mypy-dev 1.9.0.dev0__py3-none-any.whl

mypy/typeanal.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2510 @@
+"""Semantic analysis of types"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from typing import Callable, Final, Iterable, Iterator, List, Sequence, Tuple, TypeVar
+from typing_extensions import Protocol
+
+from mypy import errorcodes as codes, message_registry, nodes
+from mypy.errorcodes import ErrorCode
+from mypy.expandtype import expand_type
+from mypy.messages import MessageBuilder, format_type_bare, quote_type_string, wrong_type_arg_count
+from mypy.nodes import (
+    ARG_NAMED,
+    ARG_NAMED_OPT,
+    ARG_OPT,
+    ARG_POS,
+    ARG_STAR,
+    ARG_STAR2,
+    SYMBOL_FUNCBASE_TYPES,
+    ArgKind,
+    Context,
+    Decorator,
+    MypyFile,
+    ParamSpecExpr,
+    PlaceholderNode,
+    SymbolTableNode,
+    TypeAlias,
+    TypeInfo,
+    TypeVarExpr,
+    TypeVarLikeExpr,
+    TypeVarTupleExpr,
+    Var,
+    check_arg_kinds,
+    check_arg_names,
+    get_nongen_builtins,
+)
+from mypy.options import Options
+from mypy.plugin import AnalyzeTypeContext, Plugin, TypeAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.semanal_shared import SemanticAnalyzerCoreInterface, paramspec_args, paramspec_kwargs
+from mypy.state import state
+from mypy.tvar_scope import TypeVarLikeScope
+from mypy.types import (
+    ANNOTATED_TYPE_NAMES,
+    ANY_STRATEGY,
+    FINAL_TYPE_NAMES,
+    LITERAL_TYPE_NAMES,
+    NEVER_NAMES,
+    TYPE_ALIAS_NAMES,
+    AnyType,
+    BoolTypeQuery,
+    CallableArgument,
+    CallableType,
+    DeletedType,
+    EllipsisType,
+    ErasedType,
+    Instance,
+    LiteralType,
+    NoneType,
+    Overloaded,
+    Parameters,
+    ParamSpecFlavor,
+    ParamSpecType,
+    PartialType,
+    PlaceholderType,
+    ProperType,
+    RawExpressionType,
+    RequiredType,
+    SyntheticTypeVisitor,
+    TrivialSyntheticTypeTranslator,
+    TupleType,
+    Type,
+    TypeAliasType,
+    TypedDictType,
+    TypeList,
+    TypeOfAny,
+    TypeQuery,
+    TypeType,
+    TypeVarId,
+    TypeVarLikeType,
+    TypeVarTupleType,
+    TypeVarType,
+    UnboundType,
+    UninhabitedType,
+    UnionType,
+    UnpackType,
+    callable_with_ellipsis,
+    find_unpack_in_list,
+    flatten_nested_tuples,
+    flatten_nested_unions,
+    get_proper_type,
+    has_type_vars,
+)
+from mypy.types_utils import is_bad_type_type_item
+from mypy.typevars import fill_typevars
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+type_constructors: Final = {
+    "typing.Callable",
+    "typing.Optional",
+    "typing.Tuple",
+    "typing.Type",
+    "typing.Union",
+    *LITERAL_TYPE_NAMES,
+    *ANNOTATED_TYPE_NAMES,
+}
+
+ARG_KINDS_BY_CONSTRUCTOR: Final = {
+    "mypy_extensions.Arg": ARG_POS,
+    "mypy_extensions.DefaultArg": ARG_OPT,
+    "mypy_extensions.NamedArg": ARG_NAMED,
+    "mypy_extensions.DefaultNamedArg": ARG_NAMED_OPT,
+    "mypy_extensions.VarArg": ARG_STAR,
+    "mypy_extensions.KwArg": ARG_STAR2,
+}
+
+GENERIC_STUB_NOT_AT_RUNTIME_TYPES: Final = {
+    "queue.Queue",
+    "builtins._PathLike",
+    "asyncio.futures.Future",
+}
+
+SELF_TYPE_NAMES: Final = {"typing.Self", "typing_extensions.Self"}
+
+
+def analyze_type_alias(
+    type: Type,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerCoreInterface,
+    tvar_scope: TypeVarLikeScope,
+    plugin: Plugin,
+    options: Options,
+    is_typeshed_stub: bool,
+    allow_placeholder: bool = False,
+    in_dynamic_func: bool = False,
+    global_scope: bool = True,
+    allowed_alias_tvars: list[TypeVarLikeType] | None = None,
+) -> tuple[Type, set[str]]:
+    """Analyze r.h.s. of a (potential) type alias definition.
+
+    If `node` is valid as a type alias rvalue, return the resulting type and a set of
+    full names of type aliases it depends on (directly or indirectly).
+    'node' must have been semantically analyzed.
+    """
+    analyzer = TypeAnalyser(
+        api,
+        tvar_scope,
+        plugin,
+        options,
+        is_typeshed_stub,
+        defining_alias=True,
+        allow_placeholder=allow_placeholder,
+        prohibit_self_type="type alias target",
+        allowed_alias_tvars=allowed_alias_tvars,
+    )
+    analyzer.in_dynamic_func = in_dynamic_func
+    analyzer.global_scope = global_scope
+    res = type.accept(analyzer)
+    return res, analyzer.aliases_used
+
+
+def no_subscript_builtin_alias(name: str, propose_alt: bool = True) -> str:
+    class_name = name.split(".")[-1]
+    msg = f'"{class_name}" is not subscriptable'
+    # This should never be called if the python_version is 3.9 or newer
+    nongen_builtins = get_nongen_builtins((3, 8))
+    replacement = nongen_builtins[name]
+    if replacement and propose_alt:
+        msg += f', use "{replacement}" instead'
+    return msg
+
+
+class TypeAnalyser(SyntheticTypeVisitor[Type], TypeAnalyzerPluginInterface):
+    """Semantic analyzer for types.
+
+    Converts unbound types into bound types. This is a no-op for already
+    bound types.
+
+    If an incomplete reference is encountered, this does a defer. The
+    caller never needs to defer.
+    """
+
+    # Is this called from an untyped function definition?
+    in_dynamic_func: bool = False
+    # Is this called from global scope?
+    global_scope: bool = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        api: SemanticAnalyzerCoreInterface,
+        tvar_scope: TypeVarLikeScope,
+        plugin: Plugin,
+        options: Options,
+        is_typeshed_stub: bool,
+        *,
+        defining_alias: bool = False,
+        allow_tuple_literal: bool = False,
+        allow_unbound_tvars: bool = False,
+        allow_placeholder: bool = False,
+        allow_required: bool = False,
+        allow_param_spec_literals: bool = False,
+        allow_unpack: bool = False,
+        report_invalid_types: bool = True,
+        prohibit_self_type: str | None = None,
+        allowed_alias_tvars: list[TypeVarLikeType] | None = None,
+        allow_type_any: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.api = api
+        self.fail_func = api.fail
+        self.note_func = api.note
+        self.tvar_scope = tvar_scope
+        # Are we analysing a type alias definition rvalue?
+        self.defining_alias = defining_alias
+        self.allow_tuple_literal = allow_tuple_literal
+        # Positive if we are analyzing arguments of another (outer) type
+        self.nesting_level = 0
+        # Should we allow new type syntax when targeting older Python versions
+        # like 'list[int]' or 'X | Y' (allowed in stubs and with `__future__` import)?
+        self.always_allow_new_syntax = self.api.is_stub_file or self.api.is_future_flag_set(
+            "annotations"
+        )
+        # Should we accept unbound type variables? This is currently used for class bases,
+        # and alias right hand sides (before they are analyzed as type aliases).
+        self.allow_unbound_tvars = allow_unbound_tvars
+        if allowed_alias_tvars is None:
+            allowed_alias_tvars = []
+        self.allowed_alias_tvars = allowed_alias_tvars
+        # If false, record incomplete ref if we generate PlaceholderType.
+        self.allow_placeholder = allow_placeholder
+        # Are we in a context where Required[] is allowed?
+        self.allow_required = allow_required
+        # Are we in a context where ParamSpec literals are allowed?
+        self.allow_param_spec_literals = allow_param_spec_literals
+        # Are we in context where literal "..." specifically is allowed?
+        self.allow_ellipsis = False
+        # Should we report an error whenever we encounter a RawExpressionType outside
+        # of a Literal context: e.g. whenever we encounter an invalid type? Normally,
+        # we want to report an error, but the caller may want to do more specialized
+        # error handling.
+        self.report_invalid_types = report_invalid_types
+        self.plugin = plugin
+        self.options = options
+        self.is_typeshed_stub = is_typeshed_stub
+        # Names of type aliases encountered while analysing a type will be collected here.
+        self.aliases_used: set[str] = set()
+        self.prohibit_self_type = prohibit_self_type
+        # Allow variables typed as Type[Any] and type (useful for base classes).
+        self.allow_type_any = allow_type_any
+        self.allow_type_var_tuple = False
+        self.allow_unpack = allow_unpack
+
+    def lookup_qualified(
+        self, name: str, ctx: Context, suppress_errors: bool = False
+    ) -> SymbolTableNode | None:
+        return self.api.lookup_qualified(name, ctx, suppress_errors)
+
+    def lookup_fully_qualified(self, name: str) -> SymbolTableNode:
+        return self.api.lookup_fully_qualified(name)
+
+    def visit_unbound_type(self, t: UnboundType, defining_literal: bool = False) -> Type:
+        typ = self.visit_unbound_type_nonoptional(t, defining_literal)
+        if t.optional:
+            # We don't need to worry about double-wrapping Optionals or
+            # wrapping Anys: Union simplification will take care of that.
+            return make_optional_type(typ)
+        return typ
+
+    def visit_unbound_type_nonoptional(self, t: UnboundType, defining_literal: bool) -> Type:
+        sym = self.lookup_qualified(t.name, t)
+        if sym is not None:
+            node = sym.node
+            if isinstance(node, PlaceholderNode):
+                if node.becomes_typeinfo:
+                    # Reference to placeholder type.
+                    if self.api.final_iteration:
+                        self.cannot_resolve_type(t)
+                        return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+                    elif self.allow_placeholder:
+                        self.api.defer()
+                    else:
+                        self.api.record_incomplete_ref()
+                    # Always allow ParamSpec for placeholders, if they are actually not valid,
+                    # they will be reported later, after we resolve placeholders.
+                    return PlaceholderType(
+                        node.fullname,
+                        self.anal_array(
+                            t.args,
+                            allow_param_spec=True,
+                            allow_param_spec_literals=True,
+                            allow_unpack=True,
+                        ),
+                        t.line,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    if self.api.final_iteration:
+                        self.cannot_resolve_type(t)
+                        return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+                    else:
+                        # Reference to an unknown placeholder node.
+                        self.api.record_incomplete_ref()
+                        return AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+            if node is None:
+                self.fail(f"Internal error (node is None, kind={sym.kind})", t)
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+            fullname = node.fullname
+            hook = self.plugin.get_type_analyze_hook(fullname)
+            if hook is not None:
+                return hook(AnalyzeTypeContext(t, t, self))
+            if (
+                fullname in get_nongen_builtins(self.options.python_version)
+                and t.args
+                and not self.always_allow_new_syntax
+            ):
+                self.fail(
+                    no_subscript_builtin_alias(fullname, propose_alt=not self.defining_alias), t
+                )
+            tvar_def = self.tvar_scope.get_binding(sym)
+            if isinstance(sym.node, ParamSpecExpr):
+                if tvar_def is None:
+                    if self.allow_unbound_tvars:
+                        return t
+                    self.fail(f'ParamSpec "{t.name}" is unbound', t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+                    return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+                assert isinstance(tvar_def, ParamSpecType)
+                if len(t.args) > 0:
+                    self.fail(
+                        f'ParamSpec "{t.name}" used with arguments', t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE
+                    )
+                # Change the line number
+                return ParamSpecType(
+                    tvar_def.name,
+                    tvar_def.fullname,
+                    tvar_def.id,
+                    tvar_def.flavor,
+                    tvar_def.upper_bound,
+                    tvar_def.default,
+                    line=t.line,
+                    column=t.column,
+                )
+            if (
+                isinstance(sym.node, TypeVarExpr)
+                and self.defining_alias
+                and not defining_literal
+                and (tvar_def is None or tvar_def not in self.allowed_alias_tvars)
+            ):
+                self.fail(
+                    f'Can\'t use bound type variable "{t.name}" to define generic alias',
+                    t,
+                    code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+                )
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            if isinstance(sym.node, TypeVarExpr) and tvar_def is not None:
+                assert isinstance(tvar_def, TypeVarType)
+                if len(t.args) > 0:
+                    self.fail(
+                        f'Type variable "{t.name}" used with arguments', t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE
+                    )
+                # Change the line number
+                return tvar_def.copy_modified(line=t.line, column=t.column)
+            if isinstance(sym.node, TypeVarTupleExpr) and (
+                tvar_def is not None
+                and self.defining_alias
+                and tvar_def not in self.allowed_alias_tvars
+            ):
+                self.fail(
+                    f'Can\'t use bound type variable "{t.name}" to define generic alias',
+                    t,
+                    code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+                )
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            if isinstance(sym.node, TypeVarTupleExpr):
+                if tvar_def is None:
+                    if self.allow_unbound_tvars:
+                        return t
+                    self.fail(f'TypeVarTuple "{t.name}" is unbound', t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+                    return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+                assert isinstance(tvar_def, TypeVarTupleType)
+                if not self.allow_type_var_tuple:
+                    self.fail(
+                        f'TypeVarTuple "{t.name}" is only valid with an unpack',
+                        t,
+                        code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+                    )
+                    return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+                if len(t.args) > 0:
+                    self.fail(
+                        f'Type variable "{t.name}" used with arguments', t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE
+                    )
+
+                # Change the line number
+                return TypeVarTupleType(
+                    tvar_def.name,
+                    tvar_def.fullname,
+                    tvar_def.id,
+                    tvar_def.upper_bound,
+                    sym.node.tuple_fallback,
+                    tvar_def.default,
+                    line=t.line,
+                    column=t.column,
+                )
+            special = self.try_analyze_special_unbound_type(t, fullname)
+            if special is not None:
+                return special
+            if isinstance(node, TypeAlias):
+                self.aliases_used.add(fullname)
+                an_args = self.anal_array(
+                    t.args,
+                    allow_param_spec=True,
+                    allow_param_spec_literals=node.has_param_spec_type,
+                    allow_unpack=True,  # Fixed length unpacks can be used for non-variadic aliases.
+                )
+                if node.has_param_spec_type and len(node.alias_tvars) == 1:
+                    an_args = self.pack_paramspec_args(an_args)
+
+                disallow_any = self.options.disallow_any_generics and not self.is_typeshed_stub
+                res = instantiate_type_alias(
+                    node,
+                    an_args,
+                    self.fail,
+                    node.no_args,
+                    t,
+                    self.options,
+                    unexpanded_type=t,
+                    disallow_any=disallow_any,
+                    empty_tuple_index=t.empty_tuple_index,
+                )
+                # The only case where instantiate_type_alias() can return an incorrect instance is
+                # when it is top-level instance, so no need to recurse.
+                if (
+                    isinstance(res, ProperType)
+                    and isinstance(res, Instance)
+                    and not (self.defining_alias and self.nesting_level == 0)
+                    and not validate_instance(res, self.fail, t.empty_tuple_index)
+                ):
+                    fix_instance(
+                        res,
+                        self.fail,
+                        self.note,
+                        disallow_any=disallow_any,
+                        options=self.options,
+                        use_generic_error=True,
+                        unexpanded_type=t,
+                    )
+                if node.eager:
+                    res = get_proper_type(res)
+                return res
+            elif isinstance(node, TypeInfo):
+                return self.analyze_type_with_type_info(node, t.args, t, t.empty_tuple_index)
+            elif node.fullname in TYPE_ALIAS_NAMES:
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+            # Concatenate is an operator, no need for a proper type
+            elif node.fullname in ("typing_extensions.Concatenate", "typing.Concatenate"):
+                # We check the return type further up the stack for valid use locations
+                return self.apply_concatenate_operator(t)
+            else:
+                return self.analyze_unbound_type_without_type_info(t, sym, defining_literal)
+        else:  # sym is None
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+
+    def pack_paramspec_args(self, an_args: Sequence[Type]) -> list[Type]:
+        # "Aesthetic" ParamSpec literals for single ParamSpec: C[int, str] -> C[[int, str]].
+        # These do not support mypy_extensions VarArgs, etc. as they were already analyzed
+        # TODO: should these be re-analyzed to get rid of this inconsistency?
+        count = len(an_args)
+        if count == 0:
+            return []
+        if count == 1 and isinstance(get_proper_type(an_args[0]), AnyType):
+            # Single Any is interpreted as ..., rather that a single argument with Any type.
+            # I didn't find this in the PEP, but it sounds reasonable.
+            return list(an_args)
+        if any(isinstance(a, (Parameters, ParamSpecType)) for a in an_args):
+            if len(an_args) > 1:
+                first_wrong = next(
+                    arg for arg in an_args if isinstance(arg, (Parameters, ParamSpecType))
+                )
+                self.fail(
+                    "Nested parameter specifications are not allowed",
+                    first_wrong,
+                    code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+                )
+                return [AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)]
+            return list(an_args)
+        first = an_args[0]
+        return [
+            Parameters(
+                an_args, [ARG_POS] * count, [None] * count, line=first.line, column=first.column
+            )
+        ]
+
+    def cannot_resolve_type(self, t: UnboundType) -> None:
+        # TODO: Move error message generation to messages.py. We'd first
+        #       need access to MessageBuilder here. Also move the similar
+        #       message generation logic in semanal.py.
+        self.api.fail(f'Cannot resolve name "{t.name}" (possible cyclic definition)', t)
+        if self.api.is_func_scope():
+            self.note("Recursive types are not allowed at function scope", t)
+
+    def apply_concatenate_operator(self, t: UnboundType) -> Type:
+        if len(t.args) == 0:
+            self.api.fail("Concatenate needs type arguments", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+
+        # Last argument has to be ParamSpec or Ellipsis.
+        ps = self.anal_type(t.args[-1], allow_param_spec=True, allow_ellipsis=True)
+        if not isinstance(ps, (ParamSpecType, Parameters)):
+            if isinstance(ps, UnboundType) and self.allow_unbound_tvars:
+                sym = self.lookup_qualified(ps.name, t)
+                if sym is not None and isinstance(sym.node, ParamSpecExpr):
+                    return ps
+            self.api.fail(
+                "The last parameter to Concatenate needs to be a ParamSpec",
+                t,
+                code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+            )
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+        elif isinstance(ps, ParamSpecType) and ps.prefix.arg_types:
+            self.api.fail("Nested Concatenates are invalid", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+
+        args = self.anal_array(t.args[:-1])
+        pre = ps.prefix if isinstance(ps, ParamSpecType) else ps
+
+        # mypy can't infer this :(
+        names: list[str | None] = [None] * len(args)
+
+        pre = Parameters(
+            args + pre.arg_types,
+            [ARG_POS] * len(args) + pre.arg_kinds,
+            names + pre.arg_names,
+            line=t.line,
+            column=t.column,
+        )
+        return ps.copy_modified(prefix=pre) if isinstance(ps, ParamSpecType) else pre
+
+    def try_analyze_special_unbound_type(self, t: UnboundType, fullname: str) -> Type | None:
+        """Bind special type that is recognized through magic name such as 'typing.Any'.
+
+        Return the bound type if successful, and return None if the type is a normal type.
+        """
+        if fullname == "builtins.None":
+            return NoneType()
+        elif fullname == "typing.Any" or fullname == "builtins.Any":
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit, line=t.line, column=t.column)
+        elif fullname in FINAL_TYPE_NAMES:
+            self.fail(
+                "Final can be only used as an outermost qualifier in a variable annotation",
+                t,
+                code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+            )
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+        elif fullname == "typing.Tuple" or (
+            fullname == "builtins.tuple"
+            and (self.always_allow_new_syntax or self.options.python_version >= (3, 9))
+        ):
+            # Tuple is special because it is involved in builtin import cycle
+            # and may be not ready when used.
+            sym = self.api.lookup_fully_qualified_or_none("builtins.tuple")
+            if not sym or isinstance(sym.node, PlaceholderNode):
+                if self.api.is_incomplete_namespace("builtins"):
+                    self.api.record_incomplete_ref()
+                else:
+                    self.fail('Name "tuple" is not defined', t)
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+            if len(t.args) == 0 and not t.empty_tuple_index:
+                # Bare 'Tuple' is same as 'tuple'
+                any_type = self.get_omitted_any(t)
+                return self.named_type("builtins.tuple", [any_type], line=t.line, column=t.column)
+            if len(t.args) == 2 and isinstance(t.args[1], EllipsisType):
+                # Tuple[T, ...] (uniform, variable-length tuple)
+                instance = self.named_type("builtins.tuple", [self.anal_type(t.args[0])])
+                instance.line = t.line
+                return instance
+            return self.tuple_type(
+                self.anal_array(t.args, allow_unpack=True), line=t.line, column=t.column
+            )
+        elif fullname == "typing.Union":
+            items = self.anal_array(t.args)
+            return UnionType.make_union(items)
+        elif fullname == "typing.Optional":
+            if len(t.args) != 1:
+                self.fail(
+                    "Optional[...] must have exactly one type argument", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE
+                )
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            item = self.anal_type(t.args[0])
+            return make_optional_type(item)
+        elif fullname == "typing.Callable":
+            return self.analyze_callable_type(t)
+        elif fullname == "typing.Type" or (
+            fullname == "builtins.type"
+            and (self.always_allow_new_syntax or self.options.python_version >= (3, 9))
+        ):
+            if len(t.args) == 0:
+                if fullname == "typing.Type":
+                    any_type = self.get_omitted_any(t)
+                    return TypeType(any_type, line=t.line, column=t.column)
+                else:
+                    # To prevent assignment of 'builtins.type' inferred as 'builtins.object'
+                    # See https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/9476 for more information
+                    return None
+            if len(t.args) != 1:
+                type_str = "Type[...]" if fullname == "typing.Type" else "type[...]"
+                self.fail(
+                    type_str + " must have exactly one type argument", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE
+                )
+            item = self.anal_type(t.args[0])
+            if is_bad_type_type_item(item):
+                self.fail("Type[...] can't contain another Type[...]", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+                item = AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            return TypeType.make_normalized(item, line=t.line, column=t.column)
+        elif fullname == "typing.ClassVar":
+            if self.nesting_level > 0:
+                self.fail(
+                    "Invalid type: ClassVar nested inside other type", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE
+                )
+            if len(t.args) == 0:
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_omitted_generics, line=t.line, column=t.column)
+            if len(t.args) != 1:
+                self.fail(
+                    "ClassVar[...] must have at most one type argument", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE
+                )
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            return self.anal_type(t.args[0])
+        elif fullname in NEVER_NAMES:
+            return UninhabitedType(is_noreturn=True)
+        elif fullname in LITERAL_TYPE_NAMES:
+            return self.analyze_literal_type(t)
+        elif fullname in ANNOTATED_TYPE_NAMES:
+            if len(t.args) < 2:
+                self.fail(
+                    "Annotated[...] must have exactly one type argument"
+                    " and at least one annotation",
+                    t,
+                    code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+                )
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            return self.anal_type(t.args[0])
+        elif fullname in ("typing_extensions.Required", "typing.Required"):
+            if not self.allow_required:
+                self.fail(
+                    "Required[] can be only used in a TypedDict definition",
+                    t,
+                    code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+                )
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            if len(t.args) != 1:
+                self.fail(
+                    "Required[] must have exactly one type argument", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE
+                )
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            return RequiredType(self.anal_type(t.args[0]), required=True)
+        elif fullname in ("typing_extensions.NotRequired", "typing.NotRequired"):
+            if not self.allow_required:
+                self.fail(
+                    "NotRequired[] can be only used in a TypedDict definition",
+                    t,
+                    code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+                )
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            if len(t.args) != 1:
+                self.fail(
+                    "NotRequired[] must have exactly one type argument", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE
+                )
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            return RequiredType(self.anal_type(t.args[0]), required=False)
+        elif self.anal_type_guard_arg(t, fullname) is not None:
+            # In most contexts, TypeGuard[...] acts as an alias for bool (ignoring its args)
+            return self.named_type("builtins.bool")
+        elif fullname in ("typing.Unpack", "typing_extensions.Unpack"):
+            if len(t.args) != 1:
+                self.fail("Unpack[...] requires exactly one type argument", t)
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            if not self.allow_unpack:
+                self.fail(message_registry.INVALID_UNPACK_POSITION, t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            self.allow_type_var_tuple = True
+            result = UnpackType(self.anal_type(t.args[0]), line=t.line, column=t.column)
+            self.allow_type_var_tuple = False
+            return result
+        elif fullname in SELF_TYPE_NAMES:
+            if t.args:
+                self.fail("Self type cannot have type arguments", t)
+            if self.prohibit_self_type is not None:
+                self.fail(f"Self type cannot be used in {self.prohibit_self_type}", t)
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            if self.api.type is None:
+                self.fail("Self type is only allowed in annotations within class definition", t)
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            if self.api.type.has_base("builtins.type"):
+                self.fail("Self type cannot be used in a metaclass", t)
+            if self.api.type.self_type is not None:
+                if self.api.type.is_final:
+                    return fill_typevars(self.api.type)
+                return self.api.type.self_type.copy_modified(line=t.line, column=t.column)
+            # TODO: verify this is unreachable and replace with an assert?
+            self.fail("Unexpected Self type", t)
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+        return None
+
+    def get_omitted_any(self, typ: Type, fullname: str | None = None) -> AnyType:
+        disallow_any = not self.is_typeshed_stub and self.options.disallow_any_generics
+        return get_omitted_any(disallow_any, self.fail, self.note, typ, self.options, fullname)
+
+    def analyze_type_with_type_info(
+        self, info: TypeInfo, args: Sequence[Type], ctx: Context, empty_tuple_index: bool
+    ) -> Type:
+        """Bind unbound type when were able to find target TypeInfo.
+
+        This handles simple cases like 'int', 'modname.UserClass[str]', etc.
+        """
+
+        if len(args) > 0 and info.fullname == "builtins.tuple":
+            fallback = Instance(info, [AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)], ctx.line)
+            return TupleType(self.anal_array(args, allow_unpack=True), fallback, ctx.line)
+
+        # Analyze arguments and (usually) construct Instance type. The
+        # number of type arguments and their values are
+        # checked only later, since we do not always know the
+        # valid count at this point. Thus we may construct an
+        # Instance with an invalid number of type arguments.
+        #
+        # We allow ParamSpec literals based on a heuristic: it will be
+        # checked later anyways but the error message may be worse.
+        instance = Instance(
+            info,
+            self.anal_array(
+                args,
+                allow_param_spec=True,
+                allow_param_spec_literals=info.has_param_spec_type,
+                allow_unpack=True,  # Fixed length tuples can be used for non-variadic types.
+            ),
+            ctx.line,
+            ctx.column,
+        )
+        if len(info.type_vars) == 1 and info.has_param_spec_type:
+            instance.args = tuple(self.pack_paramspec_args(instance.args))
+
+        # Check type argument count.
+        instance.args = tuple(flatten_nested_tuples(instance.args))
+        if not (self.defining_alias and self.nesting_level == 0) and not validate_instance(
+            instance, self.fail, empty_tuple_index
+        ):
+            fix_instance(
+                instance,
+                self.fail,
+                self.note,
+                disallow_any=self.options.disallow_any_generics and not self.is_typeshed_stub,
+                options=self.options,
+            )
+
+        tup = info.tuple_type
+        if tup is not None:
+            # The class has a Tuple[...] base class so it will be
+            # represented as a tuple type.
+            if info.special_alias:
+                return instantiate_type_alias(
+                    info.special_alias,
+                    # TODO: should we allow NamedTuples generic in ParamSpec?
+                    self.anal_array(args, allow_unpack=True),
+                    self.fail,
+                    False,
+                    ctx,
+                    self.options,
+                    use_standard_error=True,
+                )
+            return tup.copy_modified(
+                items=self.anal_array(tup.items, allow_unpack=True), fallback=instance
+            )
+        td = info.typeddict_type
+        if td is not None:
+            # The class has a TypedDict[...] base class so it will be
+            # represented as a typeddict type.
+            if info.special_alias:
+                return instantiate_type_alias(
+                    info.special_alias,
+                    # TODO: should we allow TypedDicts generic in ParamSpec?
+                    self.anal_array(args, allow_unpack=True),
+                    self.fail,
+                    False,
+                    ctx,
+                    self.options,
+                    use_standard_error=True,
+                )
+            # Create a named TypedDictType
+            return td.copy_modified(
+                item_types=self.anal_array(list(td.items.values())), fallback=instance
+            )
+
+        if info.fullname == "types.NoneType":
+            self.fail(
+                "NoneType should not be used as a type, please use None instead",
+                ctx,
+                code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+            )
+            return NoneType(ctx.line, ctx.column)
+
+        return instance
+
+    def analyze_unbound_type_without_type_info(
+        self, t: UnboundType, sym: SymbolTableNode, defining_literal: bool
+    ) -> Type:
+        """Figure out what an unbound type that doesn't refer to a TypeInfo node means.
+
+        This is something unusual. We try our best to find out what it is.
+        """
+        name = sym.fullname
+        if name is None:
+            assert sym.node is not None
+            name = sym.node.name
+        # Option 1:
+        # Something with an Any type -- make it an alias for Any in a type
+        # context. This is slightly problematic as it allows using the type 'Any'
+        # as a base class -- however, this will fail soon at runtime so the problem
+        # is pretty minor.
+        if isinstance(sym.node, Var):
+            typ = get_proper_type(sym.node.type)
+            if isinstance(typ, AnyType):
+                return AnyType(
+                    TypeOfAny.from_unimported_type, missing_import_name=typ.missing_import_name
+                )
+            elif self.allow_type_any:
+                if isinstance(typ, Instance) and typ.type.fullname == "builtins.type":
+                    return AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+                if isinstance(typ, TypeType) and isinstance(typ.item, AnyType):
+                    return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_another_any, source_any=typ.item)
+        # Option 2:
+        # Unbound type variable. Currently these may be still valid,
+        # for example when defining a generic type alias.
+        unbound_tvar = (
+            isinstance(sym.node, (TypeVarExpr, TypeVarTupleExpr))
+            and self.tvar_scope.get_binding(sym) is None
+        )
+        if self.allow_unbound_tvars and unbound_tvar:
+            return t
+
+        # Option 3:
+        # Enum value. Note: we only want to return a LiteralType when
+        # we're using this enum value specifically within context of
+        # a "Literal[...]" type. So, if `defining_literal` is not set,
+        # we bail out early with an error.
+        #
+        # If, in the distant future, we decide to permit things like
+        # `def foo(x: Color.RED) -> None: ...`, we can remove that
+        # check entirely.
+        if isinstance(sym.node, Var) and sym.node.info and sym.node.info.is_enum:
+            value = sym.node.name
+            base_enum_short_name = sym.node.info.name
+            if not defining_literal:
+                msg = message_registry.INVALID_TYPE_RAW_ENUM_VALUE.format(
+                    base_enum_short_name, value
+                )
+                self.fail(msg.value, t, code=msg.code)
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            return LiteralType(
+                value=value,
+                fallback=Instance(sym.node.info, [], line=t.line, column=t.column),
+                line=t.line,
+                column=t.column,
+            )
+
+        # None of the above options worked. We parse the args (if there are any)
+        # to make sure there are no remaining semanal-only types, then give up.
+        t = t.copy_modified(args=self.anal_array(t.args))
+        # TODO: Move this message building logic to messages.py.
+        notes: list[str] = []
+        if isinstance(sym.node, Var):
+            notes.append(
+                "See https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/"
+                "stable/common_issues.html#variables-vs-type-aliases"
+            )
+            message = 'Variable "{}" is not valid as a type'
+        elif isinstance(sym.node, (SYMBOL_FUNCBASE_TYPES, Decorator)):
+            message = 'Function "{}" is not valid as a type'
+            if name == "builtins.any":
+                notes.append('Perhaps you meant "typing.Any" instead of "any"?')
+            elif name == "builtins.callable":
+                notes.append('Perhaps you meant "typing.Callable" instead of "callable"?')
+            else:
+                notes.append('Perhaps you need "Callable[...]" or a callback protocol?')
+        elif isinstance(sym.node, MypyFile):
+            message = 'Module "{}" is not valid as a type'
+            notes.append("Perhaps you meant to use a protocol matching the module structure?")
+        elif unbound_tvar:
+            message = 'Type variable "{}" is unbound'
+            short = name.split(".")[-1]
+            notes.append(
+                (
+                    '(Hint: Use "Generic[{}]" or "Protocol[{}]" base class'
+                    ' to bind "{}" inside a class)'
+                ).format(short, short, short)
+            )
+            notes.append(
+                '(Hint: Use "{}" in function signature to bind "{}"'
+                " inside a function)".format(short, short)
+            )
+        else:
+            message = 'Cannot interpret reference "{}" as a type'
+        if not defining_literal:
+            # Literal check already gives a custom error. Avoid duplicating errors.
+            self.fail(message.format(name), t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+            for note in notes:
+                self.note(note, t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+
+        # TODO: Would it be better to always return Any instead of UnboundType
+        # in case of an error? On one hand, UnboundType has a name so error messages
+        # are more detailed, on the other hand, some of them may be bogus,
+        # see https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/4987.
+        return t
+
+    def visit_any(self, t: AnyType) -> Type:
+        return t
+
+    def visit_none_type(self, t: NoneType) -> Type:
+        return t
+
+    def visit_uninhabited_type(self, t: UninhabitedType) -> Type:
+        return t
+
+    def visit_erased_type(self, t: ErasedType) -> Type:
+        # This type should exist only temporarily during type inference
+        assert False, "Internal error: Unexpected erased type"
+
+    def visit_deleted_type(self, t: DeletedType) -> Type:
+        return t
+
+    def visit_type_list(self, t: TypeList) -> Type:
+        # Parameters literal (Z[[int, str, Whatever]])
+        if self.allow_param_spec_literals:
+            params = self.analyze_callable_args(t)
+            if params:
+                ts, kinds, names = params
+                # bind these types
+                return Parameters(self.anal_array(ts), kinds, names, line=t.line, column=t.column)
+            else:
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+        else:
+            self.fail(
+                'Bracketed expression "[...]" is not valid as a type', t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE
+            )
+            if len(t.items) == 1:
+                self.note('Did you mean "List[...]"?', t)
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+
+    def visit_callable_argument(self, t: CallableArgument) -> Type:
+        self.fail("Invalid type", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+        return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+
+    def visit_instance(self, t: Instance) -> Type:
+        return t
+
+    def visit_type_alias_type(self, t: TypeAliasType) -> Type:
+        # TODO: should we do something here?
+        return t
+
+    def visit_type_var(self, t: TypeVarType) -> Type:
+        return t
+
+    def visit_param_spec(self, t: ParamSpecType) -> Type:
+        return t
+
+    def visit_type_var_tuple(self, t: TypeVarTupleType) -> Type:
+        return t
+
+    def visit_unpack_type(self, t: UnpackType) -> Type:
+        if not self.allow_unpack:
+            self.fail(message_registry.INVALID_UNPACK_POSITION, t.type, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+        self.allow_type_var_tuple = True
+        result = UnpackType(self.anal_type(t.type), from_star_syntax=t.from_star_syntax)
+        self.allow_type_var_tuple = False
+        return result
+
+    def visit_parameters(self, t: Parameters) -> Type:
+        raise NotImplementedError("ParamSpec literals cannot have unbound TypeVars")
+
+    def visit_callable_type(self, t: CallableType, nested: bool = True) -> Type:
+        # Every Callable can bind its own type variables, if they're not in the outer scope
+        with self.tvar_scope_frame():
+            unpacked_kwargs = False
+            if self.defining_alias:
+                variables = t.variables
+            else:
+                variables, _ = self.bind_function_type_variables(t, t)
+            special = self.anal_type_guard(t.ret_type)
+            arg_kinds = t.arg_kinds
+            if len(arg_kinds) >= 2 and arg_kinds[-2] == ARG_STAR and arg_kinds[-1] == ARG_STAR2:
+                arg_types = self.anal_array(t.arg_types[:-2], nested=nested) + [
+                    self.anal_star_arg_type(t.arg_types[-2], ARG_STAR, nested=nested),
+                    self.anal_star_arg_type(t.arg_types[-1], ARG_STAR2, nested=nested),
+                ]
+                # If nested is True, it means we are analyzing a Callable[...] type, rather
+                # than a function definition type. We need to "unpack" ** TypedDict annotation
+                # here (for function definitions it is done in semanal).
+                if nested and isinstance(arg_types[-1], UnpackType):
+                    # TODO: it would be better to avoid this get_proper_type() call.
+                    unpacked = get_proper_type(arg_types[-1].type)
+                    if isinstance(unpacked, TypedDictType):
+                        arg_types[-1] = unpacked
+                        unpacked_kwargs = True
+                    arg_types = self.check_unpacks_in_list(arg_types)
+            else:
+                star_index = None
+                if ARG_STAR in arg_kinds:
+                    star_index = arg_kinds.index(ARG_STAR)
+                star2_index = None
+                if ARG_STAR2 in arg_kinds:
+                    star2_index = arg_kinds.index(ARG_STAR2)
+                arg_types = []
+                for i, ut in enumerate(t.arg_types):
+                    at = self.anal_type(
+                        ut, nested=nested, allow_unpack=i in (star_index, star2_index)
+                    )
+                    if nested and isinstance(at, UnpackType) and i == star_index:
+                        # TODO: it would be better to avoid this get_proper_type() call.
+                        p_at = get_proper_type(at.type)
+                        if isinstance(p_at, TypedDictType) and not at.from_star_syntax:
+                            # Automatically detect Unpack[Foo] in Callable as backwards
+                            # compatible syntax for **Foo, if Foo is a TypedDict.
+                            at = p_at
+                            arg_kinds[i] = ARG_STAR2
+                            unpacked_kwargs = True
+                    arg_types.append(at)
+                if nested:
+                    arg_types = self.check_unpacks_in_list(arg_types)
+            # If there were multiple (invalid) unpacks, the arg types list will become shorter,
+            # we need to trim the kinds/names as well to avoid crashes.
+            arg_kinds = t.arg_kinds[: len(arg_types)]
+            arg_names = t.arg_names[: len(arg_types)]
+
+            ret = t.copy_modified(
+                arg_types=arg_types,
+                arg_kinds=arg_kinds,
+                arg_names=arg_names,
+                ret_type=self.anal_type(t.ret_type, nested=nested),
+                # If the fallback isn't filled in yet,
+                # its type will be the falsey FakeInfo
+                fallback=(t.fallback if t.fallback.type else self.named_type("builtins.function")),
+                variables=self.anal_var_defs(variables),
+                type_guard=special,
+                unpack_kwargs=unpacked_kwargs,
+            )
+        return ret
+
+    def anal_type_guard(self, t: Type) -> Type | None:
+        if isinstance(t, UnboundType):
+            sym = self.lookup_qualified(t.name, t)
+            if sym is not None and sym.node is not None:
+                return self.anal_type_guard_arg(t, sym.node.fullname)
+        # TODO: What if it's an Instance? Then use t.type.fullname?
+        return None
+
+    def anal_type_guard_arg(self, t: UnboundType, fullname: str) -> Type | None:
+        if fullname in ("typing_extensions.TypeGuard", "typing.TypeGuard"):
+            if len(t.args) != 1:
+                self.fail(
+                    "TypeGuard must have exactly one type argument", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE
+                )
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            return self.anal_type(t.args[0])
+        return None
+
+    def anal_star_arg_type(self, t: Type, kind: ArgKind, nested: bool) -> Type:
+        """Analyze signature argument type for *args and **kwargs argument."""
+        if isinstance(t, UnboundType) and t.name and "." in t.name and not t.args:
+            components = t.name.split(".")
+            tvar_name = ".".join(components[:-1])
+            sym = self.lookup_qualified(tvar_name, t)
+            if sym is not None and isinstance(sym.node, ParamSpecExpr):
+                tvar_def = self.tvar_scope.get_binding(sym)
+                if isinstance(tvar_def, ParamSpecType):
+                    if kind == ARG_STAR:
+                        make_paramspec = paramspec_args
+                        if components[-1] != "args":
+                            self.fail(
+                                f'Use "{tvar_name}.args" for variadic "*" parameter',
+                                t,
+                                code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+                            )
+                    elif kind == ARG_STAR2:
+                        make_paramspec = paramspec_kwargs
+                        if components[-1] != "kwargs":
+                            self.fail(
+                                f'Use "{tvar_name}.kwargs" for variadic "**" parameter',
+                                t,
+                                code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        assert False, kind
+                    return make_paramspec(
+                        tvar_def.name,
+                        tvar_def.fullname,
+                        tvar_def.id,
+                        named_type_func=self.named_type,
+                        line=t.line,
+                        column=t.column,
+                    )
+        return self.anal_type(t, nested=nested, allow_unpack=True)
+
+    def visit_overloaded(self, t: Overloaded) -> Type:
+        # Overloaded types are manually constructed in semanal.py by analyzing the
+        # AST and combining together the Callable types this visitor converts.
+        #
+        # So if we're ever asked to reanalyze an Overloaded type, we know it's
+        # fine to just return it as-is.
+        return t
+
+    def visit_tuple_type(self, t: TupleType) -> Type:
+        # Types such as (t1, t2, ...) only allowed in assignment statements. They'll
+        # generate errors elsewhere, and Tuple[t1, t2, ...] must be used instead.
+        if t.implicit and not self.allow_tuple_literal:
+            self.fail("Syntax error in type annotation", t, code=codes.SYNTAX)
+            if len(t.items) == 0:
+                self.note(
+                    "Suggestion: Use Tuple[()] instead of () for an empty tuple, or "
+                    "None for a function without a return value",
+                    t,
+                    code=codes.SYNTAX,
+                )
+            elif len(t.items) == 1:
+                self.note("Suggestion: Is there a spurious trailing comma?", t, code=codes.SYNTAX)
+            else:
+                self.note(
+                    "Suggestion: Use Tuple[T1, ..., Tn] instead of (T1, ..., Tn)",
+                    t,
+                    code=codes.SYNTAX,
+                )
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+
+        any_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+        # If the fallback isn't filled in yet, its type will be the falsey FakeInfo
+        fallback = (
+            t.partial_fallback
+            if t.partial_fallback.type
+            else self.named_type("builtins.tuple", [any_type])
+        )
+        return TupleType(self.anal_array(t.items, allow_unpack=True), fallback, t.line)
+
+    def visit_typeddict_type(self, t: TypedDictType) -> Type:
+        items = {
+            item_name: self.anal_type(item_type) for (item_name, item_type) in t.items.items()
+        }
+        return TypedDictType(items, set(t.required_keys), t.fallback)
+
+    def visit_raw_expression_type(self, t: RawExpressionType) -> Type:
+        # We should never see a bare Literal. We synthesize these raw literals
+        # in the earlier stages of semantic analysis, but those
+        # "fake literals" should always be wrapped in an UnboundType
+        # corresponding to 'Literal'.
+        #
+        # Note: if at some point in the distant future, we decide to
+        # make signatures like "foo(x: 20) -> None" legal, we can change
+        # this method so it generates and returns an actual LiteralType
+        # instead.
+
+        if self.report_invalid_types:
+            if t.base_type_name in ("builtins.int", "builtins.bool"):
+                # The only time it makes sense to use an int or bool is inside of
+                # a literal type.
+                msg = f"Invalid type: try using Literal[{repr(t.literal_value)}] instead?"
+            elif t.base_type_name in ("builtins.float", "builtins.complex"):
+                # We special-case warnings for floats and complex numbers.
+                msg = f"Invalid type: {t.simple_name()} literals cannot be used as a type"
+            else:
+                # And in all other cases, we default to a generic error message.
+                # Note: the reason why we use a generic error message for strings
+                # but not ints or bools is because whenever we see an out-of-place
+                # string, it's unclear if the user meant to construct a literal type
+                # or just misspelled a regular type. So we avoid guessing.
+                msg = "Invalid type comment or annotation"
+
+            self.fail(msg, t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+            if t.note is not None:
+                self.note(t.note, t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+
+        return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error, line=t.line, column=t.column)
+
+    def visit_literal_type(self, t: LiteralType) -> Type:
+        return t
+
+    def visit_union_type(self, t: UnionType) -> Type:
+        if (
+            t.uses_pep604_syntax is True
+            and t.is_evaluated is True
+            and not self.always_allow_new_syntax
+            and not self.options.python_version >= (3, 10)
+        ):
+            self.fail("X | Y syntax for unions requires Python 3.10", t, code=codes.SYNTAX)
+        return UnionType(self.anal_array(t.items), t.line)
+
+    def visit_partial_type(self, t: PartialType) -> Type:
+        assert False, "Internal error: Unexpected partial type"
+
+    def visit_ellipsis_type(self, t: EllipsisType) -> Type:
+        if self.allow_ellipsis or self.allow_param_spec_literals:
+            any_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit)
+            return Parameters(
+                [any_type, any_type], [ARG_STAR, ARG_STAR2], [None, None], is_ellipsis_args=True
+            )
+        else:
+            self.fail('Unexpected "..."', t)
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+
+    def visit_type_type(self, t: TypeType) -> Type:
+        return TypeType.make_normalized(self.anal_type(t.item), line=t.line)
+
+    def visit_placeholder_type(self, t: PlaceholderType) -> Type:
+        n = (
+            None
+            # No dot in fullname indicates we are at function scope, and recursive
+            # types are not supported there anyway, so we just give up.
+            if not t.fullname or "." not in t.fullname
+            else self.api.lookup_fully_qualified(t.fullname)
+        )
+        if not n or isinstance(n.node, PlaceholderNode):
+            self.api.defer()  # Still incomplete
+            return t
+        else:
+            # TODO: Handle non-TypeInfo
+            assert isinstance(n.node, TypeInfo)
+            return self.analyze_type_with_type_info(n.node, t.args, t, False)
+
+    def analyze_callable_args_for_paramspec(
+        self, callable_args: Type, ret_type: Type, fallback: Instance
+    ) -> CallableType | None:
+        """Construct a 'Callable[P, RET]', where P is ParamSpec, return None if we cannot."""
+        if not isinstance(callable_args, UnboundType):
+            return None
+        sym = self.lookup_qualified(callable_args.name, callable_args)
+        if sym is None:
+            return None
+        tvar_def = self.tvar_scope.get_binding(sym)
+        if not isinstance(tvar_def, ParamSpecType):
+            if (
+                tvar_def is None
+                and self.allow_unbound_tvars
+                and isinstance(sym.node, ParamSpecExpr)
+            ):
+                # We are analyzing this type in runtime context (e.g. as type application).
+                # If it is not valid as a type in this position an error will be given later.
+                return callable_with_ellipsis(
+                    AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit), ret_type=ret_type, fallback=fallback
+                )
+            return None
+
+        return CallableType(
+            [
+                paramspec_args(
+                    tvar_def.name, tvar_def.fullname, tvar_def.id, named_type_func=self.named_type
+                ),
+                paramspec_kwargs(
+                    tvar_def.name, tvar_def.fullname, tvar_def.id, named_type_func=self.named_type
+                ),
+            ],
+            [nodes.ARG_STAR, nodes.ARG_STAR2],
+            [None, None],
+            ret_type=ret_type,
+            fallback=fallback,
+        )
+
+    def analyze_callable_args_for_concatenate(
+        self, callable_args: Type, ret_type: Type, fallback: Instance
+    ) -> CallableType | AnyType | None:
+        """Construct a 'Callable[C, RET]', where C is Concatenate[..., P], returning None if we
+        cannot.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(callable_args, UnboundType):
+            return None
+        sym = self.lookup_qualified(callable_args.name, callable_args)
+        if sym is None:
+            return None
+        if sym.node is None:
+            return None
+        if sym.node.fullname not in ("typing_extensions.Concatenate", "typing.Concatenate"):
+            return None
+
+        tvar_def = self.anal_type(callable_args, allow_param_spec=True)
+        if not isinstance(tvar_def, (ParamSpecType, Parameters)):
+            if self.allow_unbound_tvars and isinstance(tvar_def, UnboundType):
+                sym = self.lookup_qualified(tvar_def.name, callable_args)
+                if sym is not None and isinstance(sym.node, ParamSpecExpr):
+                    # We are analyzing this type in runtime context (e.g. as type application).
+                    # If it is not valid as a type in this position an error will be given later.
+                    return callable_with_ellipsis(
+                        AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit), ret_type=ret_type, fallback=fallback
+                    )
+            # Error was already given, so prevent further errors.
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+        if isinstance(tvar_def, Parameters):
+            # This comes from Concatenate[int, ...]
+            return CallableType(
+                arg_types=tvar_def.arg_types,
+                arg_names=tvar_def.arg_names,
+                arg_kinds=tvar_def.arg_kinds,
+                ret_type=ret_type,
+                fallback=fallback,
+                from_concatenate=True,
+            )
+
+        # ick, CallableType should take ParamSpecType
+        prefix = tvar_def.prefix
+        # we don't set the prefix here as generic arguments will get updated at some point
+        # in the future. CallableType.param_spec() accounts for this.
+        return CallableType(
+            [
+                *prefix.arg_types,
+                paramspec_args(
+                    tvar_def.name, tvar_def.fullname, tvar_def.id, named_type_func=self.named_type
+                ),
+                paramspec_kwargs(
+                    tvar_def.name, tvar_def.fullname, tvar_def.id, named_type_func=self.named_type
+                ),
+            ],
+            [*prefix.arg_kinds, nodes.ARG_STAR, nodes.ARG_STAR2],
+            [*prefix.arg_names, None, None],
+            ret_type=ret_type,
+            fallback=fallback,
+            from_concatenate=True,
+        )
+
+    def analyze_callable_type(self, t: UnboundType) -> Type:
+        fallback = self.named_type("builtins.function")
+        if len(t.args) == 0:
+            # Callable (bare). Treat as Callable[..., Any].
+            any_type = self.get_omitted_any(t)
+            ret = callable_with_ellipsis(any_type, any_type, fallback)
+        elif len(t.args) == 2:
+            callable_args = t.args[0]
+            ret_type = t.args[1]
+            if isinstance(callable_args, TypeList):
+                # Callable[[ARG, ...], RET] (ordinary callable type)
+                analyzed_args = self.analyze_callable_args(callable_args)
+                if analyzed_args is None:
+                    return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+                args, kinds, names = analyzed_args
+                ret = CallableType(args, kinds, names, ret_type=ret_type, fallback=fallback)
+            elif isinstance(callable_args, EllipsisType):
+                # Callable[..., RET] (with literal ellipsis; accept arbitrary arguments)
+                ret = callable_with_ellipsis(
+                    AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit), ret_type=ret_type, fallback=fallback
+                )
+            else:
+                # Callable[P, RET] (where P is ParamSpec)
+                with self.tvar_scope_frame():
+                    # Temporarily bind ParamSpecs to allow code like this:
+                    #     my_fun: Callable[Q, Foo[Q]]
+                    # We usually do this later in visit_callable_type(), but the analysis
+                    # below happens at very early stage.
+                    variables = []
+                    for name, tvar_expr in self.find_type_var_likes(callable_args):
+                        variables.append(self.tvar_scope.bind_new(name, tvar_expr))
+                    maybe_ret = self.analyze_callable_args_for_paramspec(
+                        callable_args, ret_type, fallback
+                    ) or self.analyze_callable_args_for_concatenate(
+                        callable_args, ret_type, fallback
+                    )
+                    if isinstance(maybe_ret, CallableType):
+                        maybe_ret = maybe_ret.copy_modified(variables=variables)
+                if maybe_ret is None:
+                    # Callable[?, RET] (where ? is something invalid)
+                    self.fail(
+                        "The first argument to Callable must be a "
+                        'list of types, parameter specification, or "..."',
+                        t,
+                        code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+                    )
+                    self.note(
+                        "See https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/kinds_of_types.html#callable-types-and-lambdas",
+                        t,
+                    )
+                    return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+                elif isinstance(maybe_ret, AnyType):
+                    return maybe_ret
+                ret = maybe_ret
+        else:
+            if self.options.disallow_any_generics:
+                self.fail('Please use "Callable[[<parameters>], <return type>]"', t)
+            else:
+                self.fail('Please use "Callable[[<parameters>], <return type>]" or "Callable"', t)
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+        assert isinstance(ret, CallableType)
+        return ret.accept(self)
+
+    def refers_to_full_names(self, arg: UnboundType, names: Sequence[str]) -> bool:
+        sym = self.lookup_qualified(arg.name, arg)
+        if sym is not None:
+            if sym.fullname in names:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def analyze_callable_args(
+        self, arglist: TypeList
+    ) -> tuple[list[Type], list[ArgKind], list[str | None]] | None:
+        args: list[Type] = []
+        kinds: list[ArgKind] = []
+        names: list[str | None] = []
+        seen_unpack = False
+        unpack_types: list[Type] = []
+        invalid_unpacks: list[Type] = []
+        second_unpack_last = False
+        for i, arg in enumerate(arglist.items):
+            if isinstance(arg, CallableArgument):
+                args.append(arg.typ)
+                names.append(arg.name)
+                if arg.constructor is None:
+                    return None
+                found = self.lookup_qualified(arg.constructor, arg)
+                if found is None:
+                    # Looking it up already put an error message in
+                    return None
+                elif found.fullname not in ARG_KINDS_BY_CONSTRUCTOR:
+                    self.fail(f'Invalid argument constructor "{found.fullname}"', arg)
+                    return None
+                else:
+                    assert found.fullname is not None
+                    kind = ARG_KINDS_BY_CONSTRUCTOR[found.fullname]
+                    kinds.append(kind)
+                    if arg.name is not None and kind.is_star():
+                        self.fail(f"{arg.constructor} arguments should not have names", arg)
+                        return None
+            elif (
+                isinstance(arg, UnboundType)
+                and self.refers_to_full_names(arg, ("typing_extensions.Unpack", "typing.Unpack"))
+                or isinstance(arg, UnpackType)
+            ):
+                if seen_unpack:
+                    # Multiple unpacks, preserve them, so we can give an error later.
+                    if i == len(arglist.items) - 1 and not invalid_unpacks:
+                        # Special case: if there are just two unpacks, and the second one appears
+                        # as last type argument, it can be still valid, if the second unpacked type
+                        # is a TypedDict. This should be checked by the caller.
+                        second_unpack_last = True
+                    invalid_unpacks.append(arg)
+                    continue
+                seen_unpack = True
+                unpack_types.append(arg)
+            else:
+                if seen_unpack:
+                    unpack_types.append(arg)
+                else:
+                    args.append(arg)
+                    kinds.append(ARG_POS)
+                    names.append(None)
+        if seen_unpack:
+            if len(unpack_types) == 1:
+                args.append(unpack_types[0])
+            else:
+                first = unpack_types[0]
+                if isinstance(first, UnpackType):
+                    # UnpackType doesn't have its own line/column numbers,
+                    # so use the unpacked type for error messages.
+                    first = first.type
+                args.append(
+                    UnpackType(self.tuple_type(unpack_types, line=first.line, column=first.column))
+                )
+            kinds.append(ARG_STAR)
+            names.append(None)
+        for arg in invalid_unpacks:
+            args.append(arg)
+            kinds.append(ARG_STAR2 if second_unpack_last else ARG_STAR)
+            names.append(None)
+        # Note that arglist below is only used for error context.
+        check_arg_names(names, [arglist] * len(args), self.fail, "Callable")
+        check_arg_kinds(kinds, [arglist] * len(args), self.fail)
+        return args, kinds, names
+
+    def analyze_literal_type(self, t: UnboundType) -> Type:
+        if len(t.args) == 0:
+            self.fail("Literal[...] must have at least one parameter", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+
+        output: list[Type] = []
+        for i, arg in enumerate(t.args):
+            analyzed_types = self.analyze_literal_param(i + 1, arg, t)
+            if analyzed_types is None:
+                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            else:
+                output.extend(analyzed_types)
+        return UnionType.make_union(output, line=t.line)
+
+    def analyze_literal_param(self, idx: int, arg: Type, ctx: Context) -> list[Type] | None:
+        # This UnboundType was originally defined as a string.
+        if isinstance(arg, UnboundType) and arg.original_str_expr is not None:
+            assert arg.original_str_fallback is not None
+            return [
+                LiteralType(
+                    value=arg.original_str_expr,
+                    fallback=self.named_type(arg.original_str_fallback),
+                    line=arg.line,
+                    column=arg.column,
+                )
+            ]
+
+        # If arg is an UnboundType that was *not* originally defined as
+        # a string, try expanding it in case it's a type alias or something.
+        if isinstance(arg, UnboundType):
+            self.nesting_level += 1
+            try:
+                arg = self.visit_unbound_type(arg, defining_literal=True)
+            finally:
+                self.nesting_level -= 1
+
+        # Literal[...] cannot contain Any. Give up and add an error message
+        # (if we haven't already).
+        arg = get_proper_type(arg)
+        if isinstance(arg, AnyType):
+            # Note: We can encounter Literals containing 'Any' under three circumstances:
+            #
+            # 1. If the user attempts use an explicit Any as a parameter
+            # 2. If the user is trying to use an enum value imported from a module with
+            #    no type hints, giving it an implicit type of 'Any'
+            # 3. If there's some other underlying problem with the parameter.
+            #
+            # We report an error in only the first two cases. In the third case, we assume
+            # some other region of the code has already reported a more relevant error.
+            #
+            # TODO: Once we start adding support for enums, make sure we report a custom
+            # error for case 2 as well.
+            if arg.type_of_any not in (TypeOfAny.from_error, TypeOfAny.special_form):
+                self.fail(
+                    f'Parameter {idx} of Literal[...] cannot be of type "Any"',
+                    ctx,
+                    code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+                )
+            return None
+        elif isinstance(arg, RawExpressionType):
+            # A raw literal. Convert it directly into a literal if we can.
+            if arg.literal_value is None:
+                name = arg.simple_name()
+                if name in ("float", "complex"):
+                    msg = f'Parameter {idx} of Literal[...] cannot be of type "{name}"'
+                else:
+                    msg = "Invalid type: Literal[...] cannot contain arbitrary expressions"
+                self.fail(msg, ctx, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+                # Note: we deliberately ignore arg.note here: the extra info might normally be
+                # helpful, but it generally won't make sense in the context of a Literal[...].
+                return None
+
+            # Remap bytes and unicode into the appropriate type for the correct Python version
+            fallback = self.named_type(arg.base_type_name)
+            assert isinstance(fallback, Instance)
+            return [LiteralType(arg.literal_value, fallback, line=arg.line, column=arg.column)]
+        elif isinstance(arg, (NoneType, LiteralType)):
+            # Types that we can just add directly to the literal/potential union of literals.
+            return [arg]
+        elif isinstance(arg, Instance) and arg.last_known_value is not None:
+            # Types generated from declarations like "var: Final = 4".
+            return [arg.last_known_value]
+        elif isinstance(arg, UnionType):
+            out = []
+            for union_arg in arg.items:
+                union_result = self.analyze_literal_param(idx, union_arg, ctx)
+                if union_result is None:
+                    return None
+                out.extend(union_result)
+            return out
+        else:
+            self.fail(f"Parameter {idx} of Literal[...] is invalid", ctx, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+            return None
+
+    def analyze_type(self, t: Type) -> Type:
+        return t.accept(self)
+
+    def fail(self, msg: str, ctx: Context, *, code: ErrorCode | None = None) -> None:
+        self.fail_func(msg, ctx, code=code)
+
+    def note(self, msg: str, ctx: Context, *, code: ErrorCode | None = None) -> None:
+        self.note_func(msg, ctx, code=code)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def tvar_scope_frame(self) -> Iterator[None]:
+        old_scope = self.tvar_scope
+        self.tvar_scope = self.tvar_scope.method_frame()
+        yield
+        self.tvar_scope = old_scope
+
+    def find_type_var_likes(self, t: Type) -> TypeVarLikeList:
+        visitor = FindTypeVarVisitor(self.api, self.tvar_scope)
+        t.accept(visitor)
+        return visitor.type_var_likes
+
+    def infer_type_variables(
+        self, type: CallableType
+    ) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, TypeVarLikeExpr]], bool]:
+        """Infer type variables from a callable.
+
+        Return tuple with these items:
+         - list of unique type variables referred to in a callable
+         - whether there is a reference to the Self type
+        """
+        visitor = FindTypeVarVisitor(self.api, self.tvar_scope)
+        for arg in type.arg_types:
+            arg.accept(visitor)
+
+        # When finding type variables in the return type of a function, don't
+        # look inside Callable types.  Type variables only appearing in
+        # functions in the return type belong to those functions, not the
+        # function we're currently analyzing.
+        visitor.include_callables = False
+        type.ret_type.accept(visitor)
+
+        return visitor.type_var_likes, visitor.has_self_type
+
+    def bind_function_type_variables(
+        self, fun_type: CallableType, defn: Context
+    ) -> tuple[Sequence[TypeVarLikeType], bool]:
+        """Find the type variables of the function type and bind them in our tvar_scope"""
+        has_self_type = False
+        if fun_type.variables:
+            defs = []
+            for var in fun_type.variables:
+                if self.api.type and self.api.type.self_type and var == self.api.type.self_type:
+                    has_self_type = True
+                    continue
+                var_node = self.lookup_qualified(var.name, defn)
+                assert var_node, "Binding for function type variable not found within function"
+                var_expr = var_node.node
+                assert isinstance(var_expr, TypeVarLikeExpr)
+                binding = self.tvar_scope.bind_new(var.name, var_expr)
+                defs.append(binding)
+            return defs, has_self_type
+        typevars, has_self_type = self.infer_type_variables(fun_type)
+        # Do not define a new type variable if already defined in scope.
+        typevars = [
+            (name, tvar) for name, tvar in typevars if not self.is_defined_type_var(name, defn)
+        ]
+        defs = []
+        for name, tvar in typevars:
+            if not self.tvar_scope.allow_binding(tvar.fullname):
+                self.fail(
+                    f'Type variable "{name}" is bound by an outer class',
+                    defn,
+                    code=codes.VALID_TYPE,
+                )
+            binding = self.tvar_scope.bind_new(name, tvar)
+            defs.append(binding)
+
+        return defs, has_self_type
+
+    def is_defined_type_var(self, tvar: str, context: Context) -> bool:
+        tvar_node = self.lookup_qualified(tvar, context)
+        if not tvar_node:
+            return False
+        return self.tvar_scope.get_binding(tvar_node) is not None
+
+    def anal_array(
+        self,
+        a: Iterable[Type],
+        nested: bool = True,
+        *,
+        allow_param_spec: bool = False,
+        allow_param_spec_literals: bool = False,
+        allow_unpack: bool = False,
+    ) -> list[Type]:
+        old_allow_param_spec_literals = self.allow_param_spec_literals
+        self.allow_param_spec_literals = allow_param_spec_literals
+        res: list[Type] = []
+        for t in a:
+            res.append(
+                self.anal_type(
+                    t, nested, allow_param_spec=allow_param_spec, allow_unpack=allow_unpack
+                )
+            )
+        self.allow_param_spec_literals = old_allow_param_spec_literals
+        return self.check_unpacks_in_list(res)
+
+    def anal_type(
+        self,
+        t: Type,
+        nested: bool = True,
+        *,
+        allow_param_spec: bool = False,
+        allow_unpack: bool = False,
+        allow_ellipsis: bool = False,
+    ) -> Type:
+        if nested:
+            self.nesting_level += 1
+        old_allow_required = self.allow_required
+        self.allow_required = False
+        old_allow_ellipsis = self.allow_ellipsis
+        self.allow_ellipsis = allow_ellipsis
+        old_allow_unpack = self.allow_unpack
+        self.allow_unpack = allow_unpack
+        try:
+            analyzed = t.accept(self)
+        finally:
+            if nested:
+                self.nesting_level -= 1
+            self.allow_required = old_allow_required
+            self.allow_ellipsis = old_allow_ellipsis
+            self.allow_unpack = old_allow_unpack
+        if (
+            not allow_param_spec
+            and isinstance(analyzed, ParamSpecType)
+            and analyzed.flavor == ParamSpecFlavor.BARE
+        ):
+            if analyzed.prefix.arg_types:
+                self.fail("Invalid location for Concatenate", t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+                self.note("You can use Concatenate as the first argument to Callable", t)
+                analyzed = AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+            else:
+                self.fail(
+                    f'Invalid location for ParamSpec "{analyzed.name}"', t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE
+                )
+                self.note(
+                    "You can use ParamSpec as the first argument to Callable, e.g., "
+                    "'Callable[{}, int]'".format(analyzed.name),
+                    t,
+                )
+                analyzed = AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+        return analyzed
+
+    def anal_var_def(self, var_def: TypeVarLikeType) -> TypeVarLikeType:
+        if isinstance(var_def, TypeVarType):
+            return TypeVarType(
+                name=var_def.name,
+                fullname=var_def.fullname,
+                id=var_def.id.raw_id,
+                values=self.anal_array(var_def.values),
+                upper_bound=var_def.upper_bound.accept(self),
+                default=var_def.default.accept(self),
+                variance=var_def.variance,
+                line=var_def.line,
+                column=var_def.column,
+            )
+        else:
+            return var_def
+
+    def anal_var_defs(self, var_defs: Sequence[TypeVarLikeType]) -> list[TypeVarLikeType]:
+        return [self.anal_var_def(vd) for vd in var_defs]
+
+    def named_type(
+        self,
+        fully_qualified_name: str,
+        args: list[Type] | None = None,
+        line: int = -1,
+        column: int = -1,
+    ) -> Instance:
+        node = self.lookup_fully_qualified(fully_qualified_name)
+        assert isinstance(node.node, TypeInfo)
+        any_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+        if args is not None:
+            args = self.check_unpacks_in_list(args)
+        return Instance(
+            node.node, args or [any_type] * len(node.node.defn.type_vars), line=line, column=column
+        )
+
+    def check_unpacks_in_list(self, items: list[Type]) -> list[Type]:
+        new_items: list[Type] = []
+        num_unpacks = 0
+        final_unpack = None
+        for item in items:
+            # TODO: handle forward references here, they appear as Unpack[Any].
+            if isinstance(item, UnpackType) and not isinstance(
+                get_proper_type(item.type), TupleType
+            ):
+                if not num_unpacks:
+                    new_items.append(item)
+                num_unpacks += 1
+                final_unpack = item
+            else:
+                new_items.append(item)
+
+        if num_unpacks > 1:
+            assert final_unpack is not None
+            self.fail("More than one Unpack in a type is not allowed", final_unpack)
+        return new_items
+
+    def tuple_type(self, items: list[Type], line: int, column: int) -> TupleType:
+        any_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+        return TupleType(
+            items, fallback=self.named_type("builtins.tuple", [any_type]), line=line, column=column
+        )
+
+
+TypeVarLikeList = List[Tuple[str, TypeVarLikeExpr]]
+
+
+class MsgCallback(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, __msg: str, __ctx: Context, *, code: ErrorCode | None = None) -> None: ...
+
+
+def get_omitted_any(
+    disallow_any: bool,
+    fail: MsgCallback,
+    note: MsgCallback,
+    orig_type: Type,
+    options: Options,
+    fullname: str | None = None,
+    unexpanded_type: Type | None = None,
+) -> AnyType:
+    if disallow_any:
+        nongen_builtins = get_nongen_builtins(options.python_version)
+        if fullname in nongen_builtins:
+            typ = orig_type
+            # We use a dedicated error message for builtin generics (as the most common case).
+            alternative = nongen_builtins[fullname]
+            fail(
+                message_registry.IMPLICIT_GENERIC_ANY_BUILTIN.format(alternative),
+                typ,
+                code=codes.TYPE_ARG,
+            )
+        else:
+            typ = unexpanded_type or orig_type
+            type_str = typ.name if isinstance(typ, UnboundType) else format_type_bare(typ, options)
+
+            fail(
+                message_registry.BARE_GENERIC.format(quote_type_string(type_str)),
+                typ,
+                code=codes.TYPE_ARG,
+            )
+            base_type = get_proper_type(orig_type)
+            base_fullname = (
+                base_type.type.fullname if isinstance(base_type, Instance) else fullname
+            )
+            # Ideally, we'd check whether the type is quoted or `from __future__ annotations`
+            # is set before issuing this note
+            if (
+                options.python_version < (3, 9)
+                and base_fullname in GENERIC_STUB_NOT_AT_RUNTIME_TYPES
+            ):
+                # Recommend `from __future__ import annotations` or to put type in quotes
+                # (string literal escaping) for classes not generic at runtime
+                note(
+                    "Subscripting classes that are not generic at runtime may require "
+                    "escaping, see https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/runtime_troubles.html"
+                    "#not-generic-runtime",
+                    typ,
+                    code=codes.TYPE_ARG,
+                )
+
+        any_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error, line=typ.line, column=typ.column)
+    else:
+        any_type = AnyType(
+            TypeOfAny.from_omitted_generics, line=orig_type.line, column=orig_type.column
+        )
+    return any_type
+
+
+def fix_type_var_tuple_argument(t: Instance) -> None:
+    if t.type.has_type_var_tuple_type:
+        args = list(t.args)
+        assert t.type.type_var_tuple_prefix is not None
+        tvt = t.type.defn.type_vars[t.type.type_var_tuple_prefix]
+        assert isinstance(tvt, TypeVarTupleType)
+        args[t.type.type_var_tuple_prefix] = UnpackType(
+            Instance(tvt.tuple_fallback.type, [args[t.type.type_var_tuple_prefix]])
+        )
+        t.args = tuple(args)
+
+
+def fix_instance(
+    t: Instance,
+    fail: MsgCallback,
+    note: MsgCallback,
+    disallow_any: bool,
+    options: Options,
+    use_generic_error: bool = False,
+    unexpanded_type: Type | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Fix a malformed instance by replacing all type arguments with TypeVar default or Any.
+
+    Also emit a suitable error if this is not due to implicit Any's.
+    """
+    arg_count = len(t.args)
+    min_tv_count = sum(not tv.has_default() for tv in t.type.defn.type_vars)
+    max_tv_count = len(t.type.type_vars)
+    if arg_count < min_tv_count or arg_count > max_tv_count:
+        # Don't use existing args if arg_count doesn't match
+        if arg_count > max_tv_count:
+            # Already wrong arg count error, don't emit missing type parameters error as well.
+            disallow_any = False
+        t.args = ()
+        arg_count = 0
+
+    args: list[Type] = [*(t.args[:max_tv_count])]
+    any_type: AnyType | None = None
+    env: dict[TypeVarId, Type] = {}
+
+    for tv, arg in itertools.zip_longest(t.type.defn.type_vars, t.args, fillvalue=None):
+        if tv is None:
+            continue
+        if arg is None:
+            if tv.has_default():
+                arg = tv.default
+            else:
+                if any_type is None:
+                    fullname = None if use_generic_error else t.type.fullname
+                    any_type = get_omitted_any(
+                        disallow_any, fail, note, t, options, fullname, unexpanded_type
+                    )
+                arg = any_type
+            args.append(arg)
+        env[tv.id] = arg
+    t.args = tuple(args)
+    fix_type_var_tuple_argument(t)
+    if not t.type.has_type_var_tuple_type:
+        with state.strict_optional_set(options.strict_optional):
+            fixed = expand_type(t, env)
+        assert isinstance(fixed, Instance)
+        t.args = fixed.args
+
+
+def instantiate_type_alias(
+    node: TypeAlias,
+    args: list[Type],
+    fail: MsgCallback,
+    no_args: bool,
+    ctx: Context,
+    options: Options,
+    *,
+    unexpanded_type: Type | None = None,
+    disallow_any: bool = False,
+    use_standard_error: bool = False,
+    empty_tuple_index: bool = False,
+) -> Type:
+    """Create an instance of a (generic) type alias from alias node and type arguments.
+
+    We are following the rules outlined in TypeAlias docstring.
+    Here:
+        node: type alias node (definition)
+        args: type arguments (types to be substituted in place of type variables
+              when expanding the alias)
+        fail: error reporter callback
+        no_args: whether original definition used a bare generic `A = List`
+        ctx: context where expansion happens
+        unexpanded_type, disallow_any, use_standard_error: used to customize error messages
+    """
+    # Type aliases are special, since they can be expanded during semantic analysis,
+    # so we need to normalize them as soon as possible.
+    # TODO: can this cause an infinite recursion?
+    args = flatten_nested_tuples(args)
+    if any(unknown_unpack(a) for a in args):
+        # This type is not ready to be validated, because of unknown total count.
+        # Note that we keep the kind of Any for consistency.
+        return set_any_tvars(node, [], ctx.line, ctx.column, options, special_form=True)
+
+    max_tv_count = len(node.alias_tvars)
+    act_len = len(args)
+    if (
+        max_tv_count > 0
+        and act_len == 0
+        and not (empty_tuple_index and node.tvar_tuple_index is not None)
+    ):
+        # Interpret bare Alias same as normal generic, i.e., Alias[Any, Any, ...]
+        return set_any_tvars(
+            node,
+            args,
+            ctx.line,
+            ctx.column,
+            options,
+            disallow_any=disallow_any,
+            fail=fail,
+            unexpanded_type=unexpanded_type,
+        )
+    if max_tv_count == 0 and act_len == 0:
+        if no_args:
+            assert isinstance(node.target, Instance)  # type: ignore[misc]
+            # Note: this is the only case where we use an eager expansion. See more info about
+            # no_args aliases like L = List in the docstring for TypeAlias class.
+            return Instance(node.target.type, [], line=ctx.line, column=ctx.column)
+        return TypeAliasType(node, [], line=ctx.line, column=ctx.column)
+    if (
+        max_tv_count == 0
+        and act_len > 0
+        and isinstance(node.target, Instance)  # type: ignore[misc]
+        and no_args
+    ):
+        tp = Instance(node.target.type, args)
+        tp.line = ctx.line
+        tp.column = ctx.column
+        return tp
+    if node.tvar_tuple_index is None:
+        if any(isinstance(a, UnpackType) for a in args):
+            # A variadic unpack in fixed size alias (fixed unpacks must be flattened by the caller)
+            fail(message_registry.INVALID_UNPACK_POSITION, ctx, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+            return set_any_tvars(node, [], ctx.line, ctx.column, options, from_error=True)
+        min_tv_count = sum(not tv.has_default() for tv in node.alias_tvars)
+        fill_typevars = act_len != max_tv_count
+        correct = min_tv_count <= act_len <= max_tv_count
+    else:
+        min_tv_count = sum(
+            not tv.has_default() and not isinstance(tv, TypeVarTupleType)
+            for tv in node.alias_tvars
+        )
+        correct = act_len >= min_tv_count
+        for a in args:
+            if isinstance(a, UnpackType):
+                unpacked = get_proper_type(a.type)
+                if isinstance(unpacked, Instance) and unpacked.type.fullname == "builtins.tuple":
+                    # Variadic tuple is always correct.
+                    correct = True
+        fill_typevars = not correct
+    if fill_typevars:
+        if not correct:
+            if use_standard_error:
+                # This is used if type alias is an internal representation of another type,
+                # for example a generic TypedDict or NamedTuple.
+                msg = wrong_type_arg_count(max_tv_count, max_tv_count, str(act_len), node.name)
+            else:
+                if node.tvar_tuple_index is not None:
+                    msg = (
+                        "Bad number of arguments for type alias,"
+                        f" expected at least {min_tv_count}, given {act_len}"
+                    )
+                elif min_tv_count != max_tv_count:
+                    msg = (
+                        "Bad number of arguments for type alias,"
+                        f" expected between {min_tv_count} and {max_tv_count}, given {act_len}"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    msg = (
+                        "Bad number of arguments for type alias,"
+                        f" expected {min_tv_count}, given {act_len}"
+                    )
+            fail(msg, ctx, code=codes.TYPE_ARG)
+            args = []
+        return set_any_tvars(node, args, ctx.line, ctx.column, options, from_error=True)
+    elif node.tvar_tuple_index is not None:
+        # We also need to check if we are not performing a type variable tuple split.
+        unpack = find_unpack_in_list(args)
+        if unpack is not None:
+            unpack_arg = args[unpack]
+            assert isinstance(unpack_arg, UnpackType)
+            if isinstance(unpack_arg.type, TypeVarTupleType):
+                exp_prefix = node.tvar_tuple_index
+                act_prefix = unpack
+                exp_suffix = len(node.alias_tvars) - node.tvar_tuple_index - 1
+                act_suffix = len(args) - unpack - 1
+                if act_prefix < exp_prefix or act_suffix < exp_suffix:
+                    fail("TypeVarTuple cannot be split", ctx, code=codes.TYPE_ARG)
+                    return set_any_tvars(node, [], ctx.line, ctx.column, options, from_error=True)
+    # TODO: we need to check args validity w.r.t alias.alias_tvars.
+    # Otherwise invalid instantiations will be allowed in runtime context.
+    # Note: in type context, these will be still caught by semanal_typeargs.
+    typ = TypeAliasType(node, args, ctx.line, ctx.column)
+    assert typ.alias is not None
+    # HACK: Implement FlexibleAlias[T, typ] by expanding it to typ here.
+    if (
+        isinstance(typ.alias.target, Instance)  # type: ignore[misc]
+        and typ.alias.target.type.fullname == "mypy_extensions.FlexibleAlias"
+    ):
+        exp = get_proper_type(typ)
+        assert isinstance(exp, Instance)
+        return exp.args[-1]
+    return typ
+
+
+def set_any_tvars(
+    node: TypeAlias,
+    args: list[Type],
+    newline: int,
+    newcolumn: int,
+    options: Options,
+    *,
+    from_error: bool = False,
+    disallow_any: bool = False,
+    special_form: bool = False,
+    fail: MsgCallback | None = None,
+    unexpanded_type: Type | None = None,
+) -> TypeAliasType:
+    if from_error or disallow_any:
+        type_of_any = TypeOfAny.from_error
+    elif special_form:
+        type_of_any = TypeOfAny.special_form
+    else:
+        type_of_any = TypeOfAny.from_omitted_generics
+    any_type = AnyType(type_of_any, line=newline, column=newcolumn)
+
+    env: dict[TypeVarId, Type] = {}
+    used_any_type = False
+    has_type_var_tuple_type = False
+    for tv, arg in itertools.zip_longest(node.alias_tvars, args, fillvalue=None):
+        if tv is None:
+            continue
+        if arg is None:
+            if tv.has_default():
+                arg = tv.default
+            else:
+                arg = any_type
+                used_any_type = True
+            if isinstance(tv, TypeVarTupleType):
+                # TODO Handle TypeVarTuple defaults
+                has_type_var_tuple_type = True
+                arg = UnpackType(Instance(tv.tuple_fallback.type, [any_type]))
+            args.append(arg)
+        env[tv.id] = arg
+    t = TypeAliasType(node, args, newline, newcolumn)
+    if not has_type_var_tuple_type:
+        fixed = expand_type(t, env)
+        assert isinstance(fixed, TypeAliasType)
+        t.args = fixed.args
+
+    if used_any_type and disallow_any and node.alias_tvars:
+        assert fail is not None
+        if unexpanded_type:
+            type_str = (
+                unexpanded_type.name
+                if isinstance(unexpanded_type, UnboundType)
+                else format_type_bare(unexpanded_type, options)
+            )
+        else:
+            type_str = node.name
+
+        fail(
+            message_registry.BARE_GENERIC.format(quote_type_string(type_str)),
+            Context(newline, newcolumn),
+            code=codes.TYPE_ARG,
+        )
+    return t
+
+
+def flatten_tvars(lists: list[list[T]]) -> list[T]:
+    result: list[T] = []
+    for lst in lists:
+        for item in lst:
+            if item not in result:
+                result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+class DivergingAliasDetector(TrivialSyntheticTypeTranslator):
+    """See docstring of detect_diverging_alias() for details."""
+
+    # TODO: this doesn't really need to be a translator, but we don't have a trivial visitor.
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        seen_nodes: set[TypeAlias],
+        lookup: Callable[[str, Context], SymbolTableNode | None],
+        scope: TypeVarLikeScope,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.seen_nodes = seen_nodes
+        self.lookup = lookup
+        self.scope = scope
+        self.diverging = False
+
+    def visit_type_alias_type(self, t: TypeAliasType) -> Type:
+        assert t.alias is not None, f"Unfixed type alias {t.type_ref}"
+        if t.alias in self.seen_nodes:
+            for arg in t.args:
+                if not (
+                    isinstance(arg, TypeVarLikeType)
+                    or isinstance(arg, UnpackType)
+                    and isinstance(arg.type, TypeVarLikeType)
+                ) and has_type_vars(arg):
+                    self.diverging = True
+                    return t
+            # All clear for this expansion chain.
+            return t
+        new_nodes = self.seen_nodes | {t.alias}
+        visitor = DivergingAliasDetector(new_nodes, self.lookup, self.scope)
+        _ = get_proper_type(t).accept(visitor)
+        if visitor.diverging:
+            self.diverging = True
+        return t
+
+
+def detect_diverging_alias(
+    node: TypeAlias,
+    target: Type,
+    lookup: Callable[[str, Context], SymbolTableNode | None],
+    scope: TypeVarLikeScope,
+) -> bool:
+    """This detects type aliases that will diverge during type checking.
+
+    For example F = Something[..., F[List[T]]]. At each expansion step this will produce
+    *new* type aliases: e.g. F[List[int]], F[List[List[int]]], etc. So we can't detect
+    recursion. It is a known problem in the literature, recursive aliases and generic types
+    don't always go well together. It looks like there is no known systematic solution yet.
+
+    # TODO: should we handle such aliases using type_recursion counter and some large limit?
+    They may be handy in rare cases, e.g. to express a union of non-mixed nested lists:
+    Nested = Union[T, Nested[List[T]]] ~> Union[T, List[T], List[List[T]], ...]
+    """
+    visitor = DivergingAliasDetector({node}, lookup, scope)
+    _ = target.accept(visitor)
+    return visitor.diverging
+
+
+def check_for_explicit_any(
+    typ: Type | None,
+    options: Options,
+    is_typeshed_stub: bool,
+    msg: MessageBuilder,
+    context: Context,
+) -> None:
+    if options.disallow_any_explicit and not is_typeshed_stub and typ and has_explicit_any(typ):
+        msg.explicit_any(context)
+
+
+def has_explicit_any(t: Type) -> bool:
+    """
+    Whether this type is or type it contains is an Any coming from explicit type annotation
+    """
+    return t.accept(HasExplicitAny())
+
+
+class HasExplicitAny(TypeQuery[bool]):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(any)
+
+    def visit_any(self, t: AnyType) -> bool:
+        return t.type_of_any == TypeOfAny.explicit
+
+    def visit_typeddict_type(self, t: TypedDictType) -> bool:
+        # typeddict is checked during TypedDict declaration, so don't typecheck it here.
+        return False
+
+
+def has_any_from_unimported_type(t: Type) -> bool:
+    """Return true if this type is Any because an import was not followed.
+
+    If type t is such Any type or has type arguments that contain such Any type
+    this function will return true.
+    """
+    return t.accept(HasAnyFromUnimportedType())
+
+
+class HasAnyFromUnimportedType(BoolTypeQuery):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(ANY_STRATEGY)
+
+    def visit_any(self, t: AnyType) -> bool:
+        return t.type_of_any == TypeOfAny.from_unimported_type
+
+    def visit_typeddict_type(self, t: TypedDictType) -> bool:
+        # typeddict is checked during TypedDict declaration, so don't typecheck it here
+        return False
+
+
+def collect_all_inner_types(t: Type) -> list[Type]:
+    """
+    Return all types that `t` contains
+    """
+    return t.accept(CollectAllInnerTypesQuery())
+
+
+class CollectAllInnerTypesQuery(TypeQuery[List[Type]]):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(self.combine_lists_strategy)
+
+    def query_types(self, types: Iterable[Type]) -> list[Type]:
+        return self.strategy([t.accept(self) for t in types]) + list(types)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def combine_lists_strategy(cls, it: Iterable[list[Type]]) -> list[Type]:
+        return list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(it))
+
+
+def make_optional_type(t: Type) -> Type:
+    """Return the type corresponding to Optional[t].
+
+    Note that we can't use normal union simplification, since this function
+    is called during semantic analysis and simplification only works during
+    type checking.
+    """
+    p_t = get_proper_type(t)
+    if isinstance(p_t, NoneType):
+        return t
+    elif isinstance(p_t, UnionType):
+        # Eagerly expanding aliases is not safe during semantic analysis.
+        items = [
+            item
+            for item in flatten_nested_unions(p_t.items, handle_type_alias_type=False)
+            if not isinstance(get_proper_type(item), NoneType)
+        ]
+        return UnionType(items + [NoneType()], t.line, t.column)
+    else:
+        return UnionType([t, NoneType()], t.line, t.column)
+
+
+def validate_instance(t: Instance, fail: MsgCallback, empty_tuple_index: bool) -> bool:
+    """Check if this is a well-formed instance with respect to argument count/positions."""
+    # TODO: combine logic with instantiate_type_alias().
+    if any(unknown_unpack(a) for a in t.args):
+        # This type is not ready to be validated, because of unknown total count.
+        # TODO: is it OK to fill with TypeOfAny.from_error instead of special form?
+        return False
+    if t.type.has_type_var_tuple_type:
+        min_tv_count = sum(
+            not tv.has_default() and not isinstance(tv, TypeVarTupleType)
+            for tv in t.type.defn.type_vars
+        )
+        correct = len(t.args) >= min_tv_count
+        if any(
+            isinstance(a, UnpackType) and isinstance(get_proper_type(a.type), Instance)
+            for a in t.args
+        ):
+            correct = True
+        if not t.args:
+            if not (empty_tuple_index and len(t.type.type_vars) == 1):
+                # The Any arguments should be set by the caller.
+                return False
+        elif not correct:
+            fail(
+                f"Bad number of arguments, expected: at least {min_tv_count}, given: {len(t.args)}",
+                t,
+                code=codes.TYPE_ARG,
+            )
+            return False
+        else:
+            # We also need to check if we are not performing a type variable tuple split.
+            unpack = find_unpack_in_list(t.args)
+            if unpack is not None:
+                unpack_arg = t.args[unpack]
+                assert isinstance(unpack_arg, UnpackType)
+                if isinstance(unpack_arg.type, TypeVarTupleType):
+                    assert t.type.type_var_tuple_prefix is not None
+                    assert t.type.type_var_tuple_suffix is not None
+                    exp_prefix = t.type.type_var_tuple_prefix
+                    act_prefix = unpack
+                    exp_suffix = t.type.type_var_tuple_suffix
+                    act_suffix = len(t.args) - unpack - 1
+                    if act_prefix < exp_prefix or act_suffix < exp_suffix:
+                        fail("TypeVarTuple cannot be split", t, code=codes.TYPE_ARG)
+                        return False
+    elif any(isinstance(a, UnpackType) for a in t.args):
+        # A variadic unpack in fixed size instance (fixed unpacks must be flattened by the caller)
+        fail(message_registry.INVALID_UNPACK_POSITION, t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
+        t.args = ()
+        return False
+    elif len(t.args) != len(t.type.type_vars):
+        # Invalid number of type parameters.
+        arg_count = len(t.args)
+        min_tv_count = sum(not tv.has_default() for tv in t.type.defn.type_vars)
+        max_tv_count = len(t.type.type_vars)
+        if arg_count and (arg_count < min_tv_count or arg_count > max_tv_count):
+            fail(
+                wrong_type_arg_count(min_tv_count, max_tv_count, str(arg_count), t.type.name),
+                t,
+                code=codes.TYPE_ARG,
+            )
+            t.invalid = True
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def find_self_type(typ: Type, lookup: Callable[[str], SymbolTableNode | None]) -> bool:
+    return typ.accept(HasSelfType(lookup))
+
+
+class HasSelfType(BoolTypeQuery):
+    def __init__(self, lookup: Callable[[str], SymbolTableNode | None]) -> None:
+        self.lookup = lookup
+        super().__init__(ANY_STRATEGY)
+
+    def visit_unbound_type(self, t: UnboundType) -> bool:
+        sym = self.lookup(t.name)
+        if sym and sym.fullname in SELF_TYPE_NAMES:
+            return True
+        return super().visit_unbound_type(t)
+
+
+def unknown_unpack(t: Type) -> bool:
+    """Check if a given type is an unpack of an unknown type.
+
+    Unfortunately, there is no robust way to distinguish forward references from
+    genuine undefined names here. But this worked well so far, although it looks
+    quite fragile.
+    """
+    if isinstance(t, UnpackType):
+        unpacked = get_proper_type(t.type)
+        if isinstance(unpacked, AnyType) and unpacked.type_of_any == TypeOfAny.special_form:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+class FindTypeVarVisitor(SyntheticTypeVisitor[None]):
+    """Type visitor that looks for type variable types and self types."""
+
+    def __init__(self, api: SemanticAnalyzerCoreInterface, scope: TypeVarLikeScope) -> None:
+        self.api = api
+        self.scope = scope
+        self.type_var_likes: list[tuple[str, TypeVarLikeExpr]] = []
+        self.has_self_type = False
+        self.seen_aliases: set[TypeAliasType] | None = None
+        self.include_callables = True
+
+    def _seems_like_callable(self, type: UnboundType) -> bool:
+        if not type.args:
+            return False
+        return isinstance(type.args[0], (EllipsisType, TypeList, ParamSpecType))
+
+    def visit_unbound_type(self, t: UnboundType) -> None:
+        name = t.name
+        node = None
+
+        # Special case P.args and P.kwargs for ParamSpecs only.
+        if name.endswith("args"):
+            if name.endswith((".args", ".kwargs")):
+                base = ".".join(name.split(".")[:-1])
+                n = self.api.lookup_qualified(base, t)
+                if n is not None and isinstance(n.node, ParamSpecExpr):
+                    node = n
+                    name = base
+        if node is None:
+            node = self.api.lookup_qualified(name, t)
+        if node and node.fullname in SELF_TYPE_NAMES:
+            self.has_self_type = True
+        if (
+            node
+            and isinstance(node.node, TypeVarLikeExpr)
+            and self.scope.get_binding(node) is None
+        ):
+            if (name, node.node) not in self.type_var_likes:
+                self.type_var_likes.append((name, node.node))
+        elif not self.include_callables and self._seems_like_callable(t):
+            if find_self_type(
+                t, lambda name: self.api.lookup_qualified(name, t, suppress_errors=True)
+            ):
+                self.has_self_type = True
+            return
+        elif node and node.fullname in LITERAL_TYPE_NAMES:
+            return
+        elif node and node.fullname in ANNOTATED_TYPE_NAMES and t.args:
+            # Don't query the second argument to Annotated for TypeVars
+            self.process_types([t.args[0]])
+        elif t.args:
+            self.process_types(t.args)
+
+    def visit_type_list(self, t: TypeList) -> None:
+        self.process_types(t.items)
+
+    def visit_callable_argument(self, t: CallableArgument) -> None:
+        t.typ.accept(self)
+
+    def visit_any(self, t: AnyType) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def visit_uninhabited_type(self, t: UninhabitedType) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def visit_none_type(self, t: NoneType) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def visit_erased_type(self, t: ErasedType) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def visit_deleted_type(self, t: DeletedType) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def visit_type_var(self, t: TypeVarType) -> None:
+        self.process_types([t.upper_bound, t.default] + t.values)
+
+    def visit_param_spec(self, t: ParamSpecType) -> None:
+        self.process_types([t.upper_bound, t.default])
+
+    def visit_type_var_tuple(self, t: TypeVarTupleType) -> None:
+        self.process_types([t.upper_bound, t.default])
+
+    def visit_unpack_type(self, t: UnpackType) -> None:
+        self.process_types([t.type])
+
+    def visit_parameters(self, t: Parameters) -> None:
+        self.process_types(t.arg_types)
+
+    def visit_partial_type(self, t: PartialType) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def visit_instance(self, t: Instance) -> None:
+        self.process_types(t.args)
+
+    def visit_callable_type(self, t: CallableType) -> None:
+        # FIX generics
+        self.process_types(t.arg_types)
+        t.ret_type.accept(self)
+
+    def visit_tuple_type(self, t: TupleType) -> None:
+        self.process_types(t.items)
+
+    def visit_typeddict_type(self, t: TypedDictType) -> None:
+        self.process_types(list(t.items.values()))
+
+    def visit_raw_expression_type(self, t: RawExpressionType) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def visit_literal_type(self, t: LiteralType) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def visit_union_type(self, t: UnionType) -> None:
+        self.process_types(t.items)
+
+    def visit_overloaded(self, t: Overloaded) -> None:
+        self.process_types(t.items)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    def visit_type_type(self, t: TypeType) -> None:
+        t.item.accept(self)
+
+    def visit_ellipsis_type(self, t: EllipsisType) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def visit_placeholder_type(self, t: PlaceholderType) -> None:
+        return self.process_types(t.args)
+
+    def visit_type_alias_type(self, t: TypeAliasType) -> None:
+        # Skip type aliases in already visited types to avoid infinite recursion.
+        if self.seen_aliases is None:
+            self.seen_aliases = set()
+        elif t in self.seen_aliases:
+            return
+        self.seen_aliases.add(t)
+        self.process_types(t.args)
+
+    def process_types(self, types: list[Type] | tuple[Type, ...]) -> None:
+        # Redundant type check helps mypyc.
+        if isinstance(types, list):
+            for t in types:
+                t.accept(self)
+        else:
+            for t in types:
+                t.accept(self)