numba-cuda 0.22.0__cp313-cp313-manylinux_2_24_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

numba_cuda/numba/cuda/core/interpreter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3617 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2025 NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
+
+import builtins
+import collections
+import dis
+import operator
+import logging
+import textwrap
+
+from numba.cuda.core import errors
+from numba.cuda.core import config, ir
+from numba.cuda.errors import UnsupportedBytecodeError
+from numba.cuda.core.errors import (
+    NotDefinedError,
+    error_extras,
+)
+from numba.cuda.core import ir_utils
+from numba.cuda.utils import (
+    PYVERSION,
+    BINOPS_TO_OPERATORS,
+    INPLACE_BINOPS_TO_OPERATORS,
+)
+from numba.cuda.utils import _lazy_pformat
+from numba.cuda.core.byteflow import Flow, AdaptDFA, AdaptCFA, BlockKind
+from numba.cuda.core.unsafe import eh
+from numba.cuda.cpython.unsafe.tuple import unpack_single_tuple
+
+
+if PYVERSION in ((3, 12), (3, 13)):
+    # Operands for CALL_INTRINSIC_1
+    from numba.cuda.core.byteflow import CALL_INTRINSIC_1_Operand as ci1op
+elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11)):
+    pass
+else:
+    raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+
+class _UNKNOWN_VALUE(object):
+    """Represents an unknown value, this is for ease of debugging purposes only."""
+
+    def __init__(self, varname):
+        self._varname = varname
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "_UNKNOWN_VALUE({})".format(self._varname)
+
+
+_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Assigner(object):
+    """
+    This object keeps track of potential assignment simplifications
+    inside a code block.
+    For example `$O.1 = x` followed by `y = $0.1` can be simplified
+    into `y = x`, but it's not possible anymore if we have `x = z`
+    in-between those two instructions.
+
+    NOTE: this is not only an optimization, but is actually necessary
+    due to certain limitations of Numba - such as only accepting the
+    returning of an array passed as function argument.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # { destination variable name -> source Var object }
+        self.dest_to_src = {}
+        # Basically a reverse mapping of dest_to_src:
+        # { source variable name -> all destination names in dest_to_src }
+        self.src_invalidate = collections.defaultdict(list)
+        self.unused_dests = set()
+
+    def assign(self, srcvar, destvar):
+        """
+        Assign *srcvar* to *destvar*. Return either *srcvar* or a possible
+        simplified assignment source (earlier assigned to *srcvar*).
+        """
+        srcname = srcvar.name
+        destname = destvar.name
+        if destname in self.src_invalidate:
+            # destvar will change, invalidate all previously known
+            # simplifications
+            for d in self.src_invalidate.pop(destname):
+                self.dest_to_src.pop(d)
+        if srcname in self.dest_to_src:
+            srcvar = self.dest_to_src[srcname]
+        if destvar.is_temp:
+            self.dest_to_src[destname] = srcvar
+            self.src_invalidate[srcname].append(destname)
+            self.unused_dests.add(destname)
+        return srcvar
+
+    def get_assignment_source(self, destname):
+        """
+        Get a possible assignment source (a ir.Var instance) to replace
+        *destname*, otherwise None.
+        """
+        if destname in self.dest_to_src:
+            return self.dest_to_src[destname]
+        self.unused_dests.discard(destname)
+        return None
+
+
+def _remove_assignment_definition(old_body, idx, func_ir, already_deleted_defs):
+    """
+    Deletes the definition defined for old_body at index idx
+    from func_ir. We assume this stmt will be deleted from
+    new_body.
+
+    In some optimizations we may update the same variable multiple times.
+    In this situation, we only need to delete a particular definition once,
+    this is tracked in already_deleted_def, which is a map from
+    assignment name to the set of values that have already been
+    deleted.
+    """
+    lhs = old_body[idx].target.name
+    rhs = old_body[idx].value
+    if rhs in func_ir._definitions[lhs]:
+        func_ir._definitions[lhs].remove(rhs)
+        already_deleted_defs[lhs].add(rhs)
+    elif rhs not in already_deleted_defs[lhs]:
+        raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(
+            "Inconsistency found in the definitions while executing"
+            " a peephole optimization. This suggests an internal"
+            " error or inconsistency elsewhere in the compiler."
+        )
+
+
+def _call_function_ex_replace_kws_small(
+    old_body,
+    keyword_expr,
+    new_body,
+    buildmap_idx,
+    func_ir,
+    already_deleted_defs,
+):
+    """
+    Extracts the kws args passed as varkwarg
+    for CALL_FUNCTION_EX. This pass is taken when
+    n_kws <= 15 and the bytecode looks like:
+
+        # Start for each argument
+        LOAD_FAST  # Load each argument.
+        # End for each argument
+        ...
+        BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP # Build a map
+
+    In the generated IR, the varkwarg refers
+    to a single build_map that contains all of the
+    kws. In addition to returning the kws, this
+    function updates new_body to remove all usage
+    of the map.
+    """
+    kws = keyword_expr.items.copy()
+    # kws are required to have constant keys.
+    # We update these with the value_indexes
+    value_indexes = keyword_expr.value_indexes
+    for key, index in value_indexes.items():
+        kws[index] = (key, kws[index][1])
+    # Remove the build_map by setting the list
+    # index to None. Nones will be removed later.
+    new_body[buildmap_idx] = None
+    # Remove the definition.
+    _remove_assignment_definition(
+        old_body, buildmap_idx, func_ir, already_deleted_defs
+    )
+    return kws
+
+
+def _call_function_ex_replace_kws_large(
+    old_body,
+    buildmap_name,
+    buildmap_idx,
+    search_end,
+    new_body,
+    func_ir,
+    errmsg,
+    already_deleted_defs,
+):
+    """
+    Extracts the kws args passed as varkwarg
+    for CALL_FUNCTION_EX. This pass is taken when
+    n_kws > 15 and the bytecode looks like:
+
+        BUILD_MAP # Construct the map
+        # Start for each argument
+        LOAD_CONST # Load a constant for the name of the argument
+        LOAD_FAST  # Load each argument.
+        MAP_ADD # Append the (key, value) pair to the map
+        # End for each argument
+
+    In the IR generated, the initial build map is empty and a series
+    of setitems are applied afterwards. THE IR looks like:
+
+        $build_map_var = build_map(items=[])
+        $constvar = const(str, ...) # create the const key
+        # CREATE THE ARGUMENT, This may take multiple lines.
+        $created_arg = ...
+        $var = getattr(
+            value=$build_map_var,
+            attr=__setitem__,
+        )
+        $unused_var = call $var($constvar, $created_arg)
+
+    We iterate through the IR, deleting all usages of the buildmap
+    from the new_body, and adds the kws to a new kws list.
+    """
+    # Remove the build_map from the body.
+    new_body[buildmap_idx] = None
+    # Remove the definition.
+    _remove_assignment_definition(
+        old_body, buildmap_idx, func_ir, already_deleted_defs
+    )
+    kws = []
+    search_start = buildmap_idx + 1
+    while search_start <= search_end:
+        # The first value must be a constant.
+        const_stmt = old_body[search_start]
+        if not (
+            isinstance(const_stmt, ir.Assign)
+            and isinstance(const_stmt.value, ir.Const)
+        ):
+            # We cannot handle this format so raise the
+            # original error message.
+            raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+        key_var_name = const_stmt.target.name
+        key_val = const_stmt.value.value
+        search_start += 1
+        # Now we need to search for a getattr with setitem
+        found_getattr = False
+        while search_start <= search_end and not found_getattr:
+            getattr_stmt = old_body[search_start]
+            if (
+                isinstance(getattr_stmt, ir.Assign)
+                and isinstance(getattr_stmt.value, ir.Expr)
+                and getattr_stmt.value.op == "getattr"
+                and (getattr_stmt.value.value.name == buildmap_name)
+                and getattr_stmt.value.attr == "__setitem__"
+            ):
+                found_getattr = True
+            else:
+                # If the argument is "created" in JIT, then there
+                # will be intermediate operations in between setitems.
+                # For example we have arg5=pow(arg5, 2),
+                # then the IR would look like:
+                #
+                #   # Creation of the constant key.
+                #   $const44.26 = const(str, arg5)
+                #
+                #   # Argument creation. This is the section we are skipping
+                #   $46load_global.27 = global(pow: <built-in function pow>)
+                #   $const50.29 = const(int, 2)
+                #   $call.30 = call $46load_global.27(arg5, $const50.29)
+                #
+                #   # Setitem with arg5
+                #   $54map_add.31 = getattr(value=$map.2, attr=__setitem__)
+                #   $54map_add.32 = call $54map_add.31($const44.26, $call.30)
+                search_start += 1
+        if not found_getattr or search_start == search_end:
+            # We cannot handle this format so raise the
+            # original error message.
+            raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+        setitem_stmt = old_body[search_start + 1]
+        if not (
+            isinstance(setitem_stmt, ir.Assign)
+            and isinstance(setitem_stmt.value, ir.Expr)
+            and setitem_stmt.value.op == "call"
+            and (setitem_stmt.value.func.name == getattr_stmt.target.name)
+            and len(setitem_stmt.value.args) == 2
+            and (setitem_stmt.value.args[0].name == key_var_name)
+        ):
+            # A call statement should always immediately follow the
+            # getattr. If for some reason this doesn't match the code
+            # format, we raise the original error message. This check
+            # is meant as a precaution.
+            raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+        arg_var = setitem_stmt.value.args[1]
+        # Append the (key, value) pair.
+        kws.append((key_val, arg_var))
+        # Remove the __setitem__ getattr and call
+        new_body[search_start] = None
+        new_body[search_start + 1] = None
+        # Remove the definitions.
+        _remove_assignment_definition(
+            old_body, search_start, func_ir, already_deleted_defs
+        )
+        _remove_assignment_definition(
+            old_body, search_start + 1, func_ir, already_deleted_defs
+        )
+        search_start += 2
+    return kws
+
+
+def _call_function_ex_replace_args_small(
+    old_body,
+    tuple_expr,
+    new_body,
+    buildtuple_idx,
+    func_ir,
+    already_deleted_defs,
+):
+    """
+    Extracts the args passed as vararg
+    for CALL_FUNCTION_EX. This pass is taken when
+    n_args <= 30 and the bytecode looks like:
+
+        # Start for each argument
+        LOAD_FAST  # Load each argument.
+        # End for each argument
+        ...
+        BUILD_TUPLE # Create a tuple of the arguments
+
+    In the IR generated, the vararg refer
+    to a single build_tuple that contains all of the
+    args. In addition to returning the args, this
+    function updates new_body to remove all usage
+    of the tuple.
+    """
+    # Delete the build tuple
+    new_body[buildtuple_idx] = None
+    # Remove the definition.
+    _remove_assignment_definition(
+        old_body, buildtuple_idx, func_ir, already_deleted_defs
+    )
+    # Return the args.
+    return tuple_expr.items
+
+
+def _call_function_ex_replace_args_large(
+    old_body,
+    vararg_stmt,
+    new_body,
+    search_end,
+    func_ir,
+    errmsg,
+    already_deleted_defs,
+):
+    """
+    Extracts the args passed as vararg
+    for CALL_FUNCTION_EX. This pass is taken when
+    n_args > 30 and the bytecode looks like:
+
+        BUILD_TUPLE # Create a list to append to
+        # Start for each argument
+        LOAD_FAST  # Load each argument.
+        LIST_APPEND # Add the argument to the list
+        # End for each argument
+        ...
+        LIST_TO_TUPLE # Convert the args to a tuple.
+
+    In the IR generated, the tuple is created by concatenating
+    together several 1 element tuples to an initial empty tuple.
+    We traverse backwards in the IR, collecting args, until we
+    find the original empty tuple. For example, the IR might
+    look like:
+
+        $orig_tuple = build_tuple(items=[])
+        $first_var = build_tuple(items=[Var(arg0, test.py:6)])
+        $next_tuple = $orig_tuple + $first_var
+        ...
+        $final_var = build_tuple(items=[Var(argn, test.py:6)])
+        $final_tuple = $prev_tuple + $final_var
+        $varargs_var = $final_tuple
+    """
+    # We traverse to the front of the block to look for the original
+    # tuple.
+    search_start = 0
+    total_args = []
+    if isinstance(vararg_stmt, ir.Assign) and isinstance(
+        vararg_stmt.value, ir.Var
+    ):
+        target_name = vararg_stmt.value.name
+        # If there is an initial assignment, delete it
+        new_body[search_end] = None
+        # Remove the definition.
+        _remove_assignment_definition(
+            old_body, search_end, func_ir, already_deleted_defs
+        )
+        search_end -= 1
+    else:
+        # There must always be an initial assignment
+        # https://github.com/numba/numba/blob/59fa2e335be68148b3bd72a29de3ff011430038d/numba/core/interpreter.py#L259-L260
+        # If this changes we may need to support this branch.
+        raise AssertionError("unreachable")
+    # Traverse backwards to find all concatenations
+    # until eventually reaching the original empty tuple.
+    while search_end >= search_start:
+        concat_stmt = old_body[search_end]
+        if (
+            isinstance(concat_stmt, ir.Assign)
+            and concat_stmt.target.name == target_name
+            and isinstance(concat_stmt.value, ir.Expr)
+            and concat_stmt.value.op == "build_tuple"
+            and not concat_stmt.value.items
+        ):
+            new_body[search_end] = None
+            # Remove the definition.
+            _remove_assignment_definition(
+                old_body, search_end, func_ir, already_deleted_defs
+            )
+            # If we have reached the build_tuple we exit.
+            break
+        else:
+            # We expect to find another arg to append.
+            # The first stmt must be a binop "add"
+            if (search_end == search_start) or not (
+                isinstance(concat_stmt, ir.Assign)
+                and (concat_stmt.target.name == target_name)
+                and isinstance(concat_stmt.value, ir.Expr)
+                and concat_stmt.value.op == "binop"
+                and concat_stmt.value.fn == operator.add
+            ):
+                # We cannot handle this format.
+                raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+            lhs_name = concat_stmt.value.lhs.name
+            rhs_name = concat_stmt.value.rhs.name
+            # The previous statement should be a
+            # build_tuple containing the arg.
+            arg_tuple_stmt = old_body[search_end - 1]
+            if not (
+                isinstance(arg_tuple_stmt, ir.Assign)
+                and isinstance(arg_tuple_stmt.value, ir.Expr)
+                and (arg_tuple_stmt.value.op == "build_tuple")
+                and len(arg_tuple_stmt.value.items) == 1
+            ):
+                # We cannot handle this format.
+                raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+            if arg_tuple_stmt.target.name == lhs_name:
+                # The tuple should always be generated on the RHS.
+                raise AssertionError("unreachable")
+            elif arg_tuple_stmt.target.name == rhs_name:
+                target_name = lhs_name
+            else:
+                # We cannot handle this format.
+                raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+            total_args.append(arg_tuple_stmt.value.items[0])
+            new_body[search_end] = None
+            new_body[search_end - 1] = None
+            # Remove the definitions.
+            _remove_assignment_definition(
+                old_body, search_end, func_ir, already_deleted_defs
+            )
+            _remove_assignment_definition(
+                old_body, search_end - 1, func_ir, already_deleted_defs
+            )
+            search_end -= 2
+            # Avoid any space between appends
+            keep_looking = True
+            while search_end >= search_start and keep_looking:
+                next_stmt = old_body[search_end]
+                if isinstance(next_stmt, ir.Assign) and (
+                    next_stmt.target.name == target_name
+                ):
+                    keep_looking = False
+                else:
+                    # If the argument is "created" in JIT, then there
+                    # will be intermediate operations in between appends.
+                    # For example if the next arg after arg4 is pow(arg5, 2),
+                    # then the IR would look like:
+                    #
+                    #   # Appending arg4
+                    #   $arg4_tup = build_tuple(items=[arg4])
+                    #   $append_var.5 = $append_var.4 + $arg4_tup
+                    #
+                    #   # Creation of arg5.
+                    #   # This is the section that we are skipping.
+                    #   $32load_global.20 = global(pow: <built-in function pow>)
+                    #   $const36.22 = const(int, 2)
+                    #   $call.23 = call $32load_global.20(arg5, $const36.22)
+                    #
+                    #   # Appending arg5
+                    #   $arg5_tup = build_tuple(items=[$call.23])
+                    #   $append_var.6 = $append_var.5 + $arg5_tup
+                    search_end -= 1
+    if search_end == search_start:
+        # If we reached the start we never found the build_tuple.
+        # We cannot handle this format so raise the
+        # original error message.
+        raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+    # Reverse the arguments so we get the correct order.
+    return total_args[::-1]
+
+
+def peep_hole_call_function_ex_to_call_function_kw(func_ir):
+    """
+    This peephole rewrites a bytecode sequence unique to Python 3.10
+    where CALL_FUNCTION_EX is used instead of CALL_FUNCTION_KW because of
+    stack limitations set by CPython. This limitation is imposed whenever
+    a function call has too many arguments or keyword arguments.
+
+    https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/a58ebcc701dd6c43630df941481475ff0f615a81/Python/compile.c#L55
+    https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/a58ebcc701dd6c43630df941481475ff0f615a81/Python/compile.c#L4442
+
+    In particular, this change is imposed whenever (n_args / 2) + n_kws > 15.
+
+    Different bytecode is generated for args depending on if n_args > 30
+    or n_args <= 30 and similarly if n_kws > 15 or n_kws <= 15.
+
+    This function unwraps the *args and **kwargs in the function call
+    and places these values directly into the args and kwargs of the call.
+    """
+    # All changes are local to the a single block
+    # so it can be traversed in any order.
+    errmsg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        CALL_FUNCTION_EX with **kwargs not supported.
+        If you are not using **kwargs this may indicate that
+        you have a large number of kwargs and are using inlined control
+        flow. You can resolve this issue by moving the control flow out of
+        the function call. For example, if you have
+
+            f(a=1 if flag else 0, ...)
+
+        Replace that with:
+
+            a_val = 1 if flag else 0
+            f(a=a_val, ...)""")
+
+    # Track which definitions have already been deleted
+    already_deleted_defs = collections.defaultdict(set)
+    for blk in func_ir.blocks.values():
+        blk_changed = False
+        new_body = []
+        for i, stmt in enumerate(blk.body):
+            if (
+                isinstance(stmt, ir.Assign)
+                and isinstance(stmt.value, ir.Expr)
+                and stmt.value.op == "call"
+                and stmt.value.varkwarg is not None
+            ):
+                blk_changed = True
+                call = stmt.value
+                args = call.args
+                kws = call.kws
+                # We need to check the call expression contents if
+                # it contains either vararg or varkwarg. If it contains
+                # varkwarg we need to update the IR. If it just contains
+                # vararg we don't need to update the IR, but we need to
+                # check if peep_hole_list_to_tuple failed to replace the
+                # vararg list with a tuple. If so, we output an error
+                # message with suggested code changes.
+                vararg = call.vararg
+                varkwarg = call.varkwarg
+                start_search = i - 1
+                # varkwarg should be defined second so we start there.
+                varkwarg_loc = start_search
+                keyword_def = None
+                found = False
+                while varkwarg_loc >= 0 and not found:
+                    keyword_def = blk.body[varkwarg_loc]
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(keyword_def, ir.Assign)
+                        and keyword_def.target.name == varkwarg.name
+                    ):
+                        found = True
+                    else:
+                        varkwarg_loc -= 1
+                if (
+                    kws
+                    or not found
+                    or not (
+                        isinstance(keyword_def.value, ir.Expr)
+                        and keyword_def.value.op == "build_map"
+                    )
+                ):
+                    # If we couldn't find where the kwargs are created
+                    # then it should be a normal **kwargs call
+                    # so we produce an unsupported message.
+                    raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+                # Determine the kws
+                if keyword_def.value.items:
+                    # n_kws <= 15 case.
+                    # Here the IR looks like a series of
+                    # constants, then the arguments and finally
+                    # a build_map that contains all of the pairs.
+                    # For Example:
+                    #
+                    #   $const_n = const("arg_name")
+                    #   $arg_n = ...
+                    #   $kwargs_var = build_map(items=[
+                    #              ($const_0, $arg_0),
+                    #              ...,
+                    #              ($const_n, $arg_n),])
+                    kws = _call_function_ex_replace_kws_small(
+                        blk.body,
+                        keyword_def.value,
+                        new_body,
+                        varkwarg_loc,
+                        func_ir,
+                        already_deleted_defs,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # n_kws > 15 case.
+                    # Here the IR is an initial empty build_map
+                    # followed by a series of setitems with a constant
+                    # key and then the argument.
+                    # For example:
+                    #
+                    #   $kwargs_var = build_map(items=[])
+                    #   $const_0 = const("arg_name")
+                    #   $arg_0 = ...
+                    #   $my_attr = getattr(const_0, attr=__setitem__)
+                    #   $unused_var = call $my_attr($const_0, $arg_0)
+                    #   ...
+                    kws = _call_function_ex_replace_kws_large(
+                        blk.body,
+                        varkwarg.name,
+                        varkwarg_loc,
+                        i - 1,
+                        new_body,
+                        func_ir,
+                        errmsg,
+                        already_deleted_defs,
+                    )
+                start_search = varkwarg_loc
+                # Vararg isn't required to be provided.
+                if vararg is not None:
+                    if args:
+                        # If we have vararg then args is expected to
+                        # be an empty list.
+                        raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+                    vararg_loc = start_search
+                    args_def = None
+                    found = False
+                    while vararg_loc >= 0 and not found:
+                        args_def = blk.body[vararg_loc]
+                        if (
+                            isinstance(args_def, ir.Assign)
+                            and args_def.target.name == vararg.name
+                        ):
+                            found = True
+                        else:
+                            vararg_loc -= 1
+                    if not found:
+                        # If we couldn't find where the args are created
+                        # then we can't handle this format.
+                        raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(args_def.value, ir.Expr)
+                        and args_def.value.op == "build_tuple"
+                    ):
+                        # n_args <= 30 case.
+                        # Here the IR is a simple build_tuple containing
+                        # all of the args.
+                        # For example:
+                        #
+                        #  $arg_n = ...
+                        #  $varargs = build_tuple(
+                        #   items=[$arg_0, ..., $arg_n]
+                        #  )
+                        args = _call_function_ex_replace_args_small(
+                            blk.body,
+                            args_def.value,
+                            new_body,
+                            vararg_loc,
+                            func_ir,
+                            already_deleted_defs,
+                        )
+                    elif (
+                        isinstance(args_def.value, ir.Expr)
+                        and args_def.value.op == "list_to_tuple"
+                    ):
+                        # If there is a call with vararg we need to check
+                        # if the list -> tuple conversion failed and if so
+                        # throw an error.
+                        raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+                    else:
+                        # Here the IR is an initial empty build_tuple.
+                        # Then for each arg, a new tuple with a single
+                        # element is created and one by one these are
+                        # added to a growing tuple.
+                        # For example:
+                        #
+                        #  $combo_tup_0 = build_tuple(items=[])
+                        #  $arg0 = ...
+                        #  $arg0_tup = build_tuple(items=[$arg0])
+                        #  $combo_tup_1 = $combo_tup_0 + $arg0_tup
+                        #  $arg1 = ...
+                        #  $arg1_tup = build_tuple(items=[$arg1])
+                        #  $combo_tup_2 = $combo_tup_1 + $arg1_tup
+                        #  ...
+                        #  $combo_tup_n = $combo_tup_{n-1} + $argn_tup
+                        #
+                        # In addition, the IR contains a final
+                        # assignment for the varargs that looks like:
+                        #
+                        #  $varargs_var = $combo_tup_n
+                        #
+                        # Here args_def is expected to be a simple assignment.
+                        args = _call_function_ex_replace_args_large(
+                            blk.body,
+                            args_def,
+                            new_body,
+                            vararg_loc,
+                            func_ir,
+                            errmsg,
+                            already_deleted_defs,
+                        )
+                # Create a new call updating the args and kws
+                new_call = ir.Expr.call(
+                    call.func, args, kws, call.loc, target=call.target
+                )
+                # Drop the existing definition for this stmt.
+                _remove_assignment_definition(
+                    blk.body, i, func_ir, already_deleted_defs
+                )
+                # Update the statement
+                stmt = ir.Assign(new_call, stmt.target, stmt.loc)
+                # Update the definition
+                func_ir._definitions[stmt.target.name].append(new_call)
+            elif (
+                isinstance(stmt, ir.Assign)
+                and isinstance(stmt.value, ir.Expr)
+                and stmt.value.op == "call"
+                and stmt.value.vararg is not None
+            ):
+                # If there is a call with vararg we need to check
+                # if the list -> tuple conversion failed and if so
+                # throw an error.
+                call = stmt.value
+                vararg_name = call.vararg.name
+                if (
+                    vararg_name in func_ir._definitions
+                    and len(func_ir._definitions[vararg_name]) == 1
+                ):
+                    # If this value is still a list to tuple raise the
+                    # exception.
+                    expr = func_ir._definitions[vararg_name][0]
+                    if isinstance(expr, ir.Expr) and expr.op == "list_to_tuple":
+                        raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+
+            new_body.append(stmt)
+        # Replace the block body if we changed the IR
+        if blk_changed:
+            blk.body.clear()
+            blk.body.extend([x for x in new_body if x is not None])
+    return func_ir
+
+
+def peep_hole_list_to_tuple(func_ir):
+    """
+    This peephole rewrites a bytecode sequence new to Python 3.9 that looks
+    like e.g.:
+
+    def foo(a):
+        return (*a,)
+
+    41          0 BUILD_LIST               0
+                2 LOAD_FAST                0 (a)
+                4 LIST_EXTEND              1
+                6 LIST_TO_TUPLE
+                8 RETURN_VAL
+
+    essentially, the unpacking of tuples is written as a list which is appended
+    to/extended and then "magicked" into a tuple by the new LIST_TO_TUPLE
+    opcode.
+
+    This peephole repeatedly analyses the bytecode in a block looking for a
+    window between a `LIST_TO_TUPLE` and `BUILD_LIST` and...
+
+    1. Turns the BUILD_LIST into a BUILD_TUPLE
+    2. Sets an accumulator's initial value as the target of the BUILD_TUPLE
+    3. Searches for 'extend' on the original list and turns these into binary
+       additions on the accumulator.
+    4. Searches for 'append' on the original list and turns these into a
+       `BUILD_TUPLE` which is then appended via binary addition to the
+       accumulator.
+    5. Assigns the accumulator to the variable that exits the peephole and the
+       rest of the block/code refers to as the result of the unpack operation.
+    6. Patches up
+    """
+    _DEBUG = False
+
+    # For all blocks
+    for offset, blk in func_ir.blocks.items():
+        # keep doing the peephole rewrite until nothing is left that matches
+        while True:
+            # first try and find a matching region
+            # i.e. BUILD_LIST...<stuff>...LIST_TO_TUPLE
+            def find_postive_region():
+                found = False
+                for idx in reversed(range(len(blk.body))):
+                    stmt = blk.body[idx]
+                    if isinstance(stmt, ir.Assign):
+                        value = stmt.value
+                        if (
+                            isinstance(value, ir.Expr)
+                            and value.op == "list_to_tuple"
+                        ):
+                            target_list = value.info[0]
+                            found = True
+                            bt = (idx, stmt)
+                    if found:
+                        if isinstance(stmt, ir.Assign):
+                            if stmt.target.name == target_list:
+                                region = (bt, (idx, stmt))
+                                return region
+
+            region = find_postive_region()
+            # if there's a peep hole region then do something with it
+            if region is not None:
+                peep_hole = blk.body[region[1][0] : region[0][0]]
+                if _DEBUG:
+                    print("\nWINDOW:")
+                    for x in peep_hole:
+                        print(x)
+                    print("")
+
+                appends = []
+                extends = []
+                init = region[1][1]
+                const_list = init.target.name
+                # Walk through the peep_hole and find things that are being
+                # "extend"ed and "append"ed to the BUILD_LIST
+                for x in peep_hole:
+                    if isinstance(x, ir.Assign):
+                        if isinstance(x.value, ir.Expr):
+                            expr = x.value
+                            if (
+                                expr.op == "getattr"
+                                and expr.value.name == const_list
+                            ):
+                                # it's not strictly necessary to split out
+                                # extends and appends, but it helps with
+                                # debugging to do so!
+                                if expr.attr == "extend":
+                                    extends.append(x.target.name)
+                                elif expr.attr == "append":
+                                    appends.append(x.target.name)
+                                else:
+                                    assert 0
+                # go back through the peep hole build new IR based on it.
+                new_hole = []
+
+                def append_and_fix(x):
+                    """Adds to the new_hole and fixes up definitions"""
+                    new_hole.append(x)
+                    if x.target.name in func_ir._definitions:
+                        # if there's already a definition, drop it, should only
+                        # be 1 as the way cpython emits the sequence for
+                        # `list_to_tuple` should ensure this.
+                        assert len(func_ir._definitions[x.target.name]) == 1
+                        func_ir._definitions[x.target.name].clear()
+                    func_ir._definitions[x.target.name].append(x.value)
+
+                the_build_list = init.target
+
+                # Do the transform on the peep hole
+                if _DEBUG:
+                    print("\nBLOCK:")
+                    blk.dump()
+
+                # This section basically accumulates list appends and extends
+                # as binop(+) on tuples, it drops all the getattr() for extend
+                # and append as they are now dead and replaced with binop(+).
+                # It also switches out the build_list for a build_tuple and then
+                # ensures everything is wired up and defined ok.
+                t2l_agn = region[0][1]
+                acc = the_build_list
+                for x in peep_hole:
+                    if isinstance(x, ir.Assign):
+                        if isinstance(x.value, ir.Expr):
+                            expr = x.value
+                            if expr.op == "getattr":
+                                if (
+                                    x.target.name in extends
+                                    or x.target.name in appends
+                                ):
+                                    # drop definition, it's being wholesale
+                                    # replaced.
+                                    func_ir._definitions.pop(x.target.name)
+                                    continue
+                                else:
+                                    # a getattr on something we're not
+                                    # interested in
+                                    new_hole.append(x)
+                            elif expr.op == "call":
+                                fname = expr.func.name
+                                if fname in extends or fname in appends:
+                                    arg = expr.args[0]
+                                    if isinstance(arg, ir.Var):
+                                        tmp_name = "%s_var_%s" % (
+                                            fname,
+                                            arg.name,
+                                        )
+                                        if fname in appends:
+                                            bt = ir.Expr.build_tuple(
+                                                [
+                                                    arg,
+                                                ],
+                                                expr.loc,
+                                            )
+                                        else:
+                                            # Extend as tuple
+                                            gv_tuple = ir.Global(
+                                                name="tuple",
+                                                value=tuple,
+                                                loc=expr.loc,
+                                            )
+                                            tuple_var = arg.scope.redefine(
+                                                "$_list_extend_gv_tuple",
+                                                loc=expr.loc,
+                                            )
+                                            new_hole.append(
+                                                ir.Assign(
+                                                    target=tuple_var,
+                                                    value=gv_tuple,
+                                                    loc=expr.loc,
+                                                ),
+                                            )
+                                            bt = ir.Expr.call(
+                                                tuple_var,
+                                                (arg,),
+                                                (),
+                                                loc=expr.loc,
+                                            )
+                                        var = ir.Var(
+                                            arg.scope, tmp_name, expr.loc
+                                        )
+                                        asgn = ir.Assign(bt, var, expr.loc)
+                                        append_and_fix(asgn)
+                                        arg = var
+
+                                    # this needs to be a binary add
+                                    new = ir.Expr.binop(
+                                        fn=operator.add,
+                                        lhs=acc,
+                                        rhs=arg,
+                                        loc=x.loc,
+                                    )
+                                    asgn = ir.Assign(new, x.target, expr.loc)
+                                    append_and_fix(asgn)
+                                    acc = asgn.target
+                                else:
+                                    # there could be a call in the unpack, like
+                                    # *(a, x.append(y))
+                                    new_hole.append(x)
+                            elif (
+                                expr.op == "build_list"
+                                and x.target.name == const_list
+                            ):
+                                new = ir.Expr.build_tuple(expr.items, expr.loc)
+                                asgn = ir.Assign(new, x.target, expr.loc)
+                                # Not a temporary any more
+                                append_and_fix(asgn)
+                            else:
+                                new_hole.append(x)
+                        else:
+                            new_hole.append(x)
+
+                    else:
+                        # stick everything else in as-is
+                        new_hole.append(x)
+                # Finally write the result back into the original build list as
+                # everything refers to it.
+                append_and_fix(
+                    ir.Assign(acc, t2l_agn.target, the_build_list.loc)
+                )
+                if _DEBUG:
+                    print("\nNEW HOLE:")
+                    for x in new_hole:
+                        print(x)
+
+                # and then update the block body with the modified region
+                cpy = blk.body[:]
+                head = cpy[: region[1][0]]
+                tail = blk.body[region[0][0] + 1 :]
+                tmp = head + new_hole + tail
+                blk.body.clear()
+                blk.body.extend(tmp)
+
+                if _DEBUG:
+                    print("\nDUMP post hole:")
+                    blk.dump()
+
+            else:
+                # else escape
+                break
+
+    return func_ir
+
+
+def peep_hole_delete_with_exit(func_ir):
+    """
+    This rewrite removes variables used to store the `__exit__` function
+    loaded by SETUP_WITH.
+    """
+    dead_vars = set()
+
+    for blk in func_ir.blocks.values():
+        for stmt in blk.body:
+            # Any statement that uses a variable with the '$setup_with_exitfn'
+            # prefix is considered dead.
+            used = set(stmt.list_vars())
+            for v in used:
+                if v.name.startswith("$setup_with_exitfn"):
+                    dead_vars.add(v)
+            # Any assignment that uses any of the dead variable is considered
+            # dead.
+            if used & dead_vars:
+                if isinstance(stmt, ir.Assign):
+                    dead_vars.add(stmt.target)
+
+        new_body = []
+        for stmt in blk.body:
+            # Skip any statements that uses anyone of the dead variable.
+            if not (set(stmt.list_vars()) & dead_vars):
+                new_body.append(stmt)
+        blk.body.clear()
+        blk.body.extend(new_body)
+
+    return func_ir
+
+
+def peep_hole_fuse_dict_add_updates(func_ir):
+    """
+    This rewrite removes d1._update_from_bytecode(d2)
+    calls that are between two dictionaries, d1 and d2,
+    in the same basic block. This pattern can appear as a
+    result of Python 3.10 bytecode emission changes, which
+    prevent large constant literal dictionaries
+    (> 15 elements) from being constant. If both dictionaries
+    are constant dictionaries defined in the same block and
+    neither is used between the update call, then we replace d1
+    with a new definition that combines the two dictionaries. At
+    the bytecode translation stage we convert DICT_UPDATE into
+    _update_from_bytecode, so we know that _update_from_bytecode
+    always comes from the bytecode change and not user code.
+
+    Python 3.10 may also rewrite the individual dictionaries
+    as an empty build_map + many map_add. Here we again look
+    for an _update_from_bytecode, and if so we replace these
+    with a single constant dictionary.
+
+    When running this algorithm we can always safely remove d2.
+
+    This is the relevant section of the CPython 3.10 that causes
+    this bytecode change:
+    https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.10/Python/compile.c#L4048
+    """
+
+    # This algorithm fuses build_map expressions into the largest
+    # possible build map before use. For example, if we have an
+    # IR that looks like this:
+    #
+    #   $d1 = build_map([])
+    #   $key = const("a")
+    #   $value = const(2)
+    #   $setitem_func = getattr($d1, "__setitem__")
+    #   $unused1 = call (setitem_func, ($key, $value))
+    #   $key2 = const("b")
+    #   $value2 = const(3)
+    #   $d2 = build_map([($key2, $value2)])
+    #   $update_func = getattr($d1, "_update_from_bytecode")
+    #   $unused2 = call ($update_func, ($d2,))
+    #   $othervar = None
+    #   $retvar = cast($othervar)
+    #   return $retvar
+    #
+    # Then the IR is rewritten such that any __setitem__ and
+    # _update_from_bytecode operations are fused into the original buildmap.
+    # The new buildmap is then added to the
+    # last location where it had previously had encountered a __setitem__,
+    # _update_from_bytecode, or build_map before any other uses.
+    # The new IR would look like:
+    #
+    #   $key = const("a")
+    #   $value = const(2)
+    #   $key2 = const("b")
+    #   $value2 = const(3)
+    #   $d1 = build_map([($key, $value), ($key2, $value2)])
+    #   $othervar = None
+    #   $retvar = cast($othervar)
+    #   return $retvar
+    #
+    # Note that we don't push $d1 to the bottom of the block. This is because
+    # some values may be found below this block (e.g pop_block) that are pattern
+    # matched in other locations, such as objmode handling. It should be safe to
+    # move a map to the last location at which there was _update_from_bytecode.
+
+    errmsg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        A DICT_UPDATE op-code was encountered that could not be replaced.
+        If you have created a large constant dictionary, this may
+        be an an indication that you are using inlined control
+        flow. You can resolve this issue by moving the control flow out of
+        the dicitonary constructor. For example, if you have
+
+            d = {a: 1 if flag else 0, ...)
+
+        Replace that with:
+
+            a_val = 1 if flag else 0
+            d = {a: a_val, ...)""")
+
+    already_deleted_defs = collections.defaultdict(set)
+    for blk in func_ir.blocks.values():
+        new_body = []
+        # literal map var name -> block idx of the original build_map
+        lit_map_def_idx = {}
+        # literal map var name -> list(map_uses)
+        # This is the index of every build_map or __setitem__
+        # in the IR that will need to be removed if the map
+        # is updated.
+        lit_map_use_idx = collections.defaultdict(list)
+        # literal map var name -> list of key/value items for build map
+        map_updates = {}
+        blk_changed = False
+
+        for i, stmt in enumerate(blk.body):
+            # What instruction should we append
+            new_inst = stmt
+            # Name that should be skipped when tracking used
+            # vars in statement. This is always the lhs with
+            # a build_map.
+            stmt_build_map_out = None
+            if isinstance(stmt, ir.Assign) and isinstance(stmt.value, ir.Expr):
+                if stmt.value.op == "build_map":
+                    # Skip the output build_map when looking for used vars.
+                    stmt_build_map_out = stmt.target.name
+                    # If we encounter a build map add it to the
+                    # tracked maps.
+                    lit_map_def_idx[stmt.target.name] = i
+                    lit_map_use_idx[stmt.target.name].append(i)
+                    map_updates[stmt.target.name] = stmt.value.items.copy()
+                elif stmt.value.op == "call" and i > 0:
+                    # If we encounter a call we may need to replace
+                    # the body
+                    func_name = stmt.value.func.name
+                    # If we have an update or a setitem
+                    # it will be the previous expression.
+                    getattr_stmt = blk.body[i - 1]
+                    args = stmt.value.args
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(getattr_stmt, ir.Assign)
+                        and getattr_stmt.target.name == func_name
+                        and isinstance(getattr_stmt.value, ir.Expr)
+                        and getattr_stmt.value.op == "getattr"
+                        and getattr_stmt.value.attr
+                        in ("__setitem__", "_update_from_bytecode")
+                    ):
+                        update_map_name = getattr_stmt.value.value.name
+                        attr = getattr_stmt.value.attr
+                        if (
+                            attr == "__setitem__"
+                            and update_map_name in lit_map_use_idx
+                        ):
+                            # If we have a setitem, update the lists
+                            map_updates[update_map_name].append(args)
+                            # Update the list of instructions that would
+                            # need to be removed to include the setitem
+                            # and the the getattr
+                            lit_map_use_idx[update_map_name].extend([i - 1, i])
+                        elif attr == "_update_from_bytecode":
+                            d2_map_name = args[0].name
+                            if (
+                                update_map_name in lit_map_use_idx
+                                and d2_map_name in lit_map_use_idx
+                            ):
+                                # If we have an update and the arg is also
+                                # a literal dictionary, fuse the lists.
+                                map_updates[update_map_name].extend(
+                                    map_updates[d2_map_name]
+                                )
+                                # Delete the old IR for d1 and d2
+                                lit_map_use_idx[update_map_name].extend(
+                                    lit_map_use_idx[d2_map_name]
+                                )
+                                lit_map_use_idx[update_map_name].append(i - 1)
+                                for linenum in lit_map_use_idx[update_map_name]:
+                                    # Drop the existing definition.
+                                    _remove_assignment_definition(
+                                        blk.body,
+                                        linenum,
+                                        func_ir,
+                                        already_deleted_defs,
+                                    )
+                                    # Delete it from the new block
+                                    new_body[linenum] = None
+                                # Delete the maps from dicts
+                                del lit_map_def_idx[d2_map_name]
+                                del lit_map_use_idx[d2_map_name]
+                                del map_updates[d2_map_name]
+                                # Add d1 as the new instruction, removing the
+                                # old definition.
+                                _remove_assignment_definition(
+                                    blk.body, i, func_ir, already_deleted_defs
+                                )
+                                new_inst = _build_new_build_map(
+                                    func_ir,
+                                    update_map_name,
+                                    blk.body,
+                                    lit_map_def_idx[update_map_name],
+                                    map_updates[update_map_name],
+                                )
+                                # Update d1 in lit_map_use_idx to just the new
+                                # definition and clear the previous list.
+                                lit_map_use_idx[update_map_name].clear()
+                                lit_map_use_idx[update_map_name].append(i)
+                                # Mark that this block has been modified
+                                blk_changed = True
+                            else:
+                                # If we cannot remove _update_from_bytecode
+                                # Then raise an error for the user.
+                                raise UnsupportedBytecodeError(errmsg)
+
+            # Check if we need to drop any maps from being tracked.
+            # Skip the setitem/_update_from_bytecode getattr that
+            # will be removed when handling their call in the next
+            # iteration.
+            if not (
+                isinstance(stmt, ir.Assign)
+                and isinstance(stmt.value, ir.Expr)
+                and stmt.value.op == "getattr"
+                and stmt.value.value.name in lit_map_use_idx
+                and stmt.value.attr in ("__setitem__", "_update_from_bytecode")
+            ):
+                for var in stmt.list_vars():
+                    # If a map is used it cannot be fused later in
+                    # the block. As a result we delete it from
+                    # the dicitonaries
+                    if (
+                        var.name in lit_map_use_idx
+                        and var.name != stmt_build_map_out
+                    ):
+                        del lit_map_def_idx[var.name]
+                        del lit_map_use_idx[var.name]
+                        del map_updates[var.name]
+
+            # Append the instruction to the new block
+            new_body.append(new_inst)
+
+        if blk_changed:
+            # If the block is changed replace the block body.
+            blk.body.clear()
+            blk.body.extend([x for x in new_body if x is not None])
+
+    return func_ir
+
+
+def peep_hole_split_at_pop_block(func_ir):
+    """
+    Split blocks that contain ir.PopBlock.
+
+    This rewrite restores the IR structure to pre 3.11 so that withlifting
+    can work correctly.
+    """
+    new_block_map = {}
+    sorted_blocks = sorted(func_ir.blocks.items())
+    for blk_idx, (label, blk) in enumerate(sorted_blocks):
+        # Gather locations of PopBlock
+        pop_block_locs = []
+        for i, inst in enumerate(blk.body):
+            if isinstance(inst, ir.PopBlock):
+                pop_block_locs.append(i)
+        # Rewrite block with PopBlock
+        if pop_block_locs:
+            new_blocks = []
+            for i in pop_block_locs:
+                before_blk = ir.Block(blk.scope, loc=blk.loc)
+                before_blk.body.extend(blk.body[:i])
+                new_blocks.append(before_blk)
+
+                popblk_blk = ir.Block(blk.scope, loc=blk.loc)
+                popblk_blk.body.append(blk.body[i])
+                new_blocks.append(popblk_blk)
+            # Add jump instructions
+            prev_label = label
+            for newblk in new_blocks:
+                new_block_map[prev_label] = newblk
+                next_label = prev_label + 1
+                newblk.body.append(ir.Jump(next_label, loc=blk.loc))
+                prev_label = next_label
+            # Check prev_label does not exceed current new block label
+            if blk_idx + 1 < len(sorted_blocks):
+                if prev_label >= sorted_blocks[blk_idx + 1][0]:
+                    # Panic! Due to heuristic in with-lifting, block labels
+                    # must be monotonically increasing. We cannot continue if we
+                    # run out of usable label between the two blocks.
+                    raise errors.InternalError("POP_BLOCK peephole failed")
+            # Add tail block, which will get the original terminator
+            tail_blk = ir.Block(blk.scope, loc=blk.loc)
+            tail_blk.body.extend(blk.body[pop_block_locs[-1] + 1 :])
+            new_block_map[prev_label] = tail_blk
+
+    func_ir.blocks.update(new_block_map)
+    return func_ir
+
+
+def _build_new_build_map(func_ir, name, old_body, old_lineno, new_items):
+    """
+    Create a new build_map with a new set of key/value items
+    but all the other info the same.
+    """
+    old_assign = old_body[old_lineno]
+    old_target = old_assign.target
+    old_bm = old_assign.value
+    # Build the literals
+    literal_keys = []
+    # Track the constant key/values to set the literal_value
+    # field of build_map properly
+    values = []
+    for pair in new_items:
+        k, v = pair
+        key_def = ir_utils.guard(ir_utils.get_definition, func_ir, k)
+        if isinstance(key_def, (ir.Const, ir.Global, ir.FreeVar)):
+            literal_keys.append(key_def.value)
+        value_def = ir_utils.guard(ir_utils.get_definition, func_ir, v)
+        if isinstance(value_def, (ir.Const, ir.Global, ir.FreeVar)):
+            values.append(value_def.value)
+        else:
+            # Append unknown value if not a literal.
+            values.append(_UNKNOWN_VALUE(v.name))
+
+    value_indexes = {}
+    if len(literal_keys) == len(new_items):
+        # All keys must be literals to have any literal values.
+        literal_value = {x: y for x, y in zip(literal_keys, values)}
+        for i, k in enumerate(literal_keys):
+            value_indexes[k] = i
+    else:
+        literal_value = None
+
+    # Construct a new build map.
+    new_bm = ir.Expr.build_map(
+        items=new_items,
+        size=len(new_items),
+        literal_value=literal_value,
+        value_indexes=value_indexes,
+        loc=old_bm.loc,
+    )
+
+    # The previous definition has already been removed
+    # when updating the IR in peep_hole_fuse_dict_add_updates
+    func_ir._definitions[name].append(new_bm)
+
+    # Return a new assign.
+    return ir.Assign(
+        new_bm, ir.Var(old_target.scope, name, old_target.loc), new_bm.loc
+    )
+
+
+class Interpreter(object):
+    """A bytecode interpreter that builds up the IR."""
+
+    _DEBUG_PRINT = False
+
+    def __init__(self, func_id):
+        self.func_id = func_id
+        if self._DEBUG_PRINT:
+            print(func_id.func)
+        self.arg_count = func_id.arg_count
+        self.arg_names = func_id.arg_names
+        self.loc = self.first_loc = ir.Loc.from_function_id(func_id)
+        self.is_generator = func_id.is_generator
+
+        # { inst offset : ir.Block }
+        self.blocks = {}
+        # { name: [definitions] } of local variables
+        self.definitions = collections.defaultdict(list)
+        # A set to keep track of all exception variables.
+        # To be used in _legalize_exception_vars()
+        self._exception_vars = set()
+
+    def interpret(self, bytecode):
+        """
+        Generate IR for this bytecode.
+        """
+        self.bytecode = bytecode
+
+        self.scopes = []
+        global_scope = ir.Scope(parent=None, loc=self.loc)
+        self.scopes.append(global_scope)
+
+        flow = Flow(bytecode)
+        flow.run()
+        self.dfa = AdaptDFA(flow)
+        self.cfa = AdaptCFA(flow)
+        if config.DUMP_CFG:
+            self.cfa.dump()
+
+        # Temp states during interpretation
+        self.current_block = None
+        self.current_block_offset = None
+        last_active_offset = 0
+        for _, inst_blocks in self.cfa.blocks.items():
+            if inst_blocks.body:
+                last_active_offset = max(
+                    last_active_offset, max(inst_blocks.body)
+                )
+        self.last_active_offset = last_active_offset
+
+        if PYVERSION in ((3, 12), (3, 13)):
+            self.active_exception_entries = tuple(
+                [
+                    entry
+                    for entry in self.bytecode.exception_entries
+                    if entry.start < self.last_active_offset
+                ]
+            )
+        elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11)):
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+        self.syntax_blocks = []
+        self.dfainfo = None
+
+        self.scopes.append(ir.Scope(parent=self.current_scope, loc=self.loc))
+
+        # Interpret loop
+        for inst, kws in self._iter_inst():
+            self._dispatch(inst, kws)
+        if PYVERSION in ((3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13)):
+            # Insert end of try markers
+            self._end_try_blocks()
+        elif PYVERSION in (
+            (3, 9),
+            (3, 10),
+        ):
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+        self._legalize_exception_vars()
+        # Prepare FunctionIR
+        func_ir = ir.FunctionIR(
+            self.blocks,
+            self.is_generator,
+            self.func_id,
+            self.first_loc,
+            self.definitions,
+            self.arg_count,
+            self.arg_names,
+        )
+        _logger.debug(
+            _lazy_pformat(func_ir, lazy_func=lambda x: x.dump_to_string())
+        )
+
+        # post process the IR to rewrite opcodes/byte sequences that are too
+        # involved to risk handling as part of direct interpretation
+        peepholes = []
+        if PYVERSION in ((3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13)):
+            peepholes.append(peep_hole_split_at_pop_block)
+        if PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13)):
+            peepholes.append(peep_hole_list_to_tuple)
+        peepholes.append(peep_hole_delete_with_exit)
+        if PYVERSION in ((3, 10), (3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13)):
+            # peep_hole_call_function_ex_to_call_function_kw
+            # depends on peep_hole_list_to_tuple converting
+            # any large number of arguments from a list to a
+            # tuple.
+            peepholes.append(peep_hole_call_function_ex_to_call_function_kw)
+            peepholes.append(peep_hole_fuse_dict_add_updates)
+
+        post_processed_ir = self.post_process(peepholes, func_ir)
+
+        return post_processed_ir
+
+    def post_process(self, peepholes, func_ir):
+        for peep in peepholes:
+            func_ir = peep(func_ir)
+        return func_ir
+
+    def _end_try_blocks(self):
+        """Closes all try blocks by inserting the required marker at the
+        exception handler
+
+        This is only needed for py3.11 because of the changes in exception
+        handling. This merely maps the new py3.11 semantics back to the old way.
+
+        What the code does:
+
+        - For each block, compute the difference of blockstack to its incoming
+          blocks' blockstack.
+        - If the incoming blockstack has an extra TRY, the current block must
+          be the EXCEPT block and we need to insert a marker.
+
+        See also: _insert_try_block_end
+        """
+        assert PYVERSION in ((3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13))
+        graph = self.cfa.graph
+        for offset, block in self.blocks.items():
+            # Get current blockstack
+            cur_bs = self.dfa.infos[offset].blockstack
+            # Check blockstack of the incoming blocks
+            for inc, _ in graph.predecessors(offset):
+                inc_bs = self.dfa.infos[inc].blockstack
+
+                # find first diff in the blockstack
+                for i, (x, y) in enumerate(zip(cur_bs, inc_bs)):
+                    if x != y:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    i = min(len(cur_bs), len(inc_bs))
+
+                def do_change(remain):
+                    while remain:
+                        ent = remain.pop()
+                        if ent["kind"] == BlockKind("TRY"):
+                            # Extend block with marker for end of try
+                            self.current_block = block
+                            oldbody = list(block.body)
+                            block.body.clear()
+                            self._insert_try_block_end()
+                            block.body.extend(oldbody)
+                            return True
+
+                if do_change(list(inc_bs[i:])):
+                    break
+
+    def _legalize_exception_vars(self):
+        """Search for unsupported use of exception variables.
+        Note, they cannot be stored into user variable.
+        """
+        # Build a set of exception variables
+        excvars = self._exception_vars.copy()
+        # Propagate the exception variables to LHS of assignment
+        for varname, defnvars in self.definitions.items():
+            for v in defnvars:
+                if isinstance(v, ir.Var):
+                    k = v.name
+                    if k in excvars:
+                        excvars.add(varname)
+        # Filter out the user variables.
+        uservar = list(filter(lambda x: not x.startswith("$"), excvars))
+        if uservar:
+            # Complain about the first user-variable storing an exception
+            first = uservar[0]
+            loc = self.current_scope.get(first).loc
+            msg = "Exception object cannot be stored into variable ({})."
+            raise errors.UnsupportedBytecodeError(msg.format(first), loc=loc)
+
+    def init_first_block(self):
+        # Define variables receiving the function arguments
+        for index, name in enumerate(self.arg_names):
+            val = ir.Arg(index=index, name=name, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(val, name)
+
+    def _iter_inst(self):
+        for blkct, block in enumerate(self.cfa.iterliveblocks()):
+            firstinst = self.bytecode[block.offset]
+            # If its an END_FOR instruction, the start location of block
+            # is set to start of the FOR loop, so take the location of
+            # next instruction. This only affects the source location
+            # marking and has no impact to semantic.
+            if firstinst.opname == "END_FOR":
+                firstinst = self.bytecode[firstinst.next]
+            self.loc = self.loc.with_lineno(firstinst.lineno)
+            self._start_new_block(block.offset)
+            if blkct == 0:
+                # Is first block
+                self.init_first_block()
+            for offset, kws in self.dfainfo.insts:
+                inst = self.bytecode[offset]
+                self.loc = self.loc.with_lineno(inst.lineno)
+                yield inst, kws
+            self._end_current_block()
+
+    def _start_new_block(self, offset):
+        oldblock = self.current_block
+        self.insert_block(offset)
+
+        tryblk = self.dfainfo.active_try_block if self.dfainfo else None
+        # Ensure the last block is terminated
+        if oldblock is not None and not oldblock.is_terminated:
+            # Handle ending try block.
+            # If there's an active try-block and the handler block is live.
+            if tryblk is not None and tryblk["end"] in self.cfa.graph.nodes():
+                # We are in a try-block, insert a branch to except-block.
+                # This logic cannot be in self._end_current_block()
+                # because we don't know the non-raising next block-offset.
+                branch = ir.Branch(
+                    cond=self.get("$exception_check"),
+                    truebr=tryblk["end"],
+                    falsebr=offset,
+                    loc=self.loc,
+                )
+                oldblock.append(branch)
+            # Handle normal case
+            else:
+                jmp = ir.Jump(offset, loc=self.loc)
+                oldblock.append(jmp)
+
+        # Get DFA block info
+        self.dfainfo = self.dfa.infos[self.current_block_offset]
+        self.assigner = Assigner()
+        # Check out-of-scope syntactic-block
+        if PYVERSION in ((3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13)):
+            # This is recreating pre-3.11 code structure
+            while self.syntax_blocks:
+                if offset >= self.syntax_blocks[-1].exit:
+                    synblk = self.syntax_blocks.pop()
+                    if isinstance(synblk, ir.With):
+                        self.current_block.append(ir.PopBlock(self.loc))
+                else:
+                    break
+            # inject try block:
+            newtryblk = self.dfainfo.active_try_block
+            if newtryblk is not None:
+                if newtryblk is not tryblk:
+                    self._insert_try_block_begin()
+        elif PYVERSION in (
+            (3, 9),
+            (3, 10),
+        ):
+            while self.syntax_blocks:
+                if offset >= self.syntax_blocks[-1].exit:
+                    self.syntax_blocks.pop()
+                else:
+                    break
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+    def _end_current_block(self):
+        # Handle try block
+        if not self.current_block.is_terminated:
+            tryblk = self.dfainfo.active_try_block
+            if tryblk is not None:
+                self._insert_exception_check()
+        # Handle normal block cleanup
+        self._remove_unused_temporaries()
+        self._insert_outgoing_phis()
+
+    def _inject_call(self, func, gv_name, res_name=None):
+        """A helper function to inject a call to *func* which is a python
+        function.
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        func : callable
+            The function object to be called.
+        gv_name : str
+            The variable name to be used to store the function object.
+        res_name : str; optional
+            The variable name to be used to store the call result.
+            If ``None``, a name is created automatically.
+        """
+        gv_fn = ir.Global(gv_name, func, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=gv_fn, name=gv_name, redefine=True)
+        callres = ir.Expr.call(self.get(gv_name), (), (), loc=self.loc)
+        res_name = res_name or "$callres_{}".format(gv_name)
+        self.store(value=callres, name=res_name, redefine=True)
+
+    def _insert_try_block_begin(self):
+        """Insert IR-nodes to mark the start of a `try` block."""
+        self._inject_call(eh.mark_try_block, "mark_try_block")
+
+    def _insert_try_block_end(self):
+        """Insert IR-nodes to mark the end of a `try` block."""
+        self._inject_call(eh.end_try_block, "end_try_block")
+
+    def _insert_exception_variables(self):
+        """Insert IR-nodes to initialize the exception variables."""
+        tryblk = self.dfainfo.active_try_block
+        # Get exception variables
+        endblk = tryblk["end"]
+        edgepushed = self.dfainfo.outgoing_edgepushed.get(endblk)
+        # Note: the last value on the stack is the exception value
+        # Note: due to the current limitation, all exception variables are None
+        if edgepushed:
+            const_none = ir.Const(value=None, loc=self.loc)
+            # For each variable going to the handler block.
+            for var in edgepushed:
+                if var in self.definitions:
+                    raise AssertionError(
+                        "exception variable CANNOT be defined by other code",
+                    )
+                self.store(value=const_none, name=var)
+                self._exception_vars.add(var)
+
+    def _insert_exception_check(self):
+        """Called before the end of a block to inject checks if raised."""
+        self._insert_exception_variables()
+        # Do exception check
+        self._inject_call(
+            eh.exception_check, "exception_check", "$exception_check"
+        )
+
+    def _remove_unused_temporaries(self):
+        """
+        Remove assignments to unused temporary variables from the
+        current block.
+        """
+        new_body = []
+        replaced_var = {}
+        for inst in self.current_block.body:
+            # the same temporary is assigned to multiple variables in cases
+            # like a = b[i] = 1, so need to handle replaced temporaries in
+            # later setitem/setattr nodes
+            if (
+                isinstance(inst, (ir.SetItem, ir.SetAttr))
+                and inst.value.name in replaced_var
+            ):
+                inst.value = replaced_var[inst.value.name]
+            elif isinstance(inst, ir.Assign):
+                if (
+                    inst.target.is_temp
+                    and inst.target.name in self.assigner.unused_dests
+                ):
+                    continue
+                # the same temporary is assigned to multiple variables in cases
+                # like a = b = 1, so need to handle replaced temporaries in
+                # later assignments
+                if (
+                    isinstance(inst.value, ir.Var)
+                    and inst.value.name in replaced_var
+                ):
+                    inst.value = replaced_var[inst.value.name]
+                    new_body.append(inst)
+                    continue
+                # chained unpack cases may reuse temporary
+                # e.g. a = (b, c) = (x, y)
+                if (
+                    isinstance(inst.value, ir.Expr)
+                    and inst.value.op == "exhaust_iter"
+                    and inst.value.value.name in replaced_var
+                ):
+                    inst.value.value = replaced_var[inst.value.value.name]
+                    new_body.append(inst)
+                    continue
+                # eliminate temporary variables that are assigned to user
+                # variables right after creation. E.g.:
+                # $1 = f(); a = $1 -> a = f()
+                # the temporary variable is not reused elsewhere since CPython
+                # bytecode is stack-based and this pattern corresponds to a pop
+                if (
+                    isinstance(inst.value, ir.Var)
+                    and inst.value.is_temp
+                    and new_body
+                    and isinstance(new_body[-1], ir.Assign)
+                ):
+                    prev_assign = new_body[-1]
+                    # _var_used_in_binop check makes sure we don't create a new
+                    # inplace binop operation which can fail
+                    # (see TestFunctionType.test_in_iter_func_call)
+                    if (
+                        prev_assign.target.name == inst.value.name
+                        and not self._var_used_in_binop(
+                            inst.target.name, prev_assign.value
+                        )
+                    ):
+                        replaced_var[inst.value.name] = inst.target
+                        prev_assign.target = inst.target
+                        # replace temp var definition in target with proper defs
+                        self.definitions[inst.target.name].remove(inst.value)
+                        self.definitions[inst.target.name].extend(
+                            self.definitions.pop(inst.value.name)
+                        )
+                        continue
+
+            new_body.append(inst)
+
+        self.current_block.body = new_body
+
+    def _var_used_in_binop(self, varname, expr):
+        """return True if 'expr' is a binary expression and 'varname' is used
+        in it as an argument
+        """
+        return (
+            isinstance(expr, ir.Expr)
+            and expr.op in ("binop", "inplace_binop")
+            and (varname == expr.lhs.name or varname == expr.rhs.name)
+        )
+
+    def _insert_outgoing_phis(self):
+        """
+        Add assignments to forward requested outgoing values
+        to subsequent blocks.
+        """
+        for phiname, varname in self.dfainfo.outgoing_phis.items():
+            target = self.current_scope.get_or_define(phiname, loc=self.loc)
+            try:
+                val = self.get(varname)
+            except ir.NotDefinedError:
+                # Hack to make sure exception variables are defined
+                assert PYVERSION in ((3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13)), (
+                    "unexpected missing definition"
+                )
+                val = ir.Const(value=None, loc=self.loc)
+            stmt = ir.Assign(value=val, target=target, loc=self.loc)
+            self.definitions[target.name].append(stmt.value)
+            if not self.current_block.is_terminated:
+                self.current_block.append(stmt)
+            else:
+                self.current_block.insert_before_terminator(stmt)
+
+    def get_global_value(self, name):
+        """
+        Get a global value from the func_global (first) or
+        as a builtins (second).  If both failed, return a ir.UNDEFINED.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.func_id.func.__globals__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            return getattr(builtins, name, ir.UNDEFINED)
+
+    def get_closure_value(self, index):
+        """
+        Get a value from the cell contained in this function's closure.
+        If not set, return a ir.UNDEFINED.
+        """
+        cell = self.func_id.func.__closure__[index]
+        try:
+            return cell.cell_contents
+        except ValueError:
+            return ir.UNDEFINED
+
+    @property
+    def current_scope(self):
+        return self.scopes[-1]
+
+    @property
+    def code_consts(self):
+        return self.bytecode.co_consts
+
+    @property
+    def code_locals(self):
+        return self.bytecode.co_varnames
+
+    @property
+    def code_names(self):
+        return self.bytecode.co_names
+
+    @property
+    def code_cellvars(self):
+        return self.bytecode.co_cellvars
+
+    @property
+    def code_freevars(self):
+        return self.bytecode.co_freevars
+
+    def _dispatch(self, inst, kws):
+        if self._DEBUG_PRINT:
+            print(inst)
+        assert self.current_block is not None
+        if PYVERSION in ((3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13)):
+            if self.syntax_blocks:
+                top = self.syntax_blocks[-1]
+                if isinstance(top, ir.With):
+                    if inst.offset >= top.exit:
+                        self.current_block.append(ir.PopBlock(loc=self.loc))
+                        self.syntax_blocks.pop()
+        elif PYVERSION in (
+            (3, 9),
+            (3, 10),
+        ):
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+        fname = "op_%s" % inst.opname.replace("+", "_")
+        try:
+            fn = getattr(self, fname)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise NotImplementedError(inst)
+        else:
+            try:
+                return fn(inst, **kws)
+            except errors.NotDefinedError as e:
+                if e.loc is None:
+                    loc = self.loc
+                else:
+                    loc = e.loc
+
+                err = errors.NotDefinedError(e.name, loc=loc)
+                if not config.FULL_TRACEBACKS:
+                    raise err from None
+                else:
+                    m = f"handling op: {inst} | offset: {inst.offset}"
+                    err.add_context(m)
+                    err.add_context(self.bytecode.dump())
+                    raise err
+
+    # --- Scope operations ---
+
+    def store(self, value, name, redefine=False):
+        """
+        Store *value* (a Expr or Var instance) into the variable named *name*
+        (a str object). Returns the target variable.
+        """
+        if redefine or self.current_block_offset in self.cfa.backbone:
+            rename = name not in self.code_cellvars
+            target = self.current_scope.redefine(
+                name, loc=self.loc, rename=rename
+            )
+        else:
+            target = self.current_scope.get_or_define(name, loc=self.loc)
+        if isinstance(value, ir.Var):
+            value = self.assigner.assign(value, target)
+        stmt = ir.Assign(value=value, target=target, loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(stmt)
+        self.definitions[target.name].append(value)
+        return target
+
+    def get(self, name):
+        """
+        Get the variable (a Var instance) with the given *name*.
+        """
+        # Implicit argument for comprehension starts with '.'
+        # See Parameter class in inspect.py (from Python source)
+        if name[0] == "." and name[1:].isdigit():
+            name = "implicit{}".format(name[1:])
+
+        # Try to simplify the variable lookup by returning an earlier
+        # variable assigned to *name*.
+        var = self.assigner.get_assignment_source(name)
+        if var is None:
+            var = self.current_scope.get(name)
+        return var
+
+    # --- Block operations ---
+
+    def insert_block(self, offset, scope=None, loc=None):
+        scope = scope or self.current_scope
+        loc = loc or self.loc
+        blk = ir.Block(scope=scope, loc=loc)
+        self.blocks[offset] = blk
+        self.current_block = blk
+        self.current_block_offset = offset
+        return blk
+
+    # --- Bytecode handlers ---
+
+    def op_NOP(self, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def op_RESUME(self, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def op_CACHE(self, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def op_PRECALL(self, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def op_PUSH_NULL(self, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def op_RETURN_GENERATOR(self, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def op_PRINT_ITEM(self, inst, item, printvar, res):
+        item = self.get(item)
+        printgv = ir.Global("print", print, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=printgv, name=printvar)
+        call = ir.Expr.call(self.get(printvar), (item,), (), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=call, name=res)
+
+    def op_PRINT_NEWLINE(self, inst, printvar, res):
+        printgv = ir.Global("print", print, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=printgv, name=printvar)
+        call = ir.Expr.call(self.get(printvar), (), (), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=call, name=res)
+
+    def op_UNPACK_SEQUENCE(self, inst, iterable, stores, tupleobj):
+        count = len(stores)
+        # Exhaust the iterable into a tuple-like object
+        tup = ir.Expr.exhaust_iter(
+            value=self.get(iterable), loc=self.loc, count=count
+        )
+        self.store(name=tupleobj, value=tup)
+
+        # then index the tuple-like object to extract the values
+        for i, st in enumerate(stores):
+            expr = ir.Expr.static_getitem(
+                self.get(tupleobj), index=i, index_var=None, loc=self.loc
+            )
+            self.store(expr, st)
+
+    def op_FORMAT_SIMPLE(self, inst, value, res, strvar):
+        # Same as FORMAT_VALUE
+        return self.op_FORMAT_VALUE(inst, value, res, strvar)
+
+    def op_FORMAT_VALUE(self, inst, value, res, strvar):
+        """
+        FORMAT_VALUE(flags): flags argument specifies format spec which is not
+        supported yet. Currently, str() is simply called on the value.
+        https://docs.python.org/3/library/dis.html#opcode-FORMAT_VALUE
+        """
+        value = self.get(value)
+        strgv = ir.Global("str", str, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=strgv, name=strvar)
+        call = ir.Expr.call(self.get(strvar), (value,), (), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=call, name=res)
+
+    def op_BUILD_STRING(self, inst, strings, tmps):
+        """
+        BUILD_STRING(count): Concatenates count strings.
+        Required for supporting f-strings.
+        https://docs.python.org/3/library/dis.html#opcode-BUILD_STRING
+        """
+        count = inst.arg
+        # corner case: f""
+        if count == 0:
+            const = ir.Const("", loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(const, tmps[-1])
+            return
+
+        prev = self.get(strings[0])
+        for other, tmp in zip(strings[1:], tmps):
+            other = self.get(other)
+            expr = ir.Expr.binop(
+                operator.add, lhs=prev, rhs=other, loc=self.loc
+            )
+            self.store(expr, tmp)
+            prev = self.get(tmp)
+
+    def op_BUILD_SLICE(self, inst, start, stop, step, res, slicevar):
+        start = self.get(start)
+        stop = self.get(stop)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        if step is None:
+            sliceinst = ir.Expr.call(
+                self.get(slicevar), (start, stop), (), loc=self.loc
+            )
+        else:
+            step = self.get(step)
+            sliceinst = ir.Expr.call(
+                self.get(slicevar), (start, stop, step), (), loc=self.loc
+            )
+        self.store(value=sliceinst, name=res)
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 12), (3, 13)):
+
+        def op_BINARY_SLICE(
+            self, inst, start, end, container, res, slicevar, temp_res
+        ):
+            start = self.get(start)
+            end = self.get(end)
+            slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+            sliceinst = ir.Expr.call(
+                self.get(slicevar), (start, end), (), loc=self.loc
+            )
+            self.store(value=sliceinst, name=temp_res)
+            index = self.get(temp_res)
+            target = self.get(container)
+            expr = ir.Expr.getitem(target, index=index, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(expr, res)
+    elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11)):
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 12), (3, 13)):
+
+        def op_STORE_SLICE(
+            self, inst, start, end, container, value, res, slicevar
+        ):
+            start = self.get(start)
+            end = self.get(end)
+            slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+            sliceinst = ir.Expr.call(
+                self.get(slicevar), (start, end), (), loc=self.loc
+            )
+            self.store(value=sliceinst, name=res)
+            index = self.get(res)
+            target = self.get(container)
+            value = self.get(value)
+
+            stmt = ir.SetItem(
+                target=target, index=index, value=value, loc=self.loc
+            )
+            self.current_block.append(stmt)
+    elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11)):
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+    def op_SLICE_0(self, inst, base, res, slicevar, indexvar, nonevar):
+        base = self.get(base)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        nonegv = ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=nonegv, name=nonevar)
+        none = self.get(nonevar)
+
+        index = ir.Expr.call(self.get(slicevar), (none, none), (), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=index, name=indexvar)
+
+        expr = ir.Expr.getitem(base, self.get(indexvar), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=expr, name=res)
+
+    def op_SLICE_1(self, inst, base, start, nonevar, res, slicevar, indexvar):
+        base = self.get(base)
+        start = self.get(start)
+
+        nonegv = ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=nonegv, name=nonevar)
+        none = self.get(nonevar)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        index = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(slicevar), (start, none), (), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(value=index, name=indexvar)
+
+        expr = ir.Expr.getitem(base, self.get(indexvar), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=expr, name=res)
+
+    def op_SLICE_2(self, inst, base, nonevar, stop, res, slicevar, indexvar):
+        base = self.get(base)
+        stop = self.get(stop)
+
+        nonegv = ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=nonegv, name=nonevar)
+        none = self.get(nonevar)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        index = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(slicevar),
+            (
+                none,
+                stop,
+            ),
+            (),
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+        self.store(value=index, name=indexvar)
+
+        expr = ir.Expr.getitem(base, self.get(indexvar), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=expr, name=res)
+
+    def op_SLICE_3(self, inst, base, start, stop, res, slicevar, indexvar):
+        base = self.get(base)
+        start = self.get(start)
+        stop = self.get(stop)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        index = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(slicevar), (start, stop), (), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(value=index, name=indexvar)
+
+        expr = ir.Expr.getitem(base, self.get(indexvar), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=expr, name=res)
+
+    def op_STORE_SLICE_0(self, inst, base, value, slicevar, indexvar, nonevar):
+        base = self.get(base)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        nonegv = ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=nonegv, name=nonevar)
+        none = self.get(nonevar)
+
+        index = ir.Expr.call(self.get(slicevar), (none, none), (), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=index, name=indexvar)
+
+        stmt = ir.SetItem(
+            base, self.get(indexvar), self.get(value), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def op_STORE_SLICE_1(
+        self, inst, base, start, nonevar, value, slicevar, indexvar
+    ):
+        base = self.get(base)
+        start = self.get(start)
+
+        nonegv = ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=nonegv, name=nonevar)
+        none = self.get(nonevar)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        index = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(slicevar), (start, none), (), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(value=index, name=indexvar)
+
+        stmt = ir.SetItem(
+            base, self.get(indexvar), self.get(value), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def op_STORE_SLICE_2(
+        self, inst, base, nonevar, stop, value, slicevar, indexvar
+    ):
+        base = self.get(base)
+        stop = self.get(stop)
+
+        nonegv = ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=nonegv, name=nonevar)
+        none = self.get(nonevar)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        index = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(slicevar),
+            (
+                none,
+                stop,
+            ),
+            (),
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+        self.store(value=index, name=indexvar)
+
+        stmt = ir.SetItem(
+            base, self.get(indexvar), self.get(value), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def op_STORE_SLICE_3(
+        self, inst, base, start, stop, value, slicevar, indexvar
+    ):
+        base = self.get(base)
+        start = self.get(start)
+        stop = self.get(stop)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        index = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(slicevar), (start, stop), (), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(value=index, name=indexvar)
+        stmt = ir.SetItem(
+            base, self.get(indexvar), self.get(value), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def op_DELETE_SLICE_0(self, inst, base, slicevar, indexvar, nonevar):
+        base = self.get(base)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        nonegv = ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=nonegv, name=nonevar)
+        none = self.get(nonevar)
+
+        index = ir.Expr.call(self.get(slicevar), (none, none), (), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=index, name=indexvar)
+
+        stmt = ir.DelItem(base, self.get(indexvar), loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def op_DELETE_SLICE_1(self, inst, base, start, nonevar, slicevar, indexvar):
+        base = self.get(base)
+        start = self.get(start)
+
+        nonegv = ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=nonegv, name=nonevar)
+        none = self.get(nonevar)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        index = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(slicevar), (start, none), (), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(value=index, name=indexvar)
+
+        stmt = ir.DelItem(base, self.get(indexvar), loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def op_DELETE_SLICE_2(self, inst, base, nonevar, stop, slicevar, indexvar):
+        base = self.get(base)
+        stop = self.get(stop)
+
+        nonegv = ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=nonegv, name=nonevar)
+        none = self.get(nonevar)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        index = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(slicevar),
+            (
+                none,
+                stop,
+            ),
+            (),
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+        self.store(value=index, name=indexvar)
+
+        stmt = ir.DelItem(base, self.get(indexvar), loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def op_DELETE_SLICE_3(self, inst, base, start, stop, slicevar, indexvar):
+        base = self.get(base)
+        start = self.get(start)
+        stop = self.get(stop)
+
+        slicegv = ir.Global("slice", slice, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=slicegv, name=slicevar)
+
+        index = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(slicevar), (start, stop), (), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(value=index, name=indexvar)
+        stmt = ir.DelItem(base, self.get(indexvar), loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def _op_LOAD_FAST(self, inst, res):
+        srcname = self.code_locals[inst.arg]
+        self.store(value=self.get(srcname), name=res)
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 13),):
+
+        def op_LOAD_FAST(self, inst, res, as_load_deref=False):
+            if as_load_deref:
+                self.op_LOAD_DEREF(inst, res)
+            else:
+                self._op_LOAD_FAST(inst, res)
+
+    else:
+        op_LOAD_FAST = _op_LOAD_FAST
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 13),):
+
+        def op_LOAD_FAST_LOAD_FAST(self, inst, res1, res2):
+            oparg = inst.arg
+            oparg1 = oparg >> 4
+            oparg2 = oparg & 15
+            src1 = self.get(self.code_locals[oparg1])
+            src2 = self.get(self.code_locals[oparg2])
+            self.store(value=src1, name=res1)
+            self.store(value=src2, name=res2)
+
+        def op_STORE_FAST_LOAD_FAST(self, inst, store_value, load_res):
+            oparg = inst.arg
+            oparg1 = oparg >> 4
+            oparg2 = oparg & 15
+
+            dstname = self.code_locals[oparg1]
+            dst_value = self.get(store_value)
+            self.store(value=dst_value, name=dstname)
+
+            src_value = self.get(self.code_locals[oparg2])
+            self.store(value=src_value, name=load_res)
+
+        def op_STORE_FAST_STORE_FAST(self, inst, value1, value2):
+            oparg = inst.arg
+            oparg1 = oparg >> 4
+            oparg2 = oparg & 15
+
+            dstname = self.code_locals[oparg1]
+            self.store(value=self.get(value1), name=dstname)
+            dstname = self.code_locals[oparg2]
+            self.store(value=self.get(value2), name=dstname)
+
+    elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11), (3, 12)):
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 12), (3, 13)):
+        op_LOAD_FAST_CHECK = op_LOAD_FAST
+
+        def op_LOAD_FAST_AND_CLEAR(self, inst, res):
+            try:
+                # try the regular LOAD_FAST logic
+                srcname = self.code_locals[inst.arg]
+                self.store(value=self.get(srcname), name=res)
+            except NotDefinedError:
+                # If the variable is not in the scope, set it to `undef`
+                undef = ir.Expr.undef(loc=self.loc)
+                self.store(undef, name=res)
+
+    elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11)):
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+    def op_STORE_FAST(self, inst, value):
+        dstname = self.code_locals[inst.arg]
+        value = self.get(value)
+        self.store(value=value, name=dstname)
+
+    def op_DELETE_FAST(self, inst):
+        dstname = self.code_locals[inst.arg]
+        self.current_block.append(ir.Del(dstname, loc=self.loc))
+
+    def op_DUP_TOPX(self, inst, orig, duped):
+        for src, dst in zip(orig, duped):
+            self.store(value=self.get(src), name=dst)
+
+    op_DUP_TOP = op_DUP_TOPX
+    op_DUP_TOP_TWO = op_DUP_TOPX
+
+    def op_STORE_ATTR(self, inst, target, value):
+        attr = self.code_names[inst.arg]
+        sa = ir.SetAttr(
+            target=self.get(target),
+            value=self.get(value),
+            attr=attr,
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+        self.current_block.append(sa)
+
+    def op_DELETE_ATTR(self, inst, target):
+        attr = self.code_names[inst.arg]
+        sa = ir.DelAttr(target=self.get(target), attr=attr, loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(sa)
+
+    def op_LOAD_ATTR(self, inst, item, res):
+        item = self.get(item)
+        if PYVERSION in ((3, 12), (3, 13)):
+            attr = self.code_names[inst.arg >> 1]
+        elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11)):
+            attr = self.code_names[inst.arg]
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+        getattr = ir.Expr.getattr(item, attr, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(getattr, res)
+
+    def op_LOAD_CONST(self, inst, res):
+        value = self.code_consts[inst.arg]
+        if isinstance(value, tuple):
+            st = []
+            for x in value:
+                nm = "$const_%s" % str(x)
+                val_const = ir.Const(x, loc=self.loc)
+                target = self.store(val_const, name=nm, redefine=True)
+                st.append(target)
+            const = ir.Expr.build_tuple(st, loc=self.loc)
+        elif isinstance(value, frozenset):
+            st = []
+            for x in value:
+                nm = "$const_%s" % str(x)
+                val_const = ir.Const(x, loc=self.loc)
+                target = self.store(val_const, name=nm, redefine=True)
+                st.append(target)
+            const = ir.Expr.build_set(st, loc=self.loc)
+        else:
+            const = ir.Const(value, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(const, res)
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13)):
+
+        def op_LOAD_GLOBAL(self, inst, idx, res):
+            name = self.code_names[idx]
+            value = self.get_global_value(name)
+            gl = ir.Global(name, value, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(gl, res)
+    elif PYVERSION in (
+        (3, 9),
+        (3, 10),
+    ):
+
+        def op_LOAD_GLOBAL(self, inst, res):
+            name = self.code_names[inst.arg]
+            value = self.get_global_value(name)
+            gl = ir.Global(name, value, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(gl, res)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+    def op_COPY_FREE_VARS(self, inst):
+        pass
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13)):
+
+        def op_LOAD_DEREF(self, inst, res):
+            name = self.func_id.func.__code__._varname_from_oparg(inst.arg)
+            if name in self.code_cellvars:
+                try:
+                    gl = self.get(name)
+                except NotDefinedError:
+                    msg = "Unsupported use of cell variable encountered"
+                    raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+            elif name in self.code_freevars:
+                idx = self.code_freevars.index(name)
+                value = self.get_closure_value(idx)
+                gl = ir.FreeVar(idx, name, value, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(gl, res)
+    elif PYVERSION in (
+        (3, 9),
+        (3, 10),
+    ):
+
+        def op_LOAD_DEREF(self, inst, res):
+            n_cellvars = len(self.code_cellvars)
+            if inst.arg < n_cellvars:
+                name = self.code_cellvars[inst.arg]
+                gl = self.get(name)
+            else:
+                idx = inst.arg - n_cellvars
+                name = self.code_freevars[idx]
+                value = self.get_closure_value(idx)
+                gl = ir.FreeVar(idx, name, value, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(gl, res)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13)):
+
+        def op_MAKE_CELL(self, inst):
+            pass  # ignored bytecode
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13)):
+
+        def op_STORE_DEREF(self, inst, value):
+            name = self.func_id.func.__code__._varname_from_oparg(inst.arg)
+            value = self.get(value)
+            self.store(value=value, name=name)
+    elif PYVERSION in (
+        (3, 9),
+        (3, 10),
+    ):
+
+        def op_STORE_DEREF(self, inst, value):
+            n_cellvars = len(self.code_cellvars)
+            if inst.arg < n_cellvars:
+                dstname = self.code_cellvars[inst.arg]
+            else:
+                dstname = self.code_freevars[inst.arg - n_cellvars]
+            value = self.get(value)
+            self.store(value=value, name=dstname)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+    def op_SETUP_LOOP(self, inst):
+        assert self.blocks[inst.offset] is self.current_block
+        loop = ir.Loop(inst.offset, exit=(inst.next + inst.arg))
+        self.syntax_blocks.append(loop)
+
+    def op_SETUP_WITH(self, inst, contextmanager, exitfn=None):
+        assert self.blocks[inst.offset] is self.current_block
+        # Handle with
+        exitpt = inst.next + inst.arg
+
+        wth = ir.With(inst.offset, exit=exitpt)
+        self.syntax_blocks.append(wth)
+        ctxmgr = self.get(contextmanager)
+        self.current_block.append(
+            ir.EnterWith(
+                contextmanager=ctxmgr,
+                begin=inst.offset,
+                end=exitpt,
+                loc=self.loc,
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Store exit fn
+        exit_fn_obj = ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=exit_fn_obj, name=exitfn)
+
+    def op_BEFORE_WITH(self, inst, contextmanager, exitfn, end):
+        assert self.blocks[inst.offset] is self.current_block
+        if PYVERSION in ((3, 12), (3, 13)):
+            # Python 3.12 hack for handling nested with blocks
+            if end > self.last_active_offset:
+                # Use exception entries to figure out end of syntax block
+                end = max(
+                    [
+                        ex.end
+                        for ex in self.active_exception_entries
+                        if ex.target == end
+                    ]
+                )
+        elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11)):
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+        # Handle with
+        wth = ir.With(inst.offset, exit=end)
+        self.syntax_blocks.append(wth)
+        ctxmgr = self.get(contextmanager)
+        self.current_block.append(
+            ir.EnterWith(
+                contextmanager=ctxmgr,
+                begin=inst.offset,
+                end=end,
+                loc=self.loc,
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Store exit function
+        exit_fn_obj = ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=exit_fn_obj, name=exitfn)
+
+    def op_SETUP_FINALLY(self, inst):
+        # Removed since python3.11
+        self._insert_try_block_begin()
+
+    def op_WITH_CLEANUP(self, inst):
+        "no-op"
+
+    def op_WITH_CLEANUP_START(self, inst):
+        "no-op"
+
+    def op_WITH_CLEANUP_FINISH(self, inst):
+        "no-op"
+
+    def op_END_FINALLY(self, inst):
+        "no-op"
+
+    def op_BEGIN_FINALLY(self, inst, temps):
+        # The *temps* are the exception variables
+        const_none = ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc)
+        for tmp in temps:
+            # Set to None for now
+            self.store(const_none, name=tmp)
+            self._exception_vars.add(tmp)
+
+    def op_CALL(self, inst, func, args, kw_names, res):
+        func = self.get(func)
+        args = [self.get(x) for x in args]
+        if kw_names is not None:
+            assert PYVERSION < (3, 13)
+            names = self.code_consts[kw_names]
+            kwargs = list(zip(names, args[-len(names) :]))
+            args = args[: -len(names)]
+        else:
+            kwargs = ()
+        expr = ir.Expr.call(func, args, kwargs, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 13),):
+
+        def op_CALL_KW(self, inst, func, args, kw_names, res):
+            func = self.get(func)
+            args = [self.get(x) for x in args]
+            consti = int(kw_names.rsplit(".", 2)[-1])
+            names = self.code_consts[consti]
+            kwargs = list(zip(names, args[-len(names) :]))
+            args = args[: -len(names)]
+            expr = ir.Expr.call(func, args, kwargs, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(expr, res)
+    else:
+        assert PYVERSION < (3, 13)
+
+    def op_CALL_FUNCTION(self, inst, func, args, res):
+        func = self.get(func)
+        args = [self.get(x) for x in args]
+        expr = ir.Expr.call(func, args, (), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_CALL_FUNCTION_KW(self, inst, func, args, names, res):
+        func = self.get(func)
+        args = [self.get(x) for x in args]
+        # Find names const
+        names = self.get(names)
+        for inst in self.current_block.body:
+            if isinstance(inst, ir.Assign) and inst.target is names:
+                self.current_block.remove(inst)
+                # scan up the block looking for the values, remove them
+                # and find their name strings
+                named_items = []
+                for x in inst.value.items:
+                    for y in self.current_block.body[::-1]:
+                        if x == y.target:
+                            self.current_block.remove(y)
+                            named_items.append(y.value.value)
+                            break
+                keys = named_items
+                break
+
+        nkeys = len(keys)
+        posvals = args[:-nkeys]
+        kwvals = args[-nkeys:]
+        keyvalues = list(zip(keys, kwvals))
+
+        expr = ir.Expr.call(func, posvals, keyvalues, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_CALL_FUNCTION_EX(self, inst, func, vararg, varkwarg, res):
+        func = self.get(func)
+        vararg = self.get(vararg)
+        if varkwarg is not None:
+            varkwarg = self.get(varkwarg)
+        expr = ir.Expr.call(
+            func, [], [], loc=self.loc, vararg=vararg, varkwarg=varkwarg
+        )
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def _build_tuple_unpack(self, inst, tuples, temps, is_assign):
+        first = self.get(tuples[0])
+        if is_assign:
+            # it's assign-like, defer handling to an intrinsic that will have
+            # type information.
+            # Can deal with tuples only, i.e. y = (*x,). where x = <tuple>
+            gv_name = "unpack_single_tuple"
+            gv_fn = ir.Global(
+                gv_name,
+                unpack_single_tuple,
+                loc=self.loc,
+            )
+            self.store(value=gv_fn, name=gv_name, redefine=True)
+            exc = ir.Expr.call(
+                self.get(gv_name),
+                args=(first,),
+                kws=(),
+                loc=self.loc,
+            )
+            self.store(exc, temps[0])
+        else:
+            loc = self.loc
+            for other, tmp in zip(map(self.get, tuples[1:]), temps):
+                # Emit as `first + tuple(other)`
+                gv_tuple = ir.Global(
+                    name="tuple",
+                    value=tuple,
+                    loc=loc,
+                )
+                tuple_var = self.store(
+                    gv_tuple,
+                    "$_list_extend_gv_tuple",
+                    redefine=True,
+                )
+                tuplify_val = ir.Expr.call(
+                    tuple_var,
+                    (other,),
+                    (),
+                    loc=loc,
+                )
+                tuplify_var = self.store(
+                    tuplify_val, "$_tuplify", redefine=True
+                )
+                out = ir.Expr.binop(
+                    fn=operator.add,
+                    lhs=first,
+                    rhs=self.get(tuplify_var.name),
+                    loc=self.loc,
+                )
+                self.store(out, tmp)
+                first = self.get(tmp)
+
+    def op_BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK_WITH_CALL(self, inst, tuples, temps, is_assign):
+        # just unpack the input tuple, call inst will be handled afterwards
+        self._build_tuple_unpack(inst, tuples, temps, is_assign)
+
+    def op_BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK(self, inst, tuples, temps, is_assign):
+        self._build_tuple_unpack(inst, tuples, temps, is_assign)
+
+    def op_LIST_TO_TUPLE(self, inst, const_list, res):
+        expr = ir.Expr.dummy("list_to_tuple", (const_list,), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP(self, inst, keys, keytmps, values, res):
+        # Unpack the constant key-tuple and reused build_map which takes
+        # a sequence of (key, value) pair.
+        keyvar = self.get(keys)
+        # TODO: refactor this pattern. occurred several times.
+        for inst in self.current_block.body:
+            if isinstance(inst, ir.Assign) and inst.target is keyvar:
+                self.current_block.remove(inst)
+                # scan up the block looking for the values, remove them
+                # and find their name strings
+                named_items = []
+                for x in inst.value.items:
+                    for y in self.current_block.body[::-1]:
+                        if x == y.target:
+                            self.current_block.remove(y)
+                            named_items.append(y.value.value)
+                            break
+                keytup = named_items
+                break
+        assert len(keytup) == len(values)
+        keyconsts = [ir.Const(value=x, loc=self.loc) for x in keytup]
+        for kval, tmp in zip(keyconsts, keytmps):
+            self.store(kval, tmp)
+        items = list(zip(map(self.get, keytmps), map(self.get, values)))
+
+        # sort out literal values
+        literal_items = []
+        for v in values:
+            defns = self.definitions[v]
+            if len(defns) != 1:
+                break
+            defn = defns[0]
+            if not isinstance(defn, ir.Const):
+                break
+            literal_items.append(defn.value)
+
+        def resolve_const(v):
+            defns = self.definitions[v]
+            if len(defns) != 1:
+                return _UNKNOWN_VALUE(self.get(v).name)
+            defn = defns[0]
+            if not isinstance(defn, ir.Const):
+                return _UNKNOWN_VALUE(self.get(v).name)
+            return defn.value
+
+        if len(literal_items) != len(values):
+            literal_dict = {x: resolve_const(y) for x, y in zip(keytup, values)}
+        else:
+            literal_dict = {x: y for x, y in zip(keytup, literal_items)}
+
+        # to deal with things like {'a': 1, 'a': 'cat', 'b': 2, 'a': 2j}
+        # store the index of the actual used value for a given key, this is
+        # used when lowering to pull the right value out into the tuple repr
+        # of a mixed value type dictionary.
+        value_indexes = {}
+        for i, k in enumerate(keytup):
+            value_indexes[k] = i
+
+        expr = ir.Expr.build_map(
+            items=items,
+            size=2,
+            literal_value=literal_dict,
+            value_indexes=value_indexes,
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_GET_ITER(self, inst, value, res):
+        expr = ir.Expr.getiter(value=self.get(value), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_FOR_ITER(self, inst, iterator, pair, indval, pred):
+        """
+        Assign new block other this instruction.
+        """
+        assert inst.offset in self.blocks, "FOR_ITER must be block head"
+
+        # Emit code
+        val = self.get(iterator)
+
+        pairval = ir.Expr.iternext(value=val, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(pairval, pair)
+
+        iternext = ir.Expr.pair_first(value=self.get(pair), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(iternext, indval)
+
+        isvalid = ir.Expr.pair_second(value=self.get(pair), loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(isvalid, pred)
+
+        # Conditional jump
+        br = ir.Branch(
+            cond=self.get(pred),
+            truebr=inst.next,
+            falsebr=inst.get_jump_target(),
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+        self.current_block.append(br)
+
+    def op_BINARY_SUBSCR(self, inst, target, index, res):
+        index = self.get(index)
+        target = self.get(target)
+        expr = ir.Expr.getitem(target, index=index, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_STORE_SUBSCR(self, inst, target, index, value):
+        index = self.get(index)
+        target = self.get(target)
+        value = self.get(value)
+        stmt = ir.SetItem(target=target, index=index, value=value, loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def op_DELETE_SUBSCR(self, inst, target, index):
+        index = self.get(index)
+        target = self.get(target)
+        stmt = ir.DelItem(target=target, index=index, loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def op_BUILD_TUPLE(self, inst, items, res):
+        expr = ir.Expr.build_tuple(
+            items=[self.get(x) for x in items], loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_BUILD_LIST(self, inst, items, res):
+        expr = ir.Expr.build_list(
+            items=[self.get(x) for x in items], loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_BUILD_SET(self, inst, items, res):
+        expr = ir.Expr.build_set(
+            items=[self.get(x) for x in items], loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_SET_UPDATE(self, inst, target, value, updatevar, res):
+        target = self.get(target)
+        value = self.get(value)
+        updateattr = ir.Expr.getattr(target, "update", loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=updateattr, name=updatevar)
+        updateinst = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(updatevar), (value,), (), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(value=updateinst, name=res)
+
+    def op_DICT_UPDATE(self, inst, target, value, updatevar, res):
+        target = self.get(target)
+        value = self.get(value)
+        # We generate _update_from_bytecode instead of update so we can
+        # differentiate between user .update() calls and those from the
+        # bytecode. This is then used to recombine dictionaries in peephole
+        # optimizations. See the dicussion in this PR about why:
+        # https://github.com/numba/numba/pull/7964/files#r868229306
+        updateattr = ir.Expr.getattr(
+            target, "_update_from_bytecode", loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(value=updateattr, name=updatevar)
+        updateinst = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(updatevar), (value,), (), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(value=updateinst, name=res)
+
+    def op_BUILD_MAP(self, inst, items, size, res):
+        got_items = [(self.get(k), self.get(v)) for k, v in items]
+
+        # sort out literal values, this is a bit contrived but is to handle
+        # situations like `{1: 10, 1: 10}` where the size of the literal dict
+        # is smaller than the definition
+        def get_literals(target):
+            literal_items = []
+            values = [self.get(v.name) for v in target]
+            for v in values:
+                defns = self.definitions[v.name]
+                if len(defns) != 1:
+                    break
+                defn = defns[0]
+                if not isinstance(defn, ir.Const):
+                    break
+                literal_items.append(defn.value)
+            return literal_items
+
+        literal_keys = get_literals(x[0] for x in got_items)
+        literal_values = get_literals(x[1] for x in got_items)
+
+        has_literal_keys = len(literal_keys) == len(got_items)
+        has_literal_values = len(literal_values) == len(got_items)
+
+        value_indexes = {}
+        if not has_literal_keys and not has_literal_values:
+            literal_dict = None
+        elif has_literal_keys and not has_literal_values:
+            literal_dict = {
+                x: _UNKNOWN_VALUE(y[1]) for x, y in zip(literal_keys, got_items)
+            }
+            for i, k in enumerate(literal_keys):
+                value_indexes[k] = i
+        else:
+            literal_dict = {x: y for x, y in zip(literal_keys, literal_values)}
+            for i, k in enumerate(literal_keys):
+                value_indexes[k] = i
+
+        expr = ir.Expr.build_map(
+            items=got_items,
+            size=size,
+            literal_value=literal_dict,
+            value_indexes=value_indexes,
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_STORE_MAP(self, inst, dct, key, value):
+        stmt = ir.StoreMap(
+            dct=self.get(dct),
+            key=self.get(key),
+            value=self.get(value),
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+        self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def op_UNARY_NEGATIVE(self, inst, value, res):
+        value = self.get(value)
+        expr = ir.Expr.unary("-", value=value, loc=self.loc)
+        return self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_UNARY_POSITIVE(self, inst, value, res):
+        value = self.get(value)
+        expr = ir.Expr.unary("+", value=value, loc=self.loc)
+        return self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_UNARY_INVERT(self, inst, value, res):
+        value = self.get(value)
+        expr = ir.Expr.unary("~", value=value, loc=self.loc)
+        return self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_UNARY_NOT(self, inst, value, res):
+        value = self.get(value)
+        expr = ir.Expr.unary("not", value=value, loc=self.loc)
+        return self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def _binop(self, op, lhs, rhs, res):
+        op = BINOPS_TO_OPERATORS[op]
+        lhs = self.get(lhs)
+        rhs = self.get(rhs)
+        expr = ir.Expr.binop(op, lhs=lhs, rhs=rhs, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def _inplace_binop(self, op, lhs, rhs, res):
+        immuop = BINOPS_TO_OPERATORS[op]
+        op = INPLACE_BINOPS_TO_OPERATORS[op + "="]
+        lhs = self.get(lhs)
+        rhs = self.get(rhs)
+        expr = ir.Expr.inplace_binop(op, immuop, lhs=lhs, rhs=rhs, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_OP(self, inst, op, lhs, rhs, res):
+        if "=" in op:
+            self._inplace_binop(op[:-1], lhs, rhs, res)
+        else:
+            self._binop(op, lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_ADD(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("+", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_SUBTRACT(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("-", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_MULTIPLY(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("*", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_DIVIDE(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("/?", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("/", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("//", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_MODULO(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("%", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_POWER(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("**", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("@", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_LSHIFT(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("<<", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_RSHIFT(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop(">>", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_AND(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("&", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_OR(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("|", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_BINARY_XOR(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._binop("^", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_ADD(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("+", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_SUBTRACT(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("-", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_MULTIPLY(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("*", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_DIVIDE(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("/?", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("/", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("//", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_MODULO(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("%", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_POWER(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("**", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("@", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_LSHIFT(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("<<", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_RSHIFT(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop(">>", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_AND(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("&", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_OR(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("|", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_INPLACE_XOR(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        self._inplace_binop("^", lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_JUMP_ABSOLUTE(self, inst):
+        jmp = ir.Jump(inst.get_jump_target(), loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(jmp)
+
+    def op_JUMP_FORWARD(self, inst):
+        jmp = ir.Jump(inst.get_jump_target(), loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(jmp)
+
+    def op_JUMP_BACKWARD(self, inst):
+        jmp = ir.Jump(inst.get_jump_target(), loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(jmp)
+
+    op_JUMP_BACKWARD_NO_INTERRUPT = op_JUMP_BACKWARD
+
+    def op_POP_BLOCK(self, inst, kind=None):
+        if kind is None:
+            self.syntax_blocks.pop()
+        elif kind == "with":
+            d = ir.PopBlock(loc=self.loc)
+            self.current_block.append(d)
+        elif kind == "try":
+            self._insert_try_block_end()
+
+    def op_RETURN_VALUE(self, inst, retval, castval):
+        self.store(ir.Expr.cast(self.get(retval), loc=self.loc), castval)
+        ret = ir.Return(self.get(castval), loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(ret)
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 12), (3, 13)):
+
+        def op_RETURN_CONST(self, inst, retval, castval):
+            value = self.code_consts[inst.arg]
+            const = ir.Const(value, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(const, retval)
+            self.store(ir.Expr.cast(self.get(retval), loc=self.loc), castval)
+            ret = ir.Return(self.get(castval), loc=self.loc)
+            self.current_block.append(ret)
+    elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11)):
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 13),):
+
+        def op_TO_BOOL(self, inst, val, res):
+            self.store(self.get(val), res)  # TODO: just a lazy hack
+
+    elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11), (3, 12)):
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+    def op_COMPARE_OP(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        if PYVERSION in ((3, 13),):
+            op = dis.cmp_op[inst.arg >> 5]
+            # TODO: fifth lowest bit now indicates a forced version to bool.
+        elif PYVERSION in ((3, 12),):
+            op = dis.cmp_op[inst.arg >> 4]
+        elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11)):
+            op = dis.cmp_op[inst.arg]
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+        if op == "in" or op == "not in":
+            lhs, rhs = rhs, lhs
+
+        if op == "not in":
+            self._binop("in", lhs, rhs, res)
+            tmp = self.get(res)
+            out = ir.Expr.unary("not", value=tmp, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(out, res)
+        elif op == "exception match":
+            gv_fn = ir.Global(
+                "exception_match",
+                eh.exception_match,
+                loc=self.loc,
+            )
+            exc_match_name = "$exc_match"
+            self.store(value=gv_fn, name=exc_match_name, redefine=True)
+            lhs = self.get(lhs)
+            rhs = self.get(rhs)
+            exc = ir.Expr.call(
+                self.get(exc_match_name),
+                args=(lhs, rhs),
+                kws=(),
+                loc=self.loc,
+            )
+            self.store(exc, res)
+        else:
+            self._binop(op, lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_IS_OP(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        # invert if op case is 1
+        op = "is not" if inst.arg == 1 else "is"
+        self._binop(op, lhs, rhs, res)
+
+    def op_CONTAINS_OP(self, inst, lhs, rhs, res):
+        lhs, rhs = rhs, lhs
+        self._binop("in", lhs, rhs, res)
+        # invert if op case is 1
+        if inst.arg == 1:
+            tmp = self.get(res)
+            out = ir.Expr.unary("not", value=tmp, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(out, res)
+
+    def op_BREAK_LOOP(self, inst, end=None):
+        if end is None:
+            loop = self.syntax_blocks[-1]
+            assert isinstance(loop, ir.Loop)
+            end = loop.exit
+        jmp = ir.Jump(target=end, loc=self.loc)
+        self.current_block.append(jmp)
+
+    def _op_JUMP_IF(self, inst, pred, iftrue):
+        brs = {
+            True: inst.get_jump_target(),
+            False: inst.next,
+        }
+        truebr = brs[iftrue]
+        falsebr = brs[not iftrue]
+
+        name = "$bool%s" % (inst.offset)
+        gv_fn = ir.Global("bool", bool, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=gv_fn, name=name)
+
+        callres = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(name), (self.get(pred),), (), loc=self.loc
+        )
+
+        pname = "$%spred" % (inst.offset)
+        predicate = self.store(value=callres, name=pname)
+        bra = ir.Branch(
+            cond=predicate, truebr=truebr, falsebr=falsebr, loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.current_block.append(bra)
+
+    def op_JUMP_IF_FALSE(self, inst, pred):
+        self._op_JUMP_IF(inst, pred=pred, iftrue=False)
+
+    def op_JUMP_IF_TRUE(self, inst, pred):
+        self._op_JUMP_IF(inst, pred=pred, iftrue=True)
+
+    def _jump_if_none(self, inst, pred, iftrue):
+        # branch pruning assumes true falls through and false is jump
+        truebr = inst.next
+        falsebr = inst.get_jump_target()
+
+        # this seems strange
+        if not iftrue:
+            op = BINOPS_TO_OPERATORS["is"]
+        else:
+            op = BINOPS_TO_OPERATORS["is not"]
+
+        rhs = self.store(
+            value=ir.Const(None, loc=self.loc), name=f"$constNone{inst.offset}"
+        )
+        lhs = self.get(pred)
+        isnone = ir.Expr.binop(op, lhs=lhs, rhs=rhs, loc=self.loc)
+
+        maybeNone = f"$maybeNone{inst.offset}"
+        self.store(value=isnone, name=maybeNone)
+
+        name = f"$bool{inst.offset}"
+        gv_fn = ir.Global("bool", bool, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=gv_fn, name=name)
+
+        callres = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(name), (self.get(maybeNone),), (), loc=self.loc
+        )
+
+        pname = f"$pred{inst.offset}"
+        predicate = self.store(value=callres, name=pname)
+        branch = ir.Branch(
+            cond=predicate, truebr=truebr, falsebr=falsebr, loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.current_block.append(branch)
+
+    def op_POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_NONE(self, inst, pred):
+        self._jump_if_none(inst, pred, True)
+
+    def op_POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_NOT_NONE(self, inst, pred):
+        self._jump_if_none(inst, pred, False)
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 12), (3, 13)):
+
+        def op_POP_JUMP_IF_NONE(self, inst, pred):
+            self._jump_if_none(inst, pred, True)
+
+        def op_POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE(self, inst, pred):
+            self._jump_if_none(inst, pred, False)
+    elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11)):
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+    def op_POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_NONE(self, inst, pred):
+        self._jump_if_none(inst, pred, True)
+
+    def op_POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_NOT_NONE(self, inst, pred):
+        self._jump_if_none(inst, pred, False)
+
+    def op_POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_FALSE(self, inst, pred):
+        self._op_JUMP_IF(inst, pred=pred, iftrue=False)
+
+    def op_POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_TRUE(self, inst, pred):
+        self._op_JUMP_IF(inst, pred=pred, iftrue=True)
+
+    def op_POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_FALSE(self, inst, pred):
+        self._op_JUMP_IF(inst, pred=pred, iftrue=False)
+
+    def op_POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_TRUE(self, inst, pred):
+        self._op_JUMP_IF(inst, pred=pred, iftrue=True)
+
+    def op_POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE(self, inst, pred):
+        self._op_JUMP_IF(inst, pred=pred, iftrue=False)
+
+    def op_POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE(self, inst, pred):
+        self._op_JUMP_IF(inst, pred=pred, iftrue=True)
+
+    def op_JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP(self, inst, pred):
+        self._op_JUMP_IF(inst, pred=pred, iftrue=False)
+
+    def op_JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP(self, inst, pred):
+        self._op_JUMP_IF(inst, pred=pred, iftrue=True)
+
+    def op_CHECK_EXC_MATCH(self, inst, pred, tos, tos1):
+        gv_fn = ir.Global(
+            "exception_match",
+            eh.exception_match,
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+        exc_match_name = "$exc_match"
+        self.store(value=gv_fn, name=exc_match_name, redefine=True)
+        lhs = self.get(tos1)
+        rhs = self.get(tos)
+        exc = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(exc_match_name),
+            args=(lhs, rhs),
+            kws=(),
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+        self.store(exc, pred)
+
+    def op_JUMP_IF_NOT_EXC_MATCH(self, inst, pred, tos, tos1):
+        truebr = inst.next
+        falsebr = inst.get_jump_target()
+        gv_fn = ir.Global(
+            "exception_match",
+            eh.exception_match,
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+        exc_match_name = "$exc_match"
+        self.store(value=gv_fn, name=exc_match_name, redefine=True)
+        lhs = self.get(tos1)
+        rhs = self.get(tos)
+        exc = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(exc_match_name),
+            args=(lhs, rhs),
+            kws=(),
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+        predicate = self.store(exc, pred)
+        bra = ir.Branch(
+            cond=predicate, truebr=truebr, falsebr=falsebr, loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.current_block.append(bra)
+
+    def op_RERAISE(self, inst, exc):
+        tryblk = self.dfainfo.active_try_block
+        if tryblk is not None:
+            stmt = ir.TryRaise(exception=None, loc=self.loc)
+            self.current_block.append(stmt)
+            self._insert_try_block_end()
+            self.current_block.append(ir.Jump(tryblk["end"], loc=self.loc))
+        else:
+            # Numba can't handle this case and it's caught else where, this is a
+            # runtime guard in case this is reached by unknown means.
+            msg = (
+                f"Unreachable condition reached (op code RERAISE executed)"
+                f"{error_extras['reportable']}"
+            )
+            stmt = ir.StaticRaise(AssertionError, (msg,), self.loc)
+            self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def op_RAISE_VARARGS(self, inst, exc):
+        if exc is not None:
+            exc = self.get(exc)
+        tryblk = self.dfainfo.active_try_block
+        if tryblk is not None:
+            # In a try block
+            stmt = ir.TryRaise(exception=exc, loc=self.loc)
+            self.current_block.append(stmt)
+            self._insert_try_block_end()
+            self.current_block.append(ir.Jump(tryblk["end"], loc=self.loc))
+        else:
+            # Not in a try block
+            stmt = ir.Raise(exception=exc, loc=self.loc)
+            self.current_block.append(stmt)
+
+    def op_YIELD_VALUE(self, inst, value, res):
+        # initialize index to None.  it's being set later in post-processing
+        index = None
+        inst = ir.Yield(value=self.get(value), index=index, loc=self.loc)
+        return self.store(inst, res)
+
+    def op_MAKE_FUNCTION(
+        self, inst, name, code, closure, annotations, kwdefaults, defaults, res
+    ):
+        # annotations are ignored by numba but useful for static analysis
+        # re. https://github.com/numba/numba/issues/7269
+        if kwdefaults is not None:
+            msg = "op_MAKE_FUNCTION with kwdefaults is not implemented"
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+        if defaults:
+            if isinstance(defaults, tuple):
+                defaults = tuple([self.get(name) for name in defaults])
+            else:
+                defaults = self.get(defaults)
+
+        assume_code_const = self.definitions[code][0]
+        if not isinstance(assume_code_const, ir.Const):
+            msg = (
+                "Unsupported use of closure. "
+                "Probably caused by complex control-flow constructs; "
+                "e.g. try-except"
+            )
+            raise errors.UnsupportedBytecodeError(msg, loc=self.loc)
+        fcode = assume_code_const.value
+        if name:
+            name = self.get(name)
+        if closure:
+            closure = self.get(closure)
+        expr = ir.Expr.make_function(name, fcode, closure, defaults, self.loc)
+        self.store(expr, res)
+
+    def op_MAKE_CLOSURE(
+        self, inst, name, code, closure, annotations, kwdefaults, defaults, res
+    ):
+        self.op_MAKE_FUNCTION(
+            inst, name, code, closure, annotations, kwdefaults, defaults, res
+        )
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 11), (3, 12), (3, 13)):
+
+        def op_LOAD_CLOSURE(self, inst, res):
+            name = self.func_id.func.__code__._varname_from_oparg(inst.arg)
+            if name in self.code_cellvars:
+                try:
+                    gl = self.get(name)
+                except NotDefinedError:
+                    msg = "Unsupported use of cell variable encountered"
+                    raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+            elif name in self.code_freevars:
+                idx = self.code_freevars.index(name)
+                value = self.get_closure_value(idx)
+                gl = ir.FreeVar(idx, name, value, loc=self.loc)
+            else:
+                assert 0, "unreachable"
+            self.store(gl, res)
+
+    elif PYVERSION in (
+        (3, 9),
+        (3, 10),
+    ):
+
+        def op_LOAD_CLOSURE(self, inst, res):
+            n_cellvars = len(self.code_cellvars)
+            if inst.arg < n_cellvars:
+                name = self.code_cellvars[inst.arg]
+                try:
+                    gl = self.get(name)
+                except NotDefinedError:
+                    msg = "Unsupported use of cell variable encountered"
+                    raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+            else:
+                idx = inst.arg - n_cellvars
+                name = self.code_freevars[idx]
+                value = self.get_closure_value(idx)
+                gl = ir.FreeVar(idx, name, value, loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(gl, res)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+    def op_LIST_APPEND(self, inst, target, value, appendvar, res):
+        target = self.get(target)
+        value = self.get(value)
+        appendattr = ir.Expr.getattr(target, "append", loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=appendattr, name=appendvar)
+        appendinst = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(appendvar), (value,), (), loc=self.loc
+        )
+        self.store(value=appendinst, name=res)
+
+    def op_LIST_EXTEND(self, inst, target, value, extendvar, res):
+        target = self.get(target)
+        value = self.get(value)
+        # If the statements between the current instruction and the target
+        # are N * consts followed by build_tuple AND the target has no items,
+        # it's a situation where a list is being statically initialised, rewrite
+        # the build_tuple as a build_list, drop the extend, and wire up the
+        # target as the result from the build_tuple that's been rewritten.
+
+        # See if this is the first statement in a block, if so its probably from
+        # control flow in a tuple unpack like:
+        # `(*(1, (2,) if predicate else (3,)))`
+        # this cannot be handled as present so raise
+        msg = (
+            "An unsupported bytecode sequence has been encountered: "
+            "op_LIST_EXTEND at the start of a block.\n\nThis could be "
+            "due to the use of a branch in a tuple unpacking statement."
+        )
+        if not self.current_block.body:
+            raise errors.UnsupportedBytecodeError(msg)
+
+        # is last emitted statement a build_tuple?
+        stmt = self.current_block.body[-1]
+        ok = isinstance(stmt.value, ir.Expr) and stmt.value.op == "build_tuple"
+        # check statements from self.current_block.body[-1] through to target,
+        # make sure they are consts
+        build_empty_list = None
+        if ok:
+            for stmt in reversed(self.current_block.body[:-1]):
+                if not isinstance(stmt, ir.Assign):
+                    ok = False
+                    break
+                # if its not a const, it needs to be the `build_list` for the
+                # target, else it's something else we don't know about so just
+                # bail
+                if isinstance(stmt.value, ir.Const):
+                    continue
+
+                # it's not a const, check for target
+                elif isinstance(stmt.value, ir.Expr) and stmt.target == target:
+                    build_empty_list = stmt
+                    # it's only ok to do this if the target has no initializer
+                    # already
+                    ok = not stmt.value.items
+                    break
+                else:
+                    ok = False
+                    break
+        if ok and build_empty_list is None:
+            raise errors.UnsupportedBytecodeError(msg)
+        if ok:
+            stmts = self.current_block.body
+            build_tuple_asgn = self.current_block.body[-1]
+            # move build list to last issued statement
+            stmts.append(stmts.pop(stmts.index(build_empty_list)))
+            # fix the build list
+            build_tuple = build_tuple_asgn.value
+            build_list = build_empty_list.value
+            build_list.items = build_tuple.items
+        else:
+            # it's just a list extend with no static init, let it be
+            extendattr = ir.Expr.getattr(target, "extend", loc=self.loc)
+            self.store(value=extendattr, name=extendvar)
+            extendinst = ir.Expr.call(
+                self.get(extendvar), (value,), (), loc=self.loc
+            )
+            self.store(value=extendinst, name=res)
+
+    def op_MAP_ADD(self, inst, target, key, value, setitemvar, res):
+        target = self.get(target)
+        key = self.get(key)
+        value = self.get(value)
+        setitemattr = ir.Expr.getattr(target, "__setitem__", loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=setitemattr, name=setitemvar)
+        appendinst = ir.Expr.call(
+            self.get(setitemvar),
+            (
+                key,
+                value,
+            ),
+            (),
+            loc=self.loc,
+        )
+        self.store(value=appendinst, name=res)
+
+    def op_LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR(self, inst, res):
+        gv_fn = ir.Global("AssertionError", AssertionError, loc=self.loc)
+        self.store(value=gv_fn, name=res)
+
+    # NOTE: The LOAD_METHOD opcode is implemented as a LOAD_ATTR for ease,
+    # however this means a new object (the bound-method instance) could be
+    # created. Conversely, using a pure LOAD_METHOD no intermediary is present
+    # and it is essentially like a pointer grab and forward to CALL_METHOD. The
+    # net outcome is that the implementation in Numba produces the same result,
+    # but in object mode it may be that it runs more slowly than it would if
+    # run in CPython.
+
+    def op_LOAD_METHOD(self, *args, **kws):
+        self.op_LOAD_ATTR(*args, **kws)
+
+    def op_CALL_METHOD(self, *args, **kws):
+        self.op_CALL_FUNCTION(*args, **kws)
+
+    if PYVERSION in ((3, 12), (3, 13)):
+
+        def op_CALL_INTRINSIC_1(self, inst, operand, **kwargs):
+            if operand == ci1op.INTRINSIC_STOPITERATION_ERROR:
+                stmt = ir.StaticRaise(
+                    INTRINSIC_STOPITERATION_ERROR, (), self.loc
+                )
+                self.current_block.append(stmt)
+                return
+            elif operand == ci1op.UNARY_POSITIVE:
+                self.op_UNARY_POSITIVE(inst, **kwargs)
+                return
+            elif operand == ci1op.INTRINSIC_LIST_TO_TUPLE:
+                self.op_LIST_TO_TUPLE(inst, **kwargs)
+                return
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError(operand)
+    elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11)):
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)
+
+
+if PYVERSION in ((3, 12), (3, 13)):
+
+    class INTRINSIC_STOPITERATION_ERROR(AssertionError):
+        pass
+elif PYVERSION in ((3, 9), (3, 10), (3, 11)):
+    pass
+else:
+    raise NotImplementedError(PYVERSION)