matrix-synapse 1.143.0__cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

synapse/storage/databases/main/stream.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2577 @@
+#
+# This file is licensed under the Affero General Public License (AGPL) version 3.
+#
+# Copyright 2019 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+# Copyright 2017 Vector Creations Ltd
+# Copyright 2014-2016 OpenMarket Ltd
+# Copyright (C) 2023 New Vector, Ltd
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+# License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details:
+# <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html>.
+#
+# Originally licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0:
+# <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>.
+#
+# [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
+#
+#
+
+"""This module is responsible for getting events from the DB for pagination
+and event streaming.
+
+The order it returns events in depend on whether we are streaming forwards or
+are paginating backwards. We do this because we want to handle out of order
+messages nicely, while still returning them in the correct order when we
+paginate bacwards.
+
+This is implemented by keeping two ordering columns: stream_ordering and
+topological_ordering. Stream ordering is basically insertion/received order
+(except for events from backfill requests). The topological_ordering is a
+weak ordering of events based on the pdu graph.
+
+This means that we have to have two different types of tokens, depending on
+what sort order was used:
+    - stream tokens are of the form: "s%d", which maps directly to the column
+    - topological tokems: "t%d-%d", where the integers map to the topological
+      and stream ordering columns respectively.
+"""
+
+import logging
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    AbstractSet,
+    Any,
+    Collection,
+    Iterable,
+    Literal,
+    Mapping,
+    Protocol,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+import attr
+from typing_extensions import assert_never
+
+from twisted.internet import defer
+
+from synapse.api.constants import Direction, EventTypes, Membership
+from synapse.api.filtering import Filter
+from synapse.events import EventBase
+from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable, run_in_background
+from synapse.logging.opentracing import tag_args, trace
+from synapse.storage._base import SQLBaseStore
+from synapse.storage.database import (
+    DatabasePool,
+    LoggingDatabaseConnection,
+    LoggingTransaction,
+    make_in_list_sql_clause,
+)
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.events_worker import EventsWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.engines import BaseDatabaseEngine, PostgresEngine, Sqlite3Engine
+from synapse.storage.roommember import RoomsForUserStateReset
+from synapse.storage.util.id_generators import MultiWriterIdGenerator
+from synapse.types import PersistedEventPosition, RoomStreamToken, StrCollection
+from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached, cachedList
+from synapse.util.caches.stream_change_cache import StreamChangeCache
+from synapse.util.cancellation import cancellable
+from synapse.util.iterutils import batch_iter
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from synapse.server import HomeServer
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+MAX_STREAM_SIZE = 1000
+
+
+_STREAM_TOKEN = "stream"
+_TOPOLOGICAL_TOKEN = "topological"
+
+
+class PaginateFunction(Protocol):
+    async def __call__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        room_id: str,
+        from_key: RoomStreamToken,
+        to_key: RoomStreamToken | None = None,
+        direction: Direction = Direction.BACKWARDS,
+        limit: int = 0,
+    ) -> tuple[list[EventBase], RoomStreamToken, bool]: ...
+
+
+# Used as return values for pagination APIs
+@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class _EventDictReturn:
+    event_id: str
+    topological_ordering: int | None
+    stream_ordering: int
+
+
+@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class _EventsAround:
+    events_before: list[EventBase]
+    events_after: list[EventBase]
+    start: RoomStreamToken
+    end: RoomStreamToken
+
+
+@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class CurrentStateDeltaMembership:
+    """
+    Attributes:
+        event_id: The "current" membership event ID in this room.
+        event_pos: The position of the "current" membership event in the event stream.
+        prev_event_id: The previous membership event in this room that was replaced by
+            the "current" one. May be `None` if there was no previous membership event.
+        room_id: The room ID of the membership event.
+        membership: The membership state of the user in the room
+        sender: The person who sent the membership event
+    """
+
+    room_id: str
+    # Event
+    event_id: str | None
+    event_pos: PersistedEventPosition
+    membership: str
+    sender: str | None
+    # Prev event
+    prev_event_id: str | None
+    prev_event_pos: PersistedEventPosition | None
+    prev_membership: str | None
+    prev_sender: str | None
+
+
+def generate_pagination_where_clause(
+    direction: Direction,
+    column_names: tuple[str, str],
+    from_token: tuple[int | None, int] | None,
+    to_token: tuple[int | None, int] | None,
+    engine: BaseDatabaseEngine,
+) -> str:
+    """Creates an SQL expression to bound the columns by the pagination
+    tokens.
+
+    For example creates an SQL expression like:
+
+        (6, 7) >= (topological_ordering, stream_ordering)
+        AND (5, 3) < (topological_ordering, stream_ordering)
+
+    would be generated for dir=b, from_token=(6, 7) and to_token=(5, 3).
+
+    Note that tokens are considered to be after the row they are in, e.g. if
+    a row A has a token T, then we consider A to be before T. This convention
+    is important when figuring out inequalities for the generated SQL, and
+    produces the following result:
+        - If paginating forwards then we exclude any rows matching the from
+          token, but include those that match the to token.
+        - If paginating backwards then we include any rows matching the from
+          token, but include those that match the to token.
+
+    Args:
+        direction: Whether we're paginating backwards or forwards.
+        column_names: The column names to bound. Must *not* be user defined as
+            these get inserted directly into the SQL statement without escapes.
+        from_token: The start point for the pagination. This is an exclusive
+            minimum bound if direction is forwards, and an inclusive maximum bound if
+            direction is backwards.
+        to_token: The endpoint point for the pagination. This is an inclusive
+            maximum bound if direction is forwards, and an exclusive minimum bound if
+            direction is backwards.
+        engine: The database engine to generate the clauses for
+
+    Returns:
+        The sql expression
+    """
+
+    where_clause = []
+    if from_token:
+        where_clause.append(
+            _make_generic_sql_bound(
+                bound=">=" if direction == Direction.BACKWARDS else "<",
+                column_names=column_names,
+                values=from_token,
+                engine=engine,
+            )
+        )
+
+    if to_token:
+        where_clause.append(
+            _make_generic_sql_bound(
+                bound="<" if direction == Direction.BACKWARDS else ">=",
+                column_names=column_names,
+                values=to_token,
+                engine=engine,
+            )
+        )
+
+    return " AND ".join(where_clause)
+
+
+def generate_pagination_bounds(
+    direction: Direction,
+    from_token: RoomStreamToken | None,
+    to_token: RoomStreamToken | None,
+) -> tuple[str, tuple[int | None, int] | None, tuple[int | None, int] | None]:
+    """
+    Generate a start and end point for this page of events.
+
+    Args:
+        direction: Whether pagination is going forwards or backwards.
+        from_token: The token to start pagination at, or None to start at the first value.
+        to_token: The token to end pagination at, or None to not limit the end point.
+
+    Returns:
+        A three tuple of:
+
+            ASC or DESC for sorting of the query.
+
+            The starting position as a tuple of ints representing
+            (topological position, stream position) or None if no from_token was
+            provided. The topological position may be None for live tokens.
+
+            The end position in the same format as the starting position, or None
+            if no to_token was provided.
+    """
+
+    # Tokens really represent positions between elements, but we use
+    # the convention of pointing to the event before the gap. Hence
+    # we have a bit of asymmetry when it comes to equalities.
+    if direction == Direction.BACKWARDS:
+        order = "DESC"
+    else:
+        order = "ASC"
+
+    # The bounds for the stream tokens are complicated by the fact
+    # that we need to handle the instance_map part of the tokens. We do this
+    # by fetching all events between the min stream token and the maximum
+    # stream token (as returned by `RoomStreamToken.get_max_stream_pos`) and
+    # then filtering the results.
+    from_bound: tuple[int | None, int] | None = None
+    if from_token:
+        if from_token.topological is not None:
+            from_bound = from_token.as_historical_tuple()
+        elif direction == Direction.BACKWARDS:
+            from_bound = (
+                None,
+                from_token.get_max_stream_pos(),
+            )
+        else:
+            from_bound = (
+                None,
+                from_token.stream,
+            )
+
+    to_bound: tuple[int | None, int] | None = None
+    if to_token:
+        if to_token.topological is not None:
+            to_bound = to_token.as_historical_tuple()
+        elif direction == Direction.BACKWARDS:
+            to_bound = (
+                None,
+                to_token.stream,
+            )
+        else:
+            to_bound = (
+                None,
+                to_token.get_max_stream_pos(),
+            )
+
+    return order, from_bound, to_bound
+
+
+def generate_next_token(
+    direction: Direction, last_topo_ordering: int | None, last_stream_ordering: int
+) -> RoomStreamToken:
+    """
+    Generate the next room stream token based on the currently returned data.
+
+    Args:
+        direction: Whether pagination is going forwards or backwards.
+        last_topo_ordering: The last topological ordering being returned.
+        last_stream_ordering: The last stream ordering being returned.
+
+    Returns:
+        A new RoomStreamToken to return to the client.
+    """
+    if direction == Direction.BACKWARDS:
+        # Tokens are positions between events.
+        # This token points *after* the last event in the chunk.
+        # We need it to point to the event before it in the chunk
+        # when we are going backwards so we subtract one from the
+        # stream part.
+        last_stream_ordering -= 1
+    return RoomStreamToken(topological=last_topo_ordering, stream=last_stream_ordering)
+
+
+def _make_generic_sql_bound(
+    bound: str,
+    column_names: tuple[str, str],
+    values: tuple[int | None, int],
+    engine: BaseDatabaseEngine,
+) -> str:
+    """Create an SQL expression that bounds the given column names by the
+    values, e.g. create the equivalent of `(1, 2) < (col1, col2)`.
+
+    Only works with two columns.
+
+    Older versions of SQLite don't support that syntax so we have to expand it
+    out manually.
+
+    Args:
+        bound: The comparison operator to use. One of ">", "<", ">=",
+            "<=", where the values are on the left and columns on the right.
+        names: The column names. Must *not* be user defined
+            as these get inserted directly into the SQL statement without
+            escapes.
+        values: The values to bound the columns by. If
+            the first value is None then only creates a bound on the second
+            column.
+        engine: The database engine to generate the SQL for
+
+    Returns:
+        The SQL statement
+    """
+
+    assert bound in (">", "<", ">=", "<=")
+
+    name1, name2 = column_names
+    val1, val2 = values
+
+    if val1 is None:
+        val2 = int(val2)
+        return "(%d %s %s)" % (val2, bound, name2)
+
+    val1 = int(val1)
+    val2 = int(val2)
+
+    if isinstance(engine, PostgresEngine):
+        # Postgres doesn't optimise ``(x < a) OR (x=a AND y<b)`` as well
+        # as it optimises ``(x,y) < (a,b)`` on multicolumn indexes. So we
+        # use the later form when running against postgres.
+        return "((%d,%d) %s (%s,%s))" % (val1, val2, bound, name1, name2)
+
+    # We want to generate queries of e.g. the form:
+    #
+    #   (val1 < name1 OR (val1 = name1 AND val2 <= name2))
+    #
+    # which is equivalent to (val1, val2) < (name1, name2)
+
+    return """(
+        {val1:d} {strict_bound} {name1}
+        OR ({val1:d} = {name1} AND {val2:d} {bound} {name2})
+    )""".format(
+        name1=name1,
+        val1=val1,
+        name2=name2,
+        val2=val2,
+        strict_bound=bound[0],  # The first bound must always be strict equality here
+        bound=bound,
+    )
+
+
+def _filter_results(
+    lower_token: RoomStreamToken | None,
+    upper_token: RoomStreamToken | None,
+    instance_name: str | None,
+    topological_ordering: int,
+    stream_ordering: int,
+) -> bool:
+    """Returns True if the event persisted by the given instance at the given
+    topological/stream_ordering falls between the two tokens (taking a None
+    token to mean unbounded).
+
+    Used to filter results from fetching events in the DB against the given
+    tokens. This is necessary to handle the case where the tokens include
+    position maps, which we handle by fetching more than necessary from the DB
+    and then filtering (rather than attempting to construct a complicated SQL
+    query).
+
+    The `instance_name` arg is optional to handle historic rows, and is
+    interpreted as if it was "master".
+    """
+
+    if instance_name is None:
+        instance_name = "master"
+
+    event_historical_tuple = (
+        topological_ordering,
+        stream_ordering,
+    )
+
+    if lower_token:
+        if lower_token.topological is not None:
+            # If these are historical tokens we compare the `(topological, stream)`
+            # tuples.
+            if event_historical_tuple <= lower_token.as_historical_tuple():
+                return False
+
+        else:
+            # If these are live tokens we compare the stream ordering against the
+            # writers stream position.
+            if stream_ordering <= lower_token.get_stream_pos_for_instance(
+                instance_name
+            ):
+                return False
+
+    if upper_token:
+        if upper_token.topological is not None:
+            if upper_token.as_historical_tuple() < event_historical_tuple:
+                return False
+        else:
+            if upper_token.get_stream_pos_for_instance(instance_name) < stream_ordering:
+                return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+def _filter_results_by_stream(
+    lower_token: RoomStreamToken | None,
+    upper_token: RoomStreamToken | None,
+    instance_name: str | None,
+    stream_ordering: int,
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    This function only works with "live" tokens with `stream_ordering` only. See
+    `_filter_results(...)` if you want to work with all tokens.
+
+    Returns True if the event persisted by the given instance at the given
+    stream_ordering falls between the two tokens (taking a None
+    token to mean unbounded).
+
+    The token range is defined by > `lower_token` and <= `upper_token`.
+
+    Used to filter results from fetching events in the DB against the given
+    tokens. This is necessary to handle the case where the tokens include
+    position maps, which we handle by fetching more than necessary from the DB
+    and then filtering (rather than attempting to construct a complicated SQL
+    query).
+
+    The `instance_name` arg is optional to handle historic rows, and is
+    interpreted as if it was "master".
+    """
+    if instance_name is None:
+        instance_name = "master"
+
+    if lower_token:
+        assert lower_token.topological is None
+
+        # If these are live tokens we compare the stream ordering against the
+        # writers stream position.
+        if stream_ordering <= lower_token.get_stream_pos_for_instance(instance_name):
+            return False
+
+    if upper_token:
+        assert upper_token.topological is None
+
+        if upper_token.get_stream_pos_for_instance(instance_name) < stream_ordering:
+            return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+def filter_to_clause(event_filter: Filter | None) -> tuple[str, list[str]]:
+    # NB: This may create SQL clauses that don't optimise well (and we don't
+    # have indices on all possible clauses). E.g. it may create
+    # "room_id == X AND room_id != X", which postgres doesn't optimise.
+
+    if not event_filter:
+        return "", []
+
+    clauses = []
+    args = []
+
+    # Handle event types with potential wildcard characters
+    if event_filter.types:
+        type_clauses = []
+        for typ in event_filter.types:
+            if "*" in typ:
+                type_clauses.append("event.type LIKE ?")
+                typ = typ.replace("*", "%")  # Replace * with % for SQL LIKE pattern
+            else:
+                type_clauses.append("event.type = ?")
+            args.append(typ)
+        clauses.append("(%s)" % " OR ".join(type_clauses))
+
+    # Handle event types to exclude with potential wildcard characters
+    for typ in event_filter.not_types:
+        if "*" in typ:
+            clauses.append("event.type NOT LIKE ?")
+            typ = typ.replace("*", "%")
+        else:
+            clauses.append("event.type != ?")
+        args.append(typ)
+
+    if event_filter.senders:
+        clauses.append(
+            "(%s)" % " OR ".join("event.sender = ?" for _ in event_filter.senders)
+        )
+        args.extend(event_filter.senders)
+
+    for sender in event_filter.not_senders:
+        clauses.append("event.sender != ?")
+        args.append(sender)
+
+    if event_filter.rooms:
+        clauses.append(
+            "(%s)" % " OR ".join("event.room_id = ?" for _ in event_filter.rooms)
+        )
+        args.extend(event_filter.rooms)
+
+    for room_id in event_filter.not_rooms:
+        clauses.append("event.room_id != ?")
+        args.append(room_id)
+
+    if event_filter.contains_url:
+        clauses.append("event.contains_url = ?")
+        args.append(event_filter.contains_url)
+
+    # We're only applying the "labels" filter on the database query, because applying the
+    # "not_labels" filter via a SQL query is non-trivial. Instead, we let
+    # event_filter.check_fields apply it, which is not as efficient but makes the
+    # implementation simpler.
+    if event_filter.labels:
+        clauses.append("(%s)" % " OR ".join("label = ?" for _ in event_filter.labels))
+        args.extend(event_filter.labels)
+
+    # Filter on relation_senders / relation types from the joined tables.
+    if event_filter.related_by_senders:
+        clauses.append(
+            "(%s)"
+            % " OR ".join(
+                "related_event.sender = ?" for _ in event_filter.related_by_senders
+            )
+        )
+        args.extend(event_filter.related_by_senders)
+
+    if event_filter.related_by_rel_types:
+        clauses.append(
+            "(%s)"
+            % " OR ".join(
+                "relation_type = ?" for _ in event_filter.related_by_rel_types
+            )
+        )
+        args.extend(event_filter.related_by_rel_types)
+
+    if event_filter.rel_types:
+        clauses.append(
+            "(%s)"
+            % " OR ".join(
+                "event_relation.relation_type = ?" for _ in event_filter.rel_types
+            )
+        )
+        args.extend(event_filter.rel_types)
+
+    if event_filter.not_rel_types:
+        clauses.append(
+            "((%s) OR event_relation.relation_type IS NULL)"
+            % " AND ".join(
+                "event_relation.relation_type != ?" for _ in event_filter.not_rel_types
+            )
+        )
+        args.extend(event_filter.not_rel_types)
+
+    return " AND ".join(clauses), args
+
+
+class StreamWorkerStore(EventsWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        database: DatabasePool,
+        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
+        hs: "HomeServer",
+    ):
+        super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
+
+        self._instance_name = hs.get_instance_name()
+        self._send_federation = hs.should_send_federation()
+        self._federation_shard_config = hs.config.worker.federation_shard_config
+
+        # If we're a process that sends federation we may need to reset the
+        # `federation_stream_position` table to match the current sharding
+        # config. We don't do this now as otherwise two processes could conflict
+        # during startup which would cause one to die.
+        self._need_to_reset_federation_stream_positions = self._send_federation
+
+        events_max = self.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
+        event_cache_prefill, min_event_val = self.db_pool.get_cache_dict(
+            db_conn,
+            "events",
+            entity_column="room_id",
+            stream_column="stream_ordering",
+            max_value=events_max,
+        )
+        self._events_stream_cache = StreamChangeCache(
+            name="EventsRoomStreamChangeCache",
+            server_name=self.server_name,
+            current_stream_pos=min_event_val,
+            prefilled_cache=event_cache_prefill,
+        )
+        self._membership_stream_cache = StreamChangeCache(
+            name="MembershipStreamChangeCache",
+            server_name=self.server_name,
+            current_stream_pos=events_max,
+        )
+
+        self._stream_order_on_start = self.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
+        self._min_stream_order_on_start = self.get_room_min_stream_ordering()
+
+    def get_room_max_stream_ordering(self) -> int:
+        """Get the stream_ordering of regular events that we have committed up to
+
+        Returns the maximum stream id such that all stream ids less than or
+        equal to it have been successfully persisted.
+        """
+        return self._stream_id_gen.get_current_token()
+
+    def get_room_min_stream_ordering(self) -> int:
+        """Get the stream_ordering of backfilled events that we have committed up to
+
+        Backfilled events use *negative* stream orderings, so this returns the
+        minimum negative stream id such that all stream ids greater than or
+        equal to it have been successfully persisted.
+        """
+        return self._backfill_id_gen.get_current_token()
+
+    def get_room_max_token(self) -> RoomStreamToken:
+        """Get a `RoomStreamToken` that marks the current maximum persisted
+        position of the events stream. Useful to get a token that represents
+        "now".
+
+        The token returned is a "live" token that may have an instance_map
+        component.
+        """
+
+        return RoomStreamToken.from_generator(self._stream_id_gen)
+
+    def get_events_stream_id_generator(self) -> MultiWriterIdGenerator:
+        return self._stream_id_gen
+
+    async def get_room_events_stream_for_rooms(
+        self,
+        *,
+        room_ids: Collection[str],
+        from_key: RoomStreamToken,
+        to_key: RoomStreamToken | None = None,
+        direction: Direction = Direction.BACKWARDS,
+        limit: int = 0,
+    ) -> dict[str, tuple[list[EventBase], RoomStreamToken, bool]]:
+        """Get new room events in stream ordering since `from_key`.
+
+        Args:
+            room_ids
+            from_key: The token to stream from (starting point and heading in the given
+                direction)
+            to_key: The token representing the end stream position (end point)
+            limit: Maximum number of events to return
+            direction: Indicates whether we are paginating forwards or backwards
+                from `from_key`.
+
+        Returns:
+            A map from room id to a tuple containing:
+                - list of recent events in the room
+                - stream ordering key for the start of the chunk of events returned.
+                - a boolean to indicate if there were more events but we hit the limit
+
+            When Direction.FORWARDS: from_key < x <= to_key, (ascending order)
+            When Direction.BACKWARDS: from_key >= x > to_key, (descending order)
+        """
+        if direction == Direction.FORWARDS:
+            room_ids = self._events_stream_cache.get_entities_changed(
+                room_ids, from_key.stream
+            )
+        elif direction == Direction.BACKWARDS:
+            if to_key is not None:
+                room_ids = self._events_stream_cache.get_entities_changed(
+                    room_ids, to_key.stream
+                )
+        else:
+            assert_never(direction)
+
+        if not room_ids:
+            return {}
+
+        results = {}
+        room_ids = list(room_ids)
+        for rm_ids in (room_ids[i : i + 20] for i in range(0, len(room_ids), 20)):
+            res = await make_deferred_yieldable(
+                defer.gatherResults(
+                    [
+                        run_in_background(
+                            self.paginate_room_events_by_stream_ordering,
+                            room_id=room_id,
+                            from_key=from_key,
+                            to_key=to_key,
+                            direction=direction,
+                            limit=limit,
+                        )
+                        for room_id in rm_ids
+                    ],
+                    consumeErrors=True,
+                )
+            )
+            results.update(dict(zip(rm_ids, res)))
+
+        return results
+
+    def get_rooms_that_changed(
+        self, room_ids: Collection[str], from_key: RoomStreamToken
+    ) -> set[str]:
+        """Given a list of rooms and a token, return rooms where there may have
+        been changes.
+        """
+        from_id = from_key.stream
+        return {
+            room_id
+            for room_id in room_ids
+            if self._events_stream_cache.has_entity_changed(room_id, from_id)
+        }
+
+    async def get_rooms_that_have_updates_since_sliding_sync_table(
+        self,
+        room_ids: StrCollection,
+        from_key: RoomStreamToken,
+    ) -> StrCollection:
+        """Return the rooms that probably have had updates since the given
+        token (changes that are > `from_key`)."""
+        # If the stream change cache is valid for the stream token, we can just
+        # use the result of that.
+        if from_key.stream >= self._events_stream_cache.get_earliest_known_position():
+            return self._events_stream_cache.get_entities_changed(
+                room_ids, from_key.stream
+            )
+
+        def get_rooms_that_have_updates_since_sliding_sync_table_txn(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        ) -> StrCollection:
+            sql = """
+                SELECT room_id
+                FROM sliding_sync_joined_rooms
+                WHERE {clause}
+                    AND event_stream_ordering > ?
+            """
+
+            results: set[str] = set()
+            for batch in batch_iter(room_ids, 1000):
+                clause, args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+                    self.database_engine, "room_id", batch
+                )
+
+                args.append(from_key.stream)
+                txn.execute(sql.format(clause=clause), args)
+
+                results.update(row[0] for row in txn)
+
+            return results
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_rooms_that_have_updates_since_sliding_sync_table",
+            get_rooms_that_have_updates_since_sliding_sync_table_txn,
+        )
+
+    async def paginate_room_events_by_stream_ordering(
+        self,
+        *,
+        room_id: str,
+        from_key: RoomStreamToken,
+        to_key: RoomStreamToken | None = None,
+        direction: Direction = Direction.BACKWARDS,
+        limit: int = 0,
+    ) -> tuple[list[EventBase], RoomStreamToken, bool]:
+        """
+        Paginate events by `stream_ordering` in the room from the `from_key` in the
+        given `direction` to the `to_key` or `limit`.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id
+            from_key: The token to stream from (starting point and heading in the given
+                direction)
+            to_key: The token representing the end stream position (end point)
+            direction: Indicates whether we are paginating forwards or backwards
+                from `from_key`.
+            limit: Maximum number of events to return
+
+        Returns:
+            The results as a list of events, a token that points to the end of
+            the result set, and a boolean to indicate if there were more events
+            but we hit the limit. If no events are returned then the end of the
+            stream has been reached (i.e. there are no events between `from_key`
+            and `to_key`).
+
+            When Direction.FORWARDS: from_key < x <= to_key, (ascending order)
+            When Direction.BACKWARDS: from_key >= x > to_key, (descending order)
+        """
+
+        # FIXME: When going forwards, we should enforce that the `to_key` is not `None`
+        # because we always need an upper bound when querying the events stream (as
+        # otherwise we'll potentially pick up events that are not fully persisted).
+
+        # We should only be working with `stream_ordering` tokens here
+        assert from_key is None or from_key.topological is None
+        assert to_key is None or to_key.topological is None
+
+        # We can bail early if we're looking forwards, and our `to_key` is already
+        # before our `from_key`.
+        if (
+            direction == Direction.FORWARDS
+            and to_key is not None
+            and to_key.is_before_or_eq(from_key)
+        ):
+            # Token selection matches what we do below if there are no rows
+            return [], to_key if to_key else from_key, False
+        # Or vice-versa, if we're looking backwards and our `from_key` is already before
+        # our `to_key`.
+        elif (
+            direction == Direction.BACKWARDS
+            and to_key is not None
+            and from_key.is_before_or_eq(to_key)
+        ):
+            # Token selection matches what we do below if there are no rows
+            return [], to_key if to_key else from_key, False
+
+        # We can do a quick sanity check to see if any events have been sent in the room
+        # since the earlier token.
+        has_changed = True
+        if direction == Direction.FORWARDS:
+            has_changed = self._events_stream_cache.has_entity_changed(
+                room_id, from_key.stream
+            )
+        elif direction == Direction.BACKWARDS:
+            if to_key is not None:
+                has_changed = self._events_stream_cache.has_entity_changed(
+                    room_id, to_key.stream
+                )
+        else:
+            assert_never(direction)
+
+        if not has_changed:
+            # Token selection matches what we do below if there are no rows
+            return [], to_key if to_key else from_key, False
+
+        order, from_bound, to_bound = generate_pagination_bounds(
+            direction, from_key, to_key
+        )
+
+        bounds = generate_pagination_where_clause(
+            direction=direction,
+            # The empty string will shortcut downstream code to only use the
+            # `stream_ordering` column
+            column_names=("", "stream_ordering"),
+            from_token=from_bound,
+            to_token=to_bound,
+            engine=self.database_engine,
+        )
+
+        def f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> tuple[list[_EventDictReturn], bool]:
+            sql = f"""
+                SELECT event_id, instance_name, stream_ordering
+                FROM events
+                WHERE
+                    room_id = ?
+                    AND not outlier
+                    AND {bounds}
+                ORDER BY stream_ordering {order} LIMIT ?
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql, (room_id, 2 * limit))
+
+            # Get all the rows and check if we hit the limit.
+            fetched_rows = txn.fetchall()
+            limited = len(fetched_rows) >= 2 * limit
+
+            rows = [
+                _EventDictReturn(event_id, None, stream_ordering)
+                for event_id, instance_name, stream_ordering in fetched_rows
+                if _filter_results_by_stream(
+                    lower_token=(
+                        to_key if direction == Direction.BACKWARDS else from_key
+                    ),
+                    upper_token=(
+                        from_key if direction == Direction.BACKWARDS else to_key
+                    ),
+                    instance_name=instance_name,
+                    stream_ordering=stream_ordering,
+                )
+            ]
+
+            if len(rows) > limit:
+                limited = True
+
+            rows = rows[:limit]
+            return rows, limited
+
+        rows, limited = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_room_events_stream_for_room", f
+        )
+
+        ret = await self.get_events_as_list(
+            [r.event_id for r in rows], get_prev_content=True
+        )
+
+        if rows:
+            next_key = generate_next_token(
+                direction=direction,
+                last_topo_ordering=None,
+                last_stream_ordering=rows[-1].stream_ordering,
+            )
+        else:
+            # TODO (erikj): We should work out what to do here instead. (same as
+            # `_paginate_room_events_by_topological_ordering_txn(...)`)
+            next_key = to_key if to_key else from_key
+
+        return ret, next_key, limited
+
+    @trace
+    async def get_current_state_delta_membership_changes_for_user(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        from_key: RoomStreamToken,
+        to_key: RoomStreamToken,
+        excluded_room_ids: list[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> list[CurrentStateDeltaMembership]:
+        """
+        Fetch membership events (and the previous event that was replaced by that one)
+        for a given user.
+
+        Note: This function only works with "live" tokens with `stream_ordering` only.
+
+        We're looking for membership changes in the token range (> `from_key` and <=
+        `to_key`).
+
+        Please be mindful to only use this with `from_key` and `to_key` tokens that are
+        recent enough to be after when the first local user joined the room. Otherwise,
+        the results may be incomplete or too greedy. For example, if you use a token
+        range before the first local user joined the room, you will see 0 events since
+        `current_state_delta_stream` tracks what the server thinks is the current state
+        of the room as time goes. It does not track how state progresses from the
+        beginning of the room. So for example, when you remotely join a room, the first
+        rows will just be the state when you joined and progress from there.
+
+        You can probably reasonably use this with `/sync` because the `to_key` passed in
+        will be the "current" now token and the range will cover when the user joined
+        the room.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: The user ID to fetch membership events for.
+            from_key: The point in the stream to sync from (fetching events > this point).
+            to_key: The token to fetch rooms up to (fetching events <= this point).
+            excluded_room_ids: Optional list of room IDs to exclude from the results.
+
+        Returns:
+            All membership changes to the current state in the token range. Events are
+            sorted by `stream_ordering` ascending.
+
+            `event_id`/`sender` can be `None` when the server leaves a room (meaning
+            everyone locally left) or a state reset which removed the person from the
+            room. We can't tell the difference between the two cases with what's
+            available in the `current_state_delta_stream` table. To actually check for a
+            state reset, you need to check if a membership still exists in the room.
+        """
+
+        assert from_key.topological is None
+        assert to_key.topological is None
+
+        # Start by ruling out cases where a DB query is not necessary.
+        if from_key == to_key:
+            return []
+
+        if from_key:
+            has_changed = self._membership_stream_cache.has_entity_changed(
+                user_id, int(from_key.stream)
+            )
+            if not has_changed:
+                return []
+
+        def f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> list[CurrentStateDeltaMembership]:
+            # To handle tokens with a non-empty instance_map we fetch more
+            # results than necessary and then filter down
+            min_from_id = from_key.stream
+            max_to_id = to_key.get_max_stream_pos()
+
+            args: list[Any] = [min_from_id, max_to_id, EventTypes.Member, user_id]
+
+            # TODO: It would be good to assert that the `from_token`/`to_token` is >=
+            # the first row in `current_state_delta_stream` for the rooms we're
+            # interested in. Otherwise, we will end up with empty results and not know
+            # it.
+
+            # We could `COALESCE(e.stream_ordering, s.stream_id)` to get more accurate
+            # stream positioning when available but given our usages, we can avoid the
+            # complexity. Between two (valid) stream tokens, we will still get all of
+            # the state changes. Since those events are persisted in a batch, valid
+            # tokens will either be before or after the batch of events.
+            #
+            # `stream_ordering` from the `events` table is more accurate when available
+            # since the `current_state_delta_stream` table only tracks that the current
+            # state is at this stream position (not what stream position the state event
+            # was added) and uses the *minimum* stream position for batches of events.
+            sql = """
+                SELECT
+                    s.room_id,
+                    e.event_id,
+                    s.instance_name,
+                    s.stream_id,
+                    m.membership,
+                    e.sender,
+                    s.prev_event_id,
+                    e_prev.instance_name AS prev_instance_name,
+                    e_prev.stream_ordering AS prev_stream_ordering,
+                    m_prev.membership AS prev_membership,
+                    e_prev.sender AS prev_sender
+                FROM current_state_delta_stream AS s
+                    LEFT JOIN events AS e ON e.event_id = s.event_id
+                    LEFT JOIN room_memberships AS m ON m.event_id = s.event_id
+                    LEFT JOIN events AS e_prev ON e_prev.event_id = s.prev_event_id
+                    LEFT JOIN room_memberships AS m_prev ON m_prev.event_id = s.prev_event_id
+                WHERE s.stream_id > ? AND s.stream_id <= ?
+                    AND s.type = ?
+                    AND s.state_key = ?
+                ORDER BY s.stream_id ASC
+            """
+
+            txn.execute(sql, args)
+
+            membership_changes: list[CurrentStateDeltaMembership] = []
+            for (
+                room_id,
+                event_id,
+                instance_name,
+                stream_ordering,
+                membership,
+                sender,
+                prev_event_id,
+                prev_instance_name,
+                prev_stream_ordering,
+                prev_membership,
+                prev_sender,
+            ) in txn:
+                assert room_id is not None
+                assert stream_ordering is not None
+
+                if _filter_results_by_stream(
+                    from_key,
+                    to_key,
+                    instance_name,
+                    stream_ordering,
+                ):
+                    # When the server leaves a room, it will insert new rows into the
+                    # `current_state_delta_stream` table with `event_id = null` for all
+                    # current state. This means we might already have a row for the
+                    # leave event and then another for the same leave where the
+                    # `event_id=null` but the `prev_event_id` is pointing back at the
+                    # earlier leave event. We don't want to report the leave, if we
+                    # already have a leave event.
+                    if event_id is None and prev_membership == Membership.LEAVE:
+                        continue
+
+                    membership_change = CurrentStateDeltaMembership(
+                        room_id=room_id,
+                        # Event
+                        event_id=event_id,
+                        event_pos=PersistedEventPosition(
+                            # If instance_name is null we default to "master"
+                            instance_name=instance_name or "master",
+                            stream=stream_ordering,
+                        ),
+                        # When `s.event_id = null`, we won't be able to get respective
+                        # `room_membership` but can assume the user has left the room
+                        # because this only happens when the server leaves a room
+                        # (meaning everyone locally left) or a state reset which removed
+                        # the person from the room.
+                        membership=(
+                            membership if membership is not None else Membership.LEAVE
+                        ),
+                        # This will also be null for the same reasons if `s.event_id = null`
+                        sender=sender,
+                        # Prev event
+                        prev_event_id=prev_event_id,
+                        prev_event_pos=(
+                            PersistedEventPosition(
+                                # If instance_name is null we default to "master"
+                                instance_name=prev_instance_name or "master",
+                                stream=prev_stream_ordering,
+                            )
+                            if (prev_stream_ordering is not None)
+                            else None
+                        ),
+                        prev_membership=prev_membership,
+                        prev_sender=prev_sender,
+                    )
+
+                    membership_changes.append(membership_change)
+
+            return membership_changes
+
+        membership_changes = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_current_state_delta_membership_changes_for_user", f
+        )
+
+        room_ids_to_exclude: AbstractSet[str] = set()
+        if excluded_room_ids is not None:
+            room_ids_to_exclude = set(excluded_room_ids)
+
+        return [
+            membership_change
+            for membership_change in membership_changes
+            if membership_change.room_id not in room_ids_to_exclude
+        ]
+
+    @trace
+    async def get_sliding_sync_membership_changes(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        from_key: RoomStreamToken,
+        to_key: RoomStreamToken,
+        excluded_room_ids: AbstractSet[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, RoomsForUserStateReset]:
+        """
+        Fetch membership events that result in a meaningful membership change for a
+        given user.
+
+        A meaningful membership changes is one where the `membership` value actually
+        changes. This means memberships changes from `join` to `join` (like a display
+        name change) will be filtered out since they result in no meaningful change.
+
+        Note: This function only works with "live" tokens with `stream_ordering` only.
+
+        We're looking for membership changes in the token range (> `from_key` and <=
+        `to_key`).
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: The user ID to fetch membership events for.
+            from_key: The point in the stream to sync from (fetching events > this point).
+            to_key: The token to fetch rooms up to (fetching events <= this point).
+            excluded_room_ids: Optional list of room IDs to exclude from the results.
+
+        Returns:
+            All meaningful membership changes to the current state in the token range.
+            Events are sorted by `stream_ordering` ascending.
+
+            `event_id`/`sender` can be `None` when the server leaves a room (meaning
+            everyone locally left) or a state reset which removed the person from the
+            room. We can't tell the difference between the two cases with what's
+            available in the `current_state_delta_stream` table. To actually check for a
+            state reset, you need to check if a membership still exists in the room.
+        """
+
+        assert from_key.topological is None
+        assert to_key.topological is None
+
+        # Start by ruling out cases where a DB query is not necessary.
+        if from_key == to_key:
+            return {}
+
+        if from_key:
+            has_changed = self._membership_stream_cache.has_entity_changed(
+                user_id, int(from_key.stream)
+            )
+            if not has_changed:
+                return {}
+
+        room_ids_to_exclude: AbstractSet[str] = set()
+        if excluded_room_ids is not None:
+            room_ids_to_exclude = excluded_room_ids
+
+        def f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> dict[str, RoomsForUserStateReset]:
+            # To handle tokens with a non-empty instance_map we fetch more
+            # results than necessary and then filter down
+            min_from_id = from_key.stream
+            max_to_id = to_key.get_max_stream_pos()
+
+            # This query looks at membership changes in
+            # `sliding_sync_membership_snapshots` which will not include users
+            # that were state reset out of rooms; so we need to look for that
+            # case in `current_state_delta_stream`.
+            sql = """
+                SELECT
+                    room_id,
+                    membership_event_id,
+                    event_instance_name,
+                    event_stream_ordering,
+                    membership,
+                    sender,
+                    prev_membership,
+                    room_version
+                FROM
+                (
+                    SELECT
+                        s.room_id,
+                        s.membership_event_id,
+                        s.event_instance_name,
+                        s.event_stream_ordering,
+                        s.membership,
+                        s.sender,
+                        m_prev.membership AS prev_membership
+                    FROM sliding_sync_membership_snapshots as s
+                        LEFT JOIN event_edges AS e ON e.event_id = s.membership_event_id
+                        LEFT JOIN room_memberships AS m_prev ON m_prev.event_id = e.prev_event_id
+                    WHERE s.user_id = ?
+
+                    UNION ALL
+
+                    SELECT
+                        s.room_id,
+                        e.event_id,
+                        s.instance_name,
+                        s.stream_id,
+                        m.membership,
+                        e.sender,
+                        m_prev.membership AS prev_membership
+                    FROM current_state_delta_stream AS s
+                        LEFT JOIN events AS e ON e.event_id = s.event_id
+                        LEFT JOIN room_memberships AS m ON m.event_id = s.event_id
+                        LEFT JOIN room_memberships AS m_prev ON m_prev.event_id = s.prev_event_id
+                    WHERE
+                        s.type = ?
+                        AND s.state_key = ?
+                ) AS c
+                INNER JOIN rooms USING (room_id)
+                WHERE event_stream_ordering > ? AND event_stream_ordering <= ?
+                ORDER BY event_stream_ordering ASC
+            """
+
+            txn.execute(
+                sql,
+                (user_id, EventTypes.Member, user_id, min_from_id, max_to_id),
+            )
+
+            membership_changes: dict[str, RoomsForUserStateReset] = {}
+            for (
+                room_id,
+                membership_event_id,
+                event_instance_name,
+                event_stream_ordering,
+                membership,
+                sender,
+                prev_membership,
+                room_version_id,
+            ) in txn:
+                assert room_id is not None
+                assert event_stream_ordering is not None
+
+                if room_id in room_ids_to_exclude:
+                    continue
+
+                if _filter_results_by_stream(
+                    from_key,
+                    to_key,
+                    event_instance_name,
+                    event_stream_ordering,
+                ):
+                    # When the server leaves a room, it will insert new rows into the
+                    # `current_state_delta_stream` table with `event_id = null` for all
+                    # current state. This means we might already have a row for the
+                    # leave event and then another for the same leave where the
+                    # `event_id=null` but the `prev_event_id` is pointing back at the
+                    # earlier leave event. We don't want to report the leave, if we
+                    # already have a leave event.
+                    if (
+                        membership_event_id is None
+                        and prev_membership == Membership.LEAVE
+                    ):
+                        continue
+
+                    if membership_event_id is None and room_id in membership_changes:
+                        # SUSPICIOUS: if we join a room and get state reset out of it
+                        # in the same queried window,
+                        # won't this ignore the 'state reset out of it' part?
+                        continue
+
+                    # When `s.event_id = null`, we won't be able to get respective
+                    # `room_membership` but can assume the user has left the room
+                    # because this only happens when the server leaves a room
+                    # (meaning everyone locally left) or a state reset which removed
+                    # the person from the room.
+                    membership = (
+                        membership if membership is not None else Membership.LEAVE
+                    )
+
+                    if membership == prev_membership:
+                        # If `membership` and `prev_membership` are the same then this
+                        # is not a meaningful change so we can skip it.
+                        # An example of this happening is when the user changes their display name.
+                        continue
+
+                    membership_change = RoomsForUserStateReset(
+                        room_id=room_id,
+                        sender=sender,
+                        membership=membership,
+                        event_id=membership_event_id,
+                        event_pos=PersistedEventPosition(
+                            event_instance_name, event_stream_ordering
+                        ),
+                        room_version_id=room_version_id,
+                    )
+
+                    membership_changes[room_id] = membership_change
+
+            return membership_changes
+
+        membership_changes = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_sliding_sync_membership_changes", f
+        )
+
+        return membership_changes
+
+    @cancellable
+    async def get_membership_changes_for_user(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        from_key: RoomStreamToken,
+        to_key: RoomStreamToken,
+        excluded_rooms: list[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> list[EventBase]:
+        """Fetch membership events for a given user.
+
+        All such events whose stream ordering `s` lies in the range
+        `from_key < s <= to_key` are returned. Events are ordered by ascending stream
+        order.
+        """
+        # Start by ruling out cases where a DB query is not necessary.
+        if from_key == to_key:
+            return []
+
+        if from_key:
+            has_changed = self._membership_stream_cache.has_entity_changed(
+                user_id, int(from_key.stream)
+            )
+            if not has_changed:
+                return []
+
+        def f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> list[_EventDictReturn]:
+            # To handle tokens with a non-empty instance_map we fetch more
+            # results than necessary and then filter down
+            min_from_id = from_key.stream
+            max_to_id = to_key.get_max_stream_pos()
+
+            args: list[Any] = [user_id, min_from_id, max_to_id]
+
+            ignore_room_clause = ""
+            if excluded_rooms is not None and len(excluded_rooms) > 0:
+                ignore_room_clause, ignore_room_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+                    txn.database_engine, "e.room_id", excluded_rooms, negative=True
+                )
+                ignore_room_clause = f"AND {ignore_room_clause}"
+                args += ignore_room_args
+
+            sql = """
+                SELECT m.event_id, instance_name, topological_ordering, stream_ordering
+                FROM events AS e, room_memberships AS m
+                WHERE e.event_id = m.event_id
+                    AND m.user_id = ?
+                    AND e.stream_ordering > ? AND e.stream_ordering <= ?
+                    %s
+                ORDER BY e.stream_ordering ASC
+            """ % (ignore_room_clause,)
+
+            txn.execute(sql, args)
+
+            rows = [
+                _EventDictReturn(event_id, None, stream_ordering)
+                for event_id, instance_name, topological_ordering, stream_ordering in txn
+                if _filter_results(
+                    from_key,
+                    to_key,
+                    instance_name,
+                    topological_ordering,
+                    stream_ordering,
+                )
+            ]
+
+            return rows
+
+        rows = await self.db_pool.runInteraction("get_membership_changes_for_user", f)
+
+        ret = await self.get_events_as_list(
+            [r.event_id for r in rows], get_prev_content=True
+        )
+
+        return ret
+
+    async def get_recent_events_for_room(
+        self, room_id: str, limit: int, end_token: RoomStreamToken
+    ) -> tuple[list[EventBase], RoomStreamToken]:
+        """Get the most recent events in the room in topological ordering.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id
+            limit
+            end_token: The stream token representing now.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of events and a token pointing to the start of the returned
+            events. The events returned are in ascending topological order.
+        """
+
+        rows, token = await self.get_recent_event_ids_for_room(
+            room_id, limit, end_token
+        )
+
+        events = await self.get_events_as_list(
+            [r.event_id for r in rows], get_prev_content=True
+        )
+
+        return events, token
+
+    async def get_recent_event_ids_for_room(
+        self, room_id: str, limit: int, end_token: RoomStreamToken
+    ) -> tuple[list[_EventDictReturn], RoomStreamToken]:
+        """Get the most recent events in the room in topological ordering.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id
+            limit
+            end_token: The stream token representing now.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of _EventDictReturn and a token pointing to the start of the
+            returned events. The events returned are in ascending order.
+        """
+        # Allow a zero limit here, and no-op.
+        if limit == 0:
+            return [], end_token
+
+        rows, token, _ = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_recent_event_ids_for_room",
+            self._paginate_room_events_by_topological_ordering_txn,
+            room_id,
+            from_token=end_token,
+            limit=limit,
+        )
+
+        # We want to return the results in ascending order.
+        rows.reverse()
+
+        return rows, token
+
+    async def get_room_event_before_stream_ordering(
+        self, room_id: str, stream_ordering: int
+    ) -> tuple[int, int, str] | None:
+        """Gets details of the first event in a room at or before a stream ordering
+
+        Args:
+            room_id:
+            stream_ordering:
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple of (stream ordering, topological ordering, event_id)
+        """
+
+        def _f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> tuple[int, int, str] | None:
+            sql = """
+                SELECT stream_ordering, topological_ordering, event_id
+                FROM events
+                LEFT JOIN rejections USING (event_id)
+                WHERE room_id = ?
+                    AND stream_ordering <= ?
+                    AND NOT outlier
+                    AND rejections.event_id IS NULL
+                ORDER BY stream_ordering DESC
+                LIMIT 1
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql, (room_id, stream_ordering))
+            return cast(tuple[int, int, str] | None, txn.fetchone())
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_room_event_before_stream_ordering", _f
+        )
+
+    async def get_last_event_id_in_room_before_stream_ordering(
+        self,
+        room_id: str,
+        end_token: RoomStreamToken,
+    ) -> str | None:
+        """Returns the ID of the last event in a room at or before a stream ordering
+
+        Args:
+            room_id
+            end_token: The token used to stream from
+
+        Returns:
+            The ID of the most recent event, or None if there are no events in the room
+            before this stream ordering.
+        """
+        last_event_result = (
+            await self.get_last_event_pos_in_room_before_stream_ordering(
+                room_id, end_token
+            )
+        )
+
+        if last_event_result:
+            return last_event_result[0]
+
+        return None
+
+    async def get_last_event_pos_in_room(
+        self,
+        room_id: str,
+        event_types: StrCollection | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[str, PersistedEventPosition] | None:
+        """
+        Returns the ID and event position of the last event in a room.
+
+        Based on `get_last_event_pos_in_room_before_stream_ordering(...)`
+
+        Args:
+            room_id
+            event_types: Optional allowlist of event types to filter by
+
+        Returns:
+            The ID of the most recent event and it's position, or None if there are no
+            events in the room that match the given event types.
+        """
+
+        def _get_last_event_pos_in_room_txn(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        ) -> tuple[str, PersistedEventPosition] | None:
+            event_type_clause = ""
+            event_type_args: list[str] = []
+            if event_types is not None and len(event_types) > 0:
+                event_type_clause, event_type_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+                    txn.database_engine, "type", event_types
+                )
+                event_type_clause = f"AND {event_type_clause}"
+
+            sql = f"""
+            SELECT event_id, stream_ordering, instance_name
+            FROM events
+            LEFT JOIN rejections USING (event_id)
+            WHERE room_id = ?
+                {event_type_clause}
+                AND NOT outlier
+                AND rejections.event_id IS NULL
+            ORDER BY stream_ordering DESC
+            LIMIT 1
+            """
+
+            txn.execute(
+                sql,
+                [room_id] + event_type_args,
+            )
+
+            row = cast(tuple[str, int, str] | None, txn.fetchone())
+            if row is not None:
+                event_id, stream_ordering, instance_name = row
+
+                return event_id, PersistedEventPosition(
+                    # If instance_name is null we default to "master"
+                    instance_name or "master",
+                    stream_ordering,
+                )
+
+            return None
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_last_event_pos_in_room",
+            _get_last_event_pos_in_room_txn,
+        )
+
+    @trace
+    async def get_last_event_pos_in_room_before_stream_ordering(
+        self,
+        room_id: str,
+        end_token: RoomStreamToken,
+        event_types: StrCollection | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[str, PersistedEventPosition] | None:
+        """
+        Returns the ID and event position of the last event in a room at or before a
+        stream ordering.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id
+            end_token: The token used to stream from
+            event_types: Optional allowlist of event types to filter by
+
+        Returns:
+            The ID of the most recent event and it's position, or None if there are no
+            events in the room before this stream ordering.
+        """
+
+        def get_last_event_pos_in_room_before_stream_ordering_txn(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        ) -> tuple[str, PersistedEventPosition] | None:
+            # We're looking for the closest event at or before the token. We need to
+            # handle the fact that the stream token can be a vector clock (with an
+            # `instance_map`) and events can be persisted on different instances
+            # (sharded event persisters). The first subquery handles the events that
+            # would be within the vector clock and gets all rows between the minimum and
+            # maximum stream ordering in the token which need to be filtered against the
+            # `instance_map`. The second subquery handles the "before" case and finds
+            # the first row before the token. We then filter out any results past the
+            # token's vector clock and return the first row that matches.
+            min_stream = end_token.stream
+            max_stream = end_token.get_max_stream_pos()
+
+            event_type_clause = ""
+            event_type_args: list[str] = []
+            if event_types is not None and len(event_types) > 0:
+                event_type_clause, event_type_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+                    txn.database_engine, "type", event_types
+                )
+                event_type_clause = f"AND {event_type_clause}"
+
+            # We use `UNION ALL` because we don't need any of the deduplication logic
+            # (`UNION` is really a `UNION` + `DISTINCT`). `UNION ALL` does preserve the
+            # ordering of the operand queries but there is no actual guarantee that it
+            # has this behavior in all scenarios so we need the extra `ORDER BY` at the
+            # bottom.
+            sql = """
+                SELECT * FROM (
+                    SELECT instance_name, stream_ordering, topological_ordering, event_id
+                    FROM events
+                    LEFT JOIN rejections USING (event_id)
+                    WHERE room_id = ?
+                        %s
+                        AND ? < stream_ordering AND stream_ordering <= ?
+                        AND NOT outlier
+                        AND rejections.event_id IS NULL
+                    ORDER BY stream_ordering DESC
+                ) AS a
+                UNION ALL
+                SELECT * FROM (
+                    SELECT instance_name, stream_ordering, topological_ordering, event_id
+                    FROM events
+                    LEFT JOIN rejections USING (event_id)
+                    WHERE room_id = ?
+                        %s
+                        AND stream_ordering <= ?
+                        AND NOT outlier
+                        AND rejections.event_id IS NULL
+                    ORDER BY stream_ordering DESC
+                    LIMIT 1
+                ) AS b
+                ORDER BY stream_ordering DESC
+            """ % (
+                event_type_clause,
+                event_type_clause,
+            )
+            txn.execute(
+                sql,
+                [room_id]
+                + event_type_args
+                + [min_stream, max_stream, room_id]
+                + event_type_args
+                + [min_stream],
+            )
+
+            for instance_name, stream_ordering, topological_ordering, event_id in txn:
+                if _filter_results(
+                    lower_token=None,
+                    upper_token=end_token,
+                    instance_name=instance_name,
+                    topological_ordering=topological_ordering,
+                    stream_ordering=stream_ordering,
+                ):
+                    return event_id, PersistedEventPosition(
+                        # If instance_name is null we default to "master"
+                        instance_name or "master",
+                        stream_ordering,
+                    )
+
+            return None
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_last_event_pos_in_room_before_stream_ordering",
+            get_last_event_pos_in_room_before_stream_ordering_txn,
+        )
+
+    async def bulk_get_last_event_pos_in_room_before_stream_ordering(
+        self,
+        room_ids: StrCollection,
+        end_token: RoomStreamToken,
+    ) -> dict[str, int]:
+        """Bulk fetch the stream position of the latest events in the given
+        rooms
+        """
+
+        # First we just get the latest positions for the room, as the vast
+        # majority of them will be before the given end token anyway. By doing
+        # this we can cache most rooms.
+        uncapped_results = await self._bulk_get_max_event_pos(room_ids)
+
+        # Check that the stream position for the rooms are from before the
+        # minimum position of the token. If not then we need to fetch more
+        # rows.
+        results: dict[str, int] = {}
+        recheck_rooms: set[str] = set()
+        min_token = end_token.stream
+        for room_id, stream in uncapped_results.items():
+            if stream is None:
+                # Despite the function not directly setting None, the cache can!
+                # See: https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17726
+                continue
+            if stream <= min_token:
+                results[room_id] = stream
+            else:
+                recheck_rooms.add(room_id)
+
+        if not recheck_rooms:
+            return results
+
+        # There shouldn't be many rooms that we need to recheck, so we do them
+        # one-by-one.
+        for room_id in recheck_rooms:
+            result = await self.get_last_event_pos_in_room_before_stream_ordering(
+                room_id, end_token
+            )
+            if result is not None:
+                results[room_id] = result[1].stream
+
+        return results
+
+    @cached()
+    async def _get_max_event_pos(self, room_id: str) -> int:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @cachedList(cached_method_name="_get_max_event_pos", list_name="room_ids")
+    async def _bulk_get_max_event_pos(
+        self, room_ids: StrCollection
+    ) -> Mapping[str, int | None]:
+        """Fetch the max position of a persisted event in the room."""
+
+        # We need to be careful not to return positions ahead of the current
+        # positions, so we get the current token now and cap our queries to it.
+        now_token = self.get_room_max_token()
+        max_pos = now_token.get_max_stream_pos()
+
+        results: dict[str, int] = {}
+
+        # First, we check for the rooms in the stream change cache to see if we
+        # can just use the latest position from it.
+        missing_room_ids: set[str] = set()
+        for room_id in room_ids:
+            stream_pos = self._events_stream_cache.get_max_pos_of_last_change(room_id)
+            if stream_pos is not None:
+                results[room_id] = stream_pos
+            else:
+                missing_room_ids.add(room_id)
+
+        if not missing_room_ids:
+            return results
+
+        # Next, we query the stream position from the DB. At first we fetch all
+        # positions less than the *max* stream pos in the token, then filter
+        # them down. We do this as a) this is a cheaper query, and b) the vast
+        # majority of rooms will have a latest token from before the min stream
+        # pos.
+
+        def bulk_get_max_event_pos_fallback_txn(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction, batched_room_ids: StrCollection
+        ) -> dict[str, int]:
+            clause, args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+                self.database_engine, "room_id", batched_room_ids
+            )
+            sql = f"""
+                SELECT room_id, (
+                    SELECT stream_ordering FROM events AS e
+                    LEFT JOIN rejections USING (event_id)
+                    WHERE e.room_id = r.room_id
+                        AND e.stream_ordering <= ?
+                        AND NOT outlier
+                        AND rejection_reason IS NULL
+                    ORDER BY stream_ordering DESC
+                    LIMIT 1
+                )
+                FROM rooms AS r
+                WHERE {clause}
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql, [max_pos] + args)
+            return {row[0]: row[1] for row in txn}
+
+        # It's easier to look at the `sliding_sync_joined_rooms` table and avoid all of
+        # the joins and sub-queries.
+        def bulk_get_max_event_pos_from_sliding_sync_tables_txn(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction, batched_room_ids: StrCollection
+        ) -> dict[str, int]:
+            clause, args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+                self.database_engine, "room_id", batched_room_ids
+            )
+            sql = f"""
+                SELECT room_id, event_stream_ordering
+                FROM sliding_sync_joined_rooms
+                WHERE {clause}
+                ORDER BY event_stream_ordering DESC
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql, args)
+            return {row[0]: row[1] for row in txn}
+
+        recheck_rooms: set[str] = set()
+        for batched in batch_iter(room_ids, 1000):
+            if await self.have_finished_sliding_sync_background_jobs():
+                batch_results = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                    "bulk_get_max_event_pos_from_sliding_sync_tables_txn",
+                    bulk_get_max_event_pos_from_sliding_sync_tables_txn,
+                    batched,
+                )
+            else:
+                batch_results = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                    "bulk_get_max_event_pos_fallback_txn",
+                    bulk_get_max_event_pos_fallback_txn,
+                    batched,
+                )
+            for room_id, stream_ordering in batch_results.items():
+                if stream_ordering <= now_token.stream:
+                    results[room_id] = stream_ordering
+                else:
+                    recheck_rooms.add(room_id)
+
+        # We now need to handle rooms where the above query returned a stream
+        # position that was potentially too new. This should happen very rarely
+        # so we just query the rooms one-by-one
+        for room_id in recheck_rooms:
+            result = await self.get_last_event_pos_in_room_before_stream_ordering(
+                room_id, now_token
+            )
+            if result is not None:
+                results[room_id] = result[1].stream
+
+        return results
+
+    async def get_current_room_stream_token_for_room_id(
+        self, room_id: str
+    ) -> RoomStreamToken:
+        """Returns the current position of the rooms stream (historic token)."""
+        stream_ordering = self.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
+        topo = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "_get_max_topological_txn", self._get_max_topological_txn, room_id
+        )
+        return RoomStreamToken(topological=topo, stream=stream_ordering)
+
+    @overload
+    def get_stream_id_for_event_txn(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        event_id: str,
+        allow_none: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> int: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_stream_id_for_event_txn(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        event_id: str,
+        allow_none: bool = False,
+    ) -> int | None: ...
+
+    def get_stream_id_for_event_txn(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        event_id: str,
+        allow_none: bool = False,
+    ) -> int | None:
+        # Type ignore: we pass keyvalues a Dict[str, str]; the function wants
+        # Dict[str, Any]. I think mypy is unhappy because Dict is invariant?
+        return self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+            txn=txn,
+            table="events",
+            keyvalues={"event_id": event_id},
+            retcol="stream_ordering",
+            allow_none=allow_none,
+        )
+
+    async def get_position_for_event(self, event_id: str) -> PersistedEventPosition:
+        """Get the persisted position for an event"""
+        row = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one(
+            table="events",
+            keyvalues={"event_id": event_id},
+            retcols=("stream_ordering", "instance_name"),
+            desc="get_position_for_event",
+        )
+
+        return PersistedEventPosition(row[1] or "master", row[0])
+
+    async def get_topological_token_for_event(self, event_id: str) -> RoomStreamToken:
+        """The stream token for an event
+        Args:
+            event_id: The id of the event to look up a stream token for.
+        Raises:
+            StoreError if the event wasn't in the database.
+        Returns:
+            A `RoomStreamToken` topological token.
+        """
+        row = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one(
+            table="events",
+            keyvalues={"event_id": event_id},
+            retcols=("stream_ordering", "topological_ordering"),
+            desc="get_topological_token_for_event",
+        )
+        return RoomStreamToken(topological=row[1], stream=row[0])
+
+    async def get_current_topological_token(self, room_id: str, stream_key: int) -> int:
+        """Gets the topological token in a room after or at the given stream
+        ordering.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id
+            stream_key
+        """
+        if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
+            min_function = "LEAST"
+        elif isinstance(self.database_engine, Sqlite3Engine):
+            min_function = "MIN"
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Unknown database engine {self.database_engine}")
+
+        # This query used to be
+        #    SELECT COALESCE(MIN(topological_ordering), 0) FROM events
+        #    WHERE room_id = ? and events.stream_ordering >= {stream_key}
+        # which returns 0 if the stream_key is newer than any event in
+        # the room. That's not wrong, but it seems to interact oddly with backfill,
+        # requiring a second call to /messages to actually backfill from a remote
+        # homeserver.
+        #
+        # Instead, rollback the stream ordering to that after the most recent event in
+        # this room.
+        sql = f"""
+            WITH fallback(max_stream_ordering) AS (
+                SELECT MAX(stream_ordering)
+                FROM events
+                WHERE room_id = ?
+            )
+            SELECT COALESCE(MIN(topological_ordering), 0) FROM events
+            WHERE
+                room_id = ?
+                AND events.stream_ordering >= {min_function}(
+                    ?,
+                    (SELECT max_stream_ordering FROM fallback)
+                )
+        """
+
+        row = await self.db_pool.execute(
+            "get_current_topological_token", sql, room_id, room_id, stream_key
+        )
+        return row[0][0] if row else 0
+
+    def _get_max_topological_txn(self, txn: LoggingTransaction, room_id: str) -> int:
+        txn.execute(
+            "SELECT MAX(topological_ordering) FROM events WHERE room_id = ?",
+            (room_id,),
+        )
+
+        rows = txn.fetchall()
+        # An aggregate function like MAX() will always return one row per group
+        # so we can safely rely on the lookup here. For example, when a we
+        # lookup a `room_id` which does not exist, `rows` will look like
+        # `[(None,)]`
+        return rows[0][0] if rows[0][0] is not None else 0
+
+    async def get_events_around(
+        self,
+        room_id: str,
+        event_id: str,
+        before_limit: int,
+        after_limit: int,
+        event_filter: Filter | None = None,
+    ) -> _EventsAround:
+        """Retrieve events and pagination tokens around a given event in a
+        room.
+        """
+
+        results = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_events_around",
+            self._get_events_around_txn,
+            room_id,
+            event_id,
+            before_limit,
+            after_limit,
+            event_filter,
+        )
+
+        events_before = await self.get_events_as_list(
+            list(results["before"]["event_ids"]), get_prev_content=True
+        )
+
+        events_after = await self.get_events_as_list(
+            list(results["after"]["event_ids"]), get_prev_content=True
+        )
+
+        return _EventsAround(
+            events_before=events_before,
+            events_after=events_after,
+            start=results["before"]["token"],
+            end=results["after"]["token"],
+        )
+
+    def _get_events_around_txn(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        room_id: str,
+        event_id: str,
+        before_limit: int,
+        after_limit: int,
+        event_filter: Filter | None,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Retrieves event_ids and pagination tokens around a given event in a
+        room.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id
+            event_id
+            before_limit
+            after_limit
+            event_filter
+
+        Returns:
+            dict
+        """
+
+        row = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_txn(
+            txn,
+            "events",
+            keyvalues={"event_id": event_id, "room_id": room_id},
+            retcols=("stream_ordering", "topological_ordering"),
+        )
+        stream_ordering = int(row[0])
+        topological_ordering = int(row[1])
+
+        # Paginating backwards includes the event at the token, but paginating
+        # forward doesn't.
+        before_token = RoomStreamToken(
+            topological=topological_ordering - 1, stream=stream_ordering
+        )
+
+        after_token = RoomStreamToken(
+            topological=topological_ordering, stream=stream_ordering
+        )
+
+        rows, start_token, _ = self._paginate_room_events_by_topological_ordering_txn(
+            txn,
+            room_id,
+            before_token,
+            direction=Direction.BACKWARDS,
+            limit=before_limit,
+            event_filter=event_filter,
+        )
+        events_before = [r.event_id for r in rows]
+
+        rows, end_token, _ = self._paginate_room_events_by_topological_ordering_txn(
+            txn,
+            room_id,
+            after_token,
+            direction=Direction.FORWARDS,
+            limit=after_limit,
+            event_filter=event_filter,
+        )
+        events_after = [r.event_id for r in rows]
+
+        return {
+            "before": {"event_ids": events_before, "token": start_token},
+            "after": {"event_ids": events_after, "token": end_token},
+        }
+
+    async def get_all_new_event_ids_stream(
+        self,
+        from_id: int,
+        current_id: int,
+        limit: int,
+    ) -> tuple[int, dict[str, int | None]]:
+        """Get all new events
+
+        Returns all event ids with from_id < stream_ordering <= current_id.
+
+        Args:
+            from_id:  the stream_ordering of the last event we processed
+            current_id:  the stream_ordering of the most recently processed event
+            limit: the maximum number of events to return
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple of (next_id, event_to_received_ts), where `next_id`
+            is the next value to pass as `from_id` (it will either be the
+            stream_ordering of the last returned event, or, if fewer than `limit`
+            events were found, the `current_id`). The `event_to_received_ts` is
+            a dictionary mapping event ID to the event `received_ts`, sorted by ascending
+            stream_ordering.
+        """
+
+        def get_all_new_event_ids_stream_txn(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        ) -> tuple[int, dict[str, int | None]]:
+            sql = (
+                "SELECT e.stream_ordering, e.event_id, e.received_ts"
+                " FROM events AS e"
+                " WHERE"
+                " ? < e.stream_ordering AND e.stream_ordering <= ?"
+                " ORDER BY e.stream_ordering ASC"
+                " LIMIT ?"
+            )
+
+            txn.execute(sql, (from_id, current_id, limit))
+            rows = txn.fetchall()
+
+            upper_bound = current_id
+            if len(rows) == limit:
+                upper_bound = rows[-1][0]
+
+            event_to_received_ts: dict[str, int | None] = {
+                row[1]: row[2] for row in rows
+            }
+            return upper_bound, event_to_received_ts
+
+        upper_bound, event_to_received_ts = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_all_new_event_ids_stream", get_all_new_event_ids_stream_txn
+        )
+
+        return upper_bound, event_to_received_ts
+
+    async def get_federation_out_pos(self, typ: str) -> int:
+        if self._need_to_reset_federation_stream_positions:
+            await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                "_reset_federation_positions_txn", self._reset_federation_positions_txn
+            )
+            self._need_to_reset_federation_stream_positions = False
+
+        return await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+            table="federation_stream_position",
+            retcol="stream_id",
+            keyvalues={"type": typ, "instance_name": self._instance_name},
+            desc="get_federation_out_pos",
+        )
+
+    async def update_federation_out_pos(self, typ: str, stream_id: int) -> None:
+        if self._need_to_reset_federation_stream_positions:
+            await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                "_reset_federation_positions_txn", self._reset_federation_positions_txn
+            )
+            self._need_to_reset_federation_stream_positions = False
+
+        await self.db_pool.simple_update_one(
+            table="federation_stream_position",
+            keyvalues={"type": typ, "instance_name": self._instance_name},
+            updatevalues={"stream_id": stream_id},
+            desc="update_federation_out_pos",
+        )
+
+    def _reset_federation_positions_txn(self, txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
+        """Fiddles with the `federation_stream_position` table to make it match
+        the configured federation sender instances during start up.
+        """
+
+        # The federation sender instances may have changed, so we need to
+        # massage the `federation_stream_position` table to have a row per type
+        # per instance sending federation. If there is a mismatch we update the
+        # table with the correct rows using the *minimum* stream ID seen. This
+        # may result in resending of events/EDUs to remote servers, but that is
+        # preferable to dropping them.
+
+        if not self._send_federation:
+            return
+
+        # Pull out the configured instances. If we don't have a shard config then
+        # we assume that we're the only instance sending.
+        configured_instances = self._federation_shard_config.instances
+        if not configured_instances:
+            configured_instances = [self._instance_name]
+        elif self._instance_name not in configured_instances:
+            return
+
+        instances_in_table = self.db_pool.simple_select_onecol_txn(
+            txn,
+            table="federation_stream_position",
+            keyvalues={},
+            retcol="instance_name",
+        )
+
+        if set(instances_in_table) == set(configured_instances):
+            # Nothing to do
+            return
+
+        sql = """
+            SELECT type, MIN(stream_id) FROM federation_stream_position
+            GROUP BY type
+        """
+        txn.execute(sql)
+        min_positions = dict(
+            cast(Iterable[tuple[str, int]], txn)
+        )  # Map from type -> min position
+
+        # Ensure we do actually have some values here
+        assert set(min_positions) == {"federation", "events"}
+
+        sql = """
+            DELETE FROM federation_stream_position
+            WHERE NOT (%s)
+        """
+        clause, args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+            txn.database_engine, "instance_name", configured_instances
+        )
+        txn.execute(sql % (clause,), args)
+
+        for typ, stream_id in min_positions.items():
+            self.db_pool.simple_upsert_txn(
+                txn,
+                table="federation_stream_position",
+                keyvalues={"type": typ, "instance_name": self._instance_name},
+                values={"stream_id": stream_id},
+            )
+
+    def has_room_changed_since(self, room_id: str, stream_id: int) -> bool:
+        return self._events_stream_cache.has_entity_changed(room_id, stream_id)
+
+    def _paginate_room_events_by_topological_ordering_txn(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        room_id: str,
+        from_token: RoomStreamToken,
+        to_token: RoomStreamToken | None = None,
+        direction: Direction = Direction.BACKWARDS,
+        limit: int = 0,
+        event_filter: Filter | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[list[_EventDictReturn], RoomStreamToken, bool]:
+        """Returns list of events before or after a given token.
+
+        Args:
+            txn
+            room_id
+            from_token: The token used to stream from
+            to_token: A token which if given limits the results to only those before
+            direction: Indicates whether we are paginating forwards or backwards
+                from `from_key`.
+            limit: The maximum number of events to return.
+            event_filter: If provided filters the events to
+                those that match the filter.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of _EventDictReturn, a token that points to the end of the
+            result set, and a boolean to indicate if there were more events but
+            we hit the limit.  If no events are returned then the end of the
+            stream has been reached (i.e. there are no events between
+            `from_token` and `to_token`), or `limit` is zero.
+        """
+        # We can bail early if we're looking forwards, and our `to_key` is already
+        # before our `from_token`.
+        if (
+            direction == Direction.FORWARDS
+            and to_token is not None
+            and to_token.is_before_or_eq(from_token)
+        ):
+            # Token selection matches what we do below if there are no rows
+            return [], to_token if to_token else from_token, False
+        # Or vice-versa, if we're looking backwards and our `from_token` is already before
+        # our `to_token`.
+        elif (
+            direction == Direction.BACKWARDS
+            and to_token is not None
+            and from_token.is_before_or_eq(to_token)
+        ):
+            # Token selection matches what we do below if there are no rows
+            return [], to_token if to_token else from_token, False
+
+        args: list[Any] = [room_id]
+
+        order, from_bound, to_bound = generate_pagination_bounds(
+            direction, from_token, to_token
+        )
+
+        bounds = generate_pagination_where_clause(
+            direction=direction,
+            column_names=("event.topological_ordering", "event.stream_ordering"),
+            from_token=from_bound,
+            to_token=to_bound,
+            engine=self.database_engine,
+        )
+
+        filter_clause, filter_args = filter_to_clause(event_filter)
+
+        if filter_clause:
+            bounds += " AND " + filter_clause
+            args.extend(filter_args)
+
+        # We fetch more events as we'll filter the result set
+        requested_limit = int(limit) * 2
+        args.append(int(limit) * 2)
+
+        select_keywords = "SELECT"
+        join_clause = ""
+        # Using DISTINCT in this SELECT query is quite expensive, because it
+        # requires the engine to sort on the entire (not limited) result set,
+        # i.e. the entire events table. Only use it in scenarios that could result
+        # in the same event ID occurring multiple times in the results.
+        needs_distinct = False
+        if event_filter and event_filter.labels:
+            # If we're not filtering on a label, then joining on event_labels will
+            # return as many row for a single event as the number of labels it has. To
+            # avoid this, only join if we're filtering on at least one label.
+            join_clause += """
+                LEFT JOIN event_labels
+                USING (event_id, room_id, topological_ordering)
+            """
+            if len(event_filter.labels) > 1:
+                # Multiple labels could cause the same event to appear multiple times.
+                needs_distinct = True
+
+        # If there is a relation_senders and relation_types filter join to the
+        # relations table to get events related to the current event.
+        if event_filter and (
+            event_filter.related_by_senders or event_filter.related_by_rel_types
+        ):
+            # Filtering by relations could cause the same event to appear multiple
+            # times (since there's no limit on the number of relations to an event).
+            needs_distinct = True
+            join_clause += """
+                LEFT JOIN event_relations AS relation ON (event.event_id = relation.relates_to_id)
+            """
+            if event_filter.related_by_senders:
+                join_clause += """
+                    LEFT JOIN events AS related_event ON (relation.event_id = related_event.event_id)
+                """
+
+        # If there is a not_rel_types filter join to the relations table to get
+        # the event's relation information.
+        if event_filter and (event_filter.rel_types or event_filter.not_rel_types):
+            join_clause += """
+                LEFT JOIN event_relations AS event_relation USING (event_id)
+            """
+
+        if needs_distinct:
+            select_keywords += " DISTINCT"
+
+        sql = """
+            %(select_keywords)s
+                event.event_id, event.instance_name,
+                event.topological_ordering, event.stream_ordering
+            FROM events AS event
+            %(join_clause)s
+            WHERE event.outlier = FALSE AND event.room_id = ? AND %(bounds)s
+            ORDER BY event.topological_ordering %(order)s,
+            event.stream_ordering %(order)s LIMIT ?
+        """ % {
+            "select_keywords": select_keywords,
+            "join_clause": join_clause,
+            "bounds": bounds,
+            "order": order,
+        }
+        txn.execute(sql, args)
+
+        # Get all the rows and check if we hit the limit.
+        fetched_rows = txn.fetchall()
+        limited = len(fetched_rows) >= requested_limit
+
+        # Filter the result set.
+        rows = [
+            _EventDictReturn(event_id, topological_ordering, stream_ordering)
+            for event_id, instance_name, topological_ordering, stream_ordering in fetched_rows
+            if _filter_results(
+                lower_token=(
+                    to_token if direction == Direction.BACKWARDS else from_token
+                ),
+                upper_token=(
+                    from_token if direction == Direction.BACKWARDS else to_token
+                ),
+                instance_name=instance_name,
+                topological_ordering=topological_ordering,
+                stream_ordering=stream_ordering,
+            )
+        ]
+
+        if len(rows) > limit:
+            limited = True
+
+        rows = rows[:limit]
+
+        if rows:
+            assert rows[-1].topological_ordering is not None
+            next_token = generate_next_token(
+                direction, rows[-1].topological_ordering, rows[-1].stream_ordering
+            )
+        else:
+            # TODO (erikj): We should work out what to do here instead.
+            next_token = to_token if to_token else from_token
+
+        return rows, next_token, limited
+
+    @trace
+    @tag_args
+    async def paginate_room_events_by_topological_ordering(
+        self,
+        *,
+        room_id: str,
+        from_key: RoomStreamToken,
+        to_key: RoomStreamToken | None = None,
+        direction: Direction = Direction.BACKWARDS,
+        limit: int = 0,
+        event_filter: Filter | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[list[EventBase], RoomStreamToken, bool]:
+        """
+        Paginate events by `topological_ordering` (tie-break with `stream_ordering`) in
+        the room from the `from_key` in the given `direction` to the `to_key` or
+        `limit`.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id
+            from_key: The token to stream from (starting point and heading in the given
+                direction)
+            to_key: The token representing the end stream position (end point)
+            direction: Indicates whether we are paginating forwards or backwards
+                from `from_key`.
+            limit: Maximum number of events to return
+            event_filter: If provided filters the events to those that match the filter.
+
+        Returns:
+            The results as a list of events, a token that points to the end of
+            the result set, and a boolean to indicate if there were more events
+            but we hit the limit. If no events are returned then the end of the
+            stream has been reached (i.e. there are no events between `from_key`
+            and `to_key`).
+
+            When Direction.FORWARDS: from_key < x <= to_key, (ascending order)
+            When Direction.BACKWARDS: from_key >= x > to_key, (descending order)
+        """
+
+        # FIXME: When going forwards, we should enforce that the `to_key` is not `None`
+        # because we always need an upper bound when querying the events stream (as
+        # otherwise we'll potentially pick up events that are not fully persisted).
+
+        # We have these checks outside of the transaction function (txn) to save getting
+        # a DB connection and switching threads if we don't need to.
+        #
+        # We can bail early if we're looking forwards, and our `to_key` is already
+        # before our `from_key`.
+        if (
+            direction == Direction.FORWARDS
+            and to_key is not None
+            and to_key.is_before_or_eq(from_key)
+        ):
+            # Token selection matches what we do in `_paginate_room_events_txn` if there
+            # are no rows
+            return [], to_key if to_key else from_key, False
+        # Or vice-versa, if we're looking backwards and our `from_key` is already before
+        # our `to_key`.
+        elif (
+            direction == Direction.BACKWARDS
+            and to_key is not None
+            and from_key.is_before_or_eq(to_key)
+        ):
+            # Token selection matches what we do in `_paginate_room_events_txn` if there
+            # are no rows
+            return [], to_key if to_key else from_key, False
+
+        rows, token, limited = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "paginate_room_events_by_topological_ordering",
+            self._paginate_room_events_by_topological_ordering_txn,
+            room_id,
+            from_key,
+            to_key,
+            direction,
+            limit,
+            event_filter,
+        )
+
+        events = await self.get_events_as_list(
+            [r.event_id for r in rows], get_prev_content=True
+        )
+
+        return events, token, limited
+
+    @cached()
+    async def get_id_for_instance(self, instance_name: str) -> int:
+        """Get a unique, immutable ID that corresponds to the given Synapse worker instance."""
+
+        def _get_id_for_instance_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> int:
+            instance_id = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
+                txn,
+                table="instance_map",
+                keyvalues={"instance_name": instance_name},
+                retcol="instance_id",
+                allow_none=True,
+            )
+            if instance_id is not None:
+                return instance_id
+
+            # If we don't have an entry upsert one.
+            #
+            # We could do this before the first check, and rely on the cache for
+            # efficiency, but each UPSERT causes the next ID to increment which
+            # can quickly bloat the size of the generated IDs for new instances.
+            self.db_pool.simple_upsert_txn(
+                txn,
+                table="instance_map",
+                keyvalues={"instance_name": instance_name},
+                values={},
+            )
+
+            return self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
+                txn,
+                table="instance_map",
+                keyvalues={"instance_name": instance_name},
+                retcol="instance_id",
+            )
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_id_for_instance", _get_id_for_instance_txn
+        )
+
+    @cached()
+    async def get_name_from_instance_id(self, instance_id: int) -> str:
+        """Get the instance name from an ID previously returned by
+        `get_id_for_instance`.
+        """
+
+        return await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+            table="instance_map",
+            keyvalues={"instance_id": instance_id},
+            retcol="instance_name",
+            desc="get_name_from_instance_id",
+        )
+
+    async def get_timeline_gaps(
+        self,
+        room_id: str,
+        from_token: RoomStreamToken | None,
+        to_token: RoomStreamToken,
+    ) -> RoomStreamToken | None:
+        """Check if there is a gap, and return a token that marks the position
+        of the gap in the stream.
+        """
+
+        sql = """
+            SELECT instance_name, stream_ordering
+            FROM timeline_gaps
+            WHERE room_id = ? AND ? < stream_ordering AND stream_ordering <= ?
+            ORDER BY stream_ordering
+        """
+
+        rows = await self.db_pool.execute(
+            "get_timeline_gaps",
+            sql,
+            room_id,
+            from_token.stream if from_token else 0,
+            to_token.get_max_stream_pos(),
+        )
+
+        if not rows:
+            return None
+
+        positions = [
+            PersistedEventPosition(instance_name, stream_ordering)
+            for instance_name, stream_ordering in rows
+        ]
+        if from_token:
+            positions = [p for p in positions if p.persisted_after(from_token)]
+
+        positions = [p for p in positions if not p.persisted_after(to_token)]
+
+        if positions:
+            # We return a stream token that ensures the event *at* the position
+            # of the gap is included (as the gap is *before* the persisted
+            # event).
+            last_position = positions[-1]
+            return RoomStreamToken(stream=last_position.stream - 1)
+
+        return None
+
+    @trace
+    def get_rooms_that_might_have_updates(
+        self, room_ids: StrCollection, from_token: RoomStreamToken
+    ) -> StrCollection:
+        """Filters given room IDs down to those that might have updates, i.e.
+        removes rooms that definitely do not have updates.
+        """
+        return self._events_stream_cache.get_entities_changed(
+            room_ids, from_token.stream
+        )