mypy-dev 1.9.0.dev0__py3-none-any.whl

mypyc/test/test_emitfunc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,926 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from mypy.test.helpers import assert_string_arrays_equal
+from mypyc.codegen.emit import Emitter, EmitterContext
+from mypyc.codegen.emitfunc import FunctionEmitterVisitor, generate_native_function
+from mypyc.common import PLATFORM_SIZE
+from mypyc.ir.class_ir import ClassIR
+from mypyc.ir.func_ir import FuncDecl, FuncIR, FuncSignature, RuntimeArg
+from mypyc.ir.ops import (
+    ERR_NEVER,
+    Assign,
+    AssignMulti,
+    BasicBlock,
+    Box,
+    Branch,
+    Call,
+    CallC,
+    Cast,
+    ComparisonOp,
+    DecRef,
+    Extend,
+    GetAttr,
+    GetElementPtr,
+    Goto,
+    IncRef,
+    Integer,
+    IntOp,
+    LoadAddress,
+    LoadMem,
+    Op,
+    Register,
+    Return,
+    SetAttr,
+    SetMem,
+    TupleGet,
+    Unbox,
+    Unreachable,
+    Value,
+)
+from mypyc.ir.pprint import generate_names_for_ir
+from mypyc.ir.rtypes import (
+    RArray,
+    RInstance,
+    RStruct,
+    RTuple,
+    RType,
+    bool_rprimitive,
+    c_int_rprimitive,
+    dict_rprimitive,
+    int32_rprimitive,
+    int64_rprimitive,
+    int_rprimitive,
+    list_rprimitive,
+    object_rprimitive,
+    pointer_rprimitive,
+    short_int_rprimitive,
+)
+from mypyc.irbuild.vtable import compute_vtable
+from mypyc.namegen import NameGenerator
+from mypyc.primitives.dict_ops import (
+    dict_get_item_op,
+    dict_new_op,
+    dict_set_item_op,
+    dict_update_op,
+)
+from mypyc.primitives.int_ops import int_neg_op
+from mypyc.primitives.list_ops import list_append_op, list_get_item_op, list_set_item_op
+from mypyc.primitives.misc_ops import none_object_op
+from mypyc.primitives.registry import binary_ops
+from mypyc.subtype import is_subtype
+
+
+class TestFunctionEmitterVisitor(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test generation of fragments of C from individual IR ops."""
+
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.registers: list[Register] = []
+
+        def add_local(name: str, rtype: RType) -> Register:
+            reg = Register(rtype, name)
+            self.registers.append(reg)
+            return reg
+
+        self.n = add_local("n", int_rprimitive)
+        self.m = add_local("m", int_rprimitive)
+        self.k = add_local("k", int_rprimitive)
+        self.l = add_local("l", list_rprimitive)
+        self.ll = add_local("ll", list_rprimitive)
+        self.o = add_local("o", object_rprimitive)
+        self.o2 = add_local("o2", object_rprimitive)
+        self.d = add_local("d", dict_rprimitive)
+        self.b = add_local("b", bool_rprimitive)
+        self.s1 = add_local("s1", short_int_rprimitive)
+        self.s2 = add_local("s2", short_int_rprimitive)
+        self.i32 = add_local("i32", int32_rprimitive)
+        self.i32_1 = add_local("i32_1", int32_rprimitive)
+        self.i64 = add_local("i64", int64_rprimitive)
+        self.i64_1 = add_local("i64_1", int64_rprimitive)
+        self.ptr = add_local("ptr", pointer_rprimitive)
+        self.t = add_local("t", RTuple([int_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive]))
+        self.tt = add_local(
+            "tt", RTuple([RTuple([int_rprimitive, bool_rprimitive]), bool_rprimitive])
+        )
+        ir = ClassIR("A", "mod")
+        ir.attributes = {
+            "x": bool_rprimitive,
+            "y": int_rprimitive,
+            "i1": int64_rprimitive,
+            "i2": int32_rprimitive,
+        }
+        ir.bitmap_attrs = ["i1", "i2"]
+        compute_vtable(ir)
+        ir.mro = [ir]
+        self.r = add_local("r", RInstance(ir))
+
+        self.context = EmitterContext(NameGenerator([["mod"]]))
+
+    def test_goto(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(Goto(BasicBlock(2)), "goto CPyL2;")
+
+    def test_goto_next_block(self) -> None:
+        next_block = BasicBlock(2)
+        self.assert_emit(Goto(next_block), "", next_block=next_block)
+
+    def test_return(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(Return(self.m), "return cpy_r_m;")
+
+    def test_integer(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(Assign(self.n, Integer(5)), "cpy_r_n = 10;")
+        self.assert_emit(Assign(self.i32, Integer(5, c_int_rprimitive)), "cpy_r_i32 = 5;")
+
+    def test_tuple_get(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(TupleGet(self.t, 1, 0), "cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_t.f1;")
+
+    def test_load_None(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            LoadAddress(none_object_op.type, none_object_op.src, 0),
+            "cpy_r_r0 = (PyObject *)&_Py_NoneStruct;",
+        )
+
+    def test_assign_int(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(Assign(self.m, self.n), "cpy_r_m = cpy_r_n;")
+
+    def test_int_add(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit_binary_op(
+            "+", self.n, self.m, self.k, "cpy_r_r0 = CPyTagged_Add(cpy_r_m, cpy_r_k);"
+        )
+
+    def test_int_sub(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit_binary_op(
+            "-", self.n, self.m, self.k, "cpy_r_r0 = CPyTagged_Subtract(cpy_r_m, cpy_r_k);"
+        )
+
+    def test_int_neg(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            CallC(
+                int_neg_op.c_function_name,
+                [self.m],
+                int_neg_op.return_type,
+                int_neg_op.steals,
+                int_neg_op.is_borrowed,
+                int_neg_op.is_borrowed,
+                int_neg_op.error_kind,
+                55,
+            ),
+            "cpy_r_r0 = CPyTagged_Negate(cpy_r_m);",
+        )
+
+    def test_branch(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            Branch(self.b, BasicBlock(8), BasicBlock(9), Branch.BOOL),
+            """if (cpy_r_b) {
+                                goto CPyL8;
+                            } else
+                                goto CPyL9;
+                         """,
+        )
+        b = Branch(self.b, BasicBlock(8), BasicBlock(9), Branch.BOOL)
+        b.negated = True
+        self.assert_emit(
+            b,
+            """if (!cpy_r_b) {
+                                goto CPyL8;
+                            } else
+                                goto CPyL9;
+                         """,
+        )
+
+    def test_branch_no_else(self) -> None:
+        next_block = BasicBlock(9)
+        b = Branch(self.b, BasicBlock(8), next_block, Branch.BOOL)
+        self.assert_emit(b, """if (cpy_r_b) goto CPyL8;""", next_block=next_block)
+        next_block = BasicBlock(9)
+        b = Branch(self.b, BasicBlock(8), next_block, Branch.BOOL)
+        b.negated = True
+        self.assert_emit(b, """if (!cpy_r_b) goto CPyL8;""", next_block=next_block)
+
+    def test_branch_no_else_negated(self) -> None:
+        next_block = BasicBlock(1)
+        b = Branch(self.b, next_block, BasicBlock(2), Branch.BOOL)
+        self.assert_emit(b, """if (!cpy_r_b) goto CPyL2;""", next_block=next_block)
+        next_block = BasicBlock(1)
+        b = Branch(self.b, next_block, BasicBlock(2), Branch.BOOL)
+        b.negated = True
+        self.assert_emit(b, """if (cpy_r_b) goto CPyL2;""", next_block=next_block)
+
+    def test_branch_is_error(self) -> None:
+        b = Branch(self.b, BasicBlock(8), BasicBlock(9), Branch.IS_ERROR)
+        self.assert_emit(
+            b,
+            """if (cpy_r_b == 2) {
+                                goto CPyL8;
+                            } else
+                                goto CPyL9;
+                         """,
+        )
+        b = Branch(self.b, BasicBlock(8), BasicBlock(9), Branch.IS_ERROR)
+        b.negated = True
+        self.assert_emit(
+            b,
+            """if (cpy_r_b != 2) {
+                                goto CPyL8;
+                            } else
+                                goto CPyL9;
+                         """,
+        )
+
+    def test_branch_is_error_next_block(self) -> None:
+        next_block = BasicBlock(8)
+        b = Branch(self.b, next_block, BasicBlock(9), Branch.IS_ERROR)
+        self.assert_emit(b, """if (cpy_r_b != 2) goto CPyL9;""", next_block=next_block)
+        b = Branch(self.b, next_block, BasicBlock(9), Branch.IS_ERROR)
+        b.negated = True
+        self.assert_emit(b, """if (cpy_r_b == 2) goto CPyL9;""", next_block=next_block)
+
+    def test_branch_rare(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            Branch(self.b, BasicBlock(8), BasicBlock(9), Branch.BOOL, rare=True),
+            """if (unlikely(cpy_r_b)) {
+                                goto CPyL8;
+                            } else
+                                goto CPyL9;
+                         """,
+        )
+        next_block = BasicBlock(9)
+        self.assert_emit(
+            Branch(self.b, BasicBlock(8), next_block, Branch.BOOL, rare=True),
+            """if (unlikely(cpy_r_b)) goto CPyL8;""",
+            next_block=next_block,
+        )
+        next_block = BasicBlock(8)
+        b = Branch(self.b, next_block, BasicBlock(9), Branch.BOOL, rare=True)
+        self.assert_emit(b, """if (likely(!cpy_r_b)) goto CPyL9;""", next_block=next_block)
+        next_block = BasicBlock(8)
+        b = Branch(self.b, next_block, BasicBlock(9), Branch.BOOL, rare=True)
+        b.negated = True
+        self.assert_emit(b, """if (likely(cpy_r_b)) goto CPyL9;""", next_block=next_block)
+
+    def test_call(self) -> None:
+        decl = FuncDecl(
+            "myfn", None, "mod", FuncSignature([RuntimeArg("m", int_rprimitive)], int_rprimitive)
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(Call(decl, [self.m], 55), "cpy_r_r0 = CPyDef_myfn(cpy_r_m);")
+
+    def test_call_two_args(self) -> None:
+        decl = FuncDecl(
+            "myfn",
+            None,
+            "mod",
+            FuncSignature(
+                [RuntimeArg("m", int_rprimitive), RuntimeArg("n", int_rprimitive)], int_rprimitive
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            Call(decl, [self.m, self.k], 55), "cpy_r_r0 = CPyDef_myfn(cpy_r_m, cpy_r_k);"
+        )
+
+    def test_inc_ref(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(IncRef(self.o), "CPy_INCREF(cpy_r_o);")
+        self.assert_emit(IncRef(self.o), "CPy_INCREF(cpy_r_o);", rare=True)
+
+    def test_dec_ref(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(DecRef(self.o), "CPy_DECREF(cpy_r_o);")
+        self.assert_emit(DecRef(self.o), "CPy_DecRef(cpy_r_o);", rare=True)
+
+    def test_inc_ref_int(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(IncRef(self.m), "CPyTagged_INCREF(cpy_r_m);")
+        self.assert_emit(IncRef(self.m), "CPyTagged_IncRef(cpy_r_m);", rare=True)
+
+    def test_dec_ref_int(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(DecRef(self.m), "CPyTagged_DECREF(cpy_r_m);")
+        self.assert_emit(DecRef(self.m), "CPyTagged_DecRef(cpy_r_m);", rare=True)
+
+    def test_dec_ref_tuple(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(DecRef(self.t), "CPyTagged_DECREF(cpy_r_t.f0);")
+
+    def test_dec_ref_tuple_nested(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(DecRef(self.tt), "CPyTagged_DECREF(cpy_r_tt.f0.f0);")
+
+    def test_list_get_item(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            CallC(
+                list_get_item_op.c_function_name,
+                [self.m, self.k],
+                list_get_item_op.return_type,
+                list_get_item_op.steals,
+                list_get_item_op.is_borrowed,
+                list_get_item_op.error_kind,
+                55,
+            ),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = CPyList_GetItem(cpy_r_m, cpy_r_k);""",
+        )
+
+    def test_list_set_item(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            CallC(
+                list_set_item_op.c_function_name,
+                [self.l, self.n, self.o],
+                list_set_item_op.return_type,
+                list_set_item_op.steals,
+                list_set_item_op.is_borrowed,
+                list_set_item_op.error_kind,
+                55,
+            ),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = CPyList_SetItem(cpy_r_l, cpy_r_n, cpy_r_o);""",
+        )
+
+    def test_box_int(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(Box(self.n), """cpy_r_r0 = CPyTagged_StealAsObject(cpy_r_n);""")
+
+    def test_unbox_int(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            Unbox(self.m, int_rprimitive, 55),
+            """if (likely(PyLong_Check(cpy_r_m)))
+                                cpy_r_r0 = CPyTagged_FromObject(cpy_r_m);
+                            else {
+                                CPy_TypeError("int", cpy_r_m); cpy_r_r0 = CPY_INT_TAG;
+                            }
+                         """,
+        )
+
+    def test_box_i64(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(Box(self.i64), """cpy_r_r0 = PyLong_FromLongLong(cpy_r_i64);""")
+
+    def test_unbox_i64(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            Unbox(self.o, int64_rprimitive, 55), """cpy_r_r0 = CPyLong_AsInt64(cpy_r_o);"""
+        )
+
+    def test_list_append(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            CallC(
+                list_append_op.c_function_name,
+                [self.l, self.o],
+                list_append_op.return_type,
+                list_append_op.steals,
+                list_append_op.is_borrowed,
+                list_append_op.error_kind,
+                1,
+            ),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = PyList_Append(cpy_r_l, cpy_r_o);""",
+        )
+
+    def test_get_attr(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            GetAttr(self.r, "y", 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = ((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_y;
+               if (unlikely(cpy_r_r0 == CPY_INT_TAG)) {
+                   PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError, "attribute 'y' of 'A' undefined");
+               } else {
+                   CPyTagged_INCREF(cpy_r_r0);
+               }
+            """,
+        )
+
+    def test_get_attr_non_refcounted(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            GetAttr(self.r, "x", 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = ((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_x;
+               if (unlikely(cpy_r_r0 == 2)) {
+                   PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError, "attribute 'x' of 'A' undefined");
+               }
+            """,
+        )
+
+    def test_get_attr_merged(self) -> None:
+        op = GetAttr(self.r, "y", 1)
+        branch = Branch(op, BasicBlock(8), BasicBlock(9), Branch.IS_ERROR)
+        branch.traceback_entry = ("foobar", 123)
+        self.assert_emit(
+            op,
+            """\
+            cpy_r_r0 = ((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_y;
+            if (unlikely(cpy_r_r0 == CPY_INT_TAG)) {
+                CPy_AttributeError("prog.py", "foobar", "A", "y", 123, CPyStatic_prog___globals);
+                goto CPyL8;
+            }
+            CPyTagged_INCREF(cpy_r_r0);
+            goto CPyL9;
+            """,
+            next_branch=branch,
+            skip_next=True,
+        )
+
+    def test_get_attr_with_bitmap(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            GetAttr(self.r, "i1", 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = ((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_i1;
+               if (unlikely(cpy_r_r0 == -113) && !(((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->bitmap & 1)) {
+                   PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError, "attribute 'i1' of 'A' undefined");
+               }
+            """,
+        )
+
+    def test_set_attr(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            SetAttr(self.r, "y", self.m, 1),
+            """if (((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_y != CPY_INT_TAG) {
+                   CPyTagged_DECREF(((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_y);
+               }
+               ((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_y = cpy_r_m;
+               cpy_r_r0 = 1;
+            """,
+        )
+
+    def test_set_attr_non_refcounted(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            SetAttr(self.r, "x", self.b, 1),
+            """((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_x = cpy_r_b;
+               cpy_r_r0 = 1;
+            """,
+        )
+
+    def test_set_attr_no_error(self) -> None:
+        op = SetAttr(self.r, "y", self.m, 1)
+        op.error_kind = ERR_NEVER
+        self.assert_emit(
+            op,
+            """if (((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_y != CPY_INT_TAG) {
+                   CPyTagged_DECREF(((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_y);
+               }
+               ((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_y = cpy_r_m;
+            """,
+        )
+
+    def test_set_attr_non_refcounted_no_error(self) -> None:
+        op = SetAttr(self.r, "x", self.b, 1)
+        op.error_kind = ERR_NEVER
+        self.assert_emit(
+            op,
+            """((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_x = cpy_r_b;
+            """,
+        )
+
+    def test_set_attr_with_bitmap(self) -> None:
+        # For some rtypes the error value overlaps a valid value, so we need
+        # to use a separate bitmap to track defined attributes.
+        self.assert_emit(
+            SetAttr(self.r, "i1", self.i64, 1),
+            """if (unlikely(cpy_r_i64 == -113)) {
+                   ((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->bitmap |= 1;
+               }
+               ((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_i1 = cpy_r_i64;
+               cpy_r_r0 = 1;
+            """,
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            SetAttr(self.r, "i2", self.i32, 1),
+            """if (unlikely(cpy_r_i32 == -113)) {
+                   ((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->bitmap |= 2;
+               }
+               ((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_i2 = cpy_r_i32;
+               cpy_r_r0 = 1;
+            """,
+        )
+
+    def test_set_attr_init_with_bitmap(self) -> None:
+        op = SetAttr(self.r, "i1", self.i64, 1)
+        op.is_init = True
+        self.assert_emit(
+            op,
+            """if (unlikely(cpy_r_i64 == -113)) {
+                   ((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->bitmap |= 1;
+               }
+               ((mod___AObject *)cpy_r_r)->_i1 = cpy_r_i64;
+               cpy_r_r0 = 1;
+            """,
+        )
+
+    def test_dict_get_item(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            CallC(
+                dict_get_item_op.c_function_name,
+                [self.d, self.o2],
+                dict_get_item_op.return_type,
+                dict_get_item_op.steals,
+                dict_get_item_op.is_borrowed,
+                dict_get_item_op.error_kind,
+                1,
+            ),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = CPyDict_GetItem(cpy_r_d, cpy_r_o2);""",
+        )
+
+    def test_dict_set_item(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            CallC(
+                dict_set_item_op.c_function_name,
+                [self.d, self.o, self.o2],
+                dict_set_item_op.return_type,
+                dict_set_item_op.steals,
+                dict_set_item_op.is_borrowed,
+                dict_set_item_op.error_kind,
+                1,
+            ),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = CPyDict_SetItem(cpy_r_d, cpy_r_o, cpy_r_o2);""",
+        )
+
+    def test_dict_update(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            CallC(
+                dict_update_op.c_function_name,
+                [self.d, self.o],
+                dict_update_op.return_type,
+                dict_update_op.steals,
+                dict_update_op.is_borrowed,
+                dict_update_op.error_kind,
+                1,
+            ),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = CPyDict_Update(cpy_r_d, cpy_r_o);""",
+        )
+
+    def test_new_dict(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            CallC(
+                dict_new_op.c_function_name,
+                [],
+                dict_new_op.return_type,
+                dict_new_op.steals,
+                dict_new_op.is_borrowed,
+                dict_new_op.error_kind,
+                1,
+            ),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = PyDict_New();""",
+        )
+
+    def test_dict_contains(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit_binary_op(
+            "in", self.b, self.o, self.d, """cpy_r_r0 = PyDict_Contains(cpy_r_d, cpy_r_o);"""
+        )
+
+    def test_int_op(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            IntOp(short_int_rprimitive, self.s1, self.s2, IntOp.ADD, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_s1 + cpy_r_s2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            IntOp(short_int_rprimitive, self.s1, self.s2, IntOp.SUB, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_s1 - cpy_r_s2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            IntOp(short_int_rprimitive, self.s1, self.s2, IntOp.MUL, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_s1 * cpy_r_s2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            IntOp(short_int_rprimitive, self.s1, self.s2, IntOp.DIV, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_s1 / cpy_r_s2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            IntOp(short_int_rprimitive, self.s1, self.s2, IntOp.MOD, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_s1 % cpy_r_s2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            IntOp(short_int_rprimitive, self.s1, self.s2, IntOp.AND, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_s1 & cpy_r_s2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            IntOp(short_int_rprimitive, self.s1, self.s2, IntOp.OR, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_s1 | cpy_r_s2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            IntOp(short_int_rprimitive, self.s1, self.s2, IntOp.XOR, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_s1 ^ cpy_r_s2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            IntOp(short_int_rprimitive, self.s1, self.s2, IntOp.LEFT_SHIFT, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_s1 << cpy_r_s2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            IntOp(short_int_rprimitive, self.s1, self.s2, IntOp.RIGHT_SHIFT, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = (Py_ssize_t)cpy_r_s1 >> (Py_ssize_t)cpy_r_s2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            IntOp(short_int_rprimitive, self.i64, self.i64_1, IntOp.RIGHT_SHIFT, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_i64 >> cpy_r_i64_1;""",
+        )
+
+    def test_comparison_op(self) -> None:
+        # signed
+        self.assert_emit(
+            ComparisonOp(self.s1, self.s2, ComparisonOp.SLT, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = (Py_ssize_t)cpy_r_s1 < (Py_ssize_t)cpy_r_s2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            ComparisonOp(self.i32, self.i32_1, ComparisonOp.SLT, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_i32 < cpy_r_i32_1;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            ComparisonOp(self.i64, self.i64_1, ComparisonOp.SLT, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_i64 < cpy_r_i64_1;""",
+        )
+        # unsigned
+        self.assert_emit(
+            ComparisonOp(self.s1, self.s2, ComparisonOp.ULT, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_s1 < cpy_r_s2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            ComparisonOp(self.i32, self.i32_1, ComparisonOp.ULT, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = (uint32_t)cpy_r_i32 < (uint32_t)cpy_r_i32_1;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            ComparisonOp(self.i64, self.i64_1, ComparisonOp.ULT, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = (uint64_t)cpy_r_i64 < (uint64_t)cpy_r_i64_1;""",
+        )
+
+        # object type
+        self.assert_emit(
+            ComparisonOp(self.o, self.o2, ComparisonOp.EQ, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_o == cpy_r_o2;""",
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            ComparisonOp(self.o, self.o2, ComparisonOp.NEQ, 1),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_o != cpy_r_o2;""",
+        )
+
+    def test_load_mem(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(LoadMem(bool_rprimitive, self.ptr), """cpy_r_r0 = *(char *)cpy_r_ptr;""")
+
+    def test_set_mem(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            SetMem(bool_rprimitive, self.ptr, self.b), """*(char *)cpy_r_ptr = cpy_r_b;"""
+        )
+
+    def test_get_element_ptr(self) -> None:
+        r = RStruct(
+            "Foo", ["b", "i32", "i64"], [bool_rprimitive, int32_rprimitive, int64_rprimitive]
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            GetElementPtr(self.o, r, "b"), """cpy_r_r0 = (CPyPtr)&((Foo *)cpy_r_o)->b;"""
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            GetElementPtr(self.o, r, "i32"), """cpy_r_r0 = (CPyPtr)&((Foo *)cpy_r_o)->i32;"""
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            GetElementPtr(self.o, r, "i64"), """cpy_r_r0 = (CPyPtr)&((Foo *)cpy_r_o)->i64;"""
+        )
+
+    def test_load_address(self) -> None:
+        self.assert_emit(
+            LoadAddress(object_rprimitive, "PyDict_Type"),
+            """cpy_r_r0 = (PyObject *)&PyDict_Type;""",
+        )
+
+    def test_assign_multi(self) -> None:
+        t = RArray(object_rprimitive, 2)
+        a = Register(t, "a")
+        self.registers.append(a)
+        self.assert_emit(
+            AssignMulti(a, [self.o, self.o2]), """PyObject *cpy_r_a[2] = {cpy_r_o, cpy_r_o2};"""
+        )
+
+    def test_long_unsigned(self) -> None:
+        a = Register(int64_rprimitive, "a")
+        self.assert_emit(
+            Assign(a, Integer(1 << 31, int64_rprimitive)), """cpy_r_a = 2147483648LL;"""
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            Assign(a, Integer((1 << 31) - 1, int64_rprimitive)), """cpy_r_a = 2147483647;"""
+        )
+
+    def test_long_signed(self) -> None:
+        a = Register(int64_rprimitive, "a")
+        self.assert_emit(
+            Assign(a, Integer(-(1 << 31) + 1, int64_rprimitive)), """cpy_r_a = -2147483647;"""
+        )
+        self.assert_emit(
+            Assign(a, Integer(-(1 << 31), int64_rprimitive)), """cpy_r_a = -2147483648LL;"""
+        )
+
+    def test_cast_and_branch_merge(self) -> None:
+        op = Cast(self.r, dict_rprimitive, 1)
+        next_block = BasicBlock(9)
+        branch = Branch(op, BasicBlock(8), next_block, Branch.IS_ERROR)
+        branch.traceback_entry = ("foobar", 123)
+        self.assert_emit(
+            op,
+            """\
+if (likely(PyDict_Check(cpy_r_r)))
+    cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_r;
+else {
+    CPy_TypeErrorTraceback("prog.py", "foobar", 123, CPyStatic_prog___globals, "dict", cpy_r_r);
+    goto CPyL8;
+}
+""",
+            next_block=next_block,
+            next_branch=branch,
+            skip_next=True,
+        )
+
+    def test_cast_and_branch_no_merge_1(self) -> None:
+        op = Cast(self.r, dict_rprimitive, 1)
+        branch = Branch(op, BasicBlock(8), BasicBlock(9), Branch.IS_ERROR)
+        branch.traceback_entry = ("foobar", 123)
+        self.assert_emit(
+            op,
+            """\
+            if (likely(PyDict_Check(cpy_r_r)))
+                cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_r;
+            else {
+                CPy_TypeError("dict", cpy_r_r);
+                cpy_r_r0 = NULL;
+            }
+            """,
+            next_block=BasicBlock(10),
+            next_branch=branch,
+            skip_next=False,
+        )
+
+    def test_cast_and_branch_no_merge_2(self) -> None:
+        op = Cast(self.r, dict_rprimitive, 1)
+        next_block = BasicBlock(9)
+        branch = Branch(op, BasicBlock(8), next_block, Branch.IS_ERROR)
+        branch.negated = True
+        branch.traceback_entry = ("foobar", 123)
+        self.assert_emit(
+            op,
+            """\
+            if (likely(PyDict_Check(cpy_r_r)))
+                cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_r;
+            else {
+                CPy_TypeError("dict", cpy_r_r);
+                cpy_r_r0 = NULL;
+            }
+            """,
+            next_block=next_block,
+            next_branch=branch,
+        )
+
+    def test_cast_and_branch_no_merge_3(self) -> None:
+        op = Cast(self.r, dict_rprimitive, 1)
+        next_block = BasicBlock(9)
+        branch = Branch(op, BasicBlock(8), next_block, Branch.BOOL)
+        branch.traceback_entry = ("foobar", 123)
+        self.assert_emit(
+            op,
+            """\
+            if (likely(PyDict_Check(cpy_r_r)))
+                cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_r;
+            else {
+                CPy_TypeError("dict", cpy_r_r);
+                cpy_r_r0 = NULL;
+            }
+            """,
+            next_block=next_block,
+            next_branch=branch,
+        )
+
+    def test_cast_and_branch_no_merge_4(self) -> None:
+        op = Cast(self.r, dict_rprimitive, 1)
+        next_block = BasicBlock(9)
+        branch = Branch(op, BasicBlock(8), next_block, Branch.IS_ERROR)
+        self.assert_emit(
+            op,
+            """\
+            if (likely(PyDict_Check(cpy_r_r)))
+                cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_r;
+            else {
+                CPy_TypeError("dict", cpy_r_r);
+                cpy_r_r0 = NULL;
+            }
+            """,
+            next_block=next_block,
+            next_branch=branch,
+        )
+
+    def test_extend(self) -> None:
+        a = Register(int32_rprimitive, "a")
+        self.assert_emit(Extend(a, int64_rprimitive, signed=True), """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_a;""")
+        self.assert_emit(
+            Extend(a, int64_rprimitive, signed=False), """cpy_r_r0 = (uint32_t)cpy_r_a;"""
+        )
+        if PLATFORM_SIZE == 4:
+            self.assert_emit(
+                Extend(self.n, int64_rprimitive, signed=True),
+                """cpy_r_r0 = (Py_ssize_t)cpy_r_n;""",
+            )
+            self.assert_emit(
+                Extend(self.n, int64_rprimitive, signed=False), """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_n;"""
+            )
+        if PLATFORM_SIZE == 8:
+            self.assert_emit(Extend(a, int_rprimitive, signed=True), """cpy_r_r0 = cpy_r_a;""")
+            self.assert_emit(
+                Extend(a, int_rprimitive, signed=False), """cpy_r_r0 = (uint32_t)cpy_r_a;"""
+            )
+
+    def assert_emit(
+        self,
+        op: Op,
+        expected: str,
+        next_block: BasicBlock | None = None,
+        *,
+        rare: bool = False,
+        next_branch: Branch | None = None,
+        skip_next: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        block = BasicBlock(0)
+        block.ops.append(op)
+        value_names = generate_names_for_ir(self.registers, [block])
+        emitter = Emitter(self.context, value_names)
+        declarations = Emitter(self.context, value_names)
+        emitter.fragments = []
+        declarations.fragments = []
+
+        visitor = FunctionEmitterVisitor(emitter, declarations, "prog.py", "prog")
+        visitor.next_block = next_block
+        visitor.rare = rare
+        if next_branch:
+            visitor.ops = [op, next_branch]
+        else:
+            visitor.ops = [op]
+        visitor.op_index = 0
+
+        op.accept(visitor)
+        frags = declarations.fragments + emitter.fragments
+        actual_lines = [line.strip(" ") for line in frags]
+        assert all(line.endswith("\n") for line in actual_lines)
+        actual_lines = [line.rstrip("\n") for line in actual_lines]
+        if not expected.strip():
+            expected_lines = []
+        else:
+            expected_lines = expected.rstrip().split("\n")
+        expected_lines = [line.strip(" ") for line in expected_lines]
+        assert_string_arrays_equal(expected_lines, actual_lines, msg="Generated code unexpected")
+        if skip_next:
+            assert visitor.op_index == 1
+        else:
+            assert visitor.op_index == 0
+
+    def assert_emit_binary_op(
+        self, op: str, dest: Value, left: Value, right: Value, expected: str
+    ) -> None:
+        if op in binary_ops:
+            ops = binary_ops[op]
+            for desc in ops:
+                if is_subtype(left.type, desc.arg_types[0]) and is_subtype(
+                    right.type, desc.arg_types[1]
+                ):
+                    args = [left, right]
+                    if desc.ordering is not None:
+                        args = [args[i] for i in desc.ordering]
+                    self.assert_emit(
+                        CallC(
+                            desc.c_function_name,
+                            args,
+                            desc.return_type,
+                            desc.steals,
+                            desc.is_borrowed,
+                            desc.error_kind,
+                            55,
+                        ),
+                        expected,
+                    )
+                    return
+        else:
+            assert False, "Could not find matching op"
+
+
+class TestGenerateFunction(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.arg = RuntimeArg("arg", int_rprimitive)
+        self.reg = Register(int_rprimitive, "arg")
+        self.block = BasicBlock(0)
+
+    def test_simple(self) -> None:
+        self.block.ops.append(Return(self.reg))
+        fn = FuncIR(
+            FuncDecl("myfunc", None, "mod", FuncSignature([self.arg], int_rprimitive)),
+            [self.reg],
+            [self.block],
+        )
+        value_names = generate_names_for_ir(fn.arg_regs, fn.blocks)
+        emitter = Emitter(EmitterContext(NameGenerator([["mod"]])), value_names)
+        generate_native_function(fn, emitter, "prog.py", "prog")
+        result = emitter.fragments
+        assert_string_arrays_equal(
+            ["CPyTagged CPyDef_myfunc(CPyTagged cpy_r_arg) {\n", "    return cpy_r_arg;\n", "}\n"],
+            result,
+            msg="Generated code invalid",
+        )
+
+    def test_register(self) -> None:
+        reg = Register(int_rprimitive)
+        op = Assign(reg, Integer(5))
+        self.block.ops.append(op)
+        self.block.ops.append(Unreachable())
+        fn = FuncIR(
+            FuncDecl("myfunc", None, "mod", FuncSignature([self.arg], list_rprimitive)),
+            [self.reg],
+            [self.block],
+        )
+        value_names = generate_names_for_ir(fn.arg_regs, fn.blocks)
+        emitter = Emitter(EmitterContext(NameGenerator([["mod"]])), value_names)
+        generate_native_function(fn, emitter, "prog.py", "prog")
+        result = emitter.fragments
+        assert_string_arrays_equal(
+            [
+                "PyObject *CPyDef_myfunc(CPyTagged cpy_r_arg) {\n",
+                "    CPyTagged cpy_r_r0;\n",
+                "    cpy_r_r0 = 10;\n",
+                "    CPy_Unreachable();\n",
+                "}\n",
+            ],
+            result,
+            msg="Generated code invalid",
+        )