:
+        """Get the attribute value as a sequence of tensors."""
+        if self.type != _enums.AttributeType.TENSORS:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Attribute '{self.name}' is not of type TENSORS. Actual type: {self.type}"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(self.value, Sequence):
+            raise TypeError(f"Value of attribute '{self!r}' is not a Sequence.")
+        if onnx_ir.DEBUG:
+            if not all(isinstance(x, _protocols.TensorProtocol) for x in self.value):
+                raise TypeError(f"Value of attribute '{self!r}' is not a Sequence of tensors.")
+        # Create a copy of the list to prevent mutation
+        return list(self.value)
+
+    def as_graphs(self) -> Sequence[Graph]:
+        """Get the attribute value as a sequence of graphs."""
+        if self.type != _enums.AttributeType.GRAPHS:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Attribute '{self.name}' is not of type GRAPHS. Actual type: {self.type}"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(self.value, Sequence):
+            raise TypeError(f"Value of attribute '{self!r}' is not a Sequence.")
+        if onnx_ir.DEBUG:
+            if not all(isinstance(x, Graph) for x in self.value):
+                raise TypeError(f"Value of attribute '{self!r}' is not a Sequence of graphs.")
+        # Create a copy of the list to prevent mutation
+        return list(self.value)
+
 
 # NOTE: The following functions are just for convenience
+
+
+def RefAttr(
+    name: str,
+    ref_attr_name: str,
+    type: _enums.AttributeType,
+    doc_string: str | None = None,
+) -> Attr:
+    """Create a reference attribute.
+
+    Args:
+        name: The name of the attribute.
+        type: The type of the attribute.
+        ref_attr_name: The name of the referenced attribute.
+        doc_string: Documentation string.
+
+    Returns:
+        A reference attribute.
+    """
+    # NOTE: The function name is capitalized to maintain API backward compatibility.
+    return Attr(name, type, None, ref_attr_name=ref_attr_name, doc_string=doc_string)
+
+
 def AttrFloat32(name: str, value: float, doc_string: str | None = None) -> Attr:
     """Create a float attribute."""
     # NOTE: The function name is capitalized to maintain API backward compatibility.