ngsolve 6.2.2506.post74.dev0__cp314-cp314-macosx_10_15_universal2.whl

netgen/include/fespace.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,1449 @@
+#ifndef FILE_FESPACE
+#define FILE_FESPACE
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+/* File:   fespace.hpp                                               */
+/* Author: Joachim Schoeberl                                         */
+/* Date:   25. Mar. 2000                                             */
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+#include <core/register_archive.hpp>
+
+#include <finiteelement.hpp>
+#include <diffop.hpp>
+#include <symbolicintegrator.hpp>   // for ProxyFunction
+
+#include <basevector.hpp>
+#include <basematrix.hpp>
+
+// #include <paralleldofs.hpp>
+
+
+#include "ngsobject.hpp"
+
+namespace ngmg
+{
+  class Prolongation;
+}
+
+
+namespace ngcomp
+{
+  using namespace ngla;
+  
+  /*
+    Finite Element Space
+  */
+
+
+  /**
+    transformation from local to global orientation
+    used for low order Nedelec elements
+  */
+  enum TRANSFORM_TYPE { TRANSFORM_MAT_LEFT = 1,
+			TRANSFORM_MAT_RIGHT = 2,
+			TRANSFORM_MAT_LEFT_RIGHT = 3,
+			TRANSFORM_RHS = 4,
+			TRANSFORM_SOL = 8,
+                        TRANSFORM_SOL_INVERSE = 16};
+  /**
+    coupling types: Each degree of freedom is either
+     - an unused or hidden dof (invisible)
+     - a local degree of freedom 
+     - an interface degree of freedom 
+     or
+     - a wirebasket degree of freedom
+  */
+  enum COUPLING_TYPE : uint8_t {  UNUSED_DOF = 0,
+			HIDDEN_DOF = 1,
+			LOCAL_DOF = 2,
+			CONDENSABLE_DOF = 3,
+			INTERFACE_DOF = 4,
+			NONWIREBASKET_DOF = 6,
+			WIREBASKET_DOF = 8,
+			EXTERNAL_DOF = 12,
+			VISIBLE_DOF = 14,
+			ANY_DOF = 15
+		      };
+/*
+Bit encoding:          
+UNUSED                     0 |  0
+HIDDEN                     1 |  1
+LOCAL                    1 0 |  2
+CONDENSABLE              1 1 |  3
+INTERFACE              1 0 0 |  4
+NONWIREBASKET          1 1 0 |  6
+WIREBASKET           1 0 0 0 |  8
+EXTERNAL             1 1 0 0 | 12
+VISIBLE              1 1 1 0 | 14
+ANY                  1 1 1 1 | 15
+*/
+
+  /**
+     constant_order .... one order for everything
+     node_type_order ... order for edges, or faces, gradients or curls, but all over the mesh
+     variable_order .... a different, anisotropic order for every mesh node
+   */
+  enum ORDER_POLICY { CONSTANT_ORDER = 0, NODE_TYPE_ORDER = 1, VARIABLE_ORDER = 2, OLDSTYLE_ORDER = 3 };
+
+  
+  
+  NGS_DLL_HEADER ostream & operator<< (ostream & ost, COUPLING_TYPE ct);
+
+
+  class FESpace;
+  class BilinearForm;
+
+  // will be size_t some day 
+  typedef int DofId;
+  enum IRREGULAR_DOF_NR
+    {
+      NO_DOF_NR = -1,            // don't assemble this dof (it has no regular number)
+      NO_DOF_NR_CONDENSE = -2    // condense out this dof, don't assemble to global system
+    };
+  INLINE bool IsRegularDof (DofId dof) { return dof >= 0; } // ATTENTION for size_t 
+
+  
+  using ngmg::Prolongation;
+
+
+  struct ProxyNode : public shared_ptr<ProxyFunction>
+  {
+    // shared_ptr<ProxyFunction> proxy;
+    std::vector<ProxyNode> list;
+    
+    ProxyNode (shared_ptr<ProxyFunction> _proxy) : shared_ptr<ProxyFunction>(_proxy) { }
+    ProxyNode (std::vector<ProxyNode> _list) : list(_list) { }
+    auto operator* () const { return shared_ptr<ProxyFunction> (*this); }
+    auto operator[] (int i) const { return list[i]; }
+
+    void SetFESpace (shared_ptr<FESpace> fespace)
+    {
+      if (*this)
+        shared_ptr<ProxyFunction> (*this) -> SetFESpace(fespace);
+      else
+        for (auto node : list)
+          node.SetFESpace(fespace);
+    }
+  };
+
+
+
+  
+  /**
+     Base class for finite element space.
+     Provides finite elements, global degrees of freedom, 
+     and transformations of element-matrices and element-vectors
+  */
+  class NGS_DLL_HEADER FESpace : public NGS_Object
+  {
+  protected:
+    /// global order of finite elements
+    int order;
+    /// how many components
+    int dimension;
+    /// complex space
+    bool iscomplex;
+
+    /// couple (all) neighbouring degrees of freedom (like for jump terms of dg-methods)?
+    bool dgjumps;
+
+    /// whether the space should update itself on changes to the mesh
+    bool autoupdate;
+
+    /// debug output to testout
+    bool print; 
+
+    /// prolongation operators between multigrid levels
+    shared_ptr<Prolongation> prol;// = NULL;
+    /// highest multigrid-level for which Update was called (memory allocation)
+    int level_updated;
+
+    /// on which subdomains is the space defined ?
+    Array<bool> definedon[4];
+
+    /// prototype: what are the Dirichlet boundaries ?
+    BitArray dirichlet_constraints[4];
+    BitArray & dirichlet_boundaries = dirichlet_constraints[1];
+
+    /// dofs on Dirichlet boundary
+    BitArray dirichlet_dofs;
+    shared_ptr<BitArray> free_dofs;
+    shared_ptr<BitArray> external_free_dofs;
+
+
+    Array<bool> dirichlet_vertex;
+    Array<bool> dirichlet_edge;
+    Array<bool> dirichlet_face;
+    
+    
+    /// Evaluator for visualization (new style)
+    shared_ptr<DifferentialOperator> evaluator[4];
+    /// Evaluator for flux
+    shared_ptr<DifferentialOperator> flux_evaluator[4];
+
+    SymbolTable<shared_ptr<DifferentialOperator>> additional_evaluators;
+
+    /// Evaluator for visualization (old style)
+    shared_ptr<BilinearFormIntegrator> integrator[4];
+
+    /// if non-zero, pointer to low order space
+    shared_ptr<FESpace> low_order_space; 
+    shared_ptr<BaseMatrix> low_order_embedding;
+      
+    /// if directsolverclustered[i] is true, then the unknowns of domain i are clustered
+    Array<bool> directsolverclustered;
+
+    Array<string> directsolvermaterials;
+
+    mutable Array<int> adddirectsolverdofs;
+
+    Array<int> directvertexclusters;
+    Array<int> directedgeclusters;
+    Array<int> directfaceclusters;
+    Array<int> directelementclusters;
+
+    
+    Table<int> element_coloring[4]; 
+    Table<int> facet_coloring;  // elements on facet in own colors (DG)
+    Array<COUPLING_TYPE> ctofdof;
+
+    shared_ptr<ParallelDofs> paralleldofs;
+
+    bool no_low_order_space;
+
+    int et_bonus_order[30]; // order increase for element-type
+
+    typedef int8_t TORDER;
+
+    ORDER_POLICY order_policy = OLDSTYLE_ORDER;
+  
+    // size_t order_timestamp = 0;
+    BitArray is_atomic_dof;
+
+    // only a few spaces (lowest order Nedelec) need the transformation
+    // of element vectors
+    bool needs_transform_vec = true;
+
+    
+    // move ndof and ndof_level to FESpace base class
+    size_t ndof;
+    Array<size_t> ndof_level;
+  protected:
+    void SetNDof (size_t _ndof);
+    
+  public:
+    string type;
+    SimpleSignal updateSignal;
+    /**
+       Constructor.
+       Used flags are: \\
+       -order=<int>:  finite element order \\
+       -dim=<int>:    number of components \\
+       -complex:      complex space \\
+       -dirichlet=<int-list>: dirichlet boundaries, 1-based \\
+    */
+    FESpace (shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ama, const Flags & flags, 
+             bool checkflags = false);
+    FESpace (const FESpace &) = delete;
+    /// cleanup
+    virtual ~FESpace ();
+
+    static DocInfo GetDocu ();
+    
+    /// update dof-table
+    virtual void Update();
+
+    virtual void UpdateDofTables() { ; } 
+    virtual void UpdateCouplingDofArray() { ; } 
+    virtual void UpdateFreeDofs();
+    /// update element coloring
+    virtual void FinalizeUpdate();
+
+    /// highest level where update/finalize was called
+    int GetLevelUpdated() const { return level_updated; }
+
+    const Table<int> & ElementColoring(VorB vb = VOL) const 
+    { return element_coloring[vb]; }
+
+    const Table<int> & FacetColoring() const;
+    
+    /// print report to stream
+    virtual void PrintReport (ostream & ost) const override;
+
+    /// Dump/restore fespace
+    virtual void DoArchive (Archive & archive);
+    std::tuple<Shallow<shared_ptr<MeshAccess>>, Flags> GetCArgs();
+
+    Array<MemoryUsage> GetMemoryUsage () const override;
+    
+    /// order of finite elements
+    int GetOrder () const { return order; }
+
+    /*
+    void SetBonusOrder (ELEMENT_TYPE et, int bonus) 
+    { et_bonus_order[et] = bonus; }
+    */
+    void SetOrderPolicy (ORDER_POLICY op)
+    {
+      order_policy = op;
+    }
+    
+    virtual void SetOrder (ELEMENT_TYPE et, TORDER order);
+
+    virtual void SetOrder (NodeId ni, int order); 
+    virtual int GetOrder (NodeId ni) const; 
+
+    /// how many components
+    int GetDimension () const { return dimension; }
+
+    /// complex space ?
+    bool IsComplex () const { return iscomplex; }
+
+    virtual int GetSpatialDimension() const { return ma->GetDimension();}
+
+    /// number of (process-local) dofs
+    virtual size_t GetNDof () const { return ndof; } 
+    /// number of dofs on the level
+    virtual size_t GetNDofLevel (int level) const
+    { return (level < ndof_level.Size()) ? ndof_level[level] : GetNDof(); } 
+
+    virtual FlatArray<VorB> GetDualShapeNodes (VorB vb) const;
+    
+    class Element : public Ngs_Element
+    {
+      const FESpace & fes;
+      Array<DofId> & temp_dnums;
+      LocalHeap & lh;
+      mutable bool dofs_set = false;
+    public:     
+      INLINE Element (const FESpace & afes, ElementId id, Array<DofId> & atemp_dnums,
+                      LocalHeap & alh)
+        : Ngs_Element ((*afes.GetMeshAccess())[id] ), fes(afes), 
+          temp_dnums(atemp_dnums), lh(alh) 
+      { ; }
+
+      INLINE Element (const Element & el) = default;
+      INLINE Element (Element && el) = default;
+      auto & GetFESpace() const { return fes; } 
+      INLINE FlatArray<DofId> GetDofs() const
+      {
+        if (!dofs_set)
+          fes.GetDofNrs (*this, temp_dnums);
+        dofs_set = true;
+        return temp_dnums;
+      }
+
+      INLINE const ElementTransformation & GetTrafo() const
+      {
+        return fes.GetMeshAccess()->GetTrafo (ElementId(*this), lh);
+      }
+
+      INLINE const FiniteElement & GetFE() const
+      {
+        return fes.GetFE (ElementId(*this), lh);
+      }
+
+      INLINE LocalHeap & GetLH() const
+      {
+        return lh;
+      }
+    };
+
+    class ElementIterator
+    {
+      const FESpace & fes;
+      ElementId ei;
+      const FlatArray<bool> defined_on;
+      Array<DofId> & temp_dnums;      
+      LocalHeap & lh;
+      void * heappointer;
+    public:
+      INLINE ElementIterator (const FESpace & afes, ElementId aei, 
+                              const FlatArray<bool> adefined_on,
+                              Array<DofId> & atemp_dnums, LocalHeap & alh)
+        : fes(afes), ei(aei), defined_on(adefined_on), 
+          temp_dnums(atemp_dnums), lh(alh), heappointer(lh.GetPointer()) { ; }
+      INLINE ElementIterator & operator++ ()
+      {
+        lh.CleanUp(heappointer);
+        ++ei;
+        while (ei.Nr() < fes.GetMeshAccess()->GetNE(VorB(ei)) && 
+               (defined_on.Size() && 
+                !defined_on[fes.GetMeshAccess()->GetElIndex(ei)])
+               ) ++ei;
+        return *this;
+      }
+      INLINE Element operator*() const { return Element (fes, ei, temp_dnums, lh); }          
+      INLINE bool operator!=(const ElementIterator & id2) const { return ei != id2.ei; }
+      INLINE bool operator==(const ElementIterator & id2) const { return ei == id2.ei; }
+    };
+    
+    class ElementRange : public IntRange
+    {
+      const FESpace & fes;
+      Array<bool> definedon;
+      const VorB vb;
+      mutable Array<DofId> temp_dnums;
+      mutable LocalHeap mylh;
+      LocalHeap & lh;
+    public:
+      INLINE ElementRange (const FESpace & afes, VorB avb, IntRange ar, LocalHeap && lh2) 
+        : IntRange(ar), fes(afes),
+          definedon(fes.definedon[avb].Size(),fes.definedon[avb].Addr(0)),
+          vb(avb), mylh(std::move(lh2)), lh(mylh)
+      { ; }
+
+      INLINE ElementRange (const FESpace & afes, VorB avb, IntRange ar, LocalHeap & lh2) 
+        : IntRange(ar), fes(afes), 
+          definedon(fes.definedon[avb].Size(),fes.definedon[avb].Addr(0)),
+          vb(avb), mylh(), lh(lh2)
+      { ; }
+
+      ElementRange (const ElementRange & r2) = delete;
+
+      INLINE ElementRange (ElementRange && r2) 
+        : IntRange(r2), fes(r2.fes), definedon(std::move(r2.definedon)), vb(r2.vb), 
+          temp_dnums(std::move(r2.temp_dnums)), mylh(std::move(r2.mylh)), 
+          lh( (&r2.mylh == &r2.lh) ? mylh : r2.lh)
+      { ; }
+
+      INLINE ~ElementRange () { ; }
+
+      ElementRange & operator= (const ElementRange & r2) = delete;
+      
+      INLINE ElementIterator begin () const 
+      {
+        ElementId ei = ElementId(vb,First());
+        while ((ei.Nr() < IntRange::end()) && 
+               (definedon.Size() && !definedon[fes.GetMeshAccess()->GetElIndex(ei)]))
+          ++ei;
+        return ElementIterator(fes, ei, definedon, temp_dnums, lh); 
+      }
+
+      INLINE ElementIterator end () const 
+      {
+        return ElementIterator(fes, ElementId(vb,Next()), definedon, temp_dnums, lh); 
+      }
+    };
+
+    ElementRange Elements (VorB vb = VOL, LocalHeap && lh = 10000) const
+    {
+      // cout << "C++ FESpace::Elements with lh rvalue, name = " << lh.name << endl;
+      return ElementRange (*this, vb, IntRange (0, ma->GetNE(vb)), std::move(lh));
+    }
+
+    ElementRange Elements (VorB vb, LocalHeap & lh) const
+    {
+      return ElementRange (*this, vb, IntRange (0, ma->GetNE(vb)), lh);
+    }
+
+    /// returns finite element. 
+    virtual FiniteElement & GetFE (ElementId ei, Allocator & lh) const = 0;
+
+
+    /// get dof-nrs of domain or boundary element elnr
+    virtual void GetDofNrs (ElementId ei, Array<DofId> & dnums) const = 0;
+    
+    virtual void GetDofNrs (NodeId ni, Array<DofId> & dnums) const;
+    BitArray GetDofs (const Region & reg) const;
+    Table<int> CreateDofTable (VorB vorb) const;
+    virtual void SelectDofs (const string & name, BitArray & dofs) const;
+                  
+    /// get coupling types of dofs
+    virtual void GetDofCouplingTypes (int elnr, Array<COUPLING_TYPE> & dnums) const;
+    
+    /// get coupling types of dof
+    // virtual COUPLING_TYPE GetDofCouplingType (DofId dof) const;
+    // make sure we have it, otherwise throw exception
+    bool CouplingTypeArrayAvailable() const { return ctofdof.Size() == GetNDof(); }
+    COUPLING_TYPE GetDofCouplingType (DofId dof) const
+    { return IsRegularDof(dof)
+        ? ( (ctofdof.Size()==0) ? WIREBASKET_DOF : ctofdof[dof])  // would like to rely on the ctarray
+        : ( (dof == NO_DOF_NR) ? UNUSED_DOF : HIDDEN_DOF ); }
+    
+    virtual void SetDofCouplingType (DofId dof, COUPLING_TYPE ct) const;
+    auto & CouplingTypes() { return ctofdof; }
+    void CheckCouplingTypes() const;
+      
+    /// get dof-nrs of the element of certain coupling type
+    void GetDofNrs (ElementId ei, Array<DofId> & dnums, COUPLING_TYPE ctype) const;
+
+    /// get dofs (local numbering) of a certain type
+    virtual void GetElementDofsOfType (ElementId ei, Array<DofId> & dnums, COUPLING_TYPE ctype) const;
+
+
+
+    /// get dofs on vertex vnr
+    // [[deprecated("Use GetDofNrs(NODE_TYPE(NT_VERTEX,nr) instead")]]
+    virtual void GetVertexDofNrs (int vnr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const;
+    /// get dofs on edge enr
+    // [[deprecated("Use GetDofNrs(NODE_TYPE(NT_EDGE,nr) instead")]]    
+    virtual void GetEdgeDofNrs (int ednr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const;
+    /// get dofs on face fnr
+    virtual void GetFaceDofNrs (int fanr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const;
+    /// get dofs on element (=cell) elnr
+    virtual void GetInnerDofNrs (int elnr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const;
+    /// get dofs that are globally defined
+    virtual void GetGlobalDofNrs (int gnr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const;
+
+    virtual bool UsesDGCoupling () const throw() { return dgjumps; };
+
+    bool DoesAutoUpdate () const { return autoupdate; };
+    void ConnectAutoUpdate();
+    
+
+    auto & DefinedOn(VorB vb) const { return definedon[vb]; }
+    
+    bool DefinedOn(VorB vb, int domnr) const
+    { return !definedon[vb].Size() || definedon[vb][domnr]; }
+
+
+    bool DefinedOn (ElementId id) const
+    {
+      if(!definedon[id.VB()].Size()) return true;
+      return definedon[id.VB()][ma->GetElement(id).GetIndex()];
+    }
+
+    bool DefinedOn (Ngs_Element el) const
+    {
+      if(!definedon[el.VB()].Size()) return true;
+      return definedon[el.VB()][el.GetIndex()];
+    }
+
+    xbool DefinedOnX (Ngs_Element el) const
+    {
+      // a temporary workaround,
+      // clean solution will be to set definedon[BND] correctly
+      if (el.VB() <= BND) return DefinedOn(el);
+      
+      if (!definedon[el.VB()].Size()) return maybe;
+      return definedon[el.VB()][el.GetIndex()];
+    }
+
+    
+    virtual void SetDefinedOn (VorB vb, const BitArray& defon);
+    ///
+    //[[deprecated("Use SetDefinedOn(VorB, const Bitarray&)")]]
+     void SetDefinedOn (const BitArray & defon)
+     { SetDefinedOn(VOL,defon); }
+    ///
+    //[[deprecated("Use SetDefinedOn(VorB, const Bitarray&)")]]
+    void SetDefinedOnBoundary (const BitArray & defon)
+     { SetDefinedOn(BND,defon); }
+
+    ///
+    void SetDirichletBoundaries (const BitArray & dirbnds);
+    /// Get reference element for tet, prism, trig, etc ..
+    // const FiniteElement & GetFE (ELEMENT_TYPE type) const;
+
+    /// according low-order FESpace (if available)
+    [[deprecated("Use LowOrderFESpacePtr instead!")]]            
+    FESpace & LowOrderFESpace () { return *low_order_space; }
+    /// according low-order FESpace (if available)
+    [[deprecated("Use LowOrderFESpacePtr instead!")]]                
+    const FESpace & LowOrderFESpace () const { return *low_order_space; }
+    shared_ptr<FESpace> LowOrderFESpacePtr () const { return low_order_space; }
+    shared_ptr<BaseMatrix> LowOrderEmbedding () const { return low_order_embedding; }
+    
+    /// non Dirichlet dofs
+    virtual shared_ptr<BitArray> GetFreeDofs (bool external = false) const;
+    bool IsFreeDof (DofId dof, bool external = false) const
+    {
+      if (external)
+        return external_free_dofs->Test(dof);
+      else
+        return free_dofs->Test(dof);
+    }
+    ///
+    bool IsDirichletDof (int i) const
+    { return dirichlet_dofs.Size() && dirichlet_dofs[i]; }
+
+    bool IsDirichletBoundary (int i) const
+    { return dirichlet_boundaries.Size() && dirichlet_boundaries[i]; }
+
+    /// is vertex on Dirichlet boundary ?
+    bool IsDirichletVertex (size_t i) const { return dirichlet_vertex.Size() && dirichlet_vertex[i]; }
+    /// is edge on Dirichlet boundary ?
+    bool IsDirichletEdge (size_t i) const { return dirichlet_edge.Size() && dirichlet_edge[i]; }
+    /// is face on Dirichlet boundary ?
+    bool IsDirichletFace (size_t i) const { return dirichlet_face.Size() && dirichlet_face[i]; }
+
+    void GetFilteredDofs(COUPLING_TYPE doffilter, BitArray & output, bool freedofsonly=true) const;
+    /// 
+    virtual shared_ptr<Table<int>> CreateSmoothingBlocks (const Flags & flags) const;
+    /// for anisotropic plane smoothing:
+    virtual shared_ptr<Array<int>> CreateDirectSolverClusters (const Flags & flags) const
+    { return nullptr; }
+
+    virtual void AddDirectSolverClusterDof(int dn) const
+    { adddirectsolverdofs.Append(dn); }
+
+    virtual Array<int> & DirectVertexClusters(void)
+    { return directvertexclusters; }
+    virtual Array<int> & DirectEdgeClusters(void)
+    { return directedgeclusters; }
+    virtual Array<int> & DirectFaceClusters(void)
+    { return directfaceclusters; }
+    virtual Array<int> & DirectElementClusters(void)
+    { return directelementclusters; }
+
+    bool IsAtomicDof (size_t nr) const { return (is_atomic_dof.Size() != 0) && is_atomic_dof[nr]; }
+    bool HasAtomicDofs () const { return is_atomic_dof.Size() != 0; }
+
+
+    bool NeedsTransformVec() const { return needs_transform_vec; }
+
+    void TransformMat (ElementId ei, 
+                       SliceMatrix<double> mat, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    {
+      if (needs_transform_vec)      
+        VTransformMR (ei, mat, type);
+    }
+    void TransformMat (ElementId ei, 
+		       SliceMatrix<Complex> mat, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    {
+      if (needs_transform_vec)      
+        VTransformMC (ei, mat, type);
+    }		
+    void TransformVec (ElementId ei, 
+		       SliceVector<double> vec, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    {
+      if (needs_transform_vec)
+        VTransformVR (ei, vec, type);
+    }
+    void TransformVec (ElementId ei, 
+		       SliceVector<Complex> vec, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    {
+      if (needs_transform_vec)
+        VTransformVC (ei, vec, type);
+    }
+
+    virtual void VTransformMR (ElementId ei,
+			       const SliceMatrix<double> mat, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    { ; }
+    virtual void VTransformMC (ElementId ei, 
+			       const SliceMatrix<Complex> mat, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    { ; }
+
+
+    virtual void VTransformVR (ElementId ei,
+			       const SliceVector<double> vec, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    { ; }
+    virtual void VTransformVC (ElementId ei, 
+			       const SliceVector<Complex> vec, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    { ; }
+  
+  
+    /// Returns multigrid-prolongation
+    virtual shared_ptr<Prolongation> GetProlongation () const;
+    // { return prol; }
+    /// Set multigrid prolongation
+    // void SetProlongation (ngmg::Prolongation * aprol)
+    // { prol = aprol; }
+    virtual void SetHarmonicProlongation (shared_ptr<BilinearForm> bfa, string inverse);
+
+    /// returns function-evaluator
+    shared_ptr<DifferentialOperator> GetEvaluator (VorB vb = VOL) const
+    {
+      return evaluator[vb];
+    }
+
+
+    shared_ptr<DifferentialOperator> GetFluxEvaluator (VorB vb = VOL) const
+    {
+      return flux_evaluator[vb];
+    }
+
+
+    virtual SymbolTable<shared_ptr<DifferentialOperator>> GetAdditionalEvaluators () const;
+      // { return additional_evaluators; } 
+
+
+    shared_ptr<BilinearFormIntegrator> GetIntegrator (VorB vb = VOL) const;
+    /*
+    {
+      return integrator[vb];
+    }
+    */
+
+    ProxyNode GetProxyFunction(bool testfunction) const;
+    virtual ProxyNode MakeProxyFunction (bool testfunction,
+                                         const function<shared_ptr<ProxyFunction>(shared_ptr<ProxyFunction>)> & addblock) const;
+    
+    auto GetTrialFunction() const { return GetProxyFunction(false); }
+    auto GetTestFunction() const { return GetProxyFunction(true); }
+    
+
+    virtual shared_ptr<BaseMatrix> GetMassOperator (shared_ptr<CoefficientFunction> rho,
+                                                    shared_ptr<Region> defon,
+                                                    LocalHeap & lh) const;
+
+    
+    virtual shared_ptr<BaseMatrix> CreateMassOperator (shared_ptr<CoefficientFunction> rho,
+                                                       shared_ptr<Region> defon,
+                                                       bool inverse,
+                                                       LocalHeap & lh) const;
+    
+    virtual void SolveM(CoefficientFunction * rho, BaseVector & vec, Region * definedon,
+                        LocalHeap & lh) const;
+    virtual void ApplyM(CoefficientFunction * rho, BaseVector & vec, Region * definedon,
+                        LocalHeap & lh) const;
+
+    virtual shared_ptr<BaseMatrix> GetTraceOperator (shared_ptr<FESpace> tracespace, bool avg) const;
+
+    virtual shared_ptr<BaseMatrix> ConvertL2Operator (shared_ptr<FESpace> l2space) const;
+    
+    virtual void GetTrace (const FESpace & tracespace, const BaseVector & in, BaseVector & out, bool avg,
+                           LocalHeap & lh) const;
+    
+    virtual void GetTraceTrans (const FESpace & tracespace, const BaseVector & in, BaseVector & out, bool avg,
+                                LocalHeap & lh) const;
+    
+    shared_ptr<ParallelDofs> GetParallelDofs () const { return paralleldofs; }
+    virtual void UpdateParallelDofs ();
+
+    //// is FESpace mpi-distributed ?
+    bool IsParallel() const;
+
+    /// ndof over all mpi-partitions
+    size_t GetNDofGlobal() const;
+
+    virtual int GetRelOrder() const
+    { 
+      return 0; 
+    } 
+
+    virtual bool VarOrder() const { return 0; }
+
+    bool timing;
+    std::list<std::tuple<std::string,double>> Timing () const;
+
+
+
+
+      /*
+    [[deprecated("Use GetFE with element-id instead of elnr!")]]    
+    virtual const FiniteElement & GetFE (int elnr, LocalHeap & lh) const final;
+    [[deprecated("Use GetFE(ElementId(BND,elnr)) instead!")]]    
+    virtual const FiniteElement & GetSFE (int elnr, LocalHeap & lh) const final;
+    [[deprecated("Use GetFE(ElementId(BBND,elnr)) instead!")]]        
+    virtual const FiniteElement & GetCD2FE (int cd2elnr, LocalHeap & lh) const final;
+*/
+    /// get dof-nrs of the element
+    [[deprecated("Use GetDofNrs with element-id instead of elnr!")]]
+    void GetDofNrs (int elnr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const
+      { GetDofNrs(ElementId(VOL,elnr),dnums); }
+
+    [[deprecated("Use GetDofNrs with element-id instead of elnr!")]]
+    void GetDofNrs (int elnr, Array<DofId> & dnums, COUPLING_TYPE ctype) const;
+
+    /// get dofs on nr'th node of type nt.
+    [[deprecated("Use GetDofNrs with NodeId instead of nt/nr")]]    
+    virtual void GetNodeDofNrs (NODE_TYPE nt, int nr, Array<int> & dnums) const final;
+    /// get number of low-order dofs for node of type nt
+    // virtual int GetNLowOrderNodeDofs ( NODE_TYPE nt ) const;
+    // { return lodofs_per_node[nt]; }
+
+    /// returns dofs of sourface element
+    [[deprecated("Use GetDofNrs(ElementId(BND,elnr)) instead!")]]
+    void GetSDofNrs (int selnr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const
+      { GetDofNrs(ElementId(BND,selnr),dnums); }
+
+    /// is the FESpace defined for this sub-domain nr ?
+    [[deprecated("Use Definedon(VorB,int) instead")]]
+    bool DefinedOn (int domnr) const
+    { return !definedon[VOL].Size() || definedon[VOL][domnr]; }
+    /// is the FESpace defined for this boundary nr ?
+    [[deprecated("Use Definedon(VorB,int) instead")]]
+    bool DefinedOnBoundary (int bnr) const
+    {return !definedon[BND].Size() || definedon[BND][bnr]; }
+
+    /// is the FESpace defined for this sub-domain / boundary nr ?
+    [[deprecated("Use DefinedOn(VorB, int) instead")]]
+    bool DefinedOn (int index, bool bound) const
+    {
+      if (bound)
+        return !definedon[BND].Size() || definedon[BND][index];
+      else
+        return !definedon[VOL].Size() || definedon[VOL][index];
+    }
+
+    [[deprecated("Use TransformMat with VorB  instead of bool")]]
+    void TransformMat (int elnr, bool boundary,
+		       const SliceMatrix<double> & mat, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    {
+      TransformMat(ElementId(boundary ? BND : VOL, elnr), mat, type);
+    }
+  
+    [[deprecated("Use TransformMat with VorB  instead of bool")]]
+    void TransformMat (int elnr, bool boundary,
+		       const SliceMatrix<Complex> & mat, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    {
+      TransformMat(ElementId(boundary ? BND : VOL, elnr), mat, type);
+    }
+  
+    [[deprecated("Use TransformVec with VorB  instead of bool")]]
+    void TransformVec (int elnr, bool boundary,
+		       const FlatVector<double> & vec, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    {
+      // VTransformVR (elnr, boundary ? BND : VOL, vec, type);
+      VTransformVR (ElementId(boundary ? BND : VOL, elnr), vec, type);
+    }
+  
+    [[deprecated("Use TransformVec with VorB  instead of bool")]]
+    void TransformVec (int elnr, bool boundary,
+		       const FlatVector<Complex> & vec, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    {
+      // VTransformVC (elnr, boundary ? BND : VOL, vec, type);
+      VTransformVC (ElementId(boundary ? BND : VOL, elnr), vec, type);      
+    }
+
+    [[deprecated("Use TransformMat with VorB  instead of bool")]]    
+    void TransformMat (int elnr, VorB vb,
+                       const SliceMatrix<double> & mat, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    {
+      // VTransformMR (elnr, vb, mat, type);
+      VTransformMR (ElementId(vb, elnr), mat, type);            
+    }
+
+    [[deprecated("Use TransformMat with VorB  instead of bool")]]    
+    void TransformMat (int elnr, VorB vb,
+		       const SliceMatrix<Complex> & mat, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    {
+      // VTransformMC (elnr, vb, mat, type);
+      VTransformMC (ElementId(vb, elnr), mat, type);                  
+    }
+
+    [[deprecated("Use TransformVec with VorB  instead of bool")]]        
+    void TransformVec (int elnr, VorB vb,
+		       const FlatVector<double> & vec, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    {
+      // VTransformVR (elnr, vb, vec, type);
+      VTransformVR (ElementId(vb, elnr), vec, type);            
+    }
+
+    [[deprecated("Use TransformVec with VorB  instead of bool")]]            
+    void TransformVec (int elnr, VorB vb,
+		       const FlatVector<Complex> & vec, TRANSFORM_TYPE type) const
+    {
+      // VTransformVC (elnr, vb, vec, type);
+      VTransformVC (ElementId(vb, elnr), vec, type);                  
+    }
+
+    [[deprecated("Use GetEvaluator(VorB) instead of GetEvaluator(bool)!")]]
+    shared_ptr<DifferentialOperator> GetEvaluator (bool boundary) const
+    {
+      if(boundary)
+	return evaluator[BND];
+      else
+	return evaluator[VOL];
+    }
+
+    [[deprecated("Use GetFluxEvaluator(VorB) instead of GetFluxEvaluator(bool)!")]]
+    shared_ptr<DifferentialOperator> GetFluxEvaluator (bool boundary) const
+    {
+      if(boundary)
+	return flux_evaluator[BND];
+      else
+	return flux_evaluator[VOL];
+    }
+
+    /// returns function-evaluator
+    [[deprecated("Use GetIntegrator(VorB) instead of GetIntegrator(bool)!")]]    
+    shared_ptr<BilinearFormIntegrator> GetIntegrator (bool vb = VOL) const
+    {
+      return integrator[vb];
+    }
+  };
+
+
+
+  extern NGS_DLL_HEADER void IterateElements (const FESpace & fes,
+			       VorB vb, 
+			       LocalHeap & clh, 
+			       const function<void(FESpace::Element,LocalHeap&)> & func);
+ 
+
+
+  /**
+     A space of continuous finite elements.
+     Supports first and second order finite elements.
+  */
+  class NGS_DLL_HEADER NodalFESpace : public FESpace
+  {
+    ///
+    // Array<int> ndlevel;
+    bool hb_defined;
+    Array<bool> used_vertex;
+    Array<bool> used_edge;
+
+  public:
+
+    ///
+    NodalFESpace (shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ama, const Flags & flags, bool parseflags=false);
+    ///
+    virtual ~NodalFESpace ();
+
+    ///
+    virtual string GetClassName () const override
+    {
+      return "NodalFESpace";
+    }
+
+    ///
+    void Update () override;
+    void UpdateCouplingDofArray() override;
+    
+    virtual void DoArchive (Archive & archive) override;
+
+    virtual FiniteElement & GetFE(ElementId ei, Allocator & lh) const override;
+    ///
+    // virtual size_t GetNDof () const throw() override;
+    ///
+    // virtual size_t GetNDofLevel (int level) const override;
+    ///
+    // using FESpace::GetDofNrs;
+    virtual void GetDofNrs (ElementId ei, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+    ///
+
+    virtual void GetVertexDofNrs (int vnr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+    virtual void GetEdgeDofNrs (int ednr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+    virtual void GetFaceDofNrs (int fanr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+    virtual void GetInnerDofNrs (int elnr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+
+    virtual shared_ptr<Array<int>> CreateDirectSolverClusters (const Flags & flags) const override;
+  };
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  ///
+  class NGS_DLL_HEADER NonconformingFESpace : public FESpace
+  {
+    ///
+    // Array<int> ndlevel;
+
+  public:
+    NonconformingFESpace (shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ama, const Flags & flags, bool parseflags=false);
+    virtual ~NonconformingFESpace ();
+
+    virtual string GetClassName () const override
+    { return "Nonconforming FESpace"; }
+
+    ///
+    void Update() override;
+
+    virtual FiniteElement & GetFE (ElementId ei, Allocator & lh) const override;
+    ///
+    // virtual size_t GetNDof () const throw() override;
+    ///
+    virtual void GetDofNrs (ElementId ei, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+  };
+
+
+
+  ///
+  class NGS_DLL_HEADER NonconformingSurfaceFESpace : public FESpace
+  {
+    ///
+    // Array<int> ndlevel;
+
+  public:
+    NonconformingSurfaceFESpace (shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ama, const Flags & flags, bool parseflags=false);
+    virtual ~NonconformingSurfaceFESpace ();
+
+    virtual string GetClassName () const override
+    { return "Nonconforming surface FESpace"; }
+
+    ///
+    void Update() override;
+
+    virtual FiniteElement & GetFE (ElementId ei, Allocator & lh) const override;
+    ///
+    // virtual size_t GetNDof () const throw() override;
+    ///
+    virtual void GetDofNrs (ElementId ei, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+  };
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  ///
+  class NGS_DLL_HEADER ElementFESpace : public FESpace
+  {
+    ///  Array<int> startelement;
+    // Array<int> ndlevel;
+    int n_el_dofs;
+  public:
+    ///
+    ElementFESpace (shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ama, const Flags& flags, bool parseflags=false);
+
+    ///
+    ~ElementFESpace ();
+
+    virtual string GetClassName () const override
+    {
+      return "ElementFESpace";
+    }
+
+    ///
+    void Update() override;
+    /// 
+    virtual void DoArchive (Archive & archive) override;
+
+    virtual FiniteElement & GetFE (ElementId ei, Allocator & lh) const override;
+    ///
+    // virtual size_t GetNDof () const throw() override { return ndlevel.Last(); }
+  
+    ///
+    virtual void GetDofNrs (ElementId ei, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+
+    ///
+    // virtual size_t GetNDofLevel (int level) const override;
+
+
+    virtual void GetVertexDofNrs (int vnr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override
+    { dnums.SetSize (0); }
+    virtual void GetEdgeDofNrs (int ednr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override
+    { dnums.SetSize (0); }
+    virtual void GetFaceDofNrs (int fanr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override
+    { dnums.SetSize (0); }
+    virtual void GetInnerDofNrs (int elnr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override
+    { GetDofNrs (elnr, dnums); }
+  };
+
+
+
+
+
+  /// Non-continous fe space on boundary
+  class NGS_DLL_HEADER SurfaceElementFESpace : public FESpace
+  {
+    ///
+    // Array<int> ndlevel;
+    int n_el_dofs;
+  public:
+    ///
+    SurfaceElementFESpace (shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ama, const Flags& flags, 
+                           bool checkflags = false);
+
+    ///
+    ~SurfaceElementFESpace ();
+
+    ///
+    virtual string GetClassName() const override
+    { return "SurfaceElement"; }
+
+    ///
+    void Update() override;
+
+    ///
+    // virtual size_t GetNDof () const throw() { return ndlevel.Last(); }
+
+    ///
+    virtual FiniteElement & GetFE (ElementId ei, Allocator & lh) const override;
+
+    ///
+    virtual void GetDofNrs (ElementId ei, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+
+    ///
+    // virtual size_t GetNDofLevel (int level) const;
+
+  };
+
+
+
+
+  
+
+
+  /// A combination of fe-spaces
+  class NGS_DLL_HEADER CompoundFESpace : public FESpace
+  {
+  protected:
+    /// pointers to components
+    Array<shared_ptr<FESpace>> spaces;
+    /// cummlated number of dofs of components
+    Array<int> cummulative_nd;
+    /// dofs on each multigrid level
+    /// Array<int> ndlevel;
+    bool all_the_same;
+    bool do_subspace_update = true;
+  public:
+    /// generates a compound space.
+    /// components will be added later
+    CompoundFESpace (shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ama,
+		     const Flags & flags, bool parseflags = false);
+    /// generates a compound space 
+    /// components are provided in aspaces
+    CompoundFESpace (shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ama,
+		     const Array<shared_ptr<FESpace>> & aspaces,
+		     const Flags & flags, bool parseflags = false);
+
+    /// not much to do.
+    /// components will not be deleted
+    virtual ~CompoundFESpace ();
+
+    /// add an additional component space
+    void AddSpace (shared_ptr<FESpace> fes);
+    auto & Spaces() const { return spaces; }
+
+    ///
+    string GetClassName () const override
+    {
+      return "CompoundFESpace";
+    }
+
+    /// updates also components
+    void Update() override;
+    /// updates also components
+    void FinalizeUpdate() override;
+
+    ProxyNode MakeProxyFunction (bool testfunction,
+                                 const function<shared_ptr<ProxyFunction>(shared_ptr<ProxyFunction>)> & addblock) const override;
+
+    /// copies dofcoupling from components
+    void UpdateCouplingDofArray() override;
+    virtual void UpdateFreeDofs() override;
+    
+    void SetDefinedOn (VorB vb, const BitArray& defon) override;
+
+    DofRange GetRange (int spacenr) const
+    {
+      if (spacenr+1 >= cummulative_nd.Size())
+        throw Exception("spacenr >= cummulative_nd.Size() in CompoundFESpace!");
+      
+      return DofRange(IntRange(cummulative_nd[spacenr], cummulative_nd[spacenr+1]),
+                      spaces[spacenr]->GetParallelDofs());
+    }
+
+    shared_ptr<BaseMatrix> EmbeddingOperator (int spacenr) const;
+    shared_ptr<BaseMatrix> RestrictionOperator (int spacenr) const;
+    
+    /// get component space
+    shared_ptr<FESpace> operator[] (int i) const { return spaces[i]; }
+
+    /// returns a compound finite element
+    FiniteElement & GetFE (ElementId ei, Allocator & lh) const override;
+    ///
+    void GetDofNrs (ElementId ei, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+    void GetDofNrs (NodeId ni, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+    void GetElementDofsOfType (ElementId ei, Array<DofId> & dnums, COUPLING_TYPE ctype) const override;
+    ///
+    [[deprecated("Use GetDofNrs(NODE_TYPE(NT_VERTEX,nr) instead")]]    
+    void GetVertexDofNrs (int vnr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+    [[deprecated("Use GetDofNrs(NODE_TYPE(NT_EDGE,nr) instead")]]    
+    void GetEdgeDofNrs (int ednr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+    void GetFaceDofNrs (int fanr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+    void GetInnerDofNrs (int elnr, Array<DofId> & dnums) const override;
+    void SelectDofs (const string & name, BitArray & dofs) const override;
+    
+    void SolveM(CoefficientFunction * rho, BaseVector & vec, Region * definedon,
+                        LocalHeap & lh) const override;
+    void ApplyM(CoefficientFunction * rho, BaseVector & vec, Region * definedon,
+                        LocalHeap & lh) const override;
+    
+    template <class T> NGS_DLL_HEADER
+      void T_TransformMat (ElementId ei, 
+                           SliceMatrix<T> mat, TRANSFORM_TYPE tt) const;
+    
+    template <class T> NGS_DLL_HEADER
+      void T_TransformVec (ElementId ei, 
+                         SliceVector<T> vec, TRANSFORM_TYPE tt) const;
+
+    void VTransformMR (ElementId ei,
+                       SliceMatrix<double> mat, TRANSFORM_TYPE tt) const override;
+    void VTransformMC (ElementId ei,
+                       SliceMatrix<Complex> mat, TRANSFORM_TYPE tt) const override;
+    void VTransformVR (ElementId ei,
+                       SliceVector<double> vec, TRANSFORM_TYPE tt) const override;
+    void VTransformVC (ElementId ei, 
+                       SliceVector<Complex> vec, TRANSFORM_TYPE tt) const override;
+
+    /// number of component spaces
+    inline int GetNSpaces () const { return spaces.Size(); }
+
+    void SetDoSubspaceUpdate(bool _do_subspace_update)
+    { do_subspace_update = _do_subspace_update; }
+  };
+
+
+
+  class NGS_DLL_HEADER CompoundFESpaceAllSame : public CompoundFESpace
+  {
+    bool interleaved;
+  public:
+    CompoundFESpaceAllSame (shared_ptr<FESpace> space, int dim, const Flags & flags,
+                            bool checkflags = false);
+    virtual string GetClassName () const override;
+
+    virtual FiniteElement & GetFE (ElementId ei, Allocator & alloc) const override {
+      return *new (alloc) VectorFiniteElement (spaces[0]->GetFE(ei, alloc), spaces.Size());
+    }
+
+    virtual FlatArray<VorB> GetDualShapeNodes (VorB vb) const override
+    {
+      return spaces[0]->GetDualShapeNodes(vb);
+    }
+
+    virtual shared_ptr<BaseMatrix> GetTraceOperator (shared_ptr<FESpace> tracespace, bool avg) const override;
+  };
+
+  class NGS_DLL_HEADER MatrixFESpace : public CompoundFESpace
+  {
+    bool symmetric;
+    bool deviatoric;
+    bool skewsymmetric;
+    int vdim;
+  public:
+    MatrixFESpace (shared_ptr<FESpace> space, int avdim, const Flags & flags,
+                   bool checkflags = false);
+    virtual string GetClassName () const override;
+    FiniteElement & GetFE (ElementId ei, Allocator & lh) const override;    
+  };
+
+
+  
+  template <typename BASESPACE>
+  class VectorFESpace : public CompoundFESpace
+  {
+  public:
+    VectorFESpace (shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ama, const Flags & flags, 
+                   bool checkflags = false)
+      : CompoundFESpace (ama, flags)
+    {
+      Array<string> dirichlet_comp;
+      string dirnames[] = { "dirichletx", "dirichlety", "dirichletz" };
+      for (int i = 0; i <  ma->GetDimension(); i++)
+        {
+          Flags tmpflags = flags;
+          if (flags.StringFlagDefined(dirnames[i]))
+            tmpflags.SetFlag ("dirichlet", flags.GetStringFlag(dirnames[i]));
+          if (flags.StringFlagDefined(dirnames[i]+"_bbnd"))
+            tmpflags.SetFlag ("dirichlet_bbnd", flags.GetStringFlag(dirnames[i]+"_bbnd"));
+          AddSpace (make_shared<BASESPACE> (ama, tmpflags));
+        }
+
+      for (auto vb : { VOL, BND, BBND, BBBND })
+        {
+          if (auto eval = spaces[0] -> GetEvaluator(vb))
+            evaluator[vb] = make_shared<VectorDifferentialOperator> (eval, ma->GetDimension());
+          if (auto fluxeval = spaces[0] -> GetFluxEvaluator(vb))
+            flux_evaluator[vb] = make_shared<VectorDifferentialOperator> (fluxeval, ma->GetDimension());
+        }
+
+      auto additional = spaces[0]->GetAdditionalEvaluators();
+      for (int i = 0; i < additional.Size(); i++)
+        additional_evaluators.Set (additional.GetName(i),
+                                   make_shared<VectorDifferentialOperator>(additional[i], ma->GetDimension()));
+
+      type = "Vector"+(*this)[0]->type;
+    }
+
+    virtual string GetClassName () const override
+    {
+      return "Vector"+ (*this)[0]->GetClassName();
+    }
+
+    FiniteElement & GetFE (ElementId ei, Allocator & alloc) const override {
+        return *new (alloc) VectorFiniteElement (spaces[0]->GetFE(ei, alloc), spaces.Size());
+    }
+
+    virtual FlatArray<VorB> GetDualShapeNodes (VorB vb) const override
+    {
+      return spaces[0]->GetDualShapeNodes(vb);
+    }
+
+  };
+
+
+  
+  class NGS_DLL_HEADER ApplyMass : public BaseMatrix
+  {
+  protected:
+    shared_ptr<FESpace> fes;
+    shared_ptr<CoefficientFunction> rho;
+    bool inverse;
+    shared_ptr<Region> definedon;
+    LocalHeap & lh;
+  public:
+    ///
+    ApplyMass (shared_ptr<FESpace> afes,
+               shared_ptr<CoefficientFunction> arho,
+               bool ainverse,
+               shared_ptr<Region> adefinedon,
+               LocalHeap & alh);
+    virtual ~ApplyMass();
+    virtual shared_ptr<BaseMatrix> InverseMatrix (shared_ptr<BitArray> subset = nullptr) const override;
+
+    virtual bool IsComplex() const override
+    {
+      return fes->IsComplex();
+    }
+
+    shared_ptr<BaseMatrix> CreateDeviceMatrix() const override
+    {
+      return fes->CreateMassOperator(rho, definedon, inverse, lh)->CreateDeviceMatrix();
+    }
+    
+    
+    virtual void Mult (const BaseVector & v, BaseVector & prod) const override;
+    virtual void MultAdd (double val, const BaseVector & v, BaseVector & prod) const override;
+    virtual void MultAdd (Complex val, const BaseVector & v, BaseVector & prod) const override;
+    virtual void MultTransAdd (double val, const BaseVector & v, BaseVector & prod) const override;
+    
+    virtual AutoVector CreateVector () const override;
+    virtual AutoVector CreateRowVector () const override;
+    virtual AutoVector CreateColVector () const override;
+    
+    virtual int VHeight() const override
+    {
+      return fes->GetNDof(); 
+    }
+    ///
+    virtual int VWidth() const override
+    {
+      return fes->GetNDof();       
+    }
+  };
+
+
+
+  class NGS_DLL_HEADER ApplyTrace : public BaseMatrix
+  {
+  protected:
+    shared_ptr<FESpace> fes;
+    shared_ptr<FESpace> festrace;
+    bool average;
+    LocalHeap & lh;
+  public:
+    ApplyTrace (shared_ptr<FESpace> afes,
+                shared_ptr<FESpace> afestrace,
+                bool aaverage,
+                LocalHeap & alh);
+    virtual ~ApplyTrace();
+
+    virtual int VHeight() const override { return festrace->GetNDof(); }
+    virtual int VWidth() const override { return fes->GetNDof(); }
+    virtual bool IsComplex() const override { return fes->IsComplex(); }
+    
+    virtual void Mult (const BaseVector & v, BaseVector & prod) const override;
+    virtual void MultAdd (double val, const BaseVector & v, BaseVector & prod) const override;
+    virtual void MultAdd (Complex val, const BaseVector & v, BaseVector & prod) const override;
+    virtual void MultTransAdd (double val, const BaseVector & v, BaseVector & prod) const override;
+    
+    virtual AutoVector CreateVector () const override;
+    virtual AutoVector CreateRowVector () const override;
+    virtual AutoVector CreateColVector () const override;
+  };
+
+  
+
+  /// Registered FESpace classes
+  class NGS_DLL_HEADER FESpaceClasses
+  {
+  public:
+    /// descriptor for register fespaces. 
+    /// function pointer to create function.
+    struct FESpaceInfo
+    {
+      /// the name
+      string name;
+      /// function pointer to creator function
+      shared_ptr<FESpace> (*creator)(shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ma, const Flags & flags);
+      /// function pointer to docu function
+      DocInfo (*getdocu)();
+      /// creates a descriptor
+      FESpaceInfo (const string & aname,
+		   shared_ptr<FESpace> (*acreator)(shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ma, const Flags & flags),
+                   DocInfo (*agetdocu)())
+	: name(aname), creator(acreator), getdocu(agetdocu) {;}
+    };
+  private:
+    Array<shared_ptr<FESpaceInfo>> fesa;
+
+  public:
+    /// initialize 
+    FESpaceClasses() { ; }
+    /// cleans up
+    ~FESpaceClasses();  
+
+    /// add a descriptor
+    void AddFESpace (const string & aname, 
+		     shared_ptr<FESpace> (*acreator)(shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ma, const Flags & flags),
+                     DocInfo (*getdocu)() = FESpace::GetDocu);
+  
+    /// returns all creators
+    const Array<shared_ptr<FESpaceInfo>> & GetFESpaces() { return fesa; }
+
+    /// returns a creator structure
+    const shared_ptr<FESpaceInfo> GetFESpace(const string & name);
+
+    /// print available fespaces to stream
+    void Print (ostream & ost) const;
+  };
+ 
+  /// returns createion object
+  extern NGS_DLL_HEADER FESpaceClasses & GetFESpaceClasses ();
+
+  /// creates a fespace of that type
+  extern NGS_DLL_HEADER shared_ptr<FESpace> CreateFESpace (const string & type,
+                                                           shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ma,
+                                                           const Flags & flags);
+
+
+  /**
+     template for registration of finite element spaces.
+     provides static Create - function
+   */
+  template <typename FES>
+  class RegisterFESpace
+  {
+  public:
+    RegisterClassForArchive<FES, FESpace> regclass;
+    /// constructor registers fespace
+    RegisterFESpace (string label)
+    {
+      GetFESpaceClasses().AddFESpace (label, Create, FES::GetDocu);
+      // cout << "register fespace '" << label << "'" << endl;
+    }
+    
+    /// creates an fespace of type FES
+    static shared_ptr<FESpace> Create (shared_ptr<MeshAccess> ma, const Flags & flags)
+    {
+      return make_shared<FES> (ma, flags);
+    }
+  };
+
+  
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace ngcore
+{
+  template<typename T> struct MPI_typetrait;
+  
+  template<>
+  struct MPI_typetrait<ngcomp::COUPLING_TYPE>
+  {
+    static auto MPIType () 
+    { 
+      static_assert ( (sizeof(ngcomp::COUPLING_TYPE) == sizeof(char)) ||
+                      (sizeof(ngcomp::COUPLING_TYPE) == sizeof(int)) );
+      if constexpr (sizeof(ngcomp::COUPLING_TYPE) == sizeof(char)) return MPI_typetrait<char>::MPIType();
+      if constexpr (sizeof(ngcomp::COUPLING_TYPE) == sizeof(int)) return MPI_typetrait<int>::MPIType();
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+
+#endif