megadetector 5.0.11__py3-none-any.whl → 5.0.13__py3-none-any.whl

megadetector/postprocessing/postprocess_batch_results.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1908 @@
+"""
+
+postprocess_batch_results.py
+
+Given a .json or .csv file containing MD results, do one or more of the following:
+
+* Sample detections/non-detections and render to HTML (when ground truth isn't
+  available) (this is 99.9% of what this module is for)
+* Evaluate detector precision/recall, optionally rendering results (requires
+  ground truth)
+* Sample true/false positives/negatives and render to HTML (requires ground
+  truth)
+
+Ground truth, if available, must be in COCO Camera Traps format:
+    
+https://github.com/agentmorris/MegaDetector/blob/main/megadetector/data_management/README.md#coco-camera-traps-format
+
+"""
+
+#%% Constants and imports
+
+import argparse
+import collections
+import copy
+import errno
+import io
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import uuid
+import warnings
+import random
+
+from enum import IntEnum
+from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool
+from multiprocessing.pool import Pool
+from functools import partial
+
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+import humanfriendly
+import pandas as pd
+
+from sklearn.metrics import precision_recall_curve, confusion_matrix, average_precision_score
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+from megadetector.visualization import visualization_utils as vis_utils
+from megadetector.visualization import plot_utils
+from megadetector.utils.write_html_image_list import write_html_image_list
+from megadetector.utils import path_utils
+from megadetector.utils.ct_utils import args_to_object, sets_overlap
+from megadetector.data_management.cct_json_utils import (CameraTrapJsonUtils, IndexedJsonDb)
+from megadetector.postprocessing.load_api_results import load_api_results
+from megadetector.detection.run_detector import get_typical_confidence_threshold_from_results
+
+warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '(Possibly )?corrupt EXIF data', UserWarning)
+
+
+#%% Options
+
+DEFAULT_NEGATIVE_CLASSES = ['empty']
+DEFAULT_UNKNOWN_CLASSES = ['unknown', 'unlabeled', 'ambiguous']
+
+# Make sure there is no overlap between the two sets, because this will cause
+# issues in the code
+assert not sets_overlap(DEFAULT_NEGATIVE_CLASSES, DEFAULT_UNKNOWN_CLASSES), (
+        'Default negative and unknown classes cannot overlap.')
+
+
+class PostProcessingOptions:
+    """
+    Options used to parameterize process_batch_results().
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        
+        ### Required inputs
+    
+        #: MD results .json file to process
+        self.md_results_file = ''
+        
+        #: Folder to which we should write HTML output
+        self.output_dir = ''
+    
+        ### Options
+    
+        #: Folder where images live (filenames in [md_results_file] should be relative to this folder)
+        self.image_base_dir = '.'
+    
+        ## These apply only when we're doing ground-truth comparisons
+        
+        #: Optional .json file containing ground truth information
+        self.ground_truth_json_file = ''
+    
+        #: Classes we'll treat as negative
+        #:
+        #: Include the token "#NO_LABELS#" to indicate that an image with no annotations
+        #: should be considered empty.
+        self.negative_classes = DEFAULT_NEGATIVE_CLASSES
+        
+        #: Classes we'll treat as neither positive nor negative
+        self.unlabeled_classes = DEFAULT_UNKNOWN_CLASSES
+    
+        #: A list of output sets that we should count, but not render images for.
+        #:
+        #: Typically used to preview sets with lots of empties, where you don't want to
+        #: subset but also don't want to render 100,000 empty images.
+        #:
+        #: detections, non_detections
+        #: detections_animal, detections_person, detections_vehicle
+        self.rendering_bypass_sets = []
+    
+        #: If this is None, choose a confidence threshold based on the detector version.
+        #:
+        #: This can either be a float or a dictionary mapping category names (not IDs) to 
+        #: thresholds.  The category "default" can be used to specify thresholds for 
+        #: other categories.  Currently the use of a dict here is not supported when 
+        #: ground truth is supplied.
+        self.confidence_threshold = None
+        
+        #: Confidence threshold to apply to classification (not detection) results
+        #:
+        #: Only a float is supported here (unlike the "confidence_threshold" parameter, which
+        #: can be a dict).    
+        self.classification_confidence_threshold = 0.5
+    
+        #: Used for summary statistics only
+        self.target_recall = 0.9
+    
+        #: Number of images to sample, -1 for "all images"
+        self.num_images_to_sample = 500
+    
+        #: Random seed for sampling, or None
+        self.sample_seed = 0 # None
+    
+        #: Image width for images in the HTML output
+        self.viz_target_width = 800
+    
+        #: Line width (in pixels) for rendering detections
+        self.line_thickness = 4
+        
+        #: Box expansion (in pixels) for rendering detections
+        self.box_expansion = 0
+    
+        #: Job name to include in big letters in the output HTML
+        self.job_name_string = None
+        
+        #: Model version string to include in the output HTML
+        self.model_version_string = None
+        
+        #: Sort order for the output, should be one of "filename", "confidence", or "random"
+        self.html_sort_order = 'filename'
+       
+        #: If True, images in the output HTML will be links back to the original images
+        self.link_images_to_originals = True
+        
+        #: Optionally separate detections into categories (animal/vehicle/human)
+        #: 
+        #: Currently only supported when ground truth is unavailable
+        self.separate_detections_by_category = True
+    
+        #: Optionally replace one or more strings in filenames with other strings;
+        #: useful for taking a set of results generated for one folder structure
+        #: and applying them to a slightly different folder structure.
+        self.api_output_filename_replacements = {}
+        
+        #: Optionally replace one or more strings in filenames with other strings;
+        #: useful for taking a set of results generated for one folder structure
+        #: and applying them to a slightly different folder structure.
+        self.ground_truth_filename_replacements = {}
+    
+        #: Allow bypassing API output loading when operating on previously-loaded
+        #: results.  If present, this is a Pandas DataFrame.  Almost never useful.
+        self.api_detection_results = None
+        
+        #: Allow bypassing API output loading when operating on previously-loaded
+        #: results.  If present, this is a str --> obj dict.  Almost never useful.
+        self.api_other_fields = None
+    
+        #: Should we also split out a separate report about the detections that were
+        #: just below our main confidence threshold?
+        #:
+        #: Currently only supported when ground truth is unavailable.
+        self.include_almost_detections = False
+        
+        #: Only a float is supported here (unlike the "confidence_threshold" parameter, which
+        #: can be a dict).
+        self.almost_detection_confidence_threshold = None
+    
+        #: Enable/disable rendering parallelization    
+        self.parallelize_rendering = False
+        
+        #: Number of threads/processes to use for rendering parallelization
+        self.parallelize_rendering_n_cores = 25
+        
+        #: Whether to use threads (True) or processes (False) for rendering parallelization
+        self.parallelize_rendering_with_threads = True
+        
+        #: When classification results are present, should be sort alphabetically by class name (False)
+        #: or in descending order by frequency (True)?
+        self.sort_classification_results_by_count = False    
+        
+        #: Should we split individual pages up into smaller pages if there are more than
+        #: N images?
+        self.max_figures_per_html_file = None
+
+    # ...__init__()
+    
+# ...PostProcessingOptions
+
+
+class PostProcessingResults:
+    """
+    Return format from process_batch_results
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        
+        #: HTML file to which preview information was written
+        self.output_html_file = ''
+        
+        #: Pandas Dataframe containing detection results
+        self.api_detection_results = None
+        
+        #: str --> obj dictionary containing other information loaded from the results file
+        self.api_other_fields = None
+
+
+##%% Helper classes and functions
+
+class DetectionStatus(IntEnum):
+    """
+    Flags used to mark images as positive or negative for P/R analysis
+    (according to ground truth and/or detector output)
+        
+    :meta private:
+    """
+    
+    DS_NEGATIVE = 0
+    DS_POSITIVE = 1
+
+    # Anything greater than this isn't clearly positive or negative
+    DS_MAX_DEFINITIVE_VALUE = DS_POSITIVE
+
+    # image has annotations suggesting both negative and positive
+    DS_AMBIGUOUS = 2
+
+    # image is not annotated or is annotated with 'unknown', 'unlabeled', ETC.
+    DS_UNKNOWN = 3
+
+    # image has not yet been assigned a state
+    DS_UNASSIGNED = 4
+
+    # In some analyses, we add an additional class that lets us look at
+    # detections just below our main confidence threshold
+    DS_ALMOST = 5
+
+
+def _mark_detection_status(indexed_db,
+                           negative_classes=DEFAULT_NEGATIVE_CLASSES,
+                           unknown_classes=DEFAULT_UNKNOWN_CLASSES):
+    """
+    For each image in indexed_db.db['images'], add a '_detection_status' field
+    to indicate whether to treat this image as positive, negative, ambiguous,
+    or unknown.
+
+    Makes modifications in-place.
+
+    returns (n_negative, n_positive, n_unknown, n_ambiguous)
+    """
+    
+    negative_classes = set(negative_classes)
+    unknown_classes = set(unknown_classes)
+
+    # count the # of images with each type of DetectionStatus
+    n_unknown = 0
+    n_ambiguous = 0
+    n_positive = 0
+    n_negative = 0
+
+    print('Preparing ground-truth annotations')
+    for im in tqdm(indexed_db.db['images']):
+
+        image_id = im['id']
+        annotations = indexed_db.image_id_to_annotations[image_id]
+        categories = [ann['category_id'] for ann in annotations]
+        category_names = set(indexed_db.cat_id_to_name[cat] for cat in categories)
+
+        # Check whether this image has:
+        # - unknown / unassigned-type labels
+        # - negative-type labels
+        # - positive labels (i.e., labels that are neither unknown nor negative)
+        has_unknown_labels = sets_overlap(category_names, unknown_classes)
+        has_negative_labels = sets_overlap(category_names, negative_classes)
+        has_positive_labels = 0 < len(category_names - (unknown_classes | negative_classes))
+        # assert has_unknown_labels is False, '{} has unknown labels'.format(annotations)
+
+        # If there are no image annotations...
+        if len(categories) == 0:
+                        
+            if '#NO_LABELS#' in negative_classes:
+                n_negative += 1
+                im['_detection_status'] = DetectionStatus.DS_NEGATIVE
+            else:
+                n_unknown += 1
+                im['_detection_status'] = DetectionStatus.DS_UNKNOWN
+
+            # n_negative += 1
+            # im['_detection_status'] = DetectionStatus.DS_NEGATIVE
+
+        # If the image has more than one type of labels, it's ambiguous
+        # note: bools are automatically converted to 0/1, so we can sum
+        elif (has_unknown_labels + has_negative_labels + has_positive_labels) > 1:
+            n_ambiguous += 1
+            im['_detection_status'] = DetectionStatus.DS_AMBIGUOUS
+
+        # After the check above, we can be sure it's only one of positive,
+        # negative, or unknown.
+        #
+        # Important: do not merge the following 'unknown' branch with the first
+        # 'unknown' branch above, where we tested 'if len(categories) == 0'
+        #
+        # If the image has only unknown labels
+        elif has_unknown_labels:
+            n_unknown += 1
+            im['_detection_status'] = DetectionStatus.DS_UNKNOWN
+
+        # If the image has only negative labels
+        elif has_negative_labels:
+            n_negative += 1
+            im['_detection_status'] = DetectionStatus.DS_NEGATIVE
+
+        # If the images has only positive labels
+        elif has_positive_labels:
+            n_positive += 1
+            im['_detection_status'] = DetectionStatus.DS_POSITIVE
+
+            # Annotate the category, if it is unambiguous
+            if len(category_names) == 1:
+                im['_unambiguous_category'] = list(category_names)[0]
+
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Invalid detection state')
+
+    # ...for each image
+
+    return n_negative, n_positive, n_unknown, n_ambiguous
+
+# ..._mark_detection_status()
+
+
+def is_sas_url(s) -> bool:
+    """
+    Placeholder for a more robust way to verify that a link is a SAS URL.
+    99.999% of the time this will suffice for what we're using it for right now.
+    
+    :meta private:
+    """
+    
+    return (s.startswith(('http://', 'https://')) and ('core.windows.net' in s)
+            and ('?' in s))
+
+
+def relative_sas_url(folder_url, relative_path):
+    """
+    Given a container-level or folder-level SAS URL, create a SAS URL to the
+    specified relative path.
+    
+    :meta private:
+    """
+    
+    relative_path = relative_path.replace('%','%25')
+    relative_path = relative_path.replace('#','%23')
+    relative_path = relative_path.replace(' ','%20')
+
+    if not is_sas_url(folder_url):
+        return None
+    tokens = folder_url.split('?')
+    assert len(tokens) == 2
+    if not tokens[0].endswith('/'):
+        tokens[0] = tokens[0] + '/'
+    if relative_path.startswith('/'):
+        relative_path = relative_path[1:]
+    return tokens[0] + relative_path + '?' + tokens[1]
+
+
+def _render_bounding_boxes(
+        image_base_dir,
+        image_relative_path,
+        display_name,
+        detections,
+        res,
+        ground_truth_boxes=None,
+        detection_categories=None,
+        classification_categories=None,
+        options=None):
+    """
+    Renders detection bounding boxes on a single image.
+    
+    This is an internal function; if you want tools for rendering boxes on images, see 
+    visualization.visualization_utils.
+
+    The source image is:
+
+        image_base_dir / image_relative_path
+
+    The target image is, for example:
+
+        [options.output_dir] / 
+        ['detections' or 'non_detections'] / 
+        [filename with slashes turned into tildes]
+
+    "res" is a result type, e.g. "detections", "non-detections"; this determines the
+    output folder for the rendered image.
+    
+    Only very preliminary support is provided for ground truth box rendering.
+    
+    Returns the html info struct for this image in the format that's used for
+    write_html_image_list.
+    
+    :meta private:
+    """
+
+    if options is None:
+        options = PostProcessingOptions()
+
+    # Leaving code in place for reading from blob storage, may support this
+    # in the future.
+    """
+    stream = io.BytesIO()
+    _ = blob_service.get_blob_to_stream(container_name, image_id, stream)
+    # resize is to display them in this notebook or in the HTML more quickly
+    image = Image.open(stream).resize(viz_size)
+    """
+
+    image_full_path = None
+    
+    if res in options.rendering_bypass_sets:
+
+        sample_name = res + '_' + path_utils.flatten_path(image_relative_path)
+
+    else:
+
+        if is_sas_url(image_base_dir):
+            image_full_path = relative_sas_url(image_base_dir, image_relative_path)
+        else:
+            image_full_path = os.path.join(image_base_dir, image_relative_path)
+
+        # os.path.isfile() is slow when mounting remote directories; much faster
+        # to just try/except on the image open.
+        try:
+            image = vis_utils.open_image(image_full_path)
+        except:
+            print('Warning: could not open image file {}'.format(image_full_path))
+            image = None
+            # return ''
+        
+        # Render images to a flat folder
+        sample_name = res + '_' + path_utils.flatten_path(image_relative_path)
+        fullpath = os.path.join(options.output_dir, res, sample_name)
+
+        if image is not None:
+            
+            original_size = image.size
+            
+            if options.viz_target_width is not None:
+                image = vis_utils.resize_image(image, options.viz_target_width)
+    
+            if ground_truth_boxes is not None and len(ground_truth_boxes) > 0:
+                
+                # Create class labels like "gt_1" or "gt_27"
+                gt_classes = [0] * len(ground_truth_boxes)
+                label_map = {0:'ground truth'}
+                # for i_box,box in enumerate(ground_truth_boxes):
+                #    gt_classes.append('_' + str(box[-1]))
+                vis_utils.render_db_bounding_boxes(ground_truth_boxes, gt_classes, image,
+                                                   original_size=original_size,label_map=label_map,
+                                                   thickness=4,expansion=4)
+        
+            # render_detection_bounding_boxes expects either a float or a dict mapping
+            # category IDs to names.
+            if isinstance(options.confidence_threshold,float):
+                rendering_confidence_threshold = options.confidence_threshold
+            else:
+                category_ids = set()
+                for d in detections:
+                    category_ids.add(d['category'])
+                rendering_confidence_threshold = {}
+                for category_id in category_ids:
+                    rendering_confidence_threshold[category_id] = \
+                        _get_threshold_for_category_id(category_id, options, detection_categories)
+                
+            vis_utils.render_detection_bounding_boxes(
+                detections, image,
+                label_map=detection_categories,
+                classification_label_map=classification_categories,
+                confidence_threshold=rendering_confidence_threshold,
+                thickness=options.line_thickness,
+                expansion=options.box_expansion)
+    
+            try:
+                image.save(fullpath)
+            except OSError as e:
+                # errno.ENAMETOOLONG doesn't get thrown properly on Windows, so
+                # we awkwardly check against a hard-coded limit
+                if (e.errno == errno.ENAMETOOLONG) or (len(fullpath) >= 259):
+                    extension = os.path.splitext(sample_name)[1]
+                    sample_name = res + '_' + str(uuid.uuid4()) + extension
+                    image.save(os.path.join(options.output_dir, res, sample_name))
+                else:
+                    raise
+
+    # Use slashes regardless of os
+    file_name = '{}/{}'.format(res,sample_name)
+
+    info = {
+        'filename': file_name,
+        'title': display_name,
+        'textStyle':\
+         'font-family:verdana,arial,calibri;font-size:80%;text-align:left;margin-top:20;margin-bottom:5'
+    }
+    
+    # Optionally add links back to the original images
+    if options.link_images_to_originals and (image_full_path is not None):
+                
+        # Handling special characters in links has been pushed down into
+        # write_html_image_list
+        #
+        # link_target = image_full_path.replace('\\','/')
+        # link_target  = urllib.parse.quote(link_target)
+        link_target = image_full_path
+        info['linkTarget'] = link_target 
+        
+    return info
+
+# ..._render_bounding_boxes
+
+
+def _prepare_html_subpages(images_html, output_dir, options=None):
+    """
+    Write out a series of html image lists, e.g. the "detections" or "non-detections"
+    pages.
+
+    image_html is a dictionary mapping an html page name (e.g. "detections_animal") to 
+    a list of image structs friendly to write_html_image_list.
+    
+    Returns a dictionary mapping category names to image counts.
+    """
+    
+    if options is None:
+        options = PostProcessingOptions()
+
+    # Count items in each category
+    image_counts = {}
+    for res, array in images_html.items():
+        image_counts[res] = len(array)
+
+    # Optionally sort by filename before writing to html
+    if options.html_sort_order == 'filename':
+        images_html_sorted = {}
+        for res, array in images_html.items():
+            sorted_array = sorted(array, key=lambda x: x['filename'])
+            images_html_sorted[res] = sorted_array
+        images_html = images_html_sorted
+    
+    # Optionally sort by confidence before writing to html
+    elif options.html_sort_order == 'confidence':
+        images_html_sorted = {}
+        for res, array in images_html.items():
+            
+            if not all(['max_conf' in d for d in array]):
+                print("Warning: some elements in the {} page don't have confidence values, can't sort by confidence".format(res))
+            else:
+                sorted_array = sorted(array, key=lambda x: x['max_conf'], reverse=True)
+                images_html_sorted[res] = sorted_array
+                images_html = images_html_sorted
+        
+    else:
+        assert options.html_sort_order == 'random',\
+            'Unrecognized sort order {}'.format(options.html_sort_order)
+        images_html_sorted = {}
+        for res, array in images_html.items():
+            sorted_array = random.sample(array,len(array))
+            images_html_sorted[res] = sorted_array
+        images_html = images_html_sorted
+        
+    # Write the individual HTML files
+    for res, array in images_html.items():
+        
+        html_image_list_options = {}    
+        html_image_list_options['maxFiguresPerHtmlFile'] = options.max_figures_per_html_file
+        html_image_list_options['headerHtml'] = '<h1>{}</h1>'.format(res.upper())
+        
+        # Don't write empty pages
+        if len(array) == 0:
+            continue
+        else:
+            write_html_image_list(
+                filename=os.path.join(output_dir, '{}.html'.format(res)),
+                images=array,
+                options=html_image_list_options)
+
+    return image_counts
+
+# ..._prepare_html_subpages()
+
+
+def _get_threshold_for_category_name(category_name,options):
+    """
+    Determines the confidence threshold we should use for a specific category name.
+    """
+    
+    if isinstance(options.confidence_threshold,float):
+        return options.confidence_threshold
+    else:
+        assert isinstance(options.confidence_threshold,dict), \
+            'confidence_threshold must either be a float or a dict'
+                           
+    if category_name in options.confidence_threshold:
+        
+        return options.confidence_threshold[category_name]
+    
+    else:
+        assert 'default' in options.confidence_threshold, \
+            'category {} not in confidence_threshold dict, and no default supplied'.format(
+                category_name)
+        return options.confidence_threshold['default']
+
+    
+def _get_threshold_for_category_id(category_id,options,detection_categories):
+    """
+    Determines the confidence threshold we should use for a specific category ID.
+    
+    [detection_categories] is a dict mapping category IDs to names.
+    """
+    
+    if isinstance(options.confidence_threshold,float):        
+        return options.confidence_threshold
+    
+    assert category_id in detection_categories, \
+        'Invalid category ID {}'.format(category_id)
+        
+    category_name = detection_categories[category_id]
+    
+    return _get_threshold_for_category_name(category_name,options)
+    
+    
+def _get_positive_categories(detections,options,detection_categories):
+    """
+    Gets a sorted list of unique categories (as string IDs) above the threshold for this image
+    
+    [detection_categories] is a dict mapping category IDs to names.
+    """
+    
+    positive_categories = set()
+    for d in detections:
+        threshold = _get_threshold_for_category_id(d['category'], options, detection_categories)
+        if d['conf'] >= threshold:
+            positive_categories.add(d['category'])
+    return sorted(positive_categories)
+
+
+def _has_positive_detection(detections,options,detection_categories):
+    """
+    Determines whether any positive detections are present in the detection list
+    [detections].
+    """    
+    
+    found_positive_detection = False
+    for d in detections:
+        threshold = _get_threshold_for_category_id(d['category'], options, detection_categories)
+        if d['conf'] >= threshold:
+            found_positive_detection = True
+            break
+    return found_positive_detection
+        
+
+def _render_image_no_gt(file_info,detection_categories_to_results_name,
+                       detection_categories,classification_categories,
+                       options):
+    """
+    Renders an image (with no ground truth information)
+    
+    Returns a list of rendering structs, where the first item is a category (e.g. "detections_animal"), 
+    and  the second is a dict of information needed for rendering.  E.g.:
+        
+    [['detections_animal', 
+    {
+     'filename': 'detections_animal/detections_animal_blah~01060415.JPG', 
+     'title': '<b>Result type</b>: detections_animal, 
+               <b>Image</b>: blah\\01060415.JPG,
+               <b>Max conf</b>: 0.897',
+      'textStyle': 'font-family:verdana,arial,calibri;font-size:80%;text-align:left;margin-top:20;margin-bottom:5',
+      'linkTarget': 'full_path_to_%5C01060415.JPG'
+    }]]
+     
+    When no classification data is present, this list will always be length-1.  When
+    classification data is present, an image may appear in multiple categories.
+    
+    Populates the 'max_conf' field of the first element of the list.
+    
+    Returns None if there are any errors.
+    """
+    
+    image_relative_path = file_info[0]
+    max_conf = file_info[1]
+    detections = file_info[2]
+
+    # Determine whether any positive detections are present (using a threshold that
+    # may vary by category)
+    found_positive_detection = _has_positive_detection(detections,options,detection_categories)
+        
+    detection_status = DetectionStatus.DS_UNASSIGNED
+    if found_positive_detection:
+        detection_status = DetectionStatus.DS_POSITIVE
+    else:
+        if options.include_almost_detections:
+            if max_conf >= options.almost_detection_confidence_threshold:
+                detection_status = DetectionStatus.DS_ALMOST
+            else:
+                detection_status = DetectionStatus.DS_NEGATIVE
+        else:
+            detection_status = DetectionStatus.DS_NEGATIVE
+
+    if detection_status == DetectionStatus.DS_POSITIVE:
+        if options.separate_detections_by_category:
+            positive_categories = tuple(_get_positive_categories(detections,options,detection_categories))
+            if positive_categories not in detection_categories_to_results_name:
+                raise ValueError('Error: {} not in category mapping (file {})'.format(
+                    str(positive_categories),image_relative_path))
+            res = detection_categories_to_results_name[positive_categories]
+        else:
+            res = 'detections'
+
+    elif detection_status == DetectionStatus.DS_NEGATIVE:
+        res = 'non_detections'
+    else:
+        assert detection_status == DetectionStatus.DS_ALMOST
+        res = 'almost_detections'
+
+    display_name = '<b>Result type</b>: {}, <b>Image</b>: {}, <b>Max conf</b>: {:0.3f}'.format(
+        res, image_relative_path, max_conf)
+
+    rendering_options = copy.copy(options)
+    if detection_status == DetectionStatus.DS_ALMOST:
+        rendering_options.confidence_threshold = \
+            rendering_options.almost_detection_confidence_threshold
+            
+    rendered_image_html_info = _render_bounding_boxes(
+        image_base_dir=options.image_base_dir,
+        image_relative_path=image_relative_path,
+        display_name=display_name,
+        detections=detections,
+        res=res,
+        ground_truth_boxes=None,
+        detection_categories=detection_categories,
+        classification_categories=classification_categories,
+        options=rendering_options)
+
+    image_result = None
+
+    if len(rendered_image_html_info) > 0:
+
+        image_result = [[res, rendered_image_html_info]]
+
+        max_conf = 0
+        
+        for det in detections:
+            
+            if det['conf'] > max_conf:
+                max_conf = det['conf']
+
+            if ('classifications' in det):
+
+                # This is a list of [class,confidence] pairs, sorted by confidence
+                classifications = det['classifications']
+                top1_class_id = classifications[0][0]
+                top1_class_name = classification_categories[top1_class_id]
+                top1_class_score = classifications[0][1]
+
+                # If we either don't have a confidence threshold, or we've met our
+                # confidence threshold
+                if (options.classification_confidence_threshold < 0) or \
+                    (top1_class_score >= options.classification_confidence_threshold):
+                    image_result.append(['class_{}'.format(top1_class_name),
+                                         rendered_image_html_info])
+                else:
+                    image_result.append(['class_unreliable',
+                                         rendered_image_html_info])
+
+            # ...if this detection has classification info
+
+        # ...for each detection
+
+        image_result[0][1]['max_conf'] = max_conf
+        
+    # ...if we got valid rendering info back from _render_bounding_boxes()
+    
+    return image_result
+
+# ...def _render_image_no_gt()
+    
+
+def _render_image_with_gt(file_info,ground_truth_indexed_db,
+                         detection_categories,classification_categories,options):
+    """
+    Render an image with ground truth information.  See _render_image_no_gt for return
+    data format.
+    """
+    
+    image_relative_path = file_info[0]
+    max_conf = file_info[1]
+    detections = file_info[2]
+
+    # This should already have been normalized to either '/' or '\'
+
+    image_id = ground_truth_indexed_db.filename_to_id.get(image_relative_path, None)
+    if image_id is None:
+        print('Warning: couldn''t find ground truth for image {}'.format(image_relative_path))
+        return None
+
+    image = ground_truth_indexed_db.image_id_to_image[image_id]
+    annotations = ground_truth_indexed_db.image_id_to_annotations[image_id]
+
+    ground_truth_boxes = []
+    for ann in annotations:
+        if 'bbox' in ann:
+            ground_truth_box = [x for x in ann['bbox']]
+            ground_truth_box.append(ann['category_id'])
+            ground_truth_boxes.append(ground_truth_box)
+    
+    gt_status = image['_detection_status']
+
+    gt_presence = bool(gt_status)
+
+    gt_classes = CameraTrapJsonUtils.annotations_to_class_names(
+        annotations, ground_truth_indexed_db.cat_id_to_name)
+    gt_class_summary = ','.join(gt_classes)
+
+    if gt_status > DetectionStatus.DS_MAX_DEFINITIVE_VALUE:
+        print(f'Skipping image {image_id}, does not have a definitive '
+              f'ground truth status (status: {gt_status}, classes: {gt_class_summary})')
+        return None
+
+    detected = _has_positive_detection(detections, options, detection_categories)
+
+    if gt_presence and detected:
+        if '_classification_accuracy' not in image.keys():
+            res = 'tp'
+        elif np.isclose(1, image['_classification_accuracy']):
+            res = 'tpc'
+        else:
+            res = 'tpi'
+    elif not gt_presence and detected:
+        res = 'fp'
+    elif gt_presence and not detected:
+        res = 'fn'
+    else:
+        res = 'tn'
+
+    display_name = '<b>Result type</b>: {}, <b>Presence</b>: {}, <b>Class</b>: {}, <b>Max conf</b>: {:0.3f}%, <b>Image</b>: {}'.format(
+        res.upper(), str(gt_presence), gt_class_summary,
+        max_conf * 100, image_relative_path)
+
+    rendered_image_html_info = _render_bounding_boxes(
+        image_base_dir=options.image_base_dir,
+        image_relative_path=image_relative_path,
+        display_name=display_name,
+        detections=detections,
+        res=res,
+        ground_truth_boxes=ground_truth_boxes,
+        detection_categories=detection_categories,
+        classification_categories=classification_categories,
+        options=options)
+
+    image_result = None
+    if len(rendered_image_html_info) > 0:
+        image_result = [[res, rendered_image_html_info]]
+        for gt_class in gt_classes:
+            image_result.append(['class_{}'.format(gt_class), rendered_image_html_info])
+
+    return image_result
+
+# ...def _render_image_with_gt()
+
+    
+#%% Main function
+
+def process_batch_results(options):
+
+    """
+    Given a .json or .csv file containing MD results, do one or more of the following:
+
+    * Sample detections/non-detections and render to HTML (when ground truth isn't
+      available) (this is 99.9% of what this module is for)
+    * Evaluate detector precision/recall, optionally rendering results (requires
+      ground truth)
+    * Sample true/false positives/negatives and render to HTML (requires ground
+      truth)
+
+    Ground truth, if available, must be in COCO Camera Traps format:
+        
+    https://github.com/agentmorris/MegaDetector/blob/main/megadetector/data_management/README.md#coco-camera-traps-format
+
+    Args:
+        options (PostProcessingOptions): everything we need to render a preview/analysis for
+            this set of results; see the PostProcessingOptions class for details.
+           
+    Returns:
+        PostProcessingResults: information about the results/preview, most importantly the 
+        HTML filename of the output.  See the PostProcessingResults class for details.
+    """
+    ppresults = PostProcessingResults()
+
+    ##%% Expand some options for convenience
+
+    output_dir = options.output_dir
+
+
+    ##%% Prepare output dir
+
+    os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
+
+
+    ##%% Load ground truth if available
+
+    ground_truth_indexed_db = None
+
+    if (options.ground_truth_json_file is not None) and (len(options.ground_truth_json_file) > 0):
+        assert (options.confidence_threshold is None) or (isinstance(options.confidence_threshold,float)), \
+            'Variable confidence thresholds are not supported when supplying ground truth'
+            
+    if (options.ground_truth_json_file is not None) and (len(options.ground_truth_json_file) > 0):
+
+        if options.separate_detections_by_category:
+            print("Warning: I don't know how to separate categories yet when doing " + \
+                  "a P/R analysis, disabling category separation")
+            options.separate_detections_by_category = False
+
+        ground_truth_indexed_db = IndexedJsonDb(
+            options.ground_truth_json_file, b_normalize_paths=True,
+            filename_replacements=options.ground_truth_filename_replacements)
+
+        # Mark images in the ground truth as positive or negative
+        n_negative, n_positive, n_unknown, n_ambiguous = _mark_detection_status(
+            ground_truth_indexed_db, negative_classes=options.negative_classes,
+            unknown_classes=options.unlabeled_classes)
+        print(f'Finished loading and indexing ground truth: {n_negative} '
+              f'negative, {n_positive} positive, {n_unknown} unknown, '
+              f'{n_ambiguous} ambiguous')
+
+
+    ##%% Load detection (and possibly classification) results
+
+    # If the caller hasn't supplied results, load them
+    if options.api_detection_results is None:
+        detections_df, other_fields = load_api_results(
+            options.md_results_file, force_forward_slashes=True,
+            filename_replacements=options.api_output_filename_replacements)
+        ppresults.api_detection_results = detections_df
+        ppresults.api_other_fields = other_fields        
+
+    else:
+        print('Bypassing detection results loading...')
+        assert options.api_other_fields is not None
+        detections_df = options.api_detection_results
+        other_fields = options.api_other_fields
+
+    # Determine confidence thresholds if necessary
+    
+    if options.confidence_threshold is None:
+        options.confidence_threshold = \
+            get_typical_confidence_threshold_from_results(other_fields)
+        print('Choosing default confidence threshold of {} based on MD version'.format(
+            options.confidence_threshold))    
+            
+    if options.almost_detection_confidence_threshold is None and options.include_almost_detections:
+        assert isinstance(options.confidence_threshold,float), \
+            'If you are using a dictionary of confidence thresholds and almost-detections are enabled, ' + \
+            'you need to supply a threshold for almost detections.'
+        options.almost_detection_confidence_threshold = options.confidence_threshold - 0.05
+        if options.almost_detection_confidence_threshold < 0:
+            options.almost_detection_confidence_threshold = 0
+            
+    # Remove rows with inference failures (typically due to corrupt images)
+    n_failures = 0
+    if 'failure' in detections_df.columns:
+        n_failures = detections_df['failure'].count()
+        print('Ignoring {} failed images'.format(n_failures))
+        # Explicitly forcing a copy() operation here to suppress "trying to be set
+        # on a copy" warnings (and associated risks) below.
+        detections_df = detections_df[detections_df['failure'].isna()].copy()
+        
+    assert other_fields is not None
+
+    detection_categories = other_fields['detection_categories']
+    
+    # Convert keys and values to lowercase
+    classification_categories = other_fields.get('classification_categories', {})
+    if classification_categories is not None:
+        classification_categories = {
+            k.lower(): v.lower()
+            for k, v in classification_categories.items()
+        }
+
+    # Count detections and almost-detections for reporting purposes
+    n_positives = 0
+    n_almosts = 0
+    
+    for i_row,row in tqdm(detections_df.iterrows(),total=len(detections_df)):
+        
+        detections = row['detections']
+        max_conf = row['max_detection_conf']
+        if _has_positive_detection(detections, options, detection_categories):
+            n_positives += 1
+        elif (options.almost_detection_confidence_threshold is not None) and \
+             (max_conf >= options.almost_detection_confidence_threshold):
+            n_almosts += 1        
+        
+    print(f'Finished loading and preprocessing {len(detections_df)} rows '
+          f'from detector output, predicted {n_positives} positives.')
+
+    if options.include_almost_detections:
+        print('...and {} almost-positives'.format(n_almosts))
+
+
+    ##%% Find descriptive metadata to include at the top of the page
+
+    if options.job_name_string is not None:
+        job_name_string = options.job_name_string
+    else:
+        # This is rare; it only happens during debugging when the caller
+        # is supplying already-loaded MD results.
+        if options.md_results_file is None:
+            job_name_string = 'unknown'
+        else:
+            job_name_string = os.path.basename(options.md_results_file)
+    
+    if options.model_version_string is not None:
+        model_version_string = options.model_version_string
+    else:
+        
+        if 'info' not in other_fields or 'detector' not in other_fields['info']:
+            print('No model metadata supplied, assuming MDv4')
+            model_version_string = 'MDv4 (assumed)'
+        else:            
+            model_version_string = other_fields['info']['detector']
+    
+        
+    ##%% If we have ground truth, remove images we can't match to ground truth
+
+    if ground_truth_indexed_db is not None:
+
+        b_match = detections_df['file'].isin(
+            ground_truth_indexed_db.filename_to_id)
+        print(f'Confirmed filename matches to ground truth for {sum(b_match)} '
+              f'of {len(detections_df)} files')
+
+        detections_df = detections_df[b_match]
+        detector_files = detections_df['file'].tolist()
+
+        assert len(detector_files) > 0, (
+            'No detection files available, possible path issue?')
+
+        print('Trimmed detection results to {} files'.format(len(detector_files)))
+
+
+    ##%% (Optionally) sample from the full set of images
+
+    images_to_visualize = detections_df
+
+    if options.num_images_to_sample is not None and options.num_images_to_sample > 0:
+        images_to_visualize = images_to_visualize.sample(
+            n=min(options.num_images_to_sample, len(images_to_visualize)),
+            random_state=options.sample_seed)
+
+    output_html_file = ''
+
+    style_header = """<head>
+        <style type="text/css">
+        a { text-decoration: none; }
+        body { font-family: segoe ui, calibri, "trebuchet ms", verdana, arial, sans-serif; }
+        div.contentdiv { margin-left: 20px; }
+        </style>
+        </head>"""
+
+
+    ##%% Fork here depending on whether or not ground truth is available
+
+    # If we have ground truth, we'll compute precision/recall and sample tp/fp/tn/fn.
+    #
+    # Otherwise we'll just visualize detections/non-detections.
+
+    if ground_truth_indexed_db is not None:
+
+        ##%% Detection evaluation: compute precision/recall
+
+        # numpy array of detection probabilities
+        p_detection = detections_df['max_detection_conf'].values
+        n_detections = len(p_detection)
+
+        # numpy array of bools (0.0/1.0), and -1 as null value
+        gt_detections = np.zeros(n_detections, dtype=float)
+
+        for i_detection, fn in enumerate(detector_files):
+            image_id = ground_truth_indexed_db.filename_to_id[fn]
+            image = ground_truth_indexed_db.image_id_to_image[image_id]
+            detection_status = image['_detection_status']
+
+            if detection_status == DetectionStatus.DS_NEGATIVE:
+                gt_detections[i_detection] = 0.0
+            elif detection_status == DetectionStatus.DS_POSITIVE:
+                gt_detections[i_detection] = 1.0
+            else:
+                gt_detections[i_detection] = -1.0
+
+        # Don't include ambiguous/unknown ground truth in precision/recall analysis
+        b_valid_ground_truth = gt_detections >= 0.0
+
+        p_detection_pr = p_detection[b_valid_ground_truth]
+        gt_detections_pr = (gt_detections[b_valid_ground_truth] == 1.)
+
+        print('Including {} of {} values in p/r analysis'.format(np.sum(b_valid_ground_truth),
+              len(b_valid_ground_truth)))
+
+        precisions, recalls, thresholds = precision_recall_curve(gt_detections_pr, p_detection_pr)
+
+        # For completeness, include the result at a confidence threshold of 1.0
+        thresholds = np.append(thresholds, [1.0])
+
+        precisions_recalls = pd.DataFrame(data={
+            'confidence_threshold': thresholds,
+            'precision': precisions,
+            'recall': recalls
+        })
+
+        # Compute and print summary statistics
+        average_precision = average_precision_score(gt_detections_pr, p_detection_pr)
+        print('Average precision: {:.1%}'.format(average_precision))
+
+        # Thresholds go up throughout precisions/recalls/thresholds; find the last
+        # value where recall is at or above target.  That's our precision @ target recall.
+        
+        i_above_target_recall = (np.where(recalls >= options.target_recall))
+        
+        # np.where returns a tuple of arrays, but in this syntax where we're 
+        # comparing an array with a scalar, there will only be one element.
+        assert len (i_above_target_recall) == 1
+        
+        # Convert back to a list
+        i_above_target_recall = i_above_target_recall[0].tolist()
+        
+        if len(i_above_target_recall) == 0:
+            precision_at_target_recall = 0.0
+        else:
+            precision_at_target_recall = precisions[i_above_target_recall[-1]]
+        print('Precision at {:.1%} recall: {:.1%}'.format(options.target_recall,
+                                                          precision_at_target_recall))
+
+        cm_predictions = np.array(p_detection_pr) > options.confidence_threshold
+        cm = confusion_matrix(gt_detections_pr, cm_predictions, labels=[False,True])
+
+        # Flatten the confusion matrix
+        tn, fp, fn, tp = cm.ravel()
+
+        precision_at_confidence_threshold = tp / (tp + fp)
+        recall_at_confidence_threshold = tp / (tp + fn)
+        f1 = 2.0 * (precision_at_confidence_threshold * recall_at_confidence_threshold) / \
+            (precision_at_confidence_threshold + recall_at_confidence_threshold)
+
+        print('At a confidence threshold of {:.1%}, precision={:.1%}, recall={:.1%}, f1={:.1%}'.format(
+                options.confidence_threshold, precision_at_confidence_threshold,
+                recall_at_confidence_threshold, f1))
+
+        ##%% Collect classification results, if they exist
+
+        classifier_accuracies = []
+
+        # Mapping of classnames to idx for the confusion matrix.
+        #
+        # The lambda is actually kind of a hack, because we use assume that
+        # the following code does not reassign classname_to_idx
+        classname_to_idx = collections.defaultdict(lambda: len(classname_to_idx))
+
+        # Confusion matrix as defaultdict of defaultdict
+        #
+        # Rows / first index is ground truth, columns / second index is predicted category
+        classifier_cm = collections.defaultdict(lambda: collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0))
+
+        # iDetection = 0; fn = detector_files[iDetection]; print(fn)
+        assert len(detector_files) == len(detections_df)
+        for iDetection, fn in enumerate(detector_files):
+
+            image_id = ground_truth_indexed_db.filename_to_id[fn]
+            image = ground_truth_indexed_db.image_id_to_image[image_id]
+            detections = detections_df['detections'].iloc[iDetection]
+            pred_class_ids = [det['classifications'][0][0] \
+                for det in detections if 'classifications' in det.keys()]
+            pred_classnames = [classification_categories[pd] for pd in pred_class_ids]
+
+            # If this image has classification predictions, and an unambiguous class
+            # annotated, and is a positive image...
+            if len(pred_classnames) > 0 \
+                    and '_unambiguous_category' in image.keys() \
+                    and image['_detection_status'] == DetectionStatus.DS_POSITIVE:
+
+                # The unambiguous category, we make this a set for easier handling afterward
+                gt_categories = set([image['_unambiguous_category']])
+                pred_categories = set(pred_classnames)
+
+                # Compute the accuracy as intersection of union,
+                # i.e. (# of categories in both prediction and GT)
+                #      divided by (# of categories in either prediction or GT
+                #
+                # In case of only one GT category, the result will be 1.0, if
+                # prediction is one category and this category matches GT
+                #
+                # It is 1.0/(# of predicted top-1 categories), if the GT is
+                # one of the predicted top-1 categories.
+                #
+                # It is 0.0, if none of the predicted categories is correct
+
+                classifier_accuracies.append(
+                    len(gt_categories & pred_categories)
+                    / len(gt_categories | pred_categories)
+                )
+                image['_classification_accuracy'] = classifier_accuracies[-1]
+
+                # Distribute this accuracy across all predicted categories in the
+                # confusion matrix
+                assert len(gt_categories) == 1
+                gt_class_idx = classname_to_idx[list(gt_categories)[0]]
+                for pred_category in pred_categories:
+                    pred_class_idx = classname_to_idx[pred_category]
+                    classifier_cm[gt_class_idx][pred_class_idx] += 1
+
+        # ...for each file in the detection results
+
+        # If we have classification results
+        if len(classifier_accuracies) > 0:
+
+            # Build confusion matrix as array from classifier_cm
+            all_class_ids = sorted(classname_to_idx.values())
+            classifier_cm_array = np.array(
+                [[classifier_cm[r_idx][c_idx] for c_idx in all_class_ids] for \
+                 r_idx in all_class_ids], dtype=float)
+            classifier_cm_array /= (classifier_cm_array.sum(axis=1, keepdims=True) + 1e-7)
+
+            # Print some statistics
+            print('Finished computation of {} classification results'.format(
+                len(classifier_accuracies)))
+            print('Mean accuracy: {}'.format(np.mean(classifier_accuracies)))
+
+            # Prepare confusion matrix output
+
+            # Get confusion matrix as string
+            sio = io.StringIO()
+            np.savetxt(sio, classifier_cm_array * 100, fmt='%5.1f')
+            cm_str = sio.getvalue()
+            # Get fixed-size classname for each idx
+            idx_to_classname = {v:k for k,v in classname_to_idx.items()}
+            classname_list = [idx_to_classname[idx] for idx in sorted(classname_to_idx.values())]
+            classname_headers = ['{:<5}'.format(cname[:5]) for cname in classname_list]
+
+            # Prepend class name on each line and add to the top
+            cm_str_lines = [' ' * 16 + ' '.join(classname_headers)]
+            cm_str_lines += ['{:>15}'.format(cn[:15]) + ' ' + cm_line for cn, cm_line in \
+                             zip(classname_list, cm_str.splitlines())]
+
+            # Print formatted confusion matrix
+            if False:
+                # Actually don't, this gets really messy in all but the widest consoles
+                print('Confusion matrix: ')
+                print(*cm_str_lines, sep='\n')
+
+            # Plot confusion matrix
+
+            # To manually add more space at bottom: plt.rcParams['figure.subplot.bottom'] = 0.1
+            #
+            # Add 0.5 to figsize for every class. For two classes, this will result in
+            # fig = plt.figure(figsize=[4,4])
+            fig = plot_utils.plot_confusion_matrix(
+                classifier_cm_array,
+                classname_list,
+                normalize=False,
+                title='Confusion matrix',
+                cmap=plt.cm.Blues,
+                vmax=1.0,
+                use_colorbar=True,
+                y_label=True)
+            cm_figure_relative_filename = 'confusion_matrix.png'
+            cm_figure_filename = os.path.join(output_dir, cm_figure_relative_filename)
+            plt.savefig(cm_figure_filename)
+            plt.close(fig)
+
+        # ...if we have classification results
+
+
+        ##%% Render output
+
+        # Write p/r table to .csv file in output directory
+        pr_table_filename = os.path.join(output_dir, 'prec_recall.csv')
+        precisions_recalls.to_csv(pr_table_filename, index=False)
+
+        # Write precision/recall plot to .png file in output directory
+        t = 'Precision-Recall curve: AP={:0.1%}, P@{:0.1%}={:0.1%}'.format(
+            average_precision, options.target_recall, precision_at_target_recall)
+        fig = plot_utils.plot_precision_recall_curve(precisions, recalls, t)
+        
+        pr_figure_relative_filename = 'prec_recall.png'
+        pr_figure_filename = os.path.join(output_dir, pr_figure_relative_filename)
+        fig.savefig(pr_figure_filename)
+        plt.close(fig)
+
+
+        ##%% Sampling
+
+        # Sample true/false positives/negatives with correct/incorrect top-1
+        # classification and render to html
+
+        # Accumulate html image structs (in the format expected by write_html_image_lists)
+        # for each category, e.g. 'tp', 'fp', ..., 'class_bird', ...
+        images_html = collections.defaultdict(list)
+        
+        # Add default entries by accessing them for the first time
+        [images_html[res] for res in ['tp', 'tpc', 'tpi', 'fp', 'tn', 'fn']]
+        for res in images_html.keys():
+            os.makedirs(os.path.join(output_dir, res), exist_ok=True)
+
+        image_count = len(images_to_visualize)
+
+        # Each element will be a list of 2-tuples, with elements [collection name,html info struct]
+        rendering_results = []
+
+        # Each element will be a three-tuple with elements file,max_conf,detections
+        files_to_render = []
+
+        # Assemble the information we need for rendering, so we can parallelize without
+        # dealing with Pandas
+        # i_row = 0; row = images_to_visualize.iloc[0]
+        for _, row in images_to_visualize.iterrows():
+
+            # Filenames should already have been normalized to either '/' or '\'
+            files_to_render.append([row['file'], row['max_detection_conf'], row['detections']])
+
+        start_time = time.time()
+        if options.parallelize_rendering:
+            if options.parallelize_rendering_n_cores is None:                
+                if options.parallelize_rendering_with_threads:
+                    pool = ThreadPool()
+                else:
+                    pool = Pool()
+            else:
+                if options.parallelize_rendering_with_threads:
+                    pool = ThreadPool(options.parallelize_rendering_n_cores)
+                    worker_string = 'threads'
+                else:
+                    pool = Pool(options.parallelize_rendering_n_cores)
+                    worker_string = 'processes'
+                print('Rendering images with {} {}'.format(options.parallelize_rendering_n_cores,
+                                                           worker_string))
+                
+            rendering_results = list(tqdm(pool.imap(
+                partial(_render_image_with_gt,
+                        ground_truth_indexed_db=ground_truth_indexed_db,
+                        detection_categories=detection_categories,
+                        classification_categories=classification_categories,
+                        options=options), 
+                files_to_render), total=len(files_to_render)))
+        else:
+            for file_info in tqdm(files_to_render):
+                rendering_results.append(_render_image_with_gt(
+                    file_info,ground_truth_indexed_db,
+                    detection_categories,classification_categories,
+                    options=options))
+        elapsed = time.time() - start_time
+
+        # Map all the rendering results in the list rendering_results into the
+        # dictionary images_html, which maps category names to lists of results
+        image_rendered_count = 0
+        for rendering_result in rendering_results:
+            if rendering_result is None:
+                continue
+            image_rendered_count += 1
+            for assignment in rendering_result:
+                images_html[assignment[0]].append(assignment[1])
+
+        # Prepare the individual html image files
+        image_counts = _prepare_html_subpages(images_html, output_dir, options)
+
+        print('{} images rendered (of {})'.format(image_rendered_count,image_count))
+
+        # Write index.html
+        all_tp_count = image_counts['tp'] + image_counts['tpc'] + image_counts['tpi']
+        total_count = all_tp_count + image_counts['tn'] + image_counts['fp'] + image_counts['fn']
+
+        classification_detection_results = """&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="tpc.html">with all correct top-1 predictions (TPC)</a> ({})<br/>
+           &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="tpi.html">with one or more incorrect top-1 prediction (TPI)</a> ({})<br/>
+           &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="tp.html">without classification evaluation</a><sup>*</sup> ({})<br/>""".format(
+            image_counts['tpc'],
+            image_counts['tpi'],
+            image_counts['tp']
+        )
+
+        confidence_threshold_string = ''
+        if isinstance(options.confidence_threshold,float):
+            confidence_threshold_string = '{:.2%}'.format(options.confidence_threshold)
+        else:
+            confidence_threshold_string = str(options.confidence_threshold)
+        
+        index_page = """<html>
+        {}
+        <body>
+        <h2>Evaluation</h2>
+
+        <h3>Job metadata</h3>
+        
+        <div class="contentdiv">
+        <p>Job name: {}<br/>
+        <p>Model version: {}</p>
+        </div>
+        
+        <h3>Sample images</h3>
+        <div class="contentdiv">
+        <p>A sample of {} images, annotated with detections above confidence {}.</p>
+        <a href="tp.html">True positives (TP)</a> ({}) ({:0.1%})<br/>
+        CLASSIFICATION_PLACEHOLDER_1
+        <a href="tn.html">True negatives (TN)</a> ({}) ({:0.1%})<br/>
+        <a href="fp.html">False positives (FP)</a> ({}) ({:0.1%})<br/>
+        <a href="fn.html">False negatives (FN)</a> ({}) ({:0.1%})<br/>
+        CLASSIFICATION_PLACEHOLDER_2
+        </div>
+        """.format(
+            style_header,job_name_string,model_version_string,
+            image_count, confidence_threshold_string,
+            all_tp_count, all_tp_count/total_count,
+            image_counts['tn'], image_counts['tn']/total_count,
+            image_counts['fp'], image_counts['fp']/total_count,
+            image_counts['fn'], image_counts['fn']/total_count
+        )
+
+        index_page += """
+            <h3>Detection results</h3>
+            <div class="contentdiv">
+            <p>At a confidence threshold of {}, precision={:0.1%}, recall={:0.1%}</p>
+            <p><strong>Precision/recall summary for all {} images</strong></p><img src="{}"><br/>
+            </div>
+            """.format(
+                confidence_threshold_string, precision_at_confidence_threshold, recall_at_confidence_threshold,
+                len(detections_df), pr_figure_relative_filename
+           )
+
+        if len(classifier_accuracies) > 0:
+            index_page = index_page.replace('CLASSIFICATION_PLACEHOLDER_1',classification_detection_results)
+            index_page = index_page.replace('CLASSIFICATION_PLACEHOLDER_2',"""<p><sup>*</sup>We do not evaluate the classification result of images
+                if the classification information is missing, if the image contains
+                categories like &lsquo;empty&rsquo; or &lsquo;human&rsquo;, or if the image has multiple
+                classification labels.</p>""")
+        else:
+            index_page = index_page.replace('CLASSIFICATION_PLACEHOLDER_1','')
+            index_page = index_page.replace('CLASSIFICATION_PLACEHOLDER_2','')
+
+        if len(classifier_accuracies) > 0:
+            index_page += """
+                <h3>Classification results</h3>
+                <div class="contentdiv">
+                <p>Classification accuracy: {:.2%}<br>
+                The accuracy is computed only for images with exactly one classification label.
+                The accuracy of an image is computed as 1/(number of unique detected top-1 classes),
+                i.e. if the model detects multiple boxes with different top-1 classes, then the accuracy
+                decreases and the image is put into 'TPI'.</p>
+                <p>Confusion matrix:</p>
+                <p><img src="{}"></p>
+                <div style='font-family:monospace;display:block;'>{}</div>
+                </div>
+                """.format(
+                    np.mean(classifier_accuracies),
+                    cm_figure_relative_filename,
+                    "<br>".join(cm_str_lines).replace(' ', '&nbsp;')
+                )
+
+        # Show links to each GT class
+        #
+        # We could do this without classification results; currently we don't.
+        if len(classname_to_idx) > 0:
+
+            index_page += '<h3>Images of specific classes</h3><br/><div class="contentdiv">'
+            # Add links to all available classes
+            for cname in sorted(classname_to_idx.keys()):
+                index_page += '<a href="class_{0}.html">{0}</a> ({1})<br>'.format(
+                    cname,
+                    len(images_html['class_{}'.format(cname)]))
+            index_page += '</div>'
+
+        # Close body and html tags
+        index_page += '</body></html>'
+        output_html_file = os.path.join(output_dir, 'index.html')
+        with open(output_html_file, 'w') as f:
+            f.write(index_page)
+
+        print('Finished writing html to {}'.format(output_html_file))
+
+    # ...for each image
+
+
+    ##%% Otherwise, if we don't have ground truth...
+
+    else:
+
+        ##%% Sample detections/non-detections
+
+        # Accumulate html image structs (in the format expected by write_html_image_list)
+        # for each category
+        images_html = collections.defaultdict(list)
+        
+
+        # Add default entries by accessing them for the first time
+
+        # Maps sorted tuples of detection category IDs (string ints) - e.g. ("1"), ("1", "4", "7") - to 
+        # result set names, e.g. "detections_human", "detections_cat_truck".
+        detection_categories_to_results_name = {}
+        
+        # Keep track of which categories are single-class (e.g. "animal") and which are
+        # combinations (e.g. "animal_vehicle")
+        detection_categories_to_category_count = {}
+        
+        # For the creation of a "non-detections" category
+        images_html['non_detections']
+        detection_categories_to_category_count['non_detections'] = 0
+        
+        
+        if not options.separate_detections_by_category:
+            # For the creation of a "detections" category
+            images_html['detections']
+            detection_categories_to_category_count['detections'] = 0            
+        else:
+            # Add a set of results for each category and combination of categories, e.g.
+            # "detections_animal_vehicle".  When we're using this script for non-MegaDetector
+            # results, this can generate lots of categories, e.g. detections_bear_bird_cat_dog_pig.
+            # We'll keep that huge set of combinations in this map, but we'll only write
+            # out links for the ones that are non-empty.            
+            used_combinations = set()
+            
+            # row = images_to_visualize.iloc[0]
+            for i_row, row in images_to_visualize.iterrows():
+                detections_this_row = row['detections']
+                above_threshold_category_ids_this_row = set()
+                for detection in detections_this_row:
+                    threshold = _get_threshold_for_category_id(detection['category'], options, detection_categories)
+                    if detection['conf'] >= threshold:
+                        above_threshold_category_ids_this_row.add(detection['category'])
+                if len(above_threshold_category_ids_this_row) == 0:
+                    continue
+                sorted_categories_this_row = tuple(sorted(above_threshold_category_ids_this_row))
+                used_combinations.add(sorted_categories_this_row)
+            
+            for sorted_subset in used_combinations:
+                assert len(sorted_subset) > 0
+                results_name = 'detections'
+                for category_id in sorted_subset:
+                    results_name = results_name + '_' + detection_categories[category_id]
+                images_html[results_name]
+                detection_categories_to_results_name[sorted_subset] = results_name
+                detection_categories_to_category_count[results_name] = len(sorted_subset)                
+
+        if options.include_almost_detections:
+            images_html['almost_detections']
+            detection_categories_to_category_count['almost_detections'] = 0
+
+        # Create output directories
+        for res in images_html.keys():
+            os.makedirs(os.path.join(output_dir, res), exist_ok=True)
+
+        image_count = len(images_to_visualize)
+        
+        # Each element will be a list of 2-tuples, with elements [collection name,html info struct]
+        rendering_results = []
+
+        # list of 3-tuples with elements (file, max_conf, detections)
+        files_to_render = []
+
+        # Assemble the information we need for rendering, so we can parallelize without
+        # dealing with Pandas
+        # i_row = 0; row = images_to_visualize.iloc[0]
+        for _, row in images_to_visualize.iterrows():
+
+            assert isinstance(row['detections'],list)
+            
+            # Filenames should already have been normalized to either '/' or '\'
+            files_to_render.append([row['file'],
+                                    row['max_detection_conf'],
+                                    row['detections']])
+
+        start_time = time.time()
+        if options.parallelize_rendering:
+            
+            if options.parallelize_rendering_n_cores is None:                
+                if options.parallelize_rendering_with_threads:
+                    pool = ThreadPool()
+                else:
+                    pool = Pool()
+            else:
+                if options.parallelize_rendering_with_threads:
+                    pool = ThreadPool(options.parallelize_rendering_n_cores)
+                    worker_string = 'threads'
+                else:
+                    pool = Pool(options.parallelize_rendering_n_cores)
+                    worker_string = 'processes'
+                print('Rendering images with {} {}'.format(options.parallelize_rendering_n_cores,
+                                                           worker_string))
+                
+            # _render_image_no_gt(file_info,detection_categories_to_results_name,
+            # detection_categories,classification_categories)
+
+            rendering_results = list(tqdm(pool.imap(
+                partial(_render_image_no_gt, 
+                        detection_categories_to_results_name=detection_categories_to_results_name,
+                        detection_categories=detection_categories,
+                        classification_categories=classification_categories,
+                        options=options),
+                        files_to_render), total=len(files_to_render)))
+        else:
+            for file_info in tqdm(files_to_render):
+                rendering_results.append(_render_image_no_gt(file_info,
+                                                            detection_categories_to_results_name,
+                                                            detection_categories,
+                                                            classification_categories,
+                                                            options=options))
+                
+        elapsed = time.time() - start_time
+
+        # Do we have classification results in addition to detection results?
+        has_classification_info = False
+        
+        # Map all the rendering results in the list rendering_results into the
+        # dictionary images_html
+        image_rendered_count = 0
+        for rendering_result in rendering_results:
+            if rendering_result is None:
+                continue
+            image_rendered_count += 1
+            for assignment in rendering_result:
+                if 'class' in assignment[0]:
+                    has_classification_info = True
+                images_html[assignment[0]].append(assignment[1])
+
+        # Prepare the individual html image files
+        image_counts = _prepare_html_subpages(images_html, output_dir, options)
+        
+        if image_rendered_count == 0:
+            seconds_per_image = 0.0
+        else:
+            seconds_per_image = elapsed/image_rendered_count
+
+        print('Rendered {} images (of {}) in {} ({} per image)'.format(image_rendered_count,
+              image_count,humanfriendly.format_timespan(elapsed),
+              humanfriendly.format_timespan(seconds_per_image)))
+
+        # Write index.html
+
+        # We can't just sum these, because image_counts includes images in both their
+        # detection and classification classes
+        # total_images = sum(image_counts.values())
+        total_images = 0
+        for k in image_counts.keys():
+            v = image_counts[k]
+            if has_classification_info and k.startswith('class_'):
+                continue
+            total_images += v
+
+        if total_images != image_count:
+            print('Warning, missing images: image_count is {}, total_images is {}'.format(total_images,image_count))
+        
+        almost_detection_string = ''
+        if options.include_almost_detections:
+            almost_detection_string = ' (&ldquo;almost detection&rdquo; threshold at {:.1%})'.format(
+                options.almost_detection_confidence_threshold)
+
+        confidence_threshold_string = ''
+        if isinstance(options.confidence_threshold,float):
+            confidence_threshold_string = '{:.2%}'.format(options.confidence_threshold)
+        else:
+            confidence_threshold_string = str(options.confidence_threshold)
+            
+        index_page = """<html>\n{}\n<body>\n
+        <h2>Visualization of results for {}</h2>\n
+        <p>A sample of {} images (of {} total)FAILURE_PLACEHOLDER, annotated with detections above confidence {}{}.</p>\n
+        
+        <div class="contentdiv">
+        <p>Model version: {}</p>
+        </div>
+        
+        <h3>Sample images</h3>\n
+        <div class="contentdiv">\n""".format(
+            style_header, job_name_string, image_count, len(detections_df), confidence_threshold_string,
+            almost_detection_string, model_version_string)
+
+        failure_string = ''
+        if n_failures is not None:
+            failure_string = ' ({} failures)'.format(n_failures)        
+        index_page = index_page.replace('FAILURE_PLACEHOLDER',failure_string)
+        
+        def result_set_name_to_friendly_name(result_set_name):
+            friendly_name = ''
+            friendly_name = result_set_name.replace('_','-')
+            if friendly_name.startswith('detections-'):
+                friendly_name = friendly_name.replace('detections-', 'detections: ')
+            friendly_name = friendly_name.capitalize()
+            return friendly_name
+
+        sorted_result_set_names = sorted(list(images_html.keys()))
+        
+        result_set_name_to_count = {}
+        for result_set_name in sorted_result_set_names:
+            image_count = image_counts[result_set_name]
+            result_set_name_to_count[result_set_name] = image_count
+        sorted_result_set_names = sorted(sorted_result_set_names,
+                                         key=lambda x: result_set_name_to_count[x],
+                                         reverse=True)
+            
+        for result_set_name in sorted_result_set_names:
+
+            # Don't print classification classes here; we'll do that later with a slightly
+            # different structure
+            if has_classification_info and result_set_name.lower().startswith('class_'):
+                continue
+
+            filename = result_set_name + '.html'
+            label = result_set_name_to_friendly_name(result_set_name)
+            image_count = image_counts[result_set_name]
+            
+            # Don't include line items for empty multi-category pages
+            if image_count == 0 and \
+                detection_categories_to_category_count[result_set_name] > 1:
+                    continue
+            
+            if total_images == 0:
+                image_fraction = -1
+            else:
+                image_fraction = image_count / total_images
+                
+            # Write the line item for this category, including a link only if the
+            # category is non-empty
+            if image_count == 0:
+                index_page += '{} ({}, {:.1%})<br/>\n'.format(
+                    label,image_count,image_fraction)
+            else:
+                index_page += '<a href="{}">{}</a> ({}, {:.1%})<br/>\n'.format(
+                    filename,label,image_count,image_fraction)
+
+        index_page += '</div>\n'
+
+        if has_classification_info:
+            index_page += '<h3>Images of detected classes</h3>'
+            index_page += '<p>The same image might appear under multiple classes ' + \
+                'if multiple species were detected.</p>\n'
+            index_page += '<p>Classifications with confidence less than {:.1%} confidence are considered "unreliable".</p>\n'.format(
+                options.classification_confidence_threshold)
+            index_page += '<div class="contentdiv">\n'
+
+            # Add links to all available classes
+            class_names = sorted(classification_categories.values())
+            if 'class_unreliable' in images_html.keys():
+                class_names.append('unreliable')
+
+            if options.sort_classification_results_by_count:
+                class_name_to_count = {}                
+                for cname in class_names:
+                    ccount = len(images_html['class_{}'.format(cname)])
+                    class_name_to_count[cname] = ccount
+                class_names = sorted(class_names,key=lambda x: class_name_to_count[x],reverse=True)                
+                    
+            for cname in class_names:
+                ccount = len(images_html['class_{}'.format(cname)])
+                if ccount > 0:
+                    index_page += '<a href="class_{}.html">{}</a> ({})<br/>\n'.format(
+                        cname, cname.lower(), ccount)
+            index_page += '</div>\n'
+
+        index_page += '</body></html>'
+        output_html_file = os.path.join(output_dir, 'index.html')
+        with open(output_html_file, 'w') as f:
+            f.write(index_page)
+
+        print('Finished writing html to {}'.format(output_html_file))
+
+        # os.startfile(output_html_file)
+
+    # ...if we do/don't have ground truth
+
+    ppresults.output_html_file = output_html_file
+    return ppresults
+
+# ...process_batch_results
+
+
+#%% Interactive driver(s)
+
+if False:
+
+    #%%
+
+    base_dir = r'g:\temp'
+    options = PostProcessingOptions()
+    options.image_base_dir = base_dir
+    options.output_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, 'preview')
+    options.md_results_file = os.path.join(base_dir, 'results.json')
+    options.confidence_threshold = {'person':0.5,'animal':0.5,'vehicle':0.01}
+    options.include_almost_detections = True
+    options.almost_detection_confidence_threshold = 0.001
+
+    ppresults = process_batch_results(options)
+    # from megadetector.utils.path_utils import open_file; open_file(ppresults.output_html_file)
+
+
+#%% Command-line driver
+
+def main():
+    
+    options = PostProcessingOptions()
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        'md_results_file',
+        help='path to .json file containing MegaDetector results')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        'output_dir',
+        help='base directory for output')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--image_base_dir', default=options.image_base_dir,
+        help='base directory for images (optional, can compute statistics '
+             'without images)')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--ground_truth_json_file', default=options.ground_truth_json_file,
+        help='ground truth labels (optional, can render detections without '
+             'ground truth), in the COCO Camera Traps format')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--confidence_threshold', type=float,
+        default=options.confidence_threshold,
+        help='Confidence threshold for statistics and visualization')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--almost_detection_confidence_threshold', type=float,
+        default=options.almost_detection_confidence_threshold,
+        help='Almost-detection confidence threshold for statistics and visualization')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--target_recall', type=float, default=options.target_recall,
+        help='Target recall (for statistics only)')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--num_images_to_sample', type=int,
+        default=options.num_images_to_sample,
+        help='number of images to visualize, -1 for all images (default: 500)')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--viz_target_width', type=int, default=options.viz_target_width,
+        help='Output image width')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--include_almost_detections', action='store_true',
+        help='Include a separate category for images just above a second confidence threshold')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--html_sort_order', type=str, default='filename',
+        help='Sort order for output pages, should be one of [filename,confidence,random] (defaults to filename)')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--sort_by_confidence', action='store_true',
+        help='Sort output in decreasing order by confidence (defaults to sorting by filename)')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--n_cores', type=int, default=1,
+        help='Number of threads to use for rendering (default: 1)')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--parallelize_rendering_with_processes', 
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Should we use processes (instead of threads) for parallelization?')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--no_separate_detections_by_category', 
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Collapse all categories into just "detections" and "non-detections"')    
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--open_output_file', 
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Open the HTML output file when finished')    
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--max_figures_per_html_file', 
+        type=int, default=None,
+        help='Maximum number of images to put on a single HTML page')
+    
+    if len(sys.argv[1:]) == 0:
+        parser.print_help()
+        parser.exit()
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    
+    if args.n_cores != 1:
+        assert (args.n_cores > 1), 'Illegal number of cores: {}'.format(args.n_cores)
+        if args.parallelize_rendering_with_processes:
+            args.parallelize_rendering_with_threads = False
+        args.parallelize_rendering = True
+        args.parallelize_rendering_n_cores = args.n_cores        
+
+    args_to_object(args, options)    
+
+    if args.no_separate_detections_by_category:
+        options.separate_detections_by_category = False
+    
+    ppresults = process_batch_results(options)
+    
+    if options.open_output_file:
+        path_utils.open_file(ppresults.output_html_file)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()