mediapipe-nightly 0.10.21.post20250114__cp312-cp312-macosx_11_0_universal2.whl

mediapipe/python/solutions/drawing_styles.py

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+# Copyright 2021 The MediaPipe Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless requi_RED by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""MediaPipe solution drawing styles."""
+
+from typing import Mapping, Tuple
+
+from mediapipe.python.solutions import face_mesh_connections
+from mediapipe.python.solutions import hands_connections
+from mediapipe.python.solutions.drawing_utils import DrawingSpec
+from mediapipe.python.solutions.hands import HandLandmark
+from mediapipe.python.solutions.pose import PoseLandmark
+
+_RADIUS = 5
+_RED = (48, 48, 255)
+_GREEN = (48, 255, 48)
+_BLUE = (192, 101, 21)
+_YELLOW = (0, 204, 255)
+_GRAY = (128, 128, 128)
+_PURPLE = (128, 64, 128)
+_PEACH = (180, 229, 255)
+_WHITE = (224, 224, 224)
+_CYAN = (192, 255, 48)
+_MAGENTA = (192, 48, 255)
+
+# Hands
+_THICKNESS_WRIST_MCP = 3
+_THICKNESS_FINGER = 2
+_THICKNESS_DOT = -1
+
+# Hand landmarks
+_PALM_LANDMARKS = (HandLandmark.WRIST, HandLandmark.THUMB_CMC,
+                   HandLandmark.INDEX_FINGER_MCP,
+                   HandLandmark.MIDDLE_FINGER_MCP, HandLandmark.RING_FINGER_MCP,
+                   HandLandmark.PINKY_MCP)
+_THUMP_LANDMARKS = (HandLandmark.THUMB_MCP, HandLandmark.THUMB_IP,
+                    HandLandmark.THUMB_TIP)
+_INDEX_FINGER_LANDMARKS = (HandLandmark.INDEX_FINGER_PIP,
+                           HandLandmark.INDEX_FINGER_DIP,
+                           HandLandmark.INDEX_FINGER_TIP)
+_MIDDLE_FINGER_LANDMARKS = (HandLandmark.MIDDLE_FINGER_PIP,
+                            HandLandmark.MIDDLE_FINGER_DIP,
+                            HandLandmark.MIDDLE_FINGER_TIP)
+_RING_FINGER_LANDMARKS = (HandLandmark.RING_FINGER_PIP,
+                          HandLandmark.RING_FINGER_DIP,
+                          HandLandmark.RING_FINGER_TIP)
+_PINKY_FINGER_LANDMARKS = (HandLandmark.PINKY_PIP, HandLandmark.PINKY_DIP,
+                           HandLandmark.PINKY_TIP)
+_HAND_LANDMARK_STYLE = {
+    _PALM_LANDMARKS:
+        DrawingSpec(
+            color=_RED, thickness=_THICKNESS_DOT, circle_radius=_RADIUS),
+    _THUMP_LANDMARKS:
+        DrawingSpec(
+            color=_PEACH, thickness=_THICKNESS_DOT, circle_radius=_RADIUS),
+    _INDEX_FINGER_LANDMARKS:
+        DrawingSpec(
+            color=_PURPLE, thickness=_THICKNESS_DOT, circle_radius=_RADIUS),
+    _MIDDLE_FINGER_LANDMARKS:
+        DrawingSpec(
+            color=_YELLOW, thickness=_THICKNESS_DOT, circle_radius=_RADIUS),
+    _RING_FINGER_LANDMARKS:
+        DrawingSpec(
+            color=_GREEN, thickness=_THICKNESS_DOT, circle_radius=_RADIUS),
+    _PINKY_FINGER_LANDMARKS:
+        DrawingSpec(
+            color=_BLUE, thickness=_THICKNESS_DOT, circle_radius=_RADIUS),
+}
+
+# Hands connections
+_HAND_CONNECTION_STYLE = {
+    hands_connections.HAND_PALM_CONNECTIONS:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_GRAY, thickness=_THICKNESS_WRIST_MCP),
+    hands_connections.HAND_THUMB_CONNECTIONS:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_PEACH, thickness=_THICKNESS_FINGER),
+    hands_connections.HAND_INDEX_FINGER_CONNECTIONS:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_PURPLE, thickness=_THICKNESS_FINGER),
+    hands_connections.HAND_MIDDLE_FINGER_CONNECTIONS:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_YELLOW, thickness=_THICKNESS_FINGER),
+    hands_connections.HAND_RING_FINGER_CONNECTIONS:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_GREEN, thickness=_THICKNESS_FINGER),
+    hands_connections.HAND_PINKY_FINGER_CONNECTIONS:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_BLUE, thickness=_THICKNESS_FINGER)
+}
+
+# FaceMesh connections
+_THICKNESS_TESSELATION = 1
+_THICKNESS_CONTOURS = 2
+_FACEMESH_CONTOURS_CONNECTION_STYLE = {
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_LIPS:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_WHITE, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS),
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_LEFT_EYE:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_GREEN, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS),
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_LEFT_EYEBROW:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_GREEN, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS),
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_RIGHT_EYE:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_RED, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS),
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_RIGHT_EYEBROW:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_RED, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS),
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_FACE_OVAL:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_WHITE, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS)
+}
+
+_FACEMESH_CONTOURS_CONNECTION_STYLE_1 = {
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_LIPS:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_BLUE, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS),
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_LEFT_EYE:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_CYAN, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS),
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_LEFT_EYEBROW:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_GREEN, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS),
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_RIGHT_EYE:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_MAGENTA, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS),
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_RIGHT_EYEBROW:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_RED, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS),
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_FACE_OVAL:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_WHITE, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS),
+    face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_NOSE:
+        DrawingSpec(color=_YELLOW, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS)
+}
+
+# Pose
+_THICKNESS_POSE_LANDMARKS = 2
+_POSE_LANDMARKS_LEFT = frozenset([
+    PoseLandmark.LEFT_EYE_INNER, PoseLandmark.LEFT_EYE,
+    PoseLandmark.LEFT_EYE_OUTER, PoseLandmark.LEFT_EAR, PoseLandmark.MOUTH_LEFT,
+    PoseLandmark.LEFT_SHOULDER, PoseLandmark.LEFT_ELBOW,
+    PoseLandmark.LEFT_WRIST, PoseLandmark.LEFT_PINKY, PoseLandmark.LEFT_INDEX,
+    PoseLandmark.LEFT_THUMB, PoseLandmark.LEFT_HIP, PoseLandmark.LEFT_KNEE,
+    PoseLandmark.LEFT_ANKLE, PoseLandmark.LEFT_HEEL,
+    PoseLandmark.LEFT_FOOT_INDEX
+])
+
+_POSE_LANDMARKS_RIGHT = frozenset([
+    PoseLandmark.RIGHT_EYE_INNER, PoseLandmark.RIGHT_EYE,
+    PoseLandmark.RIGHT_EYE_OUTER, PoseLandmark.RIGHT_EAR,
+    PoseLandmark.MOUTH_RIGHT, PoseLandmark.RIGHT_SHOULDER,
+    PoseLandmark.RIGHT_ELBOW, PoseLandmark.RIGHT_WRIST,
+    PoseLandmark.RIGHT_PINKY, PoseLandmark.RIGHT_INDEX,
+    PoseLandmark.RIGHT_THUMB, PoseLandmark.RIGHT_HIP, PoseLandmark.RIGHT_KNEE,
+    PoseLandmark.RIGHT_ANKLE, PoseLandmark.RIGHT_HEEL,
+    PoseLandmark.RIGHT_FOOT_INDEX
+])
+
+
+def get_default_hand_landmarks_style() -> Mapping[int, DrawingSpec]:
+  """Returns the default hand landmarks drawing style.
+
+  Returns:
+      A mapping from each hand landmark to its default drawing spec.
+  """
+  hand_landmark_style = {}
+  for k, v in _HAND_LANDMARK_STYLE.items():
+    for landmark in k:
+      hand_landmark_style[landmark] = v
+  return hand_landmark_style
+
+
+def get_default_hand_connections_style(
+) -> Mapping[Tuple[int, int], DrawingSpec]:
+  """Returns the default hand connections drawing style.
+
+  Returns:
+      A mapping from each hand connection to its default drawing spec.
+  """
+  hand_connection_style = {}
+  for k, v in _HAND_CONNECTION_STYLE.items():
+    for connection in k:
+      hand_connection_style[connection] = v
+  return hand_connection_style
+
+
+def get_default_face_mesh_contours_style(
+    i: int = 0,
+) -> Mapping[Tuple[int, int], DrawingSpec]:
+  """Returns the default face mesh contours drawing style.
+
+  Args:
+      i: The id for default style. Currently there are two default styles.
+
+  Returns:
+      A mapping from each face mesh contours connection to its default drawing
+      spec.
+  """
+  default_style = (
+      _FACEMESH_CONTOURS_CONNECTION_STYLE_1
+      if i == 1
+      else _FACEMESH_CONTOURS_CONNECTION_STYLE
+  )
+  face_mesh_contours_connection_style = {}
+  for k, v in default_style.items():
+    for connection in k:
+      face_mesh_contours_connection_style[connection] = v
+  return face_mesh_contours_connection_style
+
+
+def get_default_face_mesh_tesselation_style() -> DrawingSpec:
+  """Returns the default face mesh tesselation drawing style.
+
+  Returns:
+      A DrawingSpec.
+  """
+  return DrawingSpec(color=_GRAY, thickness=_THICKNESS_TESSELATION)
+
+
+def get_default_face_mesh_iris_connections_style(
+) -> Mapping[Tuple[int, int], DrawingSpec]:
+  """Returns the default face mesh iris connections drawing style.
+
+  Returns:
+       A mapping from each iris connection to its default drawing spec.
+  """
+  face_mesh_iris_connections_style = {}
+  left_spec = DrawingSpec(color=_GREEN, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS)
+  for connection in face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_LEFT_IRIS:
+    face_mesh_iris_connections_style[connection] = left_spec
+  right_spec = DrawingSpec(color=_RED, thickness=_THICKNESS_CONTOURS)
+  for connection in face_mesh_connections.FACEMESH_RIGHT_IRIS:
+    face_mesh_iris_connections_style[connection] = right_spec
+  return face_mesh_iris_connections_style
+
+
+def get_default_pose_landmarks_style() -> Mapping[int, DrawingSpec]:
+  """Returns the default pose landmarks drawing style.
+
+  Returns:
+      A mapping from each pose landmark to its default drawing spec.
+  """
+  pose_landmark_style = {}
+  left_spec = DrawingSpec(
+      color=(0, 138, 255), thickness=_THICKNESS_POSE_LANDMARKS)
+  right_spec = DrawingSpec(
+      color=(231, 217, 0), thickness=_THICKNESS_POSE_LANDMARKS)
+  for landmark in _POSE_LANDMARKS_LEFT:
+    pose_landmark_style[landmark] = left_spec
+  for landmark in _POSE_LANDMARKS_RIGHT:
+    pose_landmark_style[landmark] = right_spec
+  pose_landmark_style[PoseLandmark.NOSE] = DrawingSpec(
+      color=_WHITE, thickness=_THICKNESS_POSE_LANDMARKS)
+  return pose_landmark_style

mediapipe/python/solutions/drawing_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+# Copyright 2020 The MediaPipe Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""MediaPipe solution drawing utils."""
+
+import dataclasses
+import math
+from typing import List, Mapping, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+import cv2
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+
+from mediapipe.framework.formats import detection_pb2
+from mediapipe.framework.formats import landmark_pb2
+from mediapipe.framework.formats import location_data_pb2
+
+_PRESENCE_THRESHOLD = 0.5
+_VISIBILITY_THRESHOLD = 0.5
+_BGR_CHANNELS = 3
+
+WHITE_COLOR = (224, 224, 224)
+BLACK_COLOR = (0, 0, 0)
+RED_COLOR = (0, 0, 255)
+GREEN_COLOR = (0, 128, 0)
+BLUE_COLOR = (255, 0, 0)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class DrawingSpec:
+  # Color for drawing the annotation. Default to the white color.
+  color: Tuple[int, int, int] = WHITE_COLOR
+  # Thickness for drawing the annotation. Default to 2 pixels.
+  thickness: int = 2
+  # Circle radius. Default to 2 pixels.
+  circle_radius: int = 2
+
+
+def _normalized_to_pixel_coordinates(
+    normalized_x: float, normalized_y: float, image_width: int,
+    image_height: int) -> Union[None, Tuple[int, int]]:
+  """Converts normalized value pair to pixel coordinates."""
+
+  # Checks if the float value is between 0 and 1.
+  def is_valid_normalized_value(value: float) -> bool:
+    return (value > 0 or math.isclose(0, value)) and (value < 1 or
+                                                      math.isclose(1, value))
+
+  if not (is_valid_normalized_value(normalized_x) and
+          is_valid_normalized_value(normalized_y)):
+    # TODO: Draw coordinates even if it's outside of the image bounds.
+    return None
+  x_px = min(math.floor(normalized_x * image_width), image_width - 1)
+  y_px = min(math.floor(normalized_y * image_height), image_height - 1)
+  return x_px, y_px
+
+
+def draw_detection(
+    image: np.ndarray,
+    detection: detection_pb2.Detection,
+    keypoint_drawing_spec: DrawingSpec = DrawingSpec(color=RED_COLOR),
+    bbox_drawing_spec: DrawingSpec = DrawingSpec()):
+  """Draws the detction bounding box and keypoints on the image.
+
+  Args:
+    image: A three channel BGR image represented as numpy ndarray.
+    detection: A detection proto message to be annotated on the image.
+    keypoint_drawing_spec: A DrawingSpec object that specifies the keypoints'
+      drawing settings such as color, line thickness, and circle radius.
+    bbox_drawing_spec: A DrawingSpec object that specifies the bounding box's
+      drawing settings such as color and line thickness.
+
+  Raises:
+    ValueError: If one of the followings:
+      a) If the input image is not three channel BGR.
+      b) If the location data is not relative data.
+  """
+  if not detection.location_data:
+    return
+  if image.shape[2] != _BGR_CHANNELS:
+    raise ValueError('Input image must contain three channel bgr data.')
+  image_rows, image_cols, _ = image.shape
+
+  location = detection.location_data
+  if location.format != location_data_pb2.LocationData.RELATIVE_BOUNDING_BOX:
+    raise ValueError(
+        'LocationData must be relative for this drawing funtion to work.')
+  # Draws keypoints.
+  for keypoint in location.relative_keypoints:
+    keypoint_px = _normalized_to_pixel_coordinates(keypoint.x, keypoint.y,
+                                                   image_cols, image_rows)
+    cv2.circle(image, keypoint_px, keypoint_drawing_spec.circle_radius,
+               keypoint_drawing_spec.color, keypoint_drawing_spec.thickness)
+  # Draws bounding box if exists.
+  if not location.HasField('relative_bounding_box'):
+    return
+  relative_bounding_box = location.relative_bounding_box
+  rect_start_point = _normalized_to_pixel_coordinates(
+      relative_bounding_box.xmin, relative_bounding_box.ymin, image_cols,
+      image_rows)
+  rect_end_point = _normalized_to_pixel_coordinates(
+      relative_bounding_box.xmin + relative_bounding_box.width,
+      relative_bounding_box.ymin + relative_bounding_box.height, image_cols,
+      image_rows)
+  cv2.rectangle(image, rect_start_point, rect_end_point,
+                bbox_drawing_spec.color, bbox_drawing_spec.thickness)
+
+
+def draw_landmarks(
+    image: np.ndarray,
+    landmark_list: landmark_pb2.NormalizedLandmarkList,
+    connections: Optional[List[Tuple[int, int]]] = None,
+    landmark_drawing_spec: Optional[
+        Union[DrawingSpec, Mapping[int, DrawingSpec]]
+    ] = DrawingSpec(color=RED_COLOR),
+    connection_drawing_spec: Union[
+        DrawingSpec, Mapping[Tuple[int, int], DrawingSpec]
+    ] = DrawingSpec(),
+    is_drawing_landmarks: bool = True,
+):
+  """Draws the landmarks and the connections on the image.
+
+  Args:
+    image: A three channel BGR image represented as numpy ndarray.
+    landmark_list: A normalized landmark list proto message to be annotated on
+      the image.
+    connections: A list of landmark index tuples that specifies how landmarks to
+      be connected in the drawing.
+    landmark_drawing_spec: Either a DrawingSpec object or a mapping from hand
+      landmarks to the DrawingSpecs that specifies the landmarks' drawing
+      settings such as color, line thickness, and circle radius. If this
+      argument is explicitly set to None, no landmarks will be drawn.
+    connection_drawing_spec: Either a DrawingSpec object or a mapping from hand
+      connections to the DrawingSpecs that specifies the connections' drawing
+      settings such as color and line thickness. If this argument is explicitly
+      set to None, no landmark connections will be drawn.
+    is_drawing_landmarks: Whether to draw landmarks. If set false, skip drawing
+      landmarks, only contours will be drawed.
+
+  Raises:
+    ValueError: If one of the followings:
+      a) If the input image is not three channel BGR.
+      b) If any connetions contain invalid landmark index.
+  """
+  if not landmark_list:
+    return
+  if image.shape[2] != _BGR_CHANNELS:
+    raise ValueError('Input image must contain three channel bgr data.')
+  image_rows, image_cols, _ = image.shape
+  idx_to_coordinates = {}
+  for idx, landmark in enumerate(landmark_list.landmark):
+    if ((landmark.HasField('visibility') and
+         landmark.visibility < _VISIBILITY_THRESHOLD) or
+        (landmark.HasField('presence') and
+         landmark.presence < _PRESENCE_THRESHOLD)):
+      continue
+    landmark_px = _normalized_to_pixel_coordinates(landmark.x, landmark.y,
+                                                   image_cols, image_rows)
+    if landmark_px:
+      idx_to_coordinates[idx] = landmark_px
+  if connections:
+    num_landmarks = len(landmark_list.landmark)
+    # Draws the connections if the start and end landmarks are both visible.
+    for connection in connections:
+      start_idx = connection[0]
+      end_idx = connection[1]
+      if not (0 <= start_idx < num_landmarks and 0 <= end_idx < num_landmarks):
+        raise ValueError(f'Landmark index is out of range. Invalid connection '
+                         f'from landmark #{start_idx} to landmark #{end_idx}.')
+      if start_idx in idx_to_coordinates and end_idx in idx_to_coordinates:
+        drawing_spec = connection_drawing_spec[connection] if isinstance(
+            connection_drawing_spec, Mapping) else connection_drawing_spec
+        cv2.line(image, idx_to_coordinates[start_idx],
+                 idx_to_coordinates[end_idx], drawing_spec.color,
+                 drawing_spec.thickness)
+  # Draws landmark points after finishing the connection lines, which is
+  # aesthetically better.
+  if is_drawing_landmarks and landmark_drawing_spec:
+    for idx, landmark_px in idx_to_coordinates.items():
+      drawing_spec = landmark_drawing_spec[idx] if isinstance(
+          landmark_drawing_spec, Mapping) else landmark_drawing_spec
+      # White circle border
+      circle_border_radius = max(drawing_spec.circle_radius + 1,
+                                 int(drawing_spec.circle_radius * 1.2))
+      cv2.circle(image, landmark_px, circle_border_radius, WHITE_COLOR,
+                 drawing_spec.thickness)
+      # Fill color into the circle
+      cv2.circle(image, landmark_px, drawing_spec.circle_radius,
+                 drawing_spec.color, drawing_spec.thickness)
+
+
+def draw_axis(image: np.ndarray,
+              rotation: np.ndarray,
+              translation: np.ndarray,
+              focal_length: Tuple[float, float] = (1.0, 1.0),
+              principal_point: Tuple[float, float] = (0.0, 0.0),
+              axis_length: float = 0.1,
+              axis_drawing_spec: DrawingSpec = DrawingSpec()):
+  """Draws the 3D axis on the image.
+
+  Args:
+    image: A three channel BGR image represented as numpy ndarray.
+    rotation: Rotation matrix from object to camera coordinate frame.
+    translation: Translation vector from object to camera coordinate frame.
+    focal_length: camera focal length along x and y directions.
+    principal_point: camera principal point in x and y.
+    axis_length: length of the axis in the drawing.
+    axis_drawing_spec: A DrawingSpec object that specifies the xyz axis drawing
+      settings such as line thickness.
+
+  Raises:
+    ValueError: If one of the followings:
+      a) If the input image is not three channel BGR.
+  """
+  if image.shape[2] != _BGR_CHANNELS:
+    raise ValueError('Input image must contain three channel bgr data.')
+  image_rows, image_cols, _ = image.shape
+  # Create axis points in camera coordinate frame.
+  axis_world = np.float32([[0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
+  axis_cam = np.matmul(rotation, axis_length * axis_world.T).T + translation
+  x = axis_cam[..., 0]
+  y = axis_cam[..., 1]
+  z = axis_cam[..., 2]
+  # Project 3D points to NDC space.
+  fx, fy = focal_length
+  px, py = principal_point
+  x_ndc = np.clip(-fx * x / (z + 1e-5) + px, -1., 1.)
+  y_ndc = np.clip(-fy * y / (z + 1e-5) + py, -1., 1.)
+  # Convert from NDC space to image space.
+  x_im = np.int32((1 + x_ndc) * 0.5 * image_cols)
+  y_im = np.int32((1 - y_ndc) * 0.5 * image_rows)
+  # Draw xyz axis on the image.
+  origin = (x_im[0], y_im[0])
+  x_axis = (x_im[1], y_im[1])
+  y_axis = (x_im[2], y_im[2])
+  z_axis = (x_im[3], y_im[3])
+  cv2.arrowedLine(image, origin, x_axis, RED_COLOR, axis_drawing_spec.thickness)
+  cv2.arrowedLine(image, origin, y_axis, GREEN_COLOR,
+                  axis_drawing_spec.thickness)
+  cv2.arrowedLine(image, origin, z_axis, BLUE_COLOR,
+                  axis_drawing_spec.thickness)
+
+
+def _normalize_color(color):
+  return tuple(v / 255. for v in color)
+
+
+def plot_landmarks(landmark_list: landmark_pb2.NormalizedLandmarkList,
+                   connections: Optional[List[Tuple[int, int]]] = None,
+                   landmark_drawing_spec: DrawingSpec = DrawingSpec(
+                       color=RED_COLOR, thickness=5),
+                   connection_drawing_spec: DrawingSpec = DrawingSpec(
+                       color=BLACK_COLOR, thickness=5),
+                   elevation: int = 10,
+                   azimuth: int = 10):
+  """Plot the landmarks and the connections in matplotlib 3d.
+
+  Args:
+    landmark_list: A normalized landmark list proto message to be plotted.
+    connections: A list of landmark index tuples that specifies how landmarks to
+      be connected.
+    landmark_drawing_spec: A DrawingSpec object that specifies the landmarks'
+      drawing settings such as color and line thickness.
+    connection_drawing_spec: A DrawingSpec object that specifies the
+      connections' drawing settings such as color and line thickness.
+    elevation: The elevation from which to view the plot.
+    azimuth: the azimuth angle to rotate the plot.
+
+  Raises:
+    ValueError: If any connection contains an invalid landmark index.
+  """
+  if not landmark_list:
+    return
+  plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
+  ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
+  ax.view_init(elev=elevation, azim=azimuth)
+  plotted_landmarks = {}
+  for idx, landmark in enumerate(landmark_list.landmark):
+    if ((landmark.HasField('visibility') and
+         landmark.visibility < _VISIBILITY_THRESHOLD) or
+        (landmark.HasField('presence') and
+         landmark.presence < _PRESENCE_THRESHOLD)):
+      continue
+    ax.scatter3D(
+        xs=[-landmark.z],
+        ys=[landmark.x],
+        zs=[-landmark.y],
+        color=_normalize_color(landmark_drawing_spec.color[::-1]),
+        linewidth=landmark_drawing_spec.thickness)
+    plotted_landmarks[idx] = (-landmark.z, landmark.x, -landmark.y)
+  if connections:
+    num_landmarks = len(landmark_list.landmark)
+    # Draws the connections if the start and end landmarks are both visible.
+    for connection in connections:
+      start_idx = connection[0]
+      end_idx = connection[1]
+      if not (0 <= start_idx < num_landmarks and 0 <= end_idx < num_landmarks):
+        raise ValueError(f'Landmark index is out of range. Invalid connection '
+                         f'from landmark #{start_idx} to landmark #{end_idx}.')
+      if start_idx in plotted_landmarks and end_idx in plotted_landmarks:
+        landmark_pair = [
+            plotted_landmarks[start_idx], plotted_landmarks[end_idx]
+        ]
+        ax.plot3D(
+            xs=[landmark_pair[0][0], landmark_pair[1][0]],
+            ys=[landmark_pair[0][1], landmark_pair[1][1]],
+            zs=[landmark_pair[0][2], landmark_pair[1][2]],
+            color=_normalize_color(connection_drawing_spec.color[::-1]),
+            linewidth=connection_drawing_spec.thickness)
+  plt.show()