mypy-dev 1.9.0.dev0__py3-none-any.whl

mypyc/codegen/emitfunc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,846 @@
+"""Code generation for native function bodies."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Final
+
+from mypyc.analysis.blockfreq import frequently_executed_blocks
+from mypyc.codegen.emit import DEBUG_ERRORS, Emitter, TracebackAndGotoHandler, c_array_initializer
+from mypyc.common import MODULE_PREFIX, NATIVE_PREFIX, REG_PREFIX, STATIC_PREFIX, TYPE_PREFIX
+from mypyc.ir.class_ir import ClassIR
+from mypyc.ir.func_ir import FUNC_CLASSMETHOD, FUNC_STATICMETHOD, FuncDecl, FuncIR, all_values
+from mypyc.ir.ops import (
+    ERR_FALSE,
+    NAMESPACE_MODULE,
+    NAMESPACE_STATIC,
+    NAMESPACE_TYPE,
+    Assign,
+    AssignMulti,
+    BasicBlock,
+    Box,
+    Branch,
+    Call,
+    CallC,
+    Cast,
+    ComparisonOp,
+    ControlOp,
+    DecRef,
+    Extend,
+    Float,
+    FloatComparisonOp,
+    FloatNeg,
+    FloatOp,
+    GetAttr,
+    GetElementPtr,
+    Goto,
+    IncRef,
+    InitStatic,
+    Integer,
+    IntOp,
+    KeepAlive,
+    LoadAddress,
+    LoadErrorValue,
+    LoadGlobal,
+    LoadLiteral,
+    LoadMem,
+    LoadStatic,
+    MethodCall,
+    Op,
+    OpVisitor,
+    RaiseStandardError,
+    Register,
+    Return,
+    SetAttr,
+    SetMem,
+    Truncate,
+    TupleGet,
+    TupleSet,
+    Unborrow,
+    Unbox,
+    Unreachable,
+    Value,
+)
+from mypyc.ir.pprint import generate_names_for_ir
+from mypyc.ir.rtypes import (
+    RArray,
+    RStruct,
+    RTuple,
+    RType,
+    is_int32_rprimitive,
+    is_int64_rprimitive,
+    is_int_rprimitive,
+    is_pointer_rprimitive,
+    is_tagged,
+)
+
+
+def native_function_type(fn: FuncIR, emitter: Emitter) -> str:
+    args = ", ".join(emitter.ctype(arg.type) for arg in fn.args) or "void"
+    ret = emitter.ctype(fn.ret_type)
+    return f"{ret} (*)({args})"
+
+
+def native_function_header(fn: FuncDecl, emitter: Emitter) -> str:
+    args = []
+    for arg in fn.sig.args:
+        args.append(f"{emitter.ctype_spaced(arg.type)}{REG_PREFIX}{arg.name}")
+
+    return "{ret_type}{name}({args})".format(
+        ret_type=emitter.ctype_spaced(fn.sig.ret_type),
+        name=emitter.native_function_name(fn),
+        args=", ".join(args) or "void",
+    )
+
+
+def generate_native_function(
+    fn: FuncIR, emitter: Emitter, source_path: str, module_name: str
+) -> None:
+    declarations = Emitter(emitter.context)
+    names = generate_names_for_ir(fn.arg_regs, fn.blocks)
+    body = Emitter(emitter.context, names)
+    visitor = FunctionEmitterVisitor(body, declarations, source_path, module_name)
+
+    declarations.emit_line(f"{native_function_header(fn.decl, emitter)} {{")
+    body.indent()
+
+    for r in all_values(fn.arg_regs, fn.blocks):
+        if isinstance(r.type, RTuple):
+            emitter.declare_tuple_struct(r.type)
+        if isinstance(r.type, RArray):
+            continue  # Special: declared on first assignment
+
+        if r in fn.arg_regs:
+            continue  # Skip the arguments
+
+        ctype = emitter.ctype_spaced(r.type)
+        init = ""
+        declarations.emit_line(
+            "{ctype}{prefix}{name}{init};".format(
+                ctype=ctype, prefix=REG_PREFIX, name=names[r], init=init
+            )
+        )
+
+    # Before we emit the blocks, give them all labels
+    blocks = fn.blocks
+    for i, block in enumerate(blocks):
+        block.label = i
+
+    # Find blocks that are never jumped to or are only jumped to from the
+    # block directly above it. This allows for more labels and gotos to be
+    # eliminated during code generation.
+    for block in fn.blocks:
+        terminator = block.terminator
+        assert isinstance(terminator, ControlOp)
+
+        for target in terminator.targets():
+            is_next_block = target.label == block.label + 1
+
+            # Always emit labels for GetAttr error checks since the emit code that
+            # generates them will add instructions between the branch and the
+            # next label, causing the label to be wrongly removed. A better
+            # solution would be to change the IR so that it adds a basic block
+            # inbetween the calls.
+            is_problematic_op = isinstance(terminator, Branch) and any(
+                isinstance(s, GetAttr) for s in terminator.sources()
+            )
+
+            if not is_next_block or is_problematic_op:
+                fn.blocks[target.label].referenced = True
+
+    common = frequently_executed_blocks(fn.blocks[0])
+
+    for i in range(len(blocks)):
+        block = blocks[i]
+        visitor.rare = block not in common
+        next_block = None
+        if i + 1 < len(blocks):
+            next_block = blocks[i + 1]
+        body.emit_label(block)
+        visitor.next_block = next_block
+
+        ops = block.ops
+        visitor.ops = ops
+        visitor.op_index = 0
+        while visitor.op_index < len(ops):
+            ops[visitor.op_index].accept(visitor)
+            visitor.op_index += 1
+
+    body.emit_line("}")
+
+    emitter.emit_from_emitter(declarations)
+    emitter.emit_from_emitter(body)
+
+
+class FunctionEmitterVisitor(OpVisitor[None]):
+    def __init__(
+        self, emitter: Emitter, declarations: Emitter, source_path: str, module_name: str
+    ) -> None:
+        self.emitter = emitter
+        self.names = emitter.names
+        self.declarations = declarations
+        self.source_path = source_path
+        self.module_name = module_name
+        self.literals = emitter.context.literals
+        self.rare = False
+        # Next basic block to be processed after the current one (if any), set by caller
+        self.next_block: BasicBlock | None = None
+        # Ops in the basic block currently being processed, set by caller
+        self.ops: list[Op] = []
+        # Current index within ops; visit methods can increment this to skip/merge ops
+        self.op_index = 0
+
+    def temp_name(self) -> str:
+        return self.emitter.temp_name()
+
+    def visit_goto(self, op: Goto) -> None:
+        if op.label is not self.next_block:
+            self.emit_line("goto %s;" % self.label(op.label))
+
+    def visit_branch(self, op: Branch) -> None:
+        true, false = op.true, op.false
+        negated = op.negated
+        negated_rare = False
+        if true is self.next_block and op.traceback_entry is None:
+            # Switch true/false since it avoids an else block.
+            true, false = false, true
+            negated = not negated
+            negated_rare = True
+
+        neg = "!" if negated else ""
+        cond = ""
+        if op.op == Branch.BOOL:
+            expr_result = self.reg(op.value)
+            cond = f"{neg}{expr_result}"
+        elif op.op == Branch.IS_ERROR:
+            typ = op.value.type
+            compare = "!=" if negated else "=="
+            if isinstance(typ, RTuple):
+                # TODO: What about empty tuple?
+                cond = self.emitter.tuple_undefined_check_cond(
+                    typ, self.reg(op.value), self.c_error_value, compare
+                )
+            else:
+                cond = f"{self.reg(op.value)} {compare} {self.c_error_value(typ)}"
+        else:
+            assert False, "Invalid branch"
+
+        # For error checks, tell the compiler the branch is unlikely
+        if op.traceback_entry is not None or op.rare:
+            if not negated_rare:
+                cond = f"unlikely({cond})"
+            else:
+                cond = f"likely({cond})"
+
+        if false is self.next_block:
+            if op.traceback_entry is None:
+                if true is not self.next_block:
+                    self.emit_line(f"if ({cond}) goto {self.label(true)};")
+            else:
+                self.emit_line(f"if ({cond}) {{")
+                self.emit_traceback(op)
+                self.emit_lines("goto %s;" % self.label(true), "}")
+        else:
+            self.emit_line(f"if ({cond}) {{")
+            self.emit_traceback(op)
+
+            if true is not self.next_block:
+                self.emit_line("goto %s;" % self.label(true))
+
+            self.emit_lines("} else", "    goto %s;" % self.label(false))
+
+    def visit_return(self, op: Return) -> None:
+        value_str = self.reg(op.value)
+        self.emit_line("return %s;" % value_str)
+
+    def visit_tuple_set(self, op: TupleSet) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        tuple_type = op.tuple_type
+        self.emitter.declare_tuple_struct(tuple_type)
+        if len(op.items) == 0:  # empty tuple
+            self.emit_line(f"{dest}.empty_struct_error_flag = 0;")
+        else:
+            for i, item in enumerate(op.items):
+                self.emit_line(f"{dest}.f{i} = {self.reg(item)};")
+
+    def visit_assign(self, op: Assign) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op.dest)
+        src = self.reg(op.src)
+        # clang whines about self assignment (which we might generate
+        # for some casts), so don't emit it.
+        if dest != src:
+            # We sometimes assign from an integer prepresentation of a pointer
+            # to a real pointer, and C compilers insist on a cast.
+            if op.src.type.is_unboxed and not op.dest.type.is_unboxed:
+                src = f"(void *){src}"
+            self.emit_line(f"{dest} = {src};")
+
+    def visit_assign_multi(self, op: AssignMulti) -> None:
+        typ = op.dest.type
+        assert isinstance(typ, RArray)
+        dest = self.reg(op.dest)
+        # RArray values can only be assigned to once, so we can always
+        # declare them on initialization.
+        self.emit_line(
+            "%s%s[%d] = %s;"
+            % (
+                self.emitter.ctype_spaced(typ.item_type),
+                dest,
+                len(op.src),
+                c_array_initializer([self.reg(s) for s in op.src], indented=True),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_load_error_value(self, op: LoadErrorValue) -> None:
+        if isinstance(op.type, RTuple):
+            values = [self.c_undefined_value(item) for item in op.type.types]
+            tmp = self.temp_name()
+            self.emit_line("{} {} = {{ {} }};".format(self.ctype(op.type), tmp, ", ".join(values)))
+            self.emit_line(f"{self.reg(op)} = {tmp};")
+        else:
+            self.emit_line(f"{self.reg(op)} = {self.c_error_value(op.type)};")
+
+    def visit_load_literal(self, op: LoadLiteral) -> None:
+        index = self.literals.literal_index(op.value)
+        if not is_int_rprimitive(op.type):
+            self.emit_line("%s = CPyStatics[%d];" % (self.reg(op), index), ann=op.value)
+        else:
+            self.emit_line(
+                "%s = (CPyTagged)CPyStatics[%d] | 1;" % (self.reg(op), index), ann=op.value
+            )
+
+    def get_attr_expr(self, obj: str, op: GetAttr | SetAttr, decl_cl: ClassIR) -> str:
+        """Generate attribute accessor for normal (non-property) access.
+
+        This either has a form like obj->attr_name for attributes defined in non-trait
+        classes, and *(obj + attr_offset) for attributes defined by traits. We also
+        insert all necessary C casts here.
+        """
+        cast = f"({op.class_type.struct_name(self.emitter.names)} *)"
+        if decl_cl.is_trait and op.class_type.class_ir.is_trait:
+            # For pure trait access find the offset first, offsets
+            # are ordered by attribute position in the cl.attributes dict.
+            # TODO: pre-calculate the mapping to make this faster.
+            trait_attr_index = list(decl_cl.attributes).index(op.attr)
+            # TODO: reuse these names somehow?
+            offset = self.emitter.temp_name()
+            self.declarations.emit_line(f"size_t {offset};")
+            self.emitter.emit_line(
+                "{} = {};".format(
+                    offset,
+                    "CPy_FindAttrOffset({}, {}, {})".format(
+                        self.emitter.type_struct_name(decl_cl),
+                        f"({cast}{obj})->vtable",
+                        trait_attr_index,
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+            attr_cast = f"({self.ctype(op.class_type.attr_type(op.attr))} *)"
+            return f"*{attr_cast}((char *){obj} + {offset})"
+        else:
+            # Cast to something non-trait. Note: for this to work, all struct
+            # members for non-trait classes must obey monotonic linear growth.
+            if op.class_type.class_ir.is_trait:
+                assert not decl_cl.is_trait
+                cast = f"({decl_cl.struct_name(self.emitter.names)} *)"
+            return f"({cast}{obj})->{self.emitter.attr(op.attr)}"
+
+    def visit_get_attr(self, op: GetAttr) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        obj = self.reg(op.obj)
+        rtype = op.class_type
+        cl = rtype.class_ir
+        attr_rtype, decl_cl = cl.attr_details(op.attr)
+        prefer_method = cl.is_trait and attr_rtype.error_overlap
+        if cl.get_method(op.attr, prefer_method=prefer_method):
+            # Properties are essentially methods, so use vtable access for them.
+            version = "_TRAIT" if cl.is_trait else ""
+            self.emit_line(
+                "%s = CPY_GET_ATTR%s(%s, %s, %d, %s, %s); /* %s */"
+                % (
+                    dest,
+                    version,
+                    obj,
+                    self.emitter.type_struct_name(rtype.class_ir),
+                    rtype.getter_index(op.attr),
+                    rtype.struct_name(self.names),
+                    self.ctype(rtype.attr_type(op.attr)),
+                    op.attr,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, use direct or offset struct access.
+            attr_expr = self.get_attr_expr(obj, op, decl_cl)
+            self.emitter.emit_line(f"{dest} = {attr_expr};")
+            always_defined = cl.is_always_defined(op.attr)
+            merged_branch = None
+            if not always_defined:
+                self.emitter.emit_undefined_attr_check(
+                    attr_rtype, dest, "==", obj, op.attr, cl, unlikely=True
+                )
+                branch = self.next_branch()
+                if branch is not None:
+                    if (
+                        branch.value is op
+                        and branch.op == Branch.IS_ERROR
+                        and branch.traceback_entry is not None
+                        and not branch.negated
+                    ):
+                        # Generate code for the following branch here to avoid
+                        # redundant branches in the generated code.
+                        self.emit_attribute_error(branch, cl.name, op.attr)
+                        self.emit_line("goto %s;" % self.label(branch.true))
+                        merged_branch = branch
+                        self.emitter.emit_line("}")
+                if not merged_branch:
+                    exc_class = "PyExc_AttributeError"
+                    self.emitter.emit_line(
+                        'PyErr_SetString({}, "attribute {} of {} undefined");'.format(
+                            exc_class, repr(op.attr), repr(cl.name)
+                        )
+                    )
+
+            if attr_rtype.is_refcounted and not op.is_borrowed:
+                if not merged_branch and not always_defined:
+                    self.emitter.emit_line("} else {")
+                self.emitter.emit_inc_ref(dest, attr_rtype)
+            if merged_branch:
+                if merged_branch.false is not self.next_block:
+                    self.emit_line("goto %s;" % self.label(merged_branch.false))
+                self.op_index += 1
+            elif not always_defined:
+                self.emitter.emit_line("}")
+
+    def next_branch(self) -> Branch | None:
+        if self.op_index + 1 < len(self.ops):
+            next_op = self.ops[self.op_index + 1]
+            if isinstance(next_op, Branch):
+                return next_op
+        return None
+
+    def visit_set_attr(self, op: SetAttr) -> None:
+        if op.error_kind == ERR_FALSE:
+            dest = self.reg(op)
+        obj = self.reg(op.obj)
+        src = self.reg(op.src)
+        rtype = op.class_type
+        cl = rtype.class_ir
+        attr_rtype, decl_cl = cl.attr_details(op.attr)
+        if cl.get_method(op.attr):
+            # Again, use vtable access for properties...
+            assert not op.is_init and op.error_kind == ERR_FALSE, "%s %d %d %s" % (
+                op.attr,
+                op.is_init,
+                op.error_kind,
+                rtype,
+            )
+            version = "_TRAIT" if cl.is_trait else ""
+            self.emit_line(
+                "%s = CPY_SET_ATTR%s(%s, %s, %d, %s, %s, %s); /* %s */"
+                % (
+                    dest,
+                    version,
+                    obj,
+                    self.emitter.type_struct_name(rtype.class_ir),
+                    rtype.setter_index(op.attr),
+                    src,
+                    rtype.struct_name(self.names),
+                    self.ctype(rtype.attr_type(op.attr)),
+                    op.attr,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            # ...and struct access for normal attributes.
+            attr_expr = self.get_attr_expr(obj, op, decl_cl)
+            if not op.is_init and attr_rtype.is_refcounted:
+                # This is not an initialization (where we know that the attribute was
+                # previously undefined), so decref the old value.
+                always_defined = cl.is_always_defined(op.attr)
+                if not always_defined:
+                    self.emitter.emit_undefined_attr_check(
+                        attr_rtype, attr_expr, "!=", obj, op.attr, cl
+                    )
+                self.emitter.emit_dec_ref(attr_expr, attr_rtype)
+                if not always_defined:
+                    self.emitter.emit_line("}")
+            elif attr_rtype.error_overlap and not cl.is_always_defined(op.attr):
+                # If there is overlap with the error value, update bitmap to mark
+                # attribute as defined.
+                self.emitter.emit_attr_bitmap_set(src, obj, attr_rtype, cl, op.attr)
+
+            # This steals the reference to src, so we don't need to increment the arg
+            self.emitter.emit_line(f"{attr_expr} = {src};")
+            if op.error_kind == ERR_FALSE:
+                self.emitter.emit_line(f"{dest} = 1;")
+
+    PREFIX_MAP: Final = {
+        NAMESPACE_STATIC: STATIC_PREFIX,
+        NAMESPACE_TYPE: TYPE_PREFIX,
+        NAMESPACE_MODULE: MODULE_PREFIX,
+    }
+
+    def visit_load_static(self, op: LoadStatic) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        prefix = self.PREFIX_MAP[op.namespace]
+        name = self.emitter.static_name(op.identifier, op.module_name, prefix)
+        if op.namespace == NAMESPACE_TYPE:
+            name = "(PyObject *)%s" % name
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest} = {name};", ann=op.ann)
+
+    def visit_init_static(self, op: InitStatic) -> None:
+        value = self.reg(op.value)
+        prefix = self.PREFIX_MAP[op.namespace]
+        name = self.emitter.static_name(op.identifier, op.module_name, prefix)
+        if op.namespace == NAMESPACE_TYPE:
+            value = "(PyTypeObject *)%s" % value
+        self.emit_line(f"{name} = {value};")
+        self.emit_inc_ref(name, op.value.type)
+
+    def visit_tuple_get(self, op: TupleGet) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        src = self.reg(op.src)
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest} = {src}.f{op.index};")
+        if not op.is_borrowed:
+            self.emit_inc_ref(dest, op.type)
+
+    def get_dest_assign(self, dest: Value) -> str:
+        if not dest.is_void:
+            return self.reg(dest) + " = "
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def visit_call(self, op: Call) -> None:
+        """Call native function."""
+        dest = self.get_dest_assign(op)
+        args = ", ".join(self.reg(arg) for arg in op.args)
+        lib = self.emitter.get_group_prefix(op.fn)
+        cname = op.fn.cname(self.names)
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest}{lib}{NATIVE_PREFIX}{cname}({args});")
+
+    def visit_method_call(self, op: MethodCall) -> None:
+        """Call native method."""
+        dest = self.get_dest_assign(op)
+        obj = self.reg(op.obj)
+
+        rtype = op.receiver_type
+        class_ir = rtype.class_ir
+        name = op.method
+        method = rtype.class_ir.get_method(name)
+        assert method is not None
+
+        # Can we call the method directly, bypassing vtable?
+        is_direct = class_ir.is_method_final(name)
+
+        # The first argument gets omitted for static methods and
+        # turned into the class for class methods
+        obj_args = (
+            []
+            if method.decl.kind == FUNC_STATICMETHOD
+            else [f"(PyObject *)Py_TYPE({obj})"] if method.decl.kind == FUNC_CLASSMETHOD else [obj]
+        )
+        args = ", ".join(obj_args + [self.reg(arg) for arg in op.args])
+        mtype = native_function_type(method, self.emitter)
+        version = "_TRAIT" if rtype.class_ir.is_trait else ""
+        if is_direct:
+            # Directly call method, without going through the vtable.
+            lib = self.emitter.get_group_prefix(method.decl)
+            self.emit_line(f"{dest}{lib}{NATIVE_PREFIX}{method.cname(self.names)}({args});")
+        else:
+            # Call using vtable.
+            method_idx = rtype.method_index(name)
+            self.emit_line(
+                "{}CPY_GET_METHOD{}({}, {}, {}, {}, {})({}); /* {} */".format(
+                    dest,
+                    version,
+                    obj,
+                    self.emitter.type_struct_name(rtype.class_ir),
+                    method_idx,
+                    rtype.struct_name(self.names),
+                    mtype,
+                    args,
+                    op.method,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def visit_inc_ref(self, op: IncRef) -> None:
+        src = self.reg(op.src)
+        self.emit_inc_ref(src, op.src.type)
+
+    def visit_dec_ref(self, op: DecRef) -> None:
+        src = self.reg(op.src)
+        self.emit_dec_ref(src, op.src.type, is_xdec=op.is_xdec)
+
+    def visit_box(self, op: Box) -> None:
+        self.emitter.emit_box(self.reg(op.src), self.reg(op), op.src.type, can_borrow=True)
+
+    def visit_cast(self, op: Cast) -> None:
+        branch = self.next_branch()
+        handler = None
+        if branch is not None:
+            if (
+                branch.value is op
+                and branch.op == Branch.IS_ERROR
+                and branch.traceback_entry is not None
+                and not branch.negated
+                and branch.false is self.next_block
+            ):
+                # Generate code also for the following branch here to avoid
+                # redundant branches in the generated code.
+                handler = TracebackAndGotoHandler(
+                    self.label(branch.true),
+                    self.source_path,
+                    self.module_name,
+                    branch.traceback_entry,
+                )
+                self.op_index += 1
+
+        self.emitter.emit_cast(
+            self.reg(op.src), self.reg(op), op.type, src_type=op.src.type, error=handler
+        )
+
+    def visit_unbox(self, op: Unbox) -> None:
+        self.emitter.emit_unbox(self.reg(op.src), self.reg(op), op.type)
+
+    def visit_unreachable(self, op: Unreachable) -> None:
+        self.emitter.emit_line("CPy_Unreachable();")
+
+    def visit_raise_standard_error(self, op: RaiseStandardError) -> None:
+        # TODO: Better escaping of backspaces and such
+        if op.value is not None:
+            if isinstance(op.value, str):
+                message = op.value.replace('"', '\\"')
+                self.emitter.emit_line(f'PyErr_SetString(PyExc_{op.class_name}, "{message}");')
+            elif isinstance(op.value, Value):
+                self.emitter.emit_line(
+                    "PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_{}, {});".format(
+                        op.class_name, self.emitter.reg(op.value)
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                assert False, "op value type must be either str or Value"
+        else:
+            self.emitter.emit_line(f"PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_{op.class_name});")
+        self.emitter.emit_line(f"{self.reg(op)} = 0;")
+
+    def visit_call_c(self, op: CallC) -> None:
+        if op.is_void:
+            dest = ""
+        else:
+            dest = self.get_dest_assign(op)
+        args = ", ".join(self.reg(arg) for arg in op.args)
+        self.emitter.emit_line(f"{dest}{op.function_name}({args});")
+
+    def visit_truncate(self, op: Truncate) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        value = self.reg(op.src)
+        # for C backend the generated code are straight assignments
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest} = {value};")
+
+    def visit_extend(self, op: Extend) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        value = self.reg(op.src)
+        if op.signed:
+            src_cast = self.emit_signed_int_cast(op.src.type)
+        else:
+            src_cast = self.emit_unsigned_int_cast(op.src.type)
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest} = {src_cast}{value};")
+
+    def visit_load_global(self, op: LoadGlobal) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest} = {op.identifier};", ann=op.ann)
+
+    def visit_int_op(self, op: IntOp) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        lhs = self.reg(op.lhs)
+        rhs = self.reg(op.rhs)
+        if op.op == IntOp.RIGHT_SHIFT:
+            # Signed right shift
+            lhs = self.emit_signed_int_cast(op.lhs.type) + lhs
+            rhs = self.emit_signed_int_cast(op.rhs.type) + rhs
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest} = {lhs} {op.op_str[op.op]} {rhs};")
+
+    def visit_comparison_op(self, op: ComparisonOp) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        lhs = self.reg(op.lhs)
+        rhs = self.reg(op.rhs)
+        lhs_cast = ""
+        rhs_cast = ""
+        if op.op in (ComparisonOp.SLT, ComparisonOp.SGT, ComparisonOp.SLE, ComparisonOp.SGE):
+            # Always signed comparison op
+            lhs_cast = self.emit_signed_int_cast(op.lhs.type)
+            rhs_cast = self.emit_signed_int_cast(op.rhs.type)
+        elif op.op in (ComparisonOp.ULT, ComparisonOp.UGT, ComparisonOp.ULE, ComparisonOp.UGE):
+            # Always unsigned comparison op
+            lhs_cast = self.emit_unsigned_int_cast(op.lhs.type)
+            rhs_cast = self.emit_unsigned_int_cast(op.rhs.type)
+        elif isinstance(op.lhs, Integer) and op.lhs.value < 0:
+            # Force signed ==/!= with negative operand
+            rhs_cast = self.emit_signed_int_cast(op.rhs.type)
+        elif isinstance(op.rhs, Integer) and op.rhs.value < 0:
+            # Force signed ==/!= with negative operand
+            lhs_cast = self.emit_signed_int_cast(op.lhs.type)
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest} = {lhs_cast}{lhs} {op.op_str[op.op]} {rhs_cast}{rhs};")
+
+    def visit_float_op(self, op: FloatOp) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        lhs = self.reg(op.lhs)
+        rhs = self.reg(op.rhs)
+        if op.op != FloatOp.MOD:
+            self.emit_line(f"{dest} = {lhs} {op.op_str[op.op]} {rhs};")
+        else:
+            # TODO: This may set errno as a side effect, that is a little sketchy.
+            self.emit_line(f"{dest} = fmod({lhs}, {rhs});")
+
+    def visit_float_neg(self, op: FloatNeg) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        src = self.reg(op.src)
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest} = -{src};")
+
+    def visit_float_comparison_op(self, op: FloatComparisonOp) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        lhs = self.reg(op.lhs)
+        rhs = self.reg(op.rhs)
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest} = {lhs} {op.op_str[op.op]} {rhs};")
+
+    def visit_load_mem(self, op: LoadMem) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        src = self.reg(op.src)
+        # TODO: we shouldn't dereference to type that are pointer type so far
+        type = self.ctype(op.type)
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest} = *({type} *){src};")
+
+    def visit_set_mem(self, op: SetMem) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op.dest)
+        src = self.reg(op.src)
+        dest_type = self.ctype(op.dest_type)
+        # clang whines about self assignment (which we might generate
+        # for some casts), so don't emit it.
+        if dest != src:
+            self.emit_line(f"*({dest_type} *){dest} = {src};")
+
+    def visit_get_element_ptr(self, op: GetElementPtr) -> None:
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        src = self.reg(op.src)
+        # TODO: support tuple type
+        assert isinstance(op.src_type, RStruct)
+        assert op.field in op.src_type.names, "Invalid field name."
+        self.emit_line(
+            "{} = ({})&(({} *){})->{};".format(
+                dest, op.type._ctype, op.src_type.name, src, op.field
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_load_address(self, op: LoadAddress) -> None:
+        typ = op.type
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        if isinstance(op.src, Register):
+            src = self.reg(op.src)
+        elif isinstance(op.src, LoadStatic):
+            prefix = self.PREFIX_MAP[op.src.namespace]
+            src = self.emitter.static_name(op.src.identifier, op.src.module_name, prefix)
+        else:
+            src = op.src
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest} = ({typ._ctype})&{src};")
+
+    def visit_keep_alive(self, op: KeepAlive) -> None:
+        # This is a no-op.
+        pass
+
+    def visit_unborrow(self, op: Unborrow) -> None:
+        # This is a no-op that propagates the source value.
+        dest = self.reg(op)
+        src = self.reg(op.src)
+        self.emit_line(f"{dest} = {src};")
+
+    # Helpers
+
+    def label(self, label: BasicBlock) -> str:
+        return self.emitter.label(label)
+
+    def reg(self, reg: Value) -> str:
+        if isinstance(reg, Integer):
+            val = reg.value
+            if val == 0 and is_pointer_rprimitive(reg.type):
+                return "NULL"
+            s = str(val)
+            if val >= (1 << 31):
+                # Avoid overflowing signed 32-bit int
+                if val >= (1 << 63):
+                    s += "ULL"
+                else:
+                    s += "LL"
+            elif val == -(1 << 63):
+                # Avoid overflowing C integer literal
+                s = "(-9223372036854775807LL - 1)"
+            elif val <= -(1 << 31):
+                s += "LL"
+            return s
+        elif isinstance(reg, Float):
+            r = repr(reg.value)
+            if r == "inf":
+                return "INFINITY"
+            elif r == "-inf":
+                return "-INFINITY"
+            elif r == "nan":
+                return "NAN"
+            return r
+        else:
+            return self.emitter.reg(reg)
+
+    def ctype(self, rtype: RType) -> str:
+        return self.emitter.ctype(rtype)
+
+    def c_error_value(self, rtype: RType) -> str:
+        return self.emitter.c_error_value(rtype)
+
+    def c_undefined_value(self, rtype: RType) -> str:
+        return self.emitter.c_undefined_value(rtype)
+
+    def emit_line(self, line: str, *, ann: object = None) -> None:
+        self.emitter.emit_line(line, ann=ann)
+
+    def emit_lines(self, *lines: str) -> None:
+        self.emitter.emit_lines(*lines)
+
+    def emit_inc_ref(self, dest: str, rtype: RType) -> None:
+        self.emitter.emit_inc_ref(dest, rtype, rare=self.rare)
+
+    def emit_dec_ref(self, dest: str, rtype: RType, is_xdec: bool) -> None:
+        self.emitter.emit_dec_ref(dest, rtype, is_xdec=is_xdec, rare=self.rare)
+
+    def emit_declaration(self, line: str) -> None:
+        self.declarations.emit_line(line)
+
+    def emit_traceback(self, op: Branch) -> None:
+        if op.traceback_entry is not None:
+            self.emitter.emit_traceback(self.source_path, self.module_name, op.traceback_entry)
+
+    def emit_attribute_error(self, op: Branch, class_name: str, attr: str) -> None:
+        assert op.traceback_entry is not None
+        globals_static = self.emitter.static_name("globals", self.module_name)
+        self.emit_line(
+            'CPy_AttributeError("%s", "%s", "%s", "%s", %d, %s);'
+            % (
+                self.source_path.replace("\\", "\\\\"),
+                op.traceback_entry[0],
+                class_name,
+                attr,
+                op.traceback_entry[1],
+                globals_static,
+            )
+        )
+        if DEBUG_ERRORS:
+            self.emit_line('assert(PyErr_Occurred() != NULL && "failure w/o err!");')
+
+    def emit_signed_int_cast(self, type: RType) -> str:
+        if is_tagged(type):
+            return "(Py_ssize_t)"
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def emit_unsigned_int_cast(self, type: RType) -> str:
+        if is_int32_rprimitive(type):
+            return "(uint32_t)"
+        elif is_int64_rprimitive(type):
+            return "(uint64_t)"
+        else:
+            return ""