matrix-synapse 1.143.0__cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

synapse/handlers/federation_event.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2419 @@
+#
+# This file is licensed under the Affero General Public License (AGPL) version 3.
+#
+# Copyright 2021 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+# Copyright (C) 2023 New Vector, Ltd
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+# License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details:
+# <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html>.
+#
+# Originally licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0:
+# <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>.
+#
+# [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
+#
+#
+
+import collections
+import itertools
+import logging
+from http import HTTPStatus
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Collection,
+    Container,
+    Iterable,
+    Sequence,
+)
+
+from prometheus_client import Counter, Histogram
+
+from synapse import event_auth
+from synapse.api.constants import (
+    EventContentFields,
+    EventTypes,
+    GuestAccess,
+    Membership,
+    RejectedReason,
+    RoomEncryptionAlgorithms,
+)
+from synapse.api.errors import (
+    AuthError,
+    Codes,
+    EventSizeError,
+    FederationError,
+    FederationPullAttemptBackoffError,
+    HttpResponseException,
+    PartialStateConflictError,
+    RequestSendFailed,
+    SynapseError,
+)
+from synapse.api.room_versions import KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS, RoomVersion, RoomVersions
+from synapse.event_auth import (
+    auth_types_for_event,
+    check_state_dependent_auth_rules,
+    check_state_independent_auth_rules,
+    validate_event_for_room_version,
+)
+from synapse.events import EventBase
+from synapse.events.snapshot import (
+    EventContext,
+    EventPersistencePair,
+    UnpersistedEventContextBase,
+)
+from synapse.federation.federation_client import InvalidResponseError, PulledPduInfo
+from synapse.logging.context import nested_logging_context
+from synapse.logging.opentracing import (
+    SynapseTags,
+    set_tag,
+    start_active_span,
+    tag_args,
+    trace,
+)
+from synapse.metrics import SERVER_NAME_LABEL
+from synapse.replication.http.federation import (
+    ReplicationFederationSendEventsRestServlet,
+)
+from synapse.state import StateResolutionStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.events_worker import EventRedactBehaviour
+from synapse.types import (
+    PersistedEventPosition,
+    RoomStreamToken,
+    StateMap,
+    StrCollection,
+    UserID,
+    get_domain_from_id,
+)
+from synapse.types.state import StateFilter
+from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer, concurrently_execute
+from synapse.util.iterutils import batch_iter, partition, sorted_topologically
+from synapse.util.retryutils import NotRetryingDestination
+from synapse.util.stringutils import shortstr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from synapse.server import HomeServer
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+soft_failed_event_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_federation_soft_failed_events_total",
+    "Events received over federation that we marked as soft_failed",
+    labelnames=[SERVER_NAME_LABEL],
+)
+
+# Added to debug performance and track progress on optimizations
+backfill_processing_after_timer = Histogram(
+    "synapse_federation_backfill_processing_after_time_seconds",
+    "sec",
+    labelnames=[SERVER_NAME_LABEL],
+    buckets=(
+        0.1,
+        0.25,
+        0.5,
+        1.0,
+        2.5,
+        5.0,
+        7.5,
+        10.0,
+        15.0,
+        20.0,
+        25.0,
+        30.0,
+        40.0,
+        50.0,
+        60.0,
+        80.0,
+        100.0,
+        120.0,
+        150.0,
+        180.0,
+        "+Inf",
+    ),
+)
+
+
+class FederationEventHandler:
+    """Handles events that originated from federation.
+
+    Responsible for handing incoming events and passing them on to the rest
+    of the homeserver (including auth and state conflict resolutions)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        self.server_name = hs.hostname
+        self.hs = hs
+        self._clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self._store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self._state_store = hs.get_datastores().state
+        self._state_deletion_store = hs.get_datastores().state_deletion
+        self._storage_controllers = hs.get_storage_controllers()
+        self._state_storage_controller = self._storage_controllers.state
+
+        self._state_handler = hs.get_state_handler()
+        self._event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
+        self._event_auth_handler = hs.get_event_auth_handler()
+        self._message_handler = hs.get_message_handler()
+        self._bulk_push_rule_evaluator = hs.get_bulk_push_rule_evaluator()
+        self._state_resolution_handler = hs.get_state_resolution_handler()
+        # avoid a circular dependency by deferring execution here
+        self._get_room_member_handler = hs.get_room_member_handler
+
+        self._federation_client = hs.get_federation_client()
+        self._third_party_event_rules = (
+            hs.get_module_api_callbacks().third_party_event_rules
+        )
+        self._notifier = hs.get_notifier()
+
+        self._server_name = hs.hostname
+        self._is_mine_id = hs.is_mine_id
+        self._is_mine_server_name = hs.is_mine_server_name
+        self._instance_name = hs.get_instance_name()
+
+        self._config = hs.config
+        self._ephemeral_messages_enabled = hs.config.server.enable_ephemeral_messages
+
+        self._send_events = ReplicationFederationSendEventsRestServlet.make_client(hs)
+        self._device_list_updater = hs.get_device_handler().device_list_updater
+
+        # When joining a room we need to queue any events for that room up.
+        # For each room, a list of (pdu, origin) tuples.
+        # TODO: replace this with something more elegant, probably based around the
+        # federation event staging area.
+        self.room_queues: dict[str, list[tuple[EventBase, str]]] = {}
+
+        self._room_pdu_linearizer = Linearizer(name="fed_room_pdu", clock=self._clock)
+
+    async def on_receive_pdu(self, origin: str, pdu: EventBase) -> None:
+        """Process a PDU received via a federation /send/ transaction
+
+        Args:
+            origin: server which initiated the /send/ transaction. Will
+                be used to fetch missing events or state.
+            pdu: received PDU
+        """
+
+        # We should never see any outliers here.
+        assert not pdu.internal_metadata.outlier
+
+        room_id = pdu.room_id
+        event_id = pdu.event_id
+
+        # We reprocess pdus when we have seen them only as outliers
+        existing = await self._store.get_event(
+            event_id, allow_none=True, allow_rejected=True
+        )
+
+        # FIXME: Currently we fetch an event again when we already have it
+        # if it has been marked as an outlier.
+        if existing:
+            if not existing.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
+                logger.info(
+                    "Ignoring received event %s which we have already seen", event_id
+                )
+                return
+            if pdu.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
+                logger.info(
+                    "Ignoring received outlier %s which we already have as an outlier",
+                    event_id,
+                )
+                return
+            logger.info("De-outliering event %s", event_id)
+
+        # do some initial sanity-checking of the event. In particular, make
+        # sure it doesn't have hundreds of prev_events or auth_events, which
+        # could cause a huge state resolution or cascade of event fetches.
+        try:
+            self._sanity_check_event(pdu)
+        except SynapseError as err:
+            logger.warning("Received event failed sanity checks")
+            raise FederationError("ERROR", err.code, err.msg, affected=pdu.event_id)
+
+        # If we are currently in the process of joining this room, then we
+        # queue up events for later processing.
+        if room_id in self.room_queues:
+            logger.info(
+                "Queuing PDU from %s for now: join in progress",
+                origin,
+            )
+            self.room_queues[room_id].append((pdu, origin))
+            return
+
+        # If we're not in the room just ditch the event entirely (and not
+        # invited). This is probably an old server that has come back and thinks
+        # we're still in the room (or we've been rejoined to the room by a state
+        # reset).
+        #
+        # Note that if we were never in the room then we would have already
+        # dropped the event, since we wouldn't know the room version.
+        is_in_room = await self._event_auth_handler.is_host_in_room(
+            room_id, self.server_name
+        )
+        if not is_in_room:
+            # Check if this is a leave event rescinding an invite
+            if (
+                pdu.type == EventTypes.Member
+                and pdu.membership == Membership.LEAVE
+                and pdu.state_key != pdu.sender
+                and self._is_mine_id(pdu.state_key)
+            ):
+                (
+                    membership,
+                    membership_event_id,
+                ) = await self._store.get_local_current_membership_for_user_in_room(
+                    pdu.state_key, pdu.room_id
+                )
+                if (
+                    membership == Membership.INVITE
+                    and membership_event_id
+                    and membership_event_id
+                    in pdu.auth_event_ids()  # The invite should be in the auth events of the rescission.
+                ):
+                    invite_event = await self._store.get_event(
+                        membership_event_id, allow_none=True
+                    )
+
+                    # We cannot fully auth the rescission event, but we can
+                    # check if the sender of the leave event is the same as the
+                    # invite.
+                    #
+                    # Technically, a room admin could rescind the invite, but we
+                    # have no way of knowing who is and isn't a room admin.
+                    if invite_event and pdu.sender == invite_event.sender:
+                        # Handle the rescission event
+                        pdu.internal_metadata.outlier = True
+                        pdu.internal_metadata.out_of_band_membership = True
+                        context = EventContext.for_outlier(self._storage_controllers)
+                        await self.persist_events_and_notify(room_id, [(pdu, context)])
+                        return
+
+            logger.info(
+                "Ignoring PDU from %s as we're not in the room",
+                origin,
+            )
+            return None
+
+        # Try to fetch any missing prev events to fill in gaps in the graph
+        prevs = set(pdu.prev_event_ids())
+        seen = await self._store.have_events_in_timeline(prevs)
+        missing_prevs = prevs - seen
+
+        if missing_prevs:
+            # We only backfill backwards to the min depth.
+            min_depth = await self._store.get_min_depth(pdu.room_id)
+            logger.debug("min_depth: %d", min_depth)
+
+            if min_depth is not None and pdu.depth > min_depth:
+                # If we're missing stuff, ensure we only fetch stuff one
+                # at a time.
+                logger.info(
+                    "Acquiring room lock to fetch %d missing prev_events: %s",
+                    len(missing_prevs),
+                    shortstr(missing_prevs),
+                )
+                async with self._room_pdu_linearizer.queue(pdu.room_id):
+                    logger.info(
+                        "Acquired room lock to fetch %d missing prev_events",
+                        len(missing_prevs),
+                    )
+
+                    try:
+                        await self._get_missing_events_for_pdu(
+                            origin, pdu, prevs, min_depth
+                        )
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        raise Exception(
+                            "Error fetching missing prev_events for %s: %s"
+                            % (event_id, e)
+                        ) from e
+
+                # Update the set of things we've seen after trying to
+                # fetch the missing stuff
+                seen = await self._store.have_events_in_timeline(prevs)
+                missing_prevs = prevs - seen
+
+                if not missing_prevs:
+                    logger.info("Found all missing prev_events")
+
+            if missing_prevs:
+                # since this event was pushed to us, it is possible for it to
+                # become the only forward-extremity in the room, and we would then
+                # trust its state to be the state for the whole room. This is very
+                # bad. Further, if the event was pushed to us, there is no excuse
+                # for us not to have all the prev_events. (XXX: apart from
+                # min_depth?)
+                #
+                # We therefore reject any such events.
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Rejecting: failed to fetch %d prev events: %s",
+                    len(missing_prevs),
+                    shortstr(missing_prevs),
+                )
+                raise FederationError(
+                    "ERROR",
+                    403,
+                    (
+                        "Your server isn't divulging details about prev_events "
+                        "referenced in this event."
+                    ),
+                    affected=pdu.event_id,
+                )
+
+        try:
+            context = await self._state_handler.compute_event_context(pdu)
+            await self._process_received_pdu(origin, pdu, context)
+        except PartialStateConflictError:
+            # The room was un-partial stated while we were processing the PDU.
+            # Try once more, with full state this time.
+            logger.info(
+                "Room %s was un-partial stated while processing the PDU, trying again.",
+                room_id,
+            )
+            context = await self._state_handler.compute_event_context(pdu)
+            await self._process_received_pdu(origin, pdu, context)
+
+    async def on_send_membership_event(
+        self, origin: str, event: EventBase
+    ) -> EventPersistencePair:
+        """
+        We have received a join/leave/knock event for a room via send_join/leave/knock.
+
+        Verify that event and send it into the room on the remote homeserver's behalf.
+
+        This is quite similar to on_receive_pdu, with the following principal
+        differences:
+          * only membership events are permitted (and only events with
+            sender==state_key -- ie, no kicks or bans)
+          * *We* send out the event on behalf of the remote server.
+          * We enforce the membership restrictions of restricted rooms.
+          * Rejected events result in an exception rather than being stored.
+
+        There are also other differences, however it is not clear if these are by
+        design or omission. In particular, we do not attempt to backfill any missing
+        prev_events.
+
+        Args:
+            origin: The homeserver of the remote (joining/invited/knocking) user.
+            event: The member event that has been signed by the remote homeserver.
+
+        Returns:
+            The event and context of the event after inserting it into the room graph.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError if any prev_events are missing
+            SynapseError if the event is not accepted into the room
+            PartialStateConflictError if the room was un-partial stated in between
+                computing the state at the event and persisting it. The caller should
+                retry exactly once in this case.
+        """
+        logger.debug(
+            "on_send_membership_event: Got event: %s, signatures: %s",
+            event.event_id,
+            event.signatures,
+        )
+
+        if get_domain_from_id(event.sender) != origin:
+            logger.info(
+                "Got send_membership request for user %r from different origin %s",
+                event.sender,
+                origin,
+            )
+            raise SynapseError(403, "User not from origin", Codes.FORBIDDEN)
+
+        if event.sender != event.state_key:
+            raise SynapseError(400, "state_key and sender must match", Codes.BAD_JSON)
+
+        assert not event.internal_metadata.outlier
+
+        # Send this event on behalf of the other server.
+        #
+        # The remote server isn't a full participant in the room at this point, so
+        # may not have an up-to-date list of the other homeservers participating in
+        # the room, so we send it on their behalf.
+        event.internal_metadata.send_on_behalf_of = origin
+
+        context = await self._state_handler.compute_event_context(event)
+        await self._check_event_auth(origin, event, context)
+        if context.rejected:
+            raise SynapseError(
+                403, f"{event.membership} event was rejected", Codes.FORBIDDEN
+            )
+
+        # for joins, we need to check the restrictions of restricted rooms
+        if event.membership == Membership.JOIN:
+            await self.check_join_restrictions(context, event)
+
+        # for knock events, we run the third-party event rules. It's not entirely clear
+        # why we don't do this for other sorts of membership events.
+        if event.membership == Membership.KNOCK:
+            event_allowed, _ = await self._third_party_event_rules.check_event_allowed(
+                event, context
+            )
+            if not event_allowed:
+                logger.info("Sending of knock %s forbidden by third-party rules", event)
+                raise SynapseError(
+                    403, "This event is not allowed in this context", Codes.FORBIDDEN
+                )
+
+        # all looks good, we can persist the event.
+
+        # First, precalculate the joined hosts so that the federation sender doesn't
+        # need to.
+        await self._event_creation_handler.cache_joined_hosts_for_events(
+            [(event, context)]
+        )
+
+        await self._check_for_soft_fail(event, context=context, origin=origin)
+        await self._run_push_actions_and_persist_event(event, context)
+        return event, context
+
+    async def check_join_restrictions(
+        self,
+        context: UnpersistedEventContextBase,
+        event: EventBase,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Check that restrictions in restricted join rules are matched
+
+        Called when we receive a join event via send_join.
+
+        Raises an auth error if the restrictions are not matched.
+        """
+        prev_state_ids = await context.get_prev_state_ids()
+
+        # Check if the user is already in the room or invited to the room.
+        user_id = event.state_key
+        prev_member_event_id = prev_state_ids.get((EventTypes.Member, user_id), None)
+        prev_membership = None
+        if prev_member_event_id:
+            prev_member_event = await self._store.get_event(prev_member_event_id)
+            prev_membership = prev_member_event.membership
+
+        # Check if the member should be allowed access via membership in a space.
+        await self._event_auth_handler.check_restricted_join_rules(
+            prev_state_ids,
+            event.room_version,
+            user_id,
+            prev_membership,
+        )
+
+    @trace
+    async def process_remote_join(
+        self,
+        origin: str,
+        room_id: str,
+        auth_events: list[EventBase],
+        state: list[EventBase],
+        event: EventBase,
+        room_version: RoomVersion,
+        partial_state: bool,
+    ) -> int:
+        """Persists the events returned by a send_join
+
+        Checks the auth chain is valid (and passes auth checks) for the
+        state and event. Then persists all of the events.
+        Notifies about the persisted events where appropriate.
+
+        Args:
+            origin: Where the events came from
+            room_id:
+            auth_events
+            state
+            event
+            room_version: The room version we expect this room to have, and
+                will raise if it doesn't match the version in the create event.
+            partial_state: True if the state omits non-critical membership events
+
+        Returns:
+            The stream ID after which all events have been persisted.
+
+        Raises:
+            SynapseError if the response is in some way invalid.
+            PartialStateConflictError if the homeserver is already in the room and it
+                has been un-partial stated.
+        """
+        create_event = None
+        for e in state:
+            if (e.type, e.state_key) == (EventTypes.Create, ""):
+                create_event = e
+                break
+
+        if create_event is None:
+            # If the state doesn't have a create event then the room is
+            # invalid, and it would fail auth checks anyway.
+            raise SynapseError(400, "No create event in state")
+
+        room_version_id = create_event.content.get(
+            "room_version", RoomVersions.V1.identifier
+        )
+
+        if room_version.identifier != room_version_id:
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Room version mismatch")
+
+        # persist the auth chain and state events.
+        #
+        # any invalid events here will be marked as rejected, and we'll carry on.
+        #
+        # any events whose auth events are missing (ie, not in the send_join response,
+        # and not already in our db) will just be ignored. This is correct behaviour,
+        # because the reason that auth_events are missing might be due to us being
+        # unable to validate their signatures. The fact that we can't validate their
+        # signatures right now doesn't mean that we will *never* be able to, so it
+        # is premature to reject them.
+        #
+        await self._auth_and_persist_outliers(
+            room_id, itertools.chain(auth_events, state)
+        )
+
+        # and now persist the join event itself.
+        logger.info(
+            "Peristing join-via-remote %s (partial_state: %s)", event, partial_state
+        )
+        with nested_logging_context(suffix=event.event_id):
+            if partial_state:
+                # When handling a second partial state join into a partial state room,
+                # the returned state will exclude the membership from the first join. To
+                # preserve prior memberships, we try to compute the partial state before
+                # the event ourselves if we know about any of the prev events.
+                #
+                # When we don't know about any of the prev events, it's fine to just use
+                # the returned state, since the new join will create a new forward
+                # extremity, and leave the forward extremity containing our prior
+                # memberships alone.
+                prev_event_ids = set(event.prev_event_ids())
+                seen_event_ids = await self._store.have_events_in_timeline(
+                    prev_event_ids
+                )
+                missing_event_ids = prev_event_ids - seen_event_ids
+
+                state_maps_to_resolve: list[StateMap[str]] = []
+
+                # Fetch the state after the prev events that we know about.
+                state_maps_to_resolve.extend(
+                    (
+                        await self._state_storage_controller.get_state_groups_ids(
+                            room_id, seen_event_ids, await_full_state=False
+                        )
+                    ).values()
+                )
+
+                # When there are prev events we do not have the state for, we state
+                # resolve with the state returned by the remote homeserver.
+                if missing_event_ids or len(state_maps_to_resolve) == 0:
+                    state_maps_to_resolve.append(
+                        {(e.type, e.state_key): e.event_id for e in state}
+                    )
+
+                state_ids_before_event = (
+                    await self._state_resolution_handler.resolve_events_with_store(
+                        event.room_id,
+                        room_version.identifier,
+                        state_maps_to_resolve,
+                        event_map=None,
+                        state_res_store=StateResolutionStore(
+                            self._store, self._state_deletion_store
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                state_ids_before_event = {
+                    (e.type, e.state_key): e.event_id for e in state
+                }
+
+            context = await self._state_handler.compute_event_context(
+                event,
+                state_ids_before_event=state_ids_before_event,
+                partial_state=partial_state,
+            )
+
+            await self._check_event_auth(origin, event, context)
+            if context.rejected:
+                raise SynapseError(403, "Join event was rejected")
+
+            # the remote server is responsible for sending our join event to the rest
+            # of the federation. Indeed, attempting to do so will result in problems
+            # when we try to look up the state before the join (to get the server list)
+            # and discover that we do not have it.
+            event.internal_metadata.proactively_send = False
+
+            stream_id_after_persist = await self.persist_events_and_notify(
+                room_id, [(event, context)]
+            )
+
+            return stream_id_after_persist
+
+    async def update_state_for_partial_state_event(
+        self, destination: str, event: EventBase
+    ) -> None:
+        """Recalculate the state at an event as part of a de-partial-stating process
+
+        Args:
+            destination: server to request full state from
+            event: partial-state event to be de-partial-stated
+
+        Raises:
+            FederationPullAttemptBackoffError if we are are deliberately not attempting
+                to pull the given event over federation because we've already done so
+                recently and are backing off.
+            FederationError if we fail to request state from the remote server.
+        """
+        logger.info("Updating state for %s", event.event_id)
+        with nested_logging_context(suffix=event.event_id):
+            # if we have all the event's prev_events, then we can work out the
+            # state based on their states. Otherwise, we request it from the destination
+            # server.
+            #
+            # This is the same operation as we do when we receive a regular event
+            # over federation.
+            context = await self._compute_event_context_with_maybe_missing_prevs(
+                destination, event
+            )
+            if context.partial_state:
+                # this can happen if some or all of the event's prev_events still have
+                # partial state. We were careful to only pick events from the db without
+                # partial-state prev events, so that implies that a prev event has
+                # been persisted (with partial state) since we did the query.
+                #
+                # So, let's just ignore `event` for now; when we re-run the db query
+                # we should instead get its partial-state prev event, which we will
+                # de-partial-state, and then come back to event.
+                logger.warning(
+                    "%s still has prev_events with partial state: can't de-partial-state it yet",
+                    event.event_id,
+                )
+                return
+
+            # since the state at this event has changed, we should now re-evaluate
+            # whether it should have been rejected. We must already have all of the
+            # auth events (from last time we went round this path), so there is no
+            # need to pass the origin.
+            await self._check_event_auth(None, event, context)
+
+            await self._store.update_state_for_partial_state_event(event, context)
+            self._state_storage_controller.notify_event_un_partial_stated(
+                event.event_id
+            )
+            # Notify that there's a new row in the un_partial_stated_events stream.
+            self._notifier.notify_replication()
+
+    @trace
+    async def backfill(
+        self, dest: str, room_id: str, limit: int, extremities: StrCollection
+    ) -> None:
+        """Trigger a backfill request to `dest` for the given `room_id`
+
+        This will attempt to get more events from the remote. If the other side
+        has no new events to offer, this will return an empty list.
+
+        As the events are received, we check their signatures, and also do some
+        sanity-checking on them. If any of the backfilled events are invalid,
+        this method throws a SynapseError.
+
+        We might also raise an InvalidResponseError if the response from the remote
+        server is just bogus.
+
+        TODO: make this more useful to distinguish failures of the remote
+        server from invalid events (there is probably no point in trying to
+        re-fetch invalid events from every other HS in the room.)
+        """
+        if self._is_mine_server_name(dest):
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Can't backfill from self.")
+
+        events = await self._federation_client.backfill(
+            dest, room_id, limit=limit, extremities=extremities
+        )
+
+        if not events:
+            return
+
+        with backfill_processing_after_timer.labels(
+            **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: self.server_name}
+        ).time():
+            # if there are any events in the wrong room, the remote server is buggy and
+            # should not be trusted.
+            for ev in events:
+                if ev.room_id != room_id:
+                    raise InvalidResponseError(
+                        f"Remote server {dest} returned event {ev.event_id} which is in "
+                        f"room {ev.room_id}, when we were backfilling in {room_id}"
+                    )
+
+            await self._process_pulled_events(
+                dest,
+                events,
+                backfilled=True,
+            )
+
+    @trace
+    async def _get_missing_events_for_pdu(
+        self, origin: str, pdu: EventBase, prevs: set[str], min_depth: int
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Args:
+            origin: Origin of the pdu. Will be called to get the missing events
+            pdu: received pdu
+            prevs: List of event ids which we are missing
+            min_depth: Minimum depth of events to return.
+        """
+
+        room_id = pdu.room_id
+        event_id = pdu.event_id
+
+        seen = await self._store.have_events_in_timeline(prevs)
+
+        if not prevs - seen:
+            return
+
+        latest_frozen = await self._store.get_latest_event_ids_in_room(room_id)
+
+        # We add the prev events that we have seen to the latest
+        # list to ensure the remote server doesn't give them to us
+        latest = seen | latest_frozen
+
+        logger.info(
+            "Requesting missing events between %s and %s",
+            shortstr(latest),
+            event_id,
+        )
+
+        # XXX: we set timeout to 10s to help workaround
+        # https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/1733.
+        # The reason is to avoid holding the linearizer lock
+        # whilst processing inbound /send transactions, causing
+        # FDs to stack up and block other inbound transactions
+        # which empirically can currently take up to 30 minutes.
+        #
+        # N.B. this explicitly disables retry attempts.
+        #
+        # N.B. this also increases our chances of falling back to
+        # fetching fresh state for the room if the missing event
+        # can't be found, which slightly reduces our security.
+        # it may also increase our DAG extremity count for the room,
+        # causing additional state resolution?  See https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/1760.
+        # However, fetching state doesn't hold the linearizer lock
+        # apparently.
+        #
+        # see https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/1744
+        #
+        # ----
+        #
+        # Update richvdh 2018/09/18: There are a number of problems with timing this
+        # request out aggressively on the client side:
+        #
+        # - it plays badly with the server-side rate-limiter, which starts tarpitting you
+        #   if you send too many requests at once, so you end up with the server carefully
+        #   working through the backlog of your requests, which you have already timed
+        #   out.
+        #
+        # - for this request in particular, we now (as of
+        #   https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/3456) reject any PDUs where the
+        #   server can't produce a plausible-looking set of prev_events - so we becone
+        #   much more likely to reject the event.
+        #
+        # - contrary to what it says above, we do *not* fall back to fetching fresh state
+        #   for the room if get_missing_events times out. Rather, we give up processing
+        #   the PDU whose prevs we are missing, which then makes it much more likely that
+        #   we'll end up back here for the *next* PDU in the list, which exacerbates the
+        #   problem.
+        #
+        # - the aggressive 10s timeout was introduced to deal with incoming federation
+        #   requests taking 8 hours to process. It's not entirely clear why that was going
+        #   on; certainly there were other issues causing traffic storms which are now
+        #   resolved, and I think in any case we may be more sensible about our locking
+        #   now. We're *certainly* more sensible about our logging.
+        #
+        # All that said: Let's try increasing the timeout to 60s and see what happens.
+
+        try:
+            missing_events = await self._federation_client.get_missing_events(
+                origin,
+                room_id,
+                earliest_events_ids=list(latest),
+                latest_events=[pdu],
+                limit=10,
+                min_depth=min_depth,
+                timeout=60000,
+            )
+        except (RequestSendFailed, HttpResponseException, NotRetryingDestination) as e:
+            # We failed to get the missing events, but since we need to handle
+            # the case of `get_missing_events` not returning the necessary
+            # events anyway, it is safe to simply log the error and continue.
+            logger.warning("Failed to get prev_events: %s", e)
+            return
+
+        logger.info("Got %d prev_events", len(missing_events))
+        await self._process_pulled_events(origin, missing_events, backfilled=False)
+
+    @trace
+    async def _process_pulled_events(
+        self, origin: str, events: Collection[EventBase], backfilled: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """Process a batch of events we have pulled from a remote server
+
+        Pulls in any events required to auth the events, persists the received events,
+        and notifies clients, if appropriate.
+
+        Assumes the events have already had their signatures and hashes checked.
+
+        Params:
+            origin: The server we received these events from
+            events: The received events.
+            backfilled: True if this is part of a historical batch of events (inhibits
+                notification to clients, and validation of device keys.)
+        """
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.FUNC_ARG_PREFIX + "event_ids",
+            str([event.event_id for event in events]),
+        )
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.FUNC_ARG_PREFIX + "event_ids.length",
+            str(len(events)),
+        )
+        set_tag(SynapseTags.FUNC_ARG_PREFIX + "backfilled", str(backfilled))
+        logger.debug(
+            "processing pulled backfilled=%s events=%s",
+            backfilled,
+            [
+                "event_id=%s,depth=%d,body=%s,prevs=%s\n"
+                % (
+                    event.event_id,
+                    event.depth,
+                    event.content.get("body", event.type),
+                    event.prev_event_ids(),
+                )
+                for event in events
+            ],
+        )
+
+        # Check if we already any of these have these events.
+        # Note: we currently make a lookup in the database directly here rather than
+        # checking the event cache, due to:
+        # https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13476
+        existing_events_map = await self._store._get_events_from_db(
+            [event.event_id for event in events]
+        )
+
+        new_events: list[EventBase] = []
+        for event in events:
+            event_id = event.event_id
+
+            # If we've already seen this event ID...
+            if event_id in existing_events_map:
+                existing_event = existing_events_map[event_id]
+
+                # ...and the event itself was not previously stored as an outlier...
+                if not existing_event.event.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
+                    # ...then there's no need to persist it. We have it already.
+                    logger.info(
+                        "_process_pulled_event: Ignoring received event %s which we "
+                        "have already seen",
+                        event.event_id,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                # While we have seen this event before, it was stored as an outlier.
+                # We'll now persist it as a non-outlier.
+                logger.info("De-outliering event %s", event_id)
+
+            # Continue on with the events that are new to us.
+            new_events.append(event)
+
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "new_events.length",
+            str(len(new_events)),
+        )
+
+        @trace
+        async def _process_new_pulled_events(new_events: Collection[EventBase]) -> None:
+            # We want to sort these by depth so we process them and tell clients about
+            # them in order. It's also more efficient to backfill this way (`depth`
+            # ascending) because one backfill event is likely to be the `prev_event` of
+            # the next event we're going to process.
+            sorted_events = sorted(new_events, key=lambda x: x.depth)
+            for ev in sorted_events:
+                with nested_logging_context(ev.event_id):
+                    await self._process_pulled_event(origin, ev, backfilled=backfilled)
+
+        # Check if we've already tried to process these events at some point in the
+        # past. We aren't concerned with the expontntial backoff here, just whether it
+        # has failed to be processed before.
+        event_ids_with_failed_pull_attempts = (
+            await self._store.get_event_ids_with_failed_pull_attempts(
+                [event.event_id for event in new_events]
+            )
+        )
+
+        events_with_failed_pull_attempts, fresh_events = partition(
+            new_events, lambda e: e.event_id in event_ids_with_failed_pull_attempts
+        )
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.FUNC_ARG_PREFIX + "events_with_failed_pull_attempts",
+            str(event_ids_with_failed_pull_attempts),
+        )
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "events_with_failed_pull_attempts.length",
+            str(len(events_with_failed_pull_attempts)),
+        )
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.FUNC_ARG_PREFIX + "fresh_events",
+            str([event.event_id for event in fresh_events]),
+        )
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "fresh_events.length",
+            str(len(fresh_events)),
+        )
+
+        # Process previously failed backfill events in the background to not waste
+        # time on something that is likely to fail again.
+        if len(events_with_failed_pull_attempts) > 0:
+            self.hs.run_as_background_process(
+                "_process_new_pulled_events_with_failed_pull_attempts",
+                _process_new_pulled_events,
+                events_with_failed_pull_attempts,
+            )
+
+        # We can optimistically try to process and wait for the event to be fully
+        # persisted if we've never tried before.
+        if len(fresh_events) > 0:
+            await _process_new_pulled_events(fresh_events)
+
+    @trace
+    @tag_args
+    async def _process_pulled_event(
+        self, origin: str, event: EventBase, backfilled: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """Process a single event that we have pulled from a remote server
+
+        Pulls in any events required to auth the event, persists the received event,
+        and notifies clients, if appropriate.
+
+        Assumes the event has already had its signatures and hashes checked.
+
+        This is somewhat equivalent to on_receive_pdu, but applies somewhat different
+        logic in the case that we are missing prev_events (in particular, it just
+        requests the state at that point, rather than triggering a get_missing_events) -
+        so is appropriate when we have pulled the event from a remote server, rather
+        than having it pushed to us.
+
+        Params:
+            origin: The server we received this event from
+            events: The received event
+            backfilled: True if this is part of a historical batch of events (inhibits
+                notification to clients, and validation of device keys.)
+        """
+        logger.info("Processing pulled event %s", event)
+
+        # This function should not be used to persist outliers (use something
+        # else) because this does a bunch of operations that aren't necessary
+        # (extra work; in particular, it makes sure we have all the prev_events
+        # and resolves the state across those prev events). If you happen to run
+        # into a situation where the event you're trying to process/backfill is
+        # marked as an `outlier`, then you should update that spot to return an
+        # `EventBase` copy that doesn't have `outlier` flag set.
+        #
+        # `EventBase` is used to represent both an event we have not yet
+        # persisted, and one that we have persisted and now keep in the cache.
+        # In an ideal world this method would only be called with the first type
+        # of event, but it turns out that's not actually the case and for
+        # example, you could get an event from cache that is marked as an
+        # `outlier` (fix up that spot though).
+        assert not event.internal_metadata.is_outlier(), (
+            "Outlier event passed to _process_pulled_event. "
+            "To persist an event as a non-outlier, make sure to pass in a copy without `event.internal_metadata.outlier = true`."
+        )
+
+        event_id = event.event_id
+
+        try:
+            self._sanity_check_event(event)
+        except SynapseError as err:
+            logger.warning("Event %s failed sanity check: %s", event_id, err)
+            await self._store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(
+                event.room_id, event_id, str(err)
+            )
+            return
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                context = await self._compute_event_context_with_maybe_missing_prevs(
+                    origin, event
+                )
+                await self._process_received_pdu(
+                    origin,
+                    event,
+                    context,
+                    backfilled=backfilled,
+                )
+            except PartialStateConflictError:
+                # The room was un-partial stated while we were processing the event.
+                # Try once more, with full state this time.
+                context = await self._compute_event_context_with_maybe_missing_prevs(
+                    origin, event
+                )
+
+                # We ought to have full state now, barring some unlikely race where we left and
+                # rejoned the room in the background.
+                if context.partial_state:
+                    raise AssertionError(
+                        f"Event {event.event_id} still has a partial resolved state "
+                        f"after room {event.room_id} was un-partial stated"
+                    )
+
+                await self._process_received_pdu(
+                    origin,
+                    event,
+                    context,
+                    backfilled=backfilled,
+                )
+        except FederationPullAttemptBackoffError as exc:
+            # Log a warning about why we failed to process the event (the error message
+            # for `FederationPullAttemptBackoffError` is pretty good)
+            logger.warning("_process_pulled_event: %s", exc)
+            # We do not record a failed pull attempt when we backoff fetching a missing
+            # `prev_event` because not being able to fetch the `prev_events` just means
+            # we won't be able to de-outlier the pulled event. But we can still use an
+            # `outlier` in the state/auth chain for another event. So we shouldn't stop
+            # a downstream event from trying to pull it.
+            #
+            # This avoids a cascade of backoff for all events in the DAG downstream from
+            # one event backoff upstream.
+        except FederationError as e:
+            await self._store.record_event_failed_pull_attempt(
+                event.room_id, event_id, str(e)
+            )
+
+            if e.code == 403:
+                logger.warning("Pulled event %s failed history check.", event_id)
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    @trace
+    async def _compute_event_context_with_maybe_missing_prevs(
+        self, dest: str, event: EventBase
+    ) -> EventContext:
+        """Build an EventContext structure for a non-outlier event whose prev_events may
+        be missing.
+
+        This is used when we have pulled a batch of events from a remote server, and may
+        not have all the prev_events.
+
+        To build an EventContext, we need to calculate the state before the event. If we
+        already have all the prev_events for `event`, we can simply use the state after
+        the prev_events to calculate the state before `event`.
+
+        Otherwise, the missing prevs become new backwards extremities, and we fall back
+        to asking the remote server for the state after each missing `prev_event`,
+        and resolving across them.
+
+        That's ok provided we then resolve the state against other bits of the DAG
+        before using it - in other words, that the received event `event` is not going
+        to become the only forwards_extremity in the room (which will ensure that you
+        can't just take over a room by sending an event, withholding its prev_events,
+        and declaring yourself to be an admin in the subsequent state request).
+
+        In other words: we should only call this method if `event` has been *pulled*
+        as part of a batch of missing prev events, or similar.
+
+        Params:
+            dest: the remote server to ask for state at the missing prevs. Typically,
+                this will be the server we got `event` from.
+            event: an event to check for missing prevs.
+
+        Returns:
+            The event context.
+
+        Raises:
+            FederationPullAttemptBackoffError if we are are deliberately not attempting
+                to pull one of the given event's `prev_event`s over federation because
+                we've already done so recently and are backing off.
+            FederationError if we fail to get the state from the remote server after any
+                missing `prev_event`s.
+        """
+        room_id = event.room_id
+        event_id = event.event_id
+
+        prevs = set(event.prev_event_ids())
+        seen = await self._store.have_events_in_timeline(prevs)
+        missing_prevs = prevs - seen
+
+        # If we've already recently attempted to pull this missing event, don't
+        # try it again so soon. Since we have to fetch all of the prev_events, we can
+        # bail early here if we find any to ignore.
+        prevs_with_pull_backoff = (
+            await self._store.get_event_ids_to_not_pull_from_backoff(
+                room_id, missing_prevs
+            )
+        )
+        if len(prevs_with_pull_backoff) > 0:
+            raise FederationPullAttemptBackoffError(
+                event_ids=prevs_with_pull_backoff.keys(),
+                message=(
+                    f"While computing context for event={event_id}, not attempting to "
+                    f"pull missing prev_events={list(prevs_with_pull_backoff.keys())} "
+                    "because we already tried to pull recently (backing off)."
+                ),
+                retry_after_ms=(
+                    max(prevs_with_pull_backoff.values()) - self._clock.time_msec()
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if not missing_prevs:
+            return await self._state_handler.compute_event_context(event)
+
+        logger.info(
+            "Event %s is missing prev_events %s: calculating state for a "
+            "backwards extremity",
+            event_id,
+            shortstr(missing_prevs),
+        )
+        # Calculate the state after each of the previous events, and
+        # resolve them to find the correct state at the current event.
+
+        try:
+            # Determine whether we may be about to retrieve partial state
+            # Events may be un-partial stated right after we compute the partial state
+            # flag, but that's okay, as long as the flag errs on the conservative side.
+            partial_state_flags = await self._store.get_partial_state_events(seen)
+            partial_state = any(partial_state_flags.values())
+
+            # state_maps is a list of mappings from (type, state_key) to event_id
+            state_maps: list[StateMap[str]] = []
+
+            # Ask the remote server for the states we don't
+            # know about
+            for p in missing_prevs:
+                logger.info("Requesting state after missing prev_event %s", p)
+
+                with nested_logging_context(p):
+                    # note that if any of the missing prevs share missing state or
+                    # auth events, the requests to fetch those events are deduped
+                    # by the get_pdu_cache in federation_client.
+                    remote_state_map = (
+                        await self._get_state_ids_after_missing_prev_event(
+                            dest, room_id, p
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                    state_maps.append(remote_state_map)
+
+            # Get the state of the events we know about. We do this *after*
+            # trying to fetch missing state over federation as that might fail
+            # and then we can skip loading the local state.
+            ours = await self._state_storage_controller.get_state_groups_ids(
+                room_id, seen, await_full_state=False
+            )
+            state_maps.extend(ours.values())
+
+            # we don't need this any more, let's delete it.
+            del ours
+
+            room_version = await self._store.get_room_version_id(room_id)
+            state_map = await self._state_resolution_handler.resolve_events_with_store(
+                room_id,
+                room_version,
+                state_maps,
+                event_map={event_id: event},
+                state_res_store=StateResolutionStore(
+                    self._store, self._state_deletion_store
+                ),
+            )
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Error attempting to resolve state at missing prev_events: %s", e
+            )
+            raise FederationError(
+                "ERROR",
+                403,
+                "We can't get valid state history.",
+                affected=event_id,
+            )
+        return await self._state_handler.compute_event_context(
+            event, state_ids_before_event=state_map, partial_state=partial_state
+        )
+
+    @trace
+    @tag_args
+    async def _get_state_ids_after_missing_prev_event(
+        self,
+        destination: str,
+        room_id: str,
+        event_id: str,
+    ) -> StateMap[str]:
+        """Requests all of the room state at a given event from a remote homeserver.
+
+        Args:
+            destination: The remote homeserver to query for the state.
+            room_id: The id of the room we're interested in.
+            event_id: The id of the event we want the state at.
+
+        Returns:
+            The event ids of the state *after* the given event.
+
+        Raises:
+            InvalidResponseError: if the remote homeserver's response contains fields
+                of the wrong type.
+        """
+
+        # It would be better if we could query the difference from our known
+        # state to the given `event_id` so the sending server doesn't have to
+        # send as much and we don't have to process as many events. For example
+        # in a room like #matrix:matrix.org, we get 200k events (77k state_events, 122k
+        # auth_events) from this call.
+        #
+        # Tracked by https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13618
+        (
+            state_event_ids,
+            auth_event_ids,
+        ) = await self._federation_client.get_room_state_ids(
+            destination, room_id, event_id=event_id
+        )
+
+        logger.debug(
+            "state_ids returned %i state events, %i auth events",
+            len(state_event_ids),
+            len(auth_event_ids),
+        )
+
+        # Start by checking events we already have in the DB
+        desired_events = set(state_event_ids)
+        desired_events.add(event_id)
+        logger.debug("Fetching %i events from cache/store", len(desired_events))
+        have_events = await self._store.have_seen_events(room_id, desired_events)
+
+        missing_desired_event_ids = desired_events - have_events
+        logger.debug(
+            "We are missing %i events (got %i)",
+            len(missing_desired_event_ids),
+            len(have_events),
+        )
+
+        # We probably won't need most of the auth events, so let's just check which
+        # we have for now, rather than thrashing the event cache with them all
+        # unnecessarily.
+
+        # TODO: we probably won't actually need all of the auth events, since we
+        #   already have a bunch of the state events. It would be nice if the
+        #   federation api gave us a way of finding out which we actually need.
+
+        missing_auth_event_ids = set(auth_event_ids) - have_events
+        missing_auth_event_ids.difference_update(
+            await self._store.have_seen_events(room_id, missing_auth_event_ids)
+        )
+        logger.debug("We are also missing %i auth events", len(missing_auth_event_ids))
+
+        missing_event_ids = missing_desired_event_ids | missing_auth_event_ids
+
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "missing_auth_event_ids",
+            str(missing_auth_event_ids),
+        )
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "missing_auth_event_ids.length",
+            str(len(missing_auth_event_ids)),
+        )
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "missing_desired_event_ids",
+            str(missing_desired_event_ids),
+        )
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "missing_desired_event_ids.length",
+            str(len(missing_desired_event_ids)),
+        )
+
+        # Making an individual request for each of 1000s of events has a lot of
+        # overhead. On the other hand, we don't really want to fetch all of the events
+        # if we already have most of them.
+        #
+        # As an arbitrary heuristic, if we are missing more than 10% of the events, then
+        # we fetch the whole state.
+        #
+        # TODO: might it be better to have an API which lets us do an aggregate event
+        #   request
+        if (len(missing_event_ids) * 10) >= len(auth_event_ids) + len(state_event_ids):
+            logger.debug("Requesting complete state from remote")
+            await self._get_state_and_persist(destination, room_id, event_id)
+        else:
+            logger.debug("Fetching %i events from remote", len(missing_event_ids))
+            await self._get_events_and_persist(
+                destination=destination, room_id=room_id, event_ids=missing_event_ids
+            )
+
+        # We now need to fill out the state map, which involves fetching the
+        # type and state key for each event ID in the state.
+        state_map = {}
+
+        event_metadata = await self._store.get_metadata_for_events(state_event_ids)
+        for state_event_id, metadata in event_metadata.items():
+            if metadata.room_id != room_id:
+                # This is a bogus situation, but since we may only discover it a long time
+                # after it happened, we try our best to carry on, by just omitting the
+                # bad events from the returned state set.
+                #
+                # This can happen if a remote server claims that the state or
+                # auth_events at an event in room A are actually events in room B
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Remote server %s claims event %s in room %s is an auth/state "
+                    "event in room %s",
+                    destination,
+                    state_event_id,
+                    metadata.room_id,
+                    room_id,
+                )
+                continue
+
+            if metadata.state_key is None:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Remote server gave us non-state event in state: %s", state_event_id
+                )
+                continue
+
+            state_map[(metadata.event_type, metadata.state_key)] = state_event_id
+
+        # if we couldn't get the prev event in question, that's a problem.
+        remote_event = await self._store.get_event(
+            event_id,
+            allow_none=True,
+            allow_rejected=True,
+            redact_behaviour=EventRedactBehaviour.as_is,
+        )
+        if not remote_event:
+            raise Exception("Unable to get missing prev_event %s" % (event_id,))
+
+        # missing state at that event is a warning, not a blocker
+        # XXX: this doesn't sound right? it means that we'll end up with incomplete
+        #   state.
+        failed_to_fetch = desired_events - event_metadata.keys()
+        # `event_id` could be missing from `event_metadata` because it's not necessarily
+        # a state event. We've already checked that we've fetched it above.
+        failed_to_fetch.discard(event_id)
+        if failed_to_fetch:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Failed to fetch missing state events for %s %s",
+                event_id,
+                failed_to_fetch,
+            )
+            set_tag(
+                SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "failed_to_fetch",
+                str(failed_to_fetch),
+            )
+            set_tag(
+                SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "failed_to_fetch.length",
+                str(len(failed_to_fetch)),
+            )
+
+        if remote_event.is_state() and remote_event.rejected_reason is None:
+            state_map[(remote_event.type, remote_event.state_key)] = (
+                remote_event.event_id
+            )
+
+        return state_map
+
+    @trace
+    @tag_args
+    async def _get_state_and_persist(
+        self, destination: str, room_id: str, event_id: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """Get the complete room state at a given event, and persist any new events
+        as outliers"""
+        room_version = await self._store.get_room_version(room_id)
+        auth_events, state_events = await self._federation_client.get_room_state(
+            destination, room_id, event_id=event_id, room_version=room_version
+        )
+        logger.info("/state returned %i events", len(auth_events) + len(state_events))
+
+        await self._auth_and_persist_outliers(
+            room_id, itertools.chain(auth_events, state_events)
+        )
+
+        # we also need the event itself.
+        if not await self._store.have_seen_event(room_id, event_id):
+            await self._get_events_and_persist(
+                destination=destination, room_id=room_id, event_ids=(event_id,)
+            )
+
+    @trace
+    async def _process_received_pdu(
+        self,
+        origin: str,
+        event: EventBase,
+        context: EventContext,
+        backfilled: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when we have a new non-outlier event.
+
+        This is called when we have a new event to add to the room DAG. This can be
+        due to:
+           * events received directly via a /send request
+           * events retrieved via get_missing_events after a /send request
+           * events backfilled after a client request.
+
+        It's not currently used for events received from incoming send_{join,knock,leave}
+        requests (which go via on_send_membership_event), nor for joins created by a
+        remote join dance (which go via process_remote_join).
+
+        We need to do auth checks and put it through the StateHandler.
+
+        Args:
+            origin: server sending the event
+
+            event: event to be persisted
+
+            context: The `EventContext` to persist the event with.
+
+            backfilled: True if this is part of a historical batch of events (inhibits
+                notification to clients, and validation of device keys.)
+
+        PartialStateConflictError: if the room was un-partial stated in between
+            computing the state at the event and persisting it. The caller should
+            recompute `context` and retry exactly once when this happens.
+        """
+        logger.debug("Processing event: %s", event)
+        assert not event.internal_metadata.outlier
+
+        try:
+            await self._check_event_auth(origin, event, context)
+        except AuthError as e:
+            # This happens only if we couldn't find the auth events. We'll already have
+            # logged a warning, so now we just convert to a FederationError.
+            raise FederationError("ERROR", e.code, e.msg, affected=event.event_id)
+
+        if not backfilled and not context.rejected:
+            # For new (non-backfilled and non-outlier) events we check if the event
+            # passes auth based on the current state. If it doesn't then we
+            # "soft-fail" the event.
+            await self._check_for_soft_fail(event, context=context, origin=origin)
+
+        await self._run_push_actions_and_persist_event(event, context, backfilled)
+
+        if backfilled or context.rejected:
+            return
+
+        await self._maybe_kick_guest_users(event)
+
+        # For encrypted messages we check that we know about the sending device,
+        # if we don't then we mark the device cache for that user as stale.
+        if event.type == EventTypes.Encrypted:
+            device_id = event.content.get("device_id")
+            sender_key = event.content.get("sender_key")
+
+            cached_devices = await self._store.get_cached_devices_for_user(event.sender)
+
+            resync = False  # Whether we should resync device lists.
+
+            device = None
+            if device_id is not None:
+                device = cached_devices.get(device_id)
+                if device is None:
+                    logger.info(
+                        "Received event from remote device not in our cache: %s %s",
+                        event.sender,
+                        device_id,
+                    )
+                    resync = True
+
+            # We also check if the `sender_key` matches what we expect.
+            if sender_key is not None:
+                # Figure out what sender key we're expecting. If we know the
+                # device and recognize the algorithm then we can work out the
+                # exact key to expect. Otherwise check it matches any key we
+                # have for that device.
+
+                current_keys: Container[str] = []
+
+                if device:
+                    keys = device.get("keys", {}).get("keys", {})
+
+                    if (
+                        event.content.get("algorithm")
+                        == RoomEncryptionAlgorithms.MEGOLM_V1_AES_SHA2
+                    ):
+                        # For this algorithm we expect a curve25519 key.
+                        key_name = "curve25519:%s" % (device_id,)
+                        current_keys = [keys.get(key_name)]
+                    else:
+                        # We don't know understand the algorithm, so we just
+                        # check it matches a key for the device.
+                        current_keys = keys.values()
+                elif device_id:
+                    # We don't have any keys for the device ID.
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    # The event didn't include a device ID, so we just look for
+                    # keys across all devices.
+                    current_keys = [
+                        key
+                        for device in cached_devices.values()
+                        for key in device.get("keys", {}).get("keys", {}).values()
+                    ]
+
+                # We now check that the sender key matches (one of) the expected
+                # keys.
+                if sender_key not in current_keys:
+                    logger.info(
+                        "Received event from remote device with unexpected sender key: %s %s: %s",
+                        event.sender,
+                        device_id or "<no device_id>",
+                        sender_key,
+                    )
+                    resync = True
+
+            if resync:
+                self.hs.run_as_background_process(
+                    "resync_device_due_to_pdu",
+                    self._resync_device,
+                    event.sender,
+                )
+
+    async def _resync_device(self, sender: str) -> None:
+        """We have detected that the device list for the given user may be out
+        of sync, so we try and resync them.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            await self._store.mark_remote_users_device_caches_as_stale((sender,))
+
+            # Immediately attempt a resync in the background
+            await self._device_list_updater.multi_user_device_resync(user_ids=[sender])
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception("Failed to resync device for %s", sender)
+
+    async def backfill_event_id(
+        self, destinations: StrCollection, room_id: str, event_id: str
+    ) -> PulledPduInfo:
+        """Backfill a single event and persist it as a non-outlier which means
+        we also pull in all of the state and auth events necessary for it.
+
+        Args:
+            destination: The homeserver to pull the given event_id from.
+            room_id: The room where the event is from.
+            event_id: The event ID to backfill.
+
+        Raises:
+            FederationError if we are unable to find the event from the destination
+        """
+        logger.info("backfill_event_id: event_id=%s", event_id)
+
+        room_version = await self._store.get_room_version(room_id)
+
+        pulled_pdu_info = await self._federation_client.get_pdu(
+            destinations,
+            event_id,
+            room_version,
+        )
+
+        if not pulled_pdu_info:
+            raise FederationError(
+                "ERROR",
+                404,
+                f"Unable to find event_id={event_id} from remote servers to backfill.",
+                affected=event_id,
+            )
+
+        # Persist the event we just fetched, including pulling all of the state
+        # and auth events to de-outlier it. This also sets up the necessary
+        # `state_groups` for the event.
+        await self._process_pulled_events(
+            pulled_pdu_info.pull_origin,
+            [pulled_pdu_info.pdu],
+            # Prevent notifications going to clients
+            backfilled=True,
+        )
+
+        return pulled_pdu_info
+
+    @trace
+    @tag_args
+    async def _get_events_and_persist(
+        self, destination: str, room_id: str, event_ids: StrCollection
+    ) -> None:
+        """Fetch the given events from a server, and persist them as outliers.
+
+        This function *does not* recursively get missing auth events of the
+        newly fetched events. Callers must include in the `event_ids` argument
+        any missing events from the auth chain.
+
+        Logs a warning if we can't find the given event.
+        """
+
+        room_version = await self._store.get_room_version(room_id)
+
+        events: list[EventBase] = []
+
+        async def get_event(event_id: str) -> None:
+            with nested_logging_context(event_id):
+                try:
+                    pulled_pdu_info = await self._federation_client.get_pdu(
+                        [destination],
+                        event_id,
+                        room_version,
+                    )
+                    if pulled_pdu_info is None:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Server %s didn't return event %s",
+                            destination,
+                            event_id,
+                        )
+                        return
+                    events.append(pulled_pdu_info.pdu)
+
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Error fetching missing state/auth event %s: %s %s",
+                        event_id,
+                        type(e),
+                        e,
+                    )
+
+        await concurrently_execute(get_event, event_ids, 5)
+        logger.info("Fetched %i events of %i requested", len(events), len(event_ids))
+        await self._auth_and_persist_outliers(room_id, events)
+
+    @trace
+    async def _auth_and_persist_outliers(
+        self, room_id: str, events: Iterable[EventBase]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Persist a batch of outlier events fetched from remote servers.
+
+        We first sort the events to make sure that we process each event's auth_events
+        before the event itself.
+
+        We then mark the events as outliers, persist them to the database, and, where
+        appropriate (eg, an invite), awake the notifier.
+
+        Params:
+            room_id: the room that the events are meant to be in (though this has
+               not yet been checked)
+            events: the events that have been fetched
+        """
+        event_map = {event.event_id: event for event in events}
+
+        event_ids = event_map.keys()
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.FUNC_ARG_PREFIX + "event_ids",
+            str(event_ids),
+        )
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.FUNC_ARG_PREFIX + "event_ids.length",
+            str(len(event_ids)),
+        )
+
+        # filter out any events we have already seen. This might happen because
+        # the events were eagerly pushed to us (eg, during a room join), or because
+        # another thread has raced against us since we decided to request the event.
+        #
+        # This is just an optimisation, so it doesn't need to be watertight - the event
+        # persister does another round of deduplication.
+        seen_remotes = await self._store.have_seen_events(room_id, event_map.keys())
+        for s in seen_remotes:
+            event_map.pop(s, None)
+
+        # XXX: it might be possible to kick this process off in parallel with fetching
+        # the events.
+
+        # We need to persist an event's auth events before the event.
+        auth_graph = {
+            ev.event_id: [e_id for e_id in ev.auth_event_ids() if e_id in event_map]
+            for ev in event_map.values()
+        }
+        sorted_auth_event_ids = sorted_topologically(event_map.keys(), auth_graph)
+        sorted_auth_events = [event_map[e_id] for e_id in sorted_auth_event_ids]
+        logger.info(
+            "Persisting %i remaining outliers: %s",
+            len(sorted_auth_events),
+            shortstr(e.event_id for e in sorted_auth_events),
+        )
+
+        # get all the auth events for all the events in this batch. By now, they should
+        # have been persisted.
+        auth_event_ids = {
+            aid for event in sorted_auth_events for aid in event.auth_event_ids()
+        }
+        auth_map = {
+            ev.event_id: ev
+            for ev in sorted_auth_events
+            if ev.event_id in auth_event_ids
+        }
+
+        missing_events = auth_event_ids.difference(auth_map)
+        if missing_events:
+            persisted_events = await self._store.get_events(
+                missing_events,
+                allow_rejected=True,
+                redact_behaviour=EventRedactBehaviour.as_is,
+            )
+            auth_map.update(persisted_events)
+
+        events_and_contexts_to_persist: list[EventPersistencePair] = []
+
+        async def prep(event: EventBase) -> None:
+            with nested_logging_context(suffix=event.event_id):
+                auth = []
+                for auth_event_id in event.auth_event_ids():
+                    ae = auth_map.get(auth_event_id)
+                    if not ae:
+                        # the fact we can't find the auth event doesn't mean it doesn't
+                        # exist, which means it is premature to reject `event`. Instead we
+                        # just ignore it for now.
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Dropping event %s, which relies on auth_event %s, which could not be found",
+                            event,
+                            auth_event_id,
+                        )
+                        # Drop the event from the auth_map too, else we may incorrectly persist
+                        # events which depend on this dropped event.
+                        auth_map.pop(event.event_id, None)
+                        return
+                    auth.append(ae)
+
+                # we're not bothering about room state, so flag the event as an outlier.
+                event.internal_metadata.outlier = True
+
+                context = EventContext.for_outlier(self._storage_controllers)
+                try:
+                    validate_event_for_room_version(event)
+                    await check_state_independent_auth_rules(
+                        self._store, event, batched_auth_events=auth_map
+                    )
+                    check_state_dependent_auth_rules(event, auth)
+                except AuthError as e:
+                    logger.warning("Rejecting %r because %s", event, e)
+                    context.rejected = RejectedReason.AUTH_ERROR
+                except EventSizeError as e:
+                    if e.unpersistable:
+                        # This event is completely unpersistable.
+                        raise e
+                    # Otherwise, we are somewhat lenient and just persist the event
+                    # as rejected, for moderate compatibility with older Synapse
+                    # versions.
+                    logger.warning("While validating received event %r: %s", event, e)
+                    context.rejected = RejectedReason.OVERSIZED_EVENT
+
+            events_and_contexts_to_persist.append((event, context))
+
+        for i, event in enumerate(sorted_auth_events):
+            await prep(event)
+
+            # The above function is typically not async, and so won't yield to
+            # the reactor. For large rooms let's yield to the reactor
+            # occasionally to ensure we don't block other work.
+            if (i + 1) % 1000 == 0:
+                await self._clock.sleep(0)
+
+        # Also persist the new event in batches for similar reasons as above.
+        for batch in batch_iter(events_and_contexts_to_persist, 1000):
+            await self.persist_events_and_notify(
+                room_id,
+                batch,
+                # Mark these events as backfilled as they're historic events that will
+                # eventually be backfilled. For example, missing events we fetch
+                # during backfill should be marked as backfilled as well.
+                backfilled=True,
+            )
+
+    @trace
+    async def _check_event_auth(
+        self, origin: str | None, event: EventBase, context: EventContext
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Checks whether an event should be rejected (for failing auth checks).
+
+        Args:
+            origin: The host the event originates from. This is used to fetch
+               any missing auth events. It can be set to None, but only if we are
+               sure that we already have all the auth events.
+            event: The event itself.
+            context:
+                The event context.
+
+        Raises:
+            AuthError if we were unable to find copies of the event's auth events.
+               (Most other failures just cause us to set `context.rejected`.)
+        """
+        # This method should only be used for non-outliers
+        assert not event.internal_metadata.outlier
+
+        # first of all, check that the event itself is valid.
+        try:
+            validate_event_for_room_version(event)
+        except AuthError as e:
+            logger.warning("While validating received event %r: %s", event, e)
+            # TODO: use a different rejected reason here?
+            context.rejected = RejectedReason.AUTH_ERROR
+            return
+        except EventSizeError as e:
+            if e.unpersistable:
+                # This event is completely unpersistable.
+                raise e
+            # Otherwise, we are somewhat lenient and just persist the event
+            # as rejected, for moderate compatibility with older Synapse
+            # versions.
+            logger.warning("While validating received event %r: %s", event, e)
+            context.rejected = RejectedReason.OVERSIZED_EVENT
+            return
+
+        # next, check that we have all of the event's auth events.
+        #
+        # Note that this can raise AuthError, which we want to propagate to the
+        # caller rather than swallow with `context.rejected` (since we cannot be
+        # certain that there is a permanent problem with the event).
+        claimed_auth_events = await self._load_or_fetch_auth_events_for_event(
+            origin, event
+        )
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "claimed_auth_events",
+            str([ev.event_id for ev in claimed_auth_events]),
+        )
+        set_tag(
+            SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "claimed_auth_events.length",
+            str(len(claimed_auth_events)),
+        )
+
+        # ... and check that the event passes auth at those auth events.
+        # https://spec.matrix.org/v1.3/server-server-api/#checks-performed-on-receipt-of-a-pdu:
+        #   4. Passes authorization rules based on the event’s auth events,
+        #      otherwise it is rejected.
+        try:
+            await check_state_independent_auth_rules(self._store, event)
+            check_state_dependent_auth_rules(event, claimed_auth_events)
+        except AuthError as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "While checking auth of %r against auth_events: %s", event, e
+            )
+            context.rejected = RejectedReason.AUTH_ERROR
+            return
+
+        # now check the auth rules pass against the room state before the event
+        # https://spec.matrix.org/v1.3/server-server-api/#checks-performed-on-receipt-of-a-pdu:
+        #   5. Passes authorization rules based on the state before the event,
+        #      otherwise it is rejected.
+        #
+        # ... however, if we only have partial state for the room, then there is a good
+        # chance that we'll be missing some of the state needed to auth the new event.
+        # So, we state-resolve the auth events that we are given against the state that
+        # we know about, which ensures things like bans are applied. (Note that we'll
+        # already have checked we have all the auth events, in
+        # _load_or_fetch_auth_events_for_event above)
+        if context.partial_state:
+            room_version = await self._store.get_room_version_id(event.room_id)
+
+            local_state_id_map = await context.get_prev_state_ids()
+            claimed_auth_events_id_map = {
+                (ev.type, ev.state_key): ev.event_id for ev in claimed_auth_events
+            }
+
+            state_for_auth_id_map = (
+                await self._state_resolution_handler.resolve_events_with_store(
+                    event.room_id,
+                    room_version,
+                    [local_state_id_map, claimed_auth_events_id_map],
+                    event_map=None,
+                    state_res_store=StateResolutionStore(
+                        self._store, self._state_deletion_store
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            event_types = event_auth.auth_types_for_event(event.room_version, event)
+            state_for_auth_id_map = await context.get_prev_state_ids(
+                StateFilter.from_types(event_types)
+            )
+
+        calculated_auth_event_ids = self._event_auth_handler.compute_auth_events(
+            event, state_for_auth_id_map, for_verification=True
+        )
+
+        # if those are the same, we're done here.
+        if collections.Counter(event.auth_event_ids()) == collections.Counter(
+            calculated_auth_event_ids
+        ):
+            return
+
+        # otherwise, re-run the auth checks based on what we calculated.
+        calculated_auth_events = await self._store.get_events_as_list(
+            calculated_auth_event_ids
+        )
+
+        # log the differences
+
+        claimed_auth_event_map = {(e.type, e.state_key): e for e in claimed_auth_events}
+        calculated_auth_event_map = {
+            (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in calculated_auth_events
+        }
+        logger.info(
+            "event's auth_events are different to our calculated auth_events. "
+            "Claimed but not calculated: %s. Calculated but not claimed: %s",
+            [
+                ev
+                for k, ev in claimed_auth_event_map.items()
+                if k not in calculated_auth_event_map
+                or calculated_auth_event_map[k].event_id != ev.event_id
+            ],
+            [
+                ev
+                for k, ev in calculated_auth_event_map.items()
+                if k not in claimed_auth_event_map
+                or claimed_auth_event_map[k].event_id != ev.event_id
+            ],
+        )
+
+        try:
+            check_state_dependent_auth_rules(event, calculated_auth_events)
+        except AuthError as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "While checking auth of %r against room state before the event: %s",
+                event,
+                e,
+            )
+            context.rejected = RejectedReason.AUTH_ERROR
+
+    @trace
+    async def _maybe_kick_guest_users(self, event: EventBase) -> None:
+        if event.type != EventTypes.GuestAccess:
+            return
+
+        guest_access = event.content.get(EventContentFields.GUEST_ACCESS)
+        if guest_access == GuestAccess.CAN_JOIN:
+            return
+
+        current_state = await self._storage_controllers.state.get_current_state(
+            event.room_id
+        )
+        current_state_list = list(current_state.values())
+        await self._get_room_member_handler().kick_guest_users(current_state_list)
+
+    async def _check_for_soft_fail(
+        self,
+        event: EventBase,
+        context: EventContext,
+        origin: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Checks if we should soft fail the event; if so, marks the event as
+        such.
+
+        Does nothing for events in rooms with partial state, since we may not have an
+        accurate membership event for the sender in the current state.
+
+        Args:
+            event
+            context: The `EventContext` which we are about to persist the event with.
+            origin: The host the event originates from.
+        """
+        if await self._store.is_partial_state_room(event.room_id):
+            # We might not know the sender's membership in the current state, so don't
+            # soft fail anything. Even if we do have a membership for the sender in the
+            # current state, it may have been derived from state resolution between
+            # partial and full state and may not be accurate.
+            return
+
+        extrem_ids = await self._store.get_latest_event_ids_in_room(event.room_id)
+        prev_event_ids = set(event.prev_event_ids())
+
+        if extrem_ids == prev_event_ids:
+            # If they're the same then the current state is the same as the
+            # state at the event, so no point rechecking auth for soft fail.
+            return
+
+        room_version = await self._store.get_room_version_id(event.room_id)
+        room_version_obj = KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS[room_version]
+
+        # The event types we want to pull from the "current" state.
+        auth_types = auth_types_for_event(room_version_obj, event)
+
+        # Calculate the "current state".
+        seen_event_ids = await self._store.have_events_in_timeline(prev_event_ids)
+        has_missing_prevs = bool(prev_event_ids - seen_event_ids)
+        if has_missing_prevs:
+            # We don't have all the prev_events of this event, which means we have a
+            # gap in the graph, and the new event is going to become a new backwards
+            # extremity.
+            #
+            # In this case we want to be a little careful as we might have been
+            # down for a while and have an incorrect view of the current state,
+            # however we still want to do checks as gaps are easy to
+            # maliciously manufacture.
+            #
+            # So we use a "current state" that is actually a state
+            # resolution across the current forward extremities and the
+            # given state at the event. This should correctly handle cases
+            # like bans, especially with state res v2.
+
+            state_sets_d = await self._state_storage_controller.get_state_groups_ids(
+                event.room_id, extrem_ids
+            )
+            state_sets: list[StateMap[str]] = list(state_sets_d.values())
+            state_ids = await context.get_prev_state_ids()
+            state_sets.append(state_ids)
+            current_state_ids = (
+                await self._state_resolution_handler.resolve_events_with_store(
+                    event.room_id,
+                    room_version,
+                    state_sets,
+                    event_map=None,
+                    state_res_store=StateResolutionStore(
+                        self._store, self._state_deletion_store
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            current_state_ids = (
+                await self._state_storage_controller.get_current_state_ids(
+                    event.room_id, StateFilter.from_types(auth_types)
+                )
+            )
+
+        logger.debug(
+            "Doing soft-fail check for %s: state %s",
+            event.event_id,
+            current_state_ids,
+        )
+
+        # Now check if event pass auth against said current state
+        current_state_ids_list = [
+            e for k, e in current_state_ids.items() if k in auth_types
+        ]
+        current_auth_events = await self._store.get_events_as_list(
+            current_state_ids_list
+        )
+
+        try:
+            check_state_dependent_auth_rules(event, current_auth_events)
+        except AuthError as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Soft-failing %r (from %s) because %s",
+                event,
+                e,
+                origin,
+                extra={
+                    "room_id": event.room_id,
+                    "mxid": event.sender,
+                    "hs": origin,
+                },
+            )
+            soft_failed_event_counter.labels(
+                **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: self.server_name}
+            ).inc()
+            event.internal_metadata.soft_failed = True
+
+    async def _load_or_fetch_auth_events_for_event(
+        self, destination: str | None, event: EventBase
+    ) -> Collection[EventBase]:
+        """Fetch this event's auth_events, from database or remote
+
+        Loads any of the auth_events that we already have from the database/cache. If
+        there are any that are missing, calls /event_auth to get the complete auth
+        chain for the event (and then attempts to load the auth_events again).
+
+        If any of the auth_events cannot be found, raises an AuthError. This can happen
+        for a number of reasons; eg: the events don't exist, or we were unable to talk
+        to `destination`, or we couldn't validate the signature on the event (which
+        in turn has multiple potential causes).
+
+        Args:
+            destination: where to send the /event_auth request. Typically the server
+               that sent us `event` in the first place.
+
+               If this is None, no attempt is made to load any missing auth events:
+               rather, an AssertionError is raised if there are any missing events.
+
+            event: the event whose auth_events we want
+
+        Returns:
+            all of the events listed in `event.auth_events_ids`, after deduplication
+
+        Raises:
+            AssertionError if some auth events were missing and no `destination` was
+            supplied.
+
+            AuthError if we were unable to fetch the auth_events for any reason.
+        """
+        event_auth_event_ids = set(event.auth_event_ids())
+        event_auth_events = await self._store.get_events(
+            event_auth_event_ids, allow_rejected=True
+        )
+        missing_auth_event_ids = event_auth_event_ids.difference(
+            event_auth_events.keys()
+        )
+        if not missing_auth_event_ids:
+            return event_auth_events.values()
+        if destination is None:
+            # this shouldn't happen: destination must be set unless we know we have already
+            # persisted the auth events.
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "_load_or_fetch_auth_events_for_event() called with no destination for "
+                "an event with missing auth_events"
+            )
+
+        logger.info(
+            "Event %s refers to unknown auth events %s: fetching auth chain",
+            event,
+            missing_auth_event_ids,
+        )
+        try:
+            await self._get_remote_auth_chain_for_event(
+                destination, event.room_id, event.event_id
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning("Failed to get auth chain for %s: %s", event, e)
+            # in this case, it's very likely we still won't have all the auth
+            # events - but we pick that up below.
+
+        # try to fetch the auth events we missed list time.
+        extra_auth_events = await self._store.get_events(
+            missing_auth_event_ids, allow_rejected=True
+        )
+        missing_auth_event_ids.difference_update(extra_auth_events.keys())
+        event_auth_events.update(extra_auth_events)
+        if not missing_auth_event_ids:
+            return event_auth_events.values()
+
+        # we still don't have all the auth events.
+        logger.warning(
+            "Missing auth events for %s: %s",
+            event,
+            shortstr(missing_auth_event_ids),
+        )
+        # the fact we can't find the auth event doesn't mean it doesn't
+        # exist, which means it is premature to store `event` as rejected.
+        # instead we raise an AuthError, which will make the caller ignore it.
+        raise AuthError(code=HTTPStatus.FORBIDDEN, msg="Auth events could not be found")
+
+    @trace
+    @tag_args
+    async def _get_remote_auth_chain_for_event(
+        self, destination: str, room_id: str, event_id: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """If we are missing some of an event's auth events, attempt to request them
+
+        Args:
+            destination: where to fetch the auth tree from
+            room_id: the room in which we are lacking auth events
+            event_id: the event for which we are lacking auth events
+        """
+        try:
+            remote_events = await self._federation_client.get_event_auth(
+                destination, room_id, event_id
+            )
+
+        except RequestSendFailed as e1:
+            # The other side isn't around or doesn't implement the
+            # endpoint, so lets just bail out.
+            logger.info("Failed to get event auth from remote: %s", e1)
+            return
+
+        logger.info("/event_auth returned %i events", len(remote_events))
+
+        # `event` may be returned, but we should not yet process it.
+        remote_auth_events = (e for e in remote_events if e.event_id != event_id)
+
+        await self._auth_and_persist_outliers(room_id, remote_auth_events)
+
+    @trace
+    async def _run_push_actions_and_persist_event(
+        self, event: EventBase, context: EventContext, backfilled: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run the push actions for a received event, and persist it.
+
+        Args:
+            event: The event itself.
+            context: The event context.
+            backfilled: True if the event was backfilled.
+
+        PartialStateConflictError: if attempting to persist a partial state event in
+            a room that has been un-partial stated.
+        """
+        # this method should not be called on outliers (those code paths call
+        # persist_events_and_notify directly.)
+        assert not event.internal_metadata.outlier
+
+        if not backfilled and not context.rejected:
+            min_depth = await self._store.get_min_depth(event.room_id)
+            if min_depth is None or min_depth > event.depth:
+                # XXX richvdh 2021/10/07: I don't really understand what this
+                # condition is doing. I think it's trying not to send pushes
+                # for events that predate our join - but that's not really what
+                # min_depth means, and anyway ancient events are a more general
+                # problem.
+                #
+                # for now I'm just going to log about it.
+                logger.info(
+                    "Skipping push actions for old event with depth %s < %s",
+                    event.depth,
+                    min_depth,
+                )
+            else:
+                await self._bulk_push_rule_evaluator.action_for_events_by_user(
+                    [(event, context)]
+                )
+
+        try:
+            await self.persist_events_and_notify(
+                event.room_id, [(event, context)], backfilled=backfilled
+            )
+        except Exception:
+            await self._store.remove_push_actions_from_staging(event.event_id)
+            raise
+
+    async def persist_events_and_notify(
+        self,
+        room_id: str,
+        event_and_contexts: Sequence[EventPersistencePair],
+        backfilled: bool = False,
+    ) -> int:
+        """Persists events and tells the notifier/pushers about them, if
+        necessary.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id: The room ID of events being persisted.
+            event_and_contexts: Sequence of events with their associated
+                context that should be persisted. All events must belong to
+                the same room.
+            backfilled: Whether these events are a result of
+                backfilling or not
+
+        Returns:
+            The stream ID after which all events have been persisted.
+
+        Raises:
+            PartialStateConflictError: if attempting to persist a partial state event in
+                a room that has been un-partial stated.
+        """
+        if not event_and_contexts:
+            return self._store.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
+
+        instance = self._config.worker.events_shard_config.get_instance(room_id)
+        if instance != self._instance_name:
+            # Limit the number of events sent over replication. We choose 200
+            # here as that is what we default to in `max_request_body_size(..)`
+            result = {}
+            try:
+                for batch in batch_iter(event_and_contexts, 200):
+                    result = await self._send_events(
+                        instance_name=instance,
+                        store=self._store,
+                        room_id=room_id,
+                        event_and_contexts=batch,
+                        backfilled=backfilled,
+                    )
+            except SynapseError as e:
+                if e.code == HTTPStatus.CONFLICT:
+                    raise PartialStateConflictError()
+                raise
+            return result["max_stream_id"]
+        else:
+            assert self._storage_controllers.persistence
+
+            # Note that this returns the events that were persisted, which may not be
+            # the same as were passed in if some were deduplicated due to transaction IDs.
+            (
+                events,
+                max_stream_token,
+            ) = await self._storage_controllers.persistence.persist_events(
+                event_and_contexts, backfilled=backfilled
+            )
+
+            # After persistence, we never notify clients (wake up `/sync` streams) about
+            # backfilled events but it's important to let all the workers know about any
+            # new event (backfilled or not) because TODO
+            self._notifier.notify_replication()
+
+            if self._ephemeral_messages_enabled:
+                for event in events:
+                    # If there's an expiry timestamp on the event, schedule its expiry.
+                    self._message_handler.maybe_schedule_expiry(event)
+
+            if not backfilled:  # Never notify for backfilled events
+                with start_active_span("notify_persisted_events"):
+                    set_tag(
+                        SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "event_ids",
+                        str([ev.event_id for ev in events]),
+                    )
+                    set_tag(
+                        SynapseTags.RESULT_PREFIX + "event_ids.length",
+                        str(len(events)),
+                    )
+                    for event in events:
+                        await self._notify_persisted_event(event, max_stream_token)
+
+            return max_stream_token.stream
+
+    async def _notify_persisted_event(
+        self, event: EventBase, max_stream_token: RoomStreamToken
+    ) -> None:
+        """Checks to see if notifier/pushers should be notified about the
+        event or not.
+
+        Args:
+            event:
+            max_stream_token: The max_stream_id returned by persist_events
+        """
+
+        extra_users = []
+        if event.type == EventTypes.Member:
+            target_user_id = event.state_key
+
+            # We notify for memberships if its an invite for one of our
+            # users
+            if event.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
+                if event.membership != Membership.INVITE:
+                    if not self._is_mine_id(target_user_id):
+                        return
+
+            target_user = UserID.from_string(target_user_id)
+            extra_users.append(target_user)
+        elif event.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
+            return
+
+        # the event has been persisted so it should have a stream ordering.
+        assert event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
+
+        event_pos = PersistedEventPosition(
+            self._instance_name, event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
+        )
+        await self._notifier.on_new_room_events(
+            [(event, event_pos)], max_stream_token, extra_users=extra_users
+        )
+
+        if event.type == EventTypes.Member and event.membership == Membership.JOIN:
+            # TODO retrieve the previous state, and exclude join -> join transitions
+            self._notifier.notify_user_joined_room(event.event_id, event.room_id)
+
+        # If this is a server ACL event, clear the cache in the storage controller.
+        if event.type == EventTypes.ServerACL:
+            self._state_storage_controller.get_server_acl_for_room.invalidate(
+                (event.room_id,)
+            )
+
+    def _sanity_check_event(self, ev: EventBase) -> None:
+        """
+        Do some early sanity checks of a received event
+
+        In particular, checks it doesn't have an excessive number of
+        prev_events or auth_events, which could cause a huge state resolution
+        or cascade of event fetches.
+
+        Args:
+            ev: event to be checked
+
+        Raises:
+            SynapseError if the event does not pass muster
+        """
+        if len(ev.prev_event_ids()) > 20:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Rejecting event %s which has %i prev_events",
+                ev.event_id,
+                len(ev.prev_event_ids()),
+            )
+            raise SynapseError(HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "Too many prev_events")
+
+        if len(ev.auth_event_ids()) > 10:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Rejecting event %s which has %i auth_events",
+                ev.event_id,
+                len(ev.auth_event_ids()),
+            )
+            raise SynapseError(HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "Too many auth_events")