lamindb 1.4.0__py3-none-any.whl → 1.5.1__py3-none-any.whl

lamindb/curators/__init__.py

@@ -5,3362 +5,20 @@
 
    DataFrameCurator
    AnnDataCurator
-   MuDataCurator
    SpatialDataCurator
+   MuDataCurator
 
-Helper classes.
+Modules.
 
 .. autosummary::
    :toctree: .
 
-   Curator
-   SlotsCurator
-   CatManager
-   CatLookup
-   DataFrameCatManager
-   AnnDataCatManager
-   MuDataCatManager
-   SpatialDataCatManager
-   TiledbsomaCatManager
+   core
 
 """
 
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import copy
-import re
-from itertools import chain
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Literal
-
-import anndata as ad
-import lamindb_setup as ln_setup
-import pandas as pd
-import pandera
-import pyarrow as pa
-from lamin_utils import colors, logger
-from lamindb_setup.core import deprecated
-from lamindb_setup.core._docs import doc_args
-from lamindb_setup.core.upath import UPath
-
-from lamindb.core._compat import is_package_installed
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from lamindb_setup.core.types import UPathStr
-    from mudata import MuData
-    from spatialdata import SpatialData
-
-    from lamindb.core.types import ScverseDataStructures
-    from lamindb.models import Record
-from lamindb.base.types import FieldAttr  # noqa
-from lamindb.core._settings import settings
-from lamindb.models import (
-    Artifact,
-    Feature,
-    Record,
-    Run,
-    Schema,
-    ULabel,
+from ._legacy import (  # backward compat
+    CellxGeneAnnDataCatManager,
+    PertAnnDataCatManager,
 )
-from lamindb.models.artifact import (
-    add_labels,
-    data_is_anndata,
-    data_is_mudata,
-    data_is_spatialdata,
-)
-from lamindb.models.feature import parse_dtype, parse_cat_dtype
-from lamindb.models._from_values import _format_values
-
-from ..errors import InvalidArgument, ValidationError
-from anndata import AnnData
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Iterable, MutableMapping
-    from typing import Any
-
-    from lamindb_setup.core.types import UPathStr
-
-    from lamindb.models.query_set import RecordList
-
-
-def strip_ansi_codes(text):
-    # This pattern matches ANSI escape sequences
-    ansi_pattern = re.compile(r"\x1b\[[0-9;]*m")
-    return ansi_pattern.sub("", text)
-
-
-class CatLookup:
-    """Lookup categories from the reference instance.
-
-    Args:
-        categoricals: A dictionary of categorical fields to lookup.
-        slots: A dictionary of slot fields to lookup.
-        public: Whether to lookup from the public instance. Defaults to False.
-
-    Example::
-
-        curator = ln.curators.DataFrameCurator(...)
-        curator.cat.lookup()["cell_type"].alveolar_type_1_fibroblast_cell
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        categoricals: list[Feature] | dict[str, FieldAttr],
-        slots: dict[str, FieldAttr] = None,
-        public: bool = False,
-        sources: dict[str, Record] | None = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        slots = slots or {}
-        if isinstance(categoricals, list):
-            categoricals = {
-                feature.name: parse_dtype(feature.dtype)[0]["field"]
-                for feature in categoricals
-            }
-        self._categoricals = {**categoricals, **slots}
-        self._public = public
-        self._sources = sources
-
-    def __getattr__(self, name):
-        if name in self._categoricals:
-            registry = self._categoricals[name].field.model
-            if self._public and hasattr(registry, "public"):
-                return registry.public(source=self._sources.get(name)).lookup()
-            else:
-                return registry.lookup()
-        raise AttributeError(
-            f'"{self.__class__.__name__}" object has no attribute "{name}"'
-        )
-
-    def __getitem__(self, name):
-        if name in self._categoricals:
-            registry = self._categoricals[name].field.model
-            if self._public and hasattr(registry, "public"):
-                return registry.public(source=self._sources.get(name)).lookup()
-            else:
-                return registry.lookup()
-        raise AttributeError(
-            f'"{self.__class__.__name__}" object has no attribute "{name}"'
-        )
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        if len(self._categoricals) > 0:
-            getattr_keys = "\n ".join(
-                [f".{key}" for key in self._categoricals if key.isidentifier()]
-            )
-            getitem_keys = "\n ".join(
-                [str([key]) for key in self._categoricals if not key.isidentifier()]
-            )
-            ref = "public" if self._public else "registries"
-            return (
-                f"Lookup objects from the {colors.italic(ref)}:\n "
-                f"{colors.green(getattr_keys)}\n "
-                f"{colors.green(getitem_keys)}\n"
-                'Example:\n    → categories = curator.lookup()["cell_type"]\n'
-                "    → categories.alveolar_type_1_fibroblast_cell\n\n"
-                "To look up public ontologies, use .lookup(public=True)"
-            )
-        else:  # pragma: no cover
-            return colors.warning("No fields are found!")
-
-
-CAT_MANAGER_DOCSTRING = """Manage categoricals by updating registries."""
-
-
-SLOTS_DOCSTRING = """Curator objects by slot.
-
-.. versionadded:: 1.1.1
-"""
-
-
-VALIDATE_DOCSTRING = """Validate dataset against Schema.
-
-Raises:
-    lamindb.errors.ValidationError: If validation fails.
-"""
-
-SAVE_ARTIFACT_DOCSTRING = """Save an annotated artifact.
-
-Args:
-    key: A path-like key to reference artifact in default storage, e.g., `"myfolder/myfile.fcs"`. Artifacts with the same key form a version family.
-    description: A description.
-    revises: Previous version of the artifact. Is an alternative way to passing `key` to trigger a new version.
-    run: The run that creates the artifact.
-
-Returns:
-    A saved artifact record.
-"""
-
-
-class Curator:
-    """Curator base class.
-
-    A `Curator` object makes it easy to validate, standardize & annotate datasets.
-
-    See:
-        - :class:`~lamindb.curators.DataFrameCurator`
-        - :class:`~lamindb.curators.AnnDataCurator`
-        - :class:`~lamindb.curators.MuDataCurator`
-        - :class:`~lamindb.curators.SpatialDataCurator`
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.1.0
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, dataset: Any, schema: Schema | None = None):
-        self._artifact: Artifact = None  # pass the dataset as an artifact
-        self._dataset: Any = dataset  # pass the dataset as a UPathStr or data object
-        if isinstance(self._dataset, Artifact):
-            self._artifact = self._dataset
-            if self._artifact.otype in {
-                "DataFrame",
-                "AnnData",
-                "MuData",
-                "SpatialData",
-            }:
-                self._dataset = self._dataset.load()
-        self._schema: Schema | None = schema
-        self._is_validated: bool = False
-        self._cat_manager: CatManager = None  # is None for CatManager curators
-
-    @doc_args(VALIDATE_DOCSTRING)
-    def validate(self) -> bool | str:
-        """{}"""  # noqa: D415
-        pass  # pragma: no cover
-
-    @doc_args(SAVE_ARTIFACT_DOCSTRING)
-    def save_artifact(
-        self,
-        *,
-        key: str | None = None,
-        description: str | None = None,
-        revises: Artifact | None = None,
-        run: Run | None = None,
-    ) -> Artifact:
-        """{}"""  # noqa: D415
-        # Note that this docstring has to be consistent with the Artifact()
-        # constructor signature
-        pass  # pragma: no cover
-
-
-# default implementation for MuDataCurator and SpatialDataCurator
-class SlotsCurator(Curator):
-    """Curator for a dataset with slots.
-
-    Args:
-        dataset: The dataset to validate & annotate.
-        schema: A `Schema` object that defines the validation constraints.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        dataset: Any,
-        schema: Schema,
-    ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(dataset=dataset, schema=schema)
-        self._slots: dict[str, DataFrameCurator] = {}
-
-        # used in MuDataCurator and SpatialDataCurator
-        # in form of {table/modality_key: var_field}
-        self._var_fields: dict[str, FieldAttr] = {}
-        # in form of {table/modality_key: categoricals}
-        self._cat_columns: dict[str, dict[str, CatColumn]] = {}
-
-    @property
-    @doc_args(SLOTS_DOCSTRING)
-    def slots(self) -> dict[str, DataFrameCurator]:
-        """{}"""  # noqa: D415
-        return self._slots
-
-    @doc_args(VALIDATE_DOCSTRING)
-    def validate(self) -> None:
-        """{}"""  # noqa: D415
-        for slot, curator in self._slots.items():
-            logger.info(f"validating slot {slot} ...")
-            curator.validate()
-
-    @doc_args(SAVE_ARTIFACT_DOCSTRING)
-    def save_artifact(
-        self,
-        *,
-        key: str | None = None,
-        description: str | None = None,
-        revises: Artifact | None = None,
-        run: Run | None = None,
-    ) -> Artifact:
-        """{}"""  # noqa: D415
-        if not self._is_validated:
-            self.validate()
-        if self._artifact is None:
-            if data_is_mudata(self._dataset):
-                self._artifact = Artifact.from_mudata(
-                    self._dataset,
-                    key=key,
-                    description=description,
-                    revises=revises,
-                    run=run,
-                )
-            elif data_is_spatialdata(self._dataset):
-                self._artifact = Artifact.from_spatialdata(
-                    self._dataset,
-                    key=key,
-                    description=description,
-                    revises=revises,
-                    run=run,
-                )
-            self._artifact.schema = self._schema
-            self._artifact.save()
-        cat_columns = {}
-        for curator in self._slots.values():
-            for key, cat_column in curator._cat_manager._cat_columns.items():
-                cat_columns[key] = cat_column
-        return annotate_artifact(  # type: ignore
-            self._artifact,
-            index_field=self._var_fields,
-            schema=self._schema,
-            cat_columns=cat_columns,
-        )
-
-
-def check_dtype(expected_type) -> Callable:
-    """Creates a check function for Pandera that validates a column's dtype.
-
-    Args:
-        expected_type: String identifier for the expected type ('int', 'float', or 'num')
-
-    Returns:
-        A function that checks if a series has the expected dtype
-    """
-
-    def check_function(series):
-        if expected_type == "int":
-            is_valid = pd.api.types.is_integer_dtype(series.dtype)
-        elif expected_type == "float":
-            is_valid = pd.api.types.is_float_dtype(series.dtype)
-        elif expected_type == "num":
-            is_valid = pd.api.types.is_numeric_dtype(series.dtype)
-        return is_valid
-
-    return check_function
-
-
-class DataFrameCurator(Curator):
-    # the example in the docstring is tested in test_curators_quickstart_example
-    """Curator for `DataFrame`.
-
-    See also :class:`~lamindb.Curator` and :class:`~lamindb.Schema`.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.1.0
-
-    Args:
-        dataset: The DataFrame-like object to validate & annotate.
-        schema: A `Schema` object that defines the validation constraints.
-
-    Example::
-
-        import lamindb as ln
-        import bionty as bt
-
-        # define valid labels
-        perturbation = ln.ULabel(name="Perturbation", is_type=True).save()
-        ln.ULabel(name="DMSO", type=perturbation).save()
-        ln.ULabel(name="IFNG", type=perturbation).save()
-        bt.CellType.from_source(name="B cell").save()
-        bt.CellType.from_source(name="T cell").save()
-
-        # define schema
-        schema = ln.Schema(
-            name="small_dataset1_obs_level_metadata",
-            features=[
-                ln.Feature(name="perturbation", dtype="cat[ULabel[Perturbation]]").save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="sample_note", dtype=str).save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="cell_type_by_expert", dtype=bt.CellType).save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="cell_type_by_model", dtype=bt.CellType).save(),
-            ],
-        ).save()
-
-        # curate a DataFrame
-        df = datasets.small_dataset1(otype="DataFrame")
-        curator = ln.curators.DataFrameCurator(df, schema)
-        artifact = curator.save_artifact(key="example_datasets/dataset1.parquet")
-        assert artifact.schema == schema
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        dataset: pd.DataFrame | Artifact,
-        schema: Schema,
-    ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(dataset=dataset, schema=schema)
-        categoricals = []
-        features = []
-        feature_ids: set[int] = set()
-        if schema.flexible and isinstance(self._dataset, pd.DataFrame):
-            features += Feature.filter(name__in=self._dataset.keys()).list()
-            feature_ids = {feature.id for feature in features}
-        if schema.n > 0:
-            schema_features = schema.features.all().list()
-            if feature_ids:
-                features.extend(
-                    feature
-                    for feature in schema_features
-                    if feature.id not in feature_ids
-                )
-            else:
-                features.extend(schema_features)
-        else:
-            assert schema.itype is not None  # noqa: S101
-        if features:
-            # populate features
-            pandera_columns = {}
-            if schema.minimal_set:
-                optional_feature_uids = set(schema.optionals.get_uids())
-            for feature in features:
-                if schema.minimal_set:
-                    required = feature.uid not in optional_feature_uids
-                else:
-                    required = False
-                if feature.dtype in {"int", "float", "num"}:
-                    dtype = (
-                        self._dataset[feature.name].dtype
-                        if feature.name in self._dataset.columns
-                        else None
-                    )
-                    pandera_columns[feature.name] = pandera.Column(
-                        dtype=None,
-                        checks=pandera.Check(
-                            check_dtype(feature.dtype),
-                            element_wise=False,
-                            error=f"Column '{feature.name}' failed dtype check for '{feature.dtype}': got {dtype}",
-                        ),
-                        nullable=feature.nullable,
-                        coerce=feature.coerce_dtype,
-                        required=required,
-                    )
-                else:
-                    pandera_dtype = (
-                        feature.dtype
-                        if not feature.dtype.startswith("cat")
-                        else "category"
-                    )
-                    pandera_columns[feature.name] = pandera.Column(
-                        pandera_dtype,
-                        nullable=feature.nullable,
-                        coerce=feature.coerce_dtype,
-                        required=required,
-                    )
-                if feature.dtype.startswith("cat"):
-                    # validate categoricals if the column is required or if the column is present
-                    if required or feature.name in self._dataset.columns:
-                        categoricals.append(feature)
-            self._pandera_schema = pandera.DataFrameSchema(
-                pandera_columns,
-                coerce=schema.coerce_dtype,
-                strict=schema.maximal_set,
-                ordered=schema.ordered_set,
-            )
-        self._cat_manager = DataFrameCatManager(
-            self._dataset,
-            columns=parse_cat_dtype(schema.itype, is_itype=True)["field"],
-            categoricals=categoricals,
-        )
-
-    @property
-    @doc_args(CAT_MANAGER_DOCSTRING)
-    def cat(self) -> CatManager:
-        """{}"""  # noqa: D415
-        return self._cat_manager
-
-    def standardize(self) -> None:
-        """Standardize the dataset.
-
-        - Adds missing columns for features
-        - Fills missing values for features with default values
-        """
-        for feature in self._schema.members:
-            if feature.name not in self._dataset.columns:
-                if feature.default_value is not None or feature.nullable:
-                    fill_value = (
-                        feature.default_value
-                        if feature.default_value is not None
-                        else pd.NA
-                    )
-                    if feature.dtype.startswith("cat"):
-                        self._dataset[feature.name] = pd.Categorical(
-                            [fill_value] * len(self._dataset)
-                        )
-                    else:
-                        self._dataset[feature.name] = fill_value
-                    logger.important(
-                        f"added column {feature.name} with fill value {fill_value}"
-                    )
-                else:
-                    raise ValidationError(
-                        f"Missing column {feature.name} cannot be added because is not nullable and has no default value"
-                    )
-            else:
-                if feature.default_value is not None:
-                    if isinstance(
-                        self._dataset[feature.name].dtype, pd.CategoricalDtype
-                    ):
-                        if (
-                            feature.default_value
-                            not in self._dataset[feature.name].cat.categories
-                        ):
-                            self._dataset[feature.name] = self._dataset[
-                                feature.name
-                            ].cat.add_categories(feature.default_value)
-                    self._dataset[feature.name] = self._dataset[feature.name].fillna(
-                        feature.default_value
-                    )
-
-    def _cat_manager_validate(self) -> None:
-        self._cat_manager.validate()
-        if self._cat_manager._is_validated:
-            self._is_validated = True
-        else:
-            self._is_validated = False
-            raise ValidationError(self._cat_manager._validate_category_error_messages)
-
-    @doc_args(VALIDATE_DOCSTRING)
-    def validate(self) -> None:
-        """{}"""  # noqa: D415
-        if self._schema.n > 0:
-            try:
-                # first validate through pandera
-                self._pandera_schema.validate(self._dataset)
-                # then validate lamindb categoricals
-                self._cat_manager_validate()
-            except pandera.errors.SchemaError as err:
-                self._is_validated = False
-                # .exconly() doesn't exist on SchemaError
-                raise ValidationError(str(err)) from err
-        else:
-            self._cat_manager_validate()
-
-    @doc_args(SAVE_ARTIFACT_DOCSTRING)
-    def save_artifact(
-        self,
-        *,
-        key: str | None = None,
-        description: str | None = None,
-        revises: Artifact | None = None,
-        run: Run | None = None,
-    ) -> Artifact:
-        """{}"""  # noqa: D415
-        if not self._is_validated:
-            self.validate()  # raises ValidationError if doesn't validate
-        result = parse_cat_dtype(self._schema.itype, is_itype=True)
-        if self._artifact is None:
-            self._artifact = Artifact.from_df(
-                self._dataset,
-                key=key,
-                description=description,
-                revises=revises,
-                run=run,
-            )
-            self._artifact.schema = self._schema
-            self._artifact.save()
-        return annotate_artifact(  # type: ignore
-            self._artifact,
-            index_field=result["field"],
-            schema=self._schema,
-            cat_columns=self._cat_manager._cat_columns,
-        )
-
-
-class AnnDataCurator(SlotsCurator):
-    # the example in the docstring is tested in test_curators_quickstart_example
-    """Curator for `AnnData`.
-
-    See also :class:`~lamindb.Curator` and :class:`~lamindb.Schema`.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.1.0
-
-    Args:
-        dataset: The AnnData-like object to validate & annotate.
-        schema: A `Schema` object that defines the validation constraints.
-
-    Example::
-
-        import lamindb as ln
-        import bionty as bt
-
-        # define valid labels
-        perturbation = ln.ULabel(name="Perturbation", is_type=True).save()
-        ln.ULabel(name="DMSO", type=perturbation).save()
-        ln.ULabel(name="IFNG", type=perturbation).save()
-        bt.CellType.from_source(name="B cell").save()
-        bt.CellType.from_source(name="T cell").save()
-
-        # define obs schema
-        obs_schema = ln.Schema(
-            name="small_dataset1_obs_level_metadata",
-            features=[
-                ln.Feature(name="perturbation", dtype="cat[ULabel[Perturbation]]").save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="sample_note", dtype=str).save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="cell_type_by_expert", dtype=bt.CellType).save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="cell_type_by_model", dtype=bt.CellType).save(),
-            ],
-        ).save()
-
-        # define var schema
-        var_schema = ln.Schema(
-            name="scRNA_seq_var_schema",
-            itype=bt.Gene.ensembl_gene_id,
-            dtype=int,
-        ).save()
-
-        # define composite schema
-        anndata_schema = ln.Schema(
-            name="small_dataset1_anndata_schema",
-            otype="AnnData",
-            components={"obs": obs_schema, "var": var_schema},
-        ).save()
-
-        # curate an AnnData
-        adata = ln.core.datasets.small_dataset1(otype="AnnData")
-        curator = ln.curators.AnnDataCurator(adata, anndata_schema)
-        artifact = curator.save_artifact(key="example_datasets/dataset1.h5ad")
-        assert artifact.schema == anndata_schema
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        dataset: AnnData | Artifact,
-        schema: Schema,
-    ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(dataset=dataset, schema=schema)
-        if not data_is_anndata(self._dataset):
-            raise InvalidArgument("dataset must be AnnData-like.")
-        if schema.otype != "AnnData":
-            raise InvalidArgument("Schema otype must be 'AnnData'.")
-        # TODO: also support slots other than obs and var
-        self._slots = {
-            slot: DataFrameCurator(
-                (
-                    getattr(self._dataset, slot).T
-                    if slot == "var"
-                    else getattr(self._dataset, slot)
-                ),
-                slot_schema,
-            )
-            for slot, slot_schema in schema.slots.items()
-            if slot in {"obs", "var", "uns"}
-        }
-        # TODO: better way to handle this!
-        if "var" in self._slots:
-            self._slots["var"]._cat_manager._cat_columns["var_index"] = self._slots[
-                "var"
-            ]._cat_manager._cat_columns.pop("columns")
-            self._slots["var"]._cat_manager._cat_columns["var_index"]._key = "var_index"
-
-    @doc_args(SAVE_ARTIFACT_DOCSTRING)
-    def save_artifact(
-        self,
-        *,
-        key: str | None = None,
-        description: str | None = None,
-        revises: Artifact | None = None,
-        run: Run | None = None,
-    ) -> Artifact:
-        """{}"""  # noqa: D415
-        if not self._is_validated:
-            self.validate()
-        if self._artifact is None:
-            self._artifact = Artifact.from_anndata(
-                self._dataset,
-                key=key,
-                description=description,
-                revises=revises,
-                run=run,
-            )
-            self._artifact.schema = self._schema
-            self._artifact.save()
-        return annotate_artifact(  # type: ignore
-            self._artifact,
-            cat_columns=(
-                self.slots["obs"]._cat_manager._cat_columns
-                if "obs" in self.slots
-                else {}
-            ),
-            index_field=(
-                parse_cat_dtype(self.slots["var"]._schema.itype, is_itype=True)["field"]
-                if "var" in self._slots
-                else None
-            ),
-            schema=self._schema,
-        )
-
-
-def _assign_var_fields_categoricals_multimodal(
-    modality: str | None,
-    slot_type: str,
-    slot: str,
-    slot_schema: Schema,
-    var_fields: dict[str, FieldAttr],
-    cat_columns: dict[str, dict[str, CatColumn]],
-    slots: dict[str, DataFrameCurator],
-) -> None:
-    """Assigns var_fields and categoricals for multimodal data curators."""
-    if modality is not None:
-        # Makes sure that all tables are present
-        var_fields[modality] = None
-        cat_columns[modality] = {}
-
-    if slot_type == "var":
-        var_field = parse_cat_dtype(slot_schema.itype, is_itype=True)["field"]
-        if modality is None:
-            # This should rarely/never be used since tables should have different var fields
-            var_fields[slot] = var_field  # pragma: no cover
-        else:
-            # Note that this is NOT nested since the nested key is always "var"
-            var_fields[modality] = var_field
-    else:
-        obs_fields = slots[slot]._cat_manager._cat_columns
-        if modality is None:
-            cat_columns[slot] = obs_fields
-        else:
-            # Note that this is NOT nested since the nested key is always "obs"
-            cat_columns[modality] = obs_fields
-
-
-class MuDataCurator(SlotsCurator):
-    # the example in the docstring is tested in test_curators_quickstart_example
-    """Curator for `MuData`.
-
-    See also :class:`~lamindb.Curator` and :class:`~lamindb.Schema`.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0
-
-    Args:
-        dataset: The MuData-like object to validate & annotate.
-        schema: A `Schema` object that defines the validation constraints.
-
-    Example::
-
-        import lamindb as ln
-        import bionty as bt
-
-        # define the global obs schema
-        obs_schema = ln.Schema(
-            name="mudata_papalexi21_subset_obs_schema",
-            features=[
-                ln.Feature(name="perturbation", dtype="cat[ULabel[Perturbation]]").save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="replicate", dtype="cat[ULabel[Replicate]]").save(),
-            ],
-        ).save()
-
-        # define the ['rna'].obs schema
-        obs_schema_rna = ln.Schema(
-            name="mudata_papalexi21_subset_rna_obs_schema",
-            features=[
-                ln.Feature(name="nCount_RNA", dtype=int).save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="nFeature_RNA", dtype=int).save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="percent.mito", dtype=float).save(),
-            ],
-            coerce_dtype=True,
-        ).save()
-
-        # define the ['hto'].obs schema
-        obs_schema_hto = ln.Schema(
-            name="mudata_papalexi21_subset_hto_obs_schema",
-            features=[
-                ln.Feature(name="nCount_HTO", dtype=int).save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="nFeature_HTO", dtype=int).save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="technique", dtype=bt.ExperimentalFactor).save(),
-            ],
-            coerce_dtype=True,
-        ).save()
-
-        # define ['rna'].var schema
-        var_schema_rna = ln.Schema(
-            name="mudata_papalexi21_subset_rna_var_schema",
-            itype=bt.Gene.symbol,
-            dtype=float,
-        ).save()
-
-        # define composite schema
-        mudata_schema = ln.Schema(
-            name="mudata_papalexi21_subset_mudata_schema",
-            otype="MuData",
-            components={
-                "obs": obs_schema,
-                "rna:obs": obs_schema_rna,
-                "hto:obs": obs_schema_hto,
-                "rna:var": var_schema_rna,
-            },
-        ).save()
-
-        # curate a MuData
-        mdata = ln.core.datasets.mudata_papalexi21_subset()
-        bt.settings.organism = "human" # set the organism
-        curator = ln.curators.MuDataCurator(mdata, mudata_schema)
-        artifact = curator.save_artifact(key="example_datasets/mudata_papalexi21_subset.h5mu")
-        assert artifact.schema == mudata_schema
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        dataset: MuData | Artifact,
-        schema: Schema,
-    ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(dataset=dataset, schema=schema)
-        if not data_is_mudata(self._dataset):
-            raise InvalidArgument("dataset must be MuData-like.")
-        if schema.otype != "MuData":
-            raise InvalidArgument("Schema otype must be 'MuData'.")
-
-        for slot, slot_schema in schema.slots.items():
-            # Assign to _slots
-            if ":" in slot:
-                modality, modality_slot = slot.split(":")
-                schema_dataset = self._dataset.__getitem__(modality)
-            else:
-                modality, modality_slot = None, slot
-                schema_dataset = self._dataset
-            self._slots[slot] = DataFrameCurator(
-                (
-                    getattr(schema_dataset, modality_slot).T
-                    if modality_slot == "var"
-                    else getattr(schema_dataset, modality_slot)
-                ),
-                slot_schema,
-            )
-            _assign_var_fields_categoricals_multimodal(
-                modality=modality,
-                slot_type=modality_slot,
-                slot=slot,
-                slot_schema=slot_schema,
-                var_fields=self._var_fields,
-                cat_columns=self._cat_columns,
-                slots=self._slots,
-            )
-
-        # for consistency with BaseCatManager
-        self._columns_field = self._var_fields
-
-
-class SpatialDataCurator(SlotsCurator):
-    # the example in the docstring is tested in test_curators_quickstart_example
-    """Curator for `SpatialData`.
-
-    See also :class:`~lamindb.Curator` and :class:`~lamindb.Schema`.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0
-
-    Args:
-        dataset: The SpatialData-like object to validate & annotate.
-        schema: A `Schema` object that defines the validation constraints.
-
-    Example::
-
-        import lamindb as ln
-        import bionty as bt
-
-        # define sample schema
-        sample_schema = ln.Schema(
-            name="blobs_sample_level_metadata",
-            features=[
-                ln.Feature(name="assay", dtype=bt.ExperimentalFactor).save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="disease", dtype=bt.Disease).save(),
-                ln.Feature(name="development_stage", dtype=bt.DevelopmentalStage).save(),
-            ],
-            coerce_dtype=True
-        ).save()
-
-        # define table obs schema
-        blobs_obs_schema = ln.Schema(
-            name="blobs_obs_level_metadata",
-            features=[
-                ln.Feature(name="sample_region", dtype="str").save(),
-            ],
-            coerce_dtype=True
-        ).save()
-
-        # define table var schema
-        blobs_var_schema = ln.Schema(
-            name="blobs_var_schema",
-            itype=bt.Gene.ensembl_gene_id,
-            dtype=int
-        ).save()
-
-        # define composite schema
-        spatialdata_schema = ln.Schema(
-            name="blobs_spatialdata_schema",
-            otype="SpatialData",
-            components={
-                "sample": sample_schema,
-                "table:obs": blobs_obs_schema,
-                "table:var": blobs_var_schema,
-        }).save()
-
-        # curate a SpatialData
-        spatialdata = ln.core.datasets.spatialdata_blobs()
-        curator = ln.curators.SpatialDataCurator(spatialdata, spatialdata_schema)
-        try:
-            curator.validate()
-        except ln.errors.ValidationError as error:
-            print(error)
-
-        # validate again (must pass now) and save artifact
-        artifact = curator.save_artifact(key="example_datasets/spatialdata1.zarr")
-        assert artifact.schema == spatialdata_schema
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        dataset: SpatialData | Artifact,
-        schema: Schema,
-        *,
-        sample_metadata_key: str | None = "sample",
-    ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(dataset=dataset, schema=schema)
-        if not data_is_spatialdata(self._dataset):
-            raise InvalidArgument("dataset must be SpatialData-like.")
-        if schema.otype != "SpatialData":
-            raise InvalidArgument("Schema otype must be 'SpatialData'.")
-
-        for slot, slot_schema in schema.slots.items():
-            # Assign to _slots
-            if ":" in slot:
-                table_key, table_slot = slot.split(":")
-                schema_dataset = self._dataset.tables.__getitem__(table_key)
-            # sample metadata (does not have a `:` separator)
-            else:
-                table_key = None
-                table_slot = slot
-                schema_dataset = self._dataset.get_attrs(
-                    key=sample_metadata_key, return_as="df", flatten=True
-                )
-
-            self._slots[slot] = DataFrameCurator(
-                (
-                    getattr(schema_dataset, table_slot).T
-                    if table_slot == "var"
-                    else (
-                        getattr(schema_dataset, table_slot)
-                        if table_slot != sample_metadata_key
-                        else schema_dataset
-                    )  # just take the schema_dataset if it's the sample metadata key
-                ),
-                slot_schema,
-            )
-
-            _assign_var_fields_categoricals_multimodal(
-                modality=table_key,
-                slot_type=table_slot,
-                slot=slot,
-                slot_schema=slot_schema,
-                var_fields=self._var_fields,
-                cat_columns=self._cat_columns,
-                slots=self._slots,
-            )
-
-        # for consistency with BaseCatManager
-        self._columns_field = self._var_fields
-
-
-class CatColumn:
-    """Categorical column for `DataFrame`.
-
-    Args:
-        values_getter: A callable or iterable that returns the values to validate.
-        field: The field to validate against.
-        key: The name of the column to validate. Only used for logging.
-        values_setter: A callable that sets the values.
-        source: The source to validate against.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        values_getter: Callable | Iterable[str],
-        field: FieldAttr,
-        key: str,
-        values_setter: Callable | None = None,
-        source: Record | None = None,
-        feature: Feature | None = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        self._values_getter = values_getter
-        self._values_setter = values_setter
-        self._field = field
-        self._key = key
-        self._source = source
-        self._organism = None
-        self._validated: None | list[str] = None
-        self._non_validated: None | list[str] = None
-        self._synonyms: None | dict[str, str] = None
-        self.feature = feature
-        self.labels = None
-        if hasattr(field.field.model, "_name_field"):
-            label_ref_is_name = field.field.name == field.field.model._name_field
-        else:
-            label_ref_is_name = field.field.name == "name"
-        self.label_ref_is_name = label_ref_is_name
-
-    @property
-    def values(self):
-        """Get the current values using the getter function."""
-        if callable(self._values_getter):
-            return self._values_getter()
-        return self._values_getter
-
-    @values.setter
-    def values(self, new_values):
-        """Set new values using the setter function if available."""
-        if callable(self._values_setter):
-            self._values_setter(new_values)
-        else:
-            # If values_getter is not callable, it's a direct reference we can update
-            self._values_getter = new_values
-
-    @property
-    def is_validated(self) -> bool:
-        """Return whether the column is validated."""
-        return len(self._non_validated) == 0
-
-    def _replace_synonyms(self) -> list[str]:
-        """Replace synonyms in the column with standardized values."""
-        syn_mapper = self._synonyms
-        # replace the values in df
-        std_values = self.values.map(
-            lambda unstd_val: syn_mapper.get(unstd_val, unstd_val)
-        )
-        # remove the standardized values from self.non_validated
-        non_validated = [i for i in self._non_validated if i not in syn_mapper]
-        if len(non_validated) == 0:
-            self._non_validated = []
-        else:
-            self._non_validated = non_validated  # type: ignore
-        # logging
-        n = len(syn_mapper)
-        if n > 0:
-            syn_mapper_print = _format_values(
-                [f'"{k}" → "{v}"' for k, v in syn_mapper.items()], sep=""
-            )
-            s = "s" if n > 1 else ""
-            logger.success(
-                f'standardized {n} synonym{s} in "{self._key}": {colors.green(syn_mapper_print)}'
-            )
-        return std_values
-
-    def _add_validated(self) -> tuple[list, list]:
-        """Save features or labels records in the default instance."""
-        from lamindb.models.save import save as ln_save
-
-        registry = self._field.field.model
-        field_name = self._field.field.name
-        model_field = registry.__get_name_with_module__()
-        filter_kwargs = get_current_filter_kwargs(
-            registry, {"organism": self._organism, "source": self._source}
-        )
-        values = [i for i in self.values if isinstance(i, str) and i]
-        if not values:
-            return [], []
-
-        # inspect the default instance and save validated records from public
-        existing_and_public_records = registry.from_values(
-            list(values), field=self._field, **filter_kwargs, mute=True
-        )
-        existing_and_public_labels = [
-            getattr(r, field_name) for r in existing_and_public_records
-        ]
-        # public records that are not already in the database
-        public_records = [r for r in existing_and_public_records if r._state.adding]
-        # here we check to only save the public records if they are from the specified source
-        # we check the uid because r.source and source can be from different instances
-        if self._source:
-            public_records = [
-                r for r in public_records if r.source.uid == self._source.uid
-            ]
-        if len(public_records) > 0:
-            logger.info(f"saving validated records of '{self._key}'")
-            ln_save(public_records)
-            labels_saved_public = [getattr(r, field_name) for r in public_records]
-            # log the saved public labels
-            # the term "transferred" stresses that this is always in the context of transferring
-            # labels from a public ontology or a different instance to the present instance
-            if len(labels_saved_public) > 0:
-                s = "s" if len(labels_saved_public) > 1 else ""
-                logger.success(
-                    f'added {len(labels_saved_public)} record{s} {colors.green("from_public")} with {model_field} for "{self._key}": {_format_values(labels_saved_public)}'
-                )
-        self.labels = existing_and_public_records
-
-        # non-validated records from the default instance
-        non_validated_labels = [
-            i for i in values if i not in existing_and_public_labels
-        ]
-
-        # validated, non-validated
-        return existing_and_public_labels, non_validated_labels
-
-    def _add_new(
-        self,
-        values: list[str],
-        df: pd.DataFrame | None = None,  # remove when all users use schema
-        dtype: str | None = None,
-        **create_kwargs,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Add new labels to the registry."""
-        from lamindb.models.save import save as ln_save
-
-        registry = self._field.field.model
-        field_name = self._field.field.name
-        non_validated_records: RecordList[Any] = []  # type: ignore
-        if df is not None and registry == Feature:
-            nonval_columns = Feature.inspect(df.columns, mute=True).non_validated
-            non_validated_records = Feature.from_df(df.loc[:, nonval_columns])
-        else:
-            if (
-                self._organism
-                and hasattr(registry, "organism")
-                and registry._meta.get_field("organism").is_relation
-            ):
-                # make sure organism record is saved to the current instance
-                create_kwargs["organism"] = _save_organism(name=self._organism)
-
-            for value in values:
-                init_kwargs = {field_name: value}
-                if registry == Feature:
-                    init_kwargs["dtype"] = "cat" if dtype is None else dtype
-                non_validated_records.append(registry(**init_kwargs, **create_kwargs))
-        if len(non_validated_records) > 0:
-            ln_save(non_validated_records)
-            model_field = colors.italic(registry.__get_name_with_module__())
-            s = "s" if len(values) > 1 else ""
-            logger.success(
-                f'added {len(values)} record{s} with {model_field} for "{self._key}": {_format_values(values)}'
-            )
-
-    def _validate(
-        self,
-        values: list[str],
-        curator: CatManager | None = None,  # TODO: not yet used
-    ) -> tuple[list[str], dict]:
-        """Validate ontology terms using LaminDB registries."""
-        registry = self._field.field.model
-        field_name = self._field.field.name
-        model_field = f"{registry.__name__}.{field_name}"
-
-        def _log_mapping_info():
-            logger.indent = ""
-            logger.info(f'mapping "{self._key}" on {colors.italic(model_field)}')
-            logger.indent = "  "
-
-        kwargs_current = get_current_filter_kwargs(
-            registry, {"organism": self._organism, "source": self._source}
-        )
-
-        # inspect values from the default instance, excluding public
-        inspect_result = registry.inspect(
-            values, field=self._field, mute=True, from_source=False, **kwargs_current
-        )
-        non_validated = inspect_result.non_validated
-        syn_mapper = inspect_result.synonyms_mapper
-
-        # inspect the non-validated values from public (BioRecord only)
-        values_validated = []
-        if hasattr(registry, "public"):
-            public_records = registry.from_values(
-                non_validated,
-                field=self._field,
-                mute=True,
-                **kwargs_current,
-            )
-            values_validated += [getattr(r, field_name) for r in public_records]
-
-        # logging messages
-        non_validated_hint_print = f'.add_new_from("{self._key}")'
-        non_validated = [i for i in non_validated if i not in values_validated]
-        n_non_validated = len(non_validated)
-        if n_non_validated == 0:
-            logger.indent = ""
-            logger.success(
-                f'"{self._key}" is validated against {colors.italic(model_field)}'
-            )
-            return [], {}
-        else:
-            are = "is" if n_non_validated == 1 else "are"
-            s = "" if n_non_validated == 1 else "s"
-            print_values = _format_values(non_validated)
-            warning_message = f"{colors.red(f'{n_non_validated} term{s}')} {are} not validated: {colors.red(print_values)}\n"
-            if syn_mapper:
-                s = "" if len(syn_mapper) == 1 else "s"
-                syn_mapper_print = _format_values(
-                    [f'"{k}" → "{v}"' for k, v in syn_mapper.items()], sep=""
-                )
-                hint_msg = f'.standardize("{self._key}")'
-                warning_message += f"    {colors.yellow(f'{len(syn_mapper)} synonym{s}')} found: {colors.yellow(syn_mapper_print)}\n    → curate synonyms via {colors.cyan(hint_msg)}"
-            if n_non_validated > len(syn_mapper):
-                if syn_mapper:
-                    warning_message += "\n    for remaining terms:\n"
-                warning_message += f"    → fix typos, remove non-existent values, or save terms via {colors.cyan(non_validated_hint_print)}"
-
-            if logger.indent == "":
-                _log_mapping_info()
-            logger.warning(warning_message)
-            if curator is not None:
-                curator._validate_category_error_messages = strip_ansi_codes(
-                    warning_message
-                )
-            logger.indent = ""
-            return non_validated, syn_mapper
-
-    def validate(self) -> None:
-        """Validate the column."""
-        # add source-validated values to the registry
-        self._validated, self._non_validated = self._add_validated()
-        self._non_validated, self._synonyms = self._validate(values=self._non_validated)
-        # always register new Features if they are columns
-        if self._key == "columns" and self._field == Feature.name:
-            self.add_new()
-
-    def standardize(self) -> None:
-        """Standardize the column."""
-        registry = self._field.field.model
-        if not hasattr(registry, "standardize"):
-            return self.values
-        if self._synonyms is None:
-            self.validate()
-        # get standardized values
-        std_values = self._replace_synonyms()
-        # update non_validated values
-        self._non_validated = [
-            i for i in self._non_validated if i not in self._synonyms.keys()
-        ]
-        # remove synonyms since they are now standardized
-        self._synonyms = {}
-        # update the values with the standardized values
-        self.values = std_values
-
-    def add_new(self, **create_kwargs) -> None:
-        """Add new values to the registry."""
-        if self._non_validated is None:
-            self.validate()
-        if len(self._synonyms) > 0:
-            # raise error because .standardize modifies the input dataset
-            raise ValidationError(
-                "Please run `.standardize()` before adding new values."
-            )
-        self._add_new(
-            values=self._non_validated,
-            **create_kwargs,
-        )
-        # remove the non_validated values since they are now registered
-        self._non_validated = []
-
-
-class CatManager:
-    """Manage categoricals by updating registries.
-
-    This class is accessible from within a `DataFrameCurator` via the `.cat` attribute.
-
-    If you find non-validated values, you have several options:
-
-    - new values found in the data can be registered via `DataFrameCurator.cat.add_new_from()` :meth:`~lamindb.curators.DataFrameCatManager.add_new_from`
-    - non-validated values can be accessed via `DataFrameCurator.cat.add_new_from()` :meth:`~lamindb.curators.DataFrameCatManager.non_validated` and addressed manually
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, *, dataset, categoricals, sources, columns_field=None):
-        # the below is shared with Curator
-        self._artifact: Artifact = None  # pass the dataset as an artifact
-        self._dataset: Any = dataset  # pass the dataset as a UPathStr or data object
-        if isinstance(self._dataset, Artifact):
-            self._artifact = self._dataset
-            if self._artifact.otype in {"DataFrame", "AnnData"}:
-                self._dataset = self._dataset.load(
-                    is_run_input=False  # we already track this in the Curator constructor
-                )
-        self._is_validated: bool = False
-        # shared until here
-        self._categoricals = categoricals or {}
-        self._non_validated = None
-        self._sources = sources or {}
-        self._columns_field = columns_field
-        self._validate_category_error_messages: str = ""
-        self._cat_columns: dict[str, CatColumn] = {}
-
-    @property
-    def non_validated(self) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
-        """Return the non-validated features and labels."""
-        if self._non_validated is None:
-            raise ValidationError("Please run validate() first!")
-        return {
-            key: cat_column._non_validated
-            for key, cat_column in self._cat_columns.items()
-            if cat_column._non_validated and key != "columns"
-        }
-
-    @property
-    def categoricals(self) -> dict:
-        """Return the columns fields to validate against."""
-        return self._categoricals
-
-    def validate(self) -> bool:
-        """Validate dataset.
-
-        This method also registers the validated records in the current instance.
-
-        Returns:
-            The boolean `True` if the dataset is validated. Otherwise, a string with the error message.
-        """
-        pass  # pragma: no cover
-
-    def standardize(self, key: str) -> None:
-        """Replace synonyms with standardized values.
-
-        Inplace modification of the dataset.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The name of the column to standardize.
-
-        Returns:
-            None
-        """
-        pass  # pragma: no cover
-
-    @doc_args(SAVE_ARTIFACT_DOCSTRING)
-    def save_artifact(
-        self,
-        *,
-        key: str | None = None,
-        description: str | None = None,
-        revises: Artifact | None = None,
-        run: Run | None = None,
-    ) -> Artifact:
-        """{}"""  # noqa: D415
-        # Make sure all labels are saved in the current instance
-        if not self._is_validated:
-            self.validate()  # returns True or False
-            if not self._is_validated:  # need to raise error manually
-                raise ValidationError("Dataset does not validate. Please curate.")
-
-        if self._artifact is None:
-            if isinstance(self._dataset, pd.DataFrame):
-                artifact = Artifact.from_df(
-                    self._dataset,
-                    key=key,
-                    description=description,
-                    revises=revises,
-                    run=run,
-                )
-            elif isinstance(self._dataset, AnnData):
-                artifact = Artifact.from_anndata(
-                    self._dataset,
-                    key=key,
-                    description=description,
-                    revises=revises,
-                    run=run,
-                )
-            elif data_is_mudata(self._dataset):
-                artifact = Artifact.from_mudata(
-                    self._dataset,
-                    key=key,
-                    description=description,
-                    revises=revises,
-                    run=run,
-                )
-            elif data_is_spatialdata(self._dataset):
-                artifact = Artifact.from_spatialdata(
-                    self._dataset,
-                    key=key,
-                    description=description,
-                    revises=revises,
-                    run=run,
-                )
-            else:
-                raise InvalidArgument(  # pragma: no cover
-                    "data must be one of pd.Dataframe, AnnData, MuData, SpatialData."
-                )
-            self._artifact = artifact.save()
-        annotate_artifact(  # type: ignore
-            self._artifact,
-            index_field=self._columns_field,
-            cat_columns=self._cat_columns,
-        )
-        return self._artifact
-
-
-class DataFrameCatManager(CatManager):
-    """Categorical manager for `DataFrame`."""
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        df: pd.DataFrame | Artifact,
-        columns: FieldAttr = Feature.name,
-        categoricals: list[Feature] | dict[str, FieldAttr] | None = None,
-        sources: dict[str, Record] | None = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        self._non_validated = None
-        super().__init__(
-            dataset=df,
-            columns_field=columns,
-            categoricals=categoricals,
-            sources=sources,
-        )
-        if columns == Feature.name:
-            if isinstance(self._categoricals, list):
-                values = [feature.name for feature in self._categoricals]
-            else:
-                values = list(self._categoricals.keys())
-            self._cat_columns["columns"] = CatColumn(
-                values_getter=values,
-                field=self._columns_field,
-                key="columns" if isinstance(self._dataset, pd.DataFrame) else "keys",
-                source=self._sources.get("columns"),
-            )
-            self._cat_columns["columns"].validate()
-        else:
-            # NOTE: for var_index right now
-            self._cat_columns["columns"] = CatColumn(
-                values_getter=lambda: self._dataset.columns,  # lambda ensures the inplace update
-                values_setter=lambda new_values: setattr(
-                    self._dataset, "columns", pd.Index(new_values)
-                ),
-                field=self._columns_field,
-                key="columns",
-                source=self._sources.get("columns"),
-            )
-        if isinstance(self._categoricals, list):
-            for feature in self._categoricals:
-                result = parse_dtype(feature.dtype)[
-                    0
-                ]  # TODO: support composite dtypes for categoricals
-                key = feature.name
-                field = result["field"]
-                self._cat_columns[key] = CatColumn(
-                    values_getter=lambda k=key: self._dataset[
-                        k
-                    ],  # Capture key as default argument
-                    values_setter=lambda new_values, k=key: self._dataset.__setitem__(
-                        k, new_values
-                    ),
-                    field=field,
-                    key=key,
-                    source=self._sources.get(key),
-                    feature=feature,
-                )
-        else:
-            # below is for backward compat of ln.Curator.from_df()
-            for key, field in self._categoricals.items():
-                self._cat_columns[key] = CatColumn(
-                    values_getter=lambda k=key: self._dataset[
-                        k
-                    ],  # Capture key as default argument
-                    values_setter=lambda new_values, k=key: self._dataset.__setitem__(
-                        k, new_values
-                    ),
-                    field=field,
-                    key=key,
-                    source=self._sources.get(key),
-                    feature=Feature.get(name=key),
-                )
-
-    def lookup(self, public: bool = False) -> CatLookup:
-        """Lookup categories.
-
-        Args:
-            public: If "public", the lookup is performed on the public reference.
-        """
-        return CatLookup(
-            categoricals=self._categoricals,
-            slots={"columns": self._columns_field},
-            public=public,
-            sources=self._sources,
-        )
-
-    def validate(self) -> bool:
-        """Validate variables and categorical observations."""
-        self._validate_category_error_messages = ""  # reset the error messages
-
-        validated = True
-        for _, cat_column in self._cat_columns.items():
-            cat_column.validate()
-            validated &= cat_column.is_validated
-        self._is_validated = validated
-        self._non_validated = {}  # so it's no longer None
-
-        return self._is_validated
-
-    def standardize(self, key: str) -> None:
-        """Replace synonyms with standardized values.
-
-        Modifies the input dataset inplace.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key referencing the column in the DataFrame to standardize.
-        """
-        if self._artifact is not None:
-            raise RuntimeError("can't mutate the dataset when an artifact is passed!")
-
-        if key == "all":
-            logger.warning(
-                "'all' is deprecated, please pass a single key from `.non_validated.keys()` instead!"
-            )
-            for k in self.non_validated.keys():
-                self._cat_columns[k].standardize()
-        else:
-            self._cat_columns[key].standardize()
-
-    def add_new_from(self, key: str, **kwargs):
-        """Add validated & new categories.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key referencing the slot in the DataFrame from which to draw terms.
-            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to create new records
-        """
-        if len(kwargs) > 0 and key == "all":
-            raise ValueError("Cannot pass additional arguments to 'all' key!")
-        if key == "all":
-            logger.warning(
-                "'all' is deprecated, please pass a single key from `.non_validated.keys()` instead!"
-            )
-            for k in self.non_validated.keys():
-                self._cat_columns[k].add_new(**kwargs)
-        else:
-            self._cat_columns[key].add_new(**kwargs)
-
-    @deprecated(
-        new_name="Run.filter(transform=context.run.transform, output_artifacts=None)"
-    )
-    def clean_up_failed_runs(self):
-        """Clean up previous failed runs that don't save any outputs."""
-        from lamindb.core._context import context
-
-        if context.run is not None:
-            Run.filter(transform=context.run.transform, output_artifacts=None).exclude(
-                uid=context.run.uid
-            ).delete()
-
-
-class AnnDataCatManager(CatManager):
-    """Categorical manager for `AnnData`."""
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        data: ad.AnnData | Artifact,
-        var_index: FieldAttr | None = None,
-        categoricals: dict[str, FieldAttr] | None = None,
-        obs_columns: FieldAttr = Feature.name,
-        sources: dict[str, Record] | None = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        if isinstance(var_index, str):
-            raise TypeError(
-                "var_index parameter has to be a field, e.g. Gene.ensembl_gene_id"
-            )
-
-        if not data_is_anndata(data):
-            raise TypeError("data has to be an AnnData object")
-
-        if "symbol" in str(var_index):
-            logger.warning(
-                "indexing datasets with gene symbols can be problematic: https://docs.lamin.ai/faq/symbol-mapping"
-            )
-
-        self._obs_fields = categoricals or {}
-        self._var_field = var_index
-        self._sources = sources or {}
-        super().__init__(
-            dataset=data,
-            categoricals=categoricals,
-            sources=self._sources,
-            columns_field=var_index,
-        )
-        self._adata = self._dataset
-        self._obs_df_curator = DataFrameCatManager(
-            df=self._adata.obs,
-            categoricals=self.categoricals,
-            columns=obs_columns,
-            sources=self._sources,
-        )
-        self._cat_columns = self._obs_df_curator._cat_columns.copy()
-        if var_index is not None:
-            self._cat_columns["var_index"] = CatColumn(
-                values_getter=lambda: self._adata.var.index,
-                values_setter=lambda new_values: setattr(
-                    self._adata.var, "index", pd.Index(new_values)
-                ),
-                field=self._var_field,
-                key="var_index",
-                source=self._sources.get("var_index"),
-            )
-
-    @property
-    def var_index(self) -> FieldAttr:
-        """Return the registry field to validate variables index against."""
-        return self._var_field
-
-    @property
-    def categoricals(self) -> dict:
-        """Return the obs fields to validate against."""
-        return self._obs_fields
-
-    def lookup(self, public: bool = False) -> CatLookup:
-        """Lookup categories.
-
-        Args:
-            public: If "public", the lookup is performed on the public reference.
-        """
-        return CatLookup(
-            categoricals=self._obs_fields,
-            slots={"columns": self._columns_field, "var_index": self._var_field},
-            public=public,
-            sources=self._sources,
-        )
-
-    def add_new_from(self, key: str, **kwargs):
-        """Add validated & new categories.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key referencing the slot in the DataFrame from which to draw terms.
-            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to create new records
-        """
-        if key == "all":
-            logger.warning(
-                "'all' is deprecated, please pass a single key from `.non_validated.keys()` instead!"
-            )
-            for k in self.non_validated.keys():
-                self._cat_columns[k].add_new(**kwargs)
-        else:
-            self._cat_columns[key].add_new(**kwargs)
-
-    @deprecated(new_name="add_new_from('var_index')")
-    def add_new_from_var_index(self, **kwargs):
-        """Update variable records.
-
-        Args:
-            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to create new records.
-        """
-        self.add_new_from(key="var_index", **kwargs)
-
-    def validate(self) -> bool:
-        """Validate categories.
-
-        This method also registers the validated records in the current instance.
-
-        Returns:
-            Whether the AnnData object is validated.
-        """
-        self._validate_category_error_messages = ""  # reset the error messages
-
-        validated = True
-        for _, cat_column in self._cat_columns.items():
-            cat_column.validate()
-            validated &= cat_column.is_validated
-
-        self._non_validated = {}  # so it's no longer None
-        self._is_validated = validated
-        return self._is_validated
-
-    def standardize(self, key: str):
-        """Replace synonyms with standardized values.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key referencing the slot in `adata.obs` from which to draw terms. Same as the key in `categoricals`.
-
-                - If "var_index", standardize the var.index.
-                - If "all", standardize all obs columns and var.index.
-
-        Inplace modification of the dataset.
-        """
-        if self._artifact is not None:
-            raise RuntimeError("can't mutate the dataset when an artifact is passed!")
-        if key == "all":
-            logger.warning(
-                "'all' is deprecated, please pass a single key from `.non_validated.keys()` instead!"
-            )
-            for k in self.non_validated.keys():
-                self._cat_columns[k].standardize()
-        else:
-            self._cat_columns[key].standardize()
-
-
-@deprecated(new_name="MuDataCurator")
-class MuDataCatManager(CatManager):
-    """Categorical manager for `MuData`."""
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        mdata: MuData | Artifact,
-        var_index: dict[str, FieldAttr] | None = None,
-        categoricals: dict[str, FieldAttr] | None = None,
-        sources: dict[str, Record] | None = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(
-            dataset=mdata,
-            categoricals={},
-            sources=sources,
-        )
-        self._columns_field = (
-            var_index or {}
-        )  # this is for consistency with BaseCatManager
-        self._var_fields = var_index or {}
-        self._verify_modality(self._var_fields.keys())
-        self._obs_fields = self._parse_categoricals(categoricals or {})
-        self._modalities = set(self._var_fields.keys()) | set(self._obs_fields.keys())
-        self._obs_df_curator = None
-        if "obs" in self._modalities:
-            self._obs_df_curator = DataFrameCatManager(
-                df=self._dataset.obs,
-                columns=Feature.name,
-                categoricals=self._obs_fields.get("obs", {}),
-                sources=self._sources.get("obs"),
-            )
-        self._mod_adata_curators = {
-            modality: AnnDataCatManager(
-                data=self._dataset[modality],
-                var_index=var_index.get(modality),
-                categoricals=self._obs_fields.get(modality),
-                sources=self._sources.get(modality),
-            )
-            for modality in self._modalities
-            if modality != "obs"
-        }
-        self._non_validated = None
-
-    @property
-    def var_index(self) -> FieldAttr:
-        """Return the registry field to validate variables index against."""
-        return self._var_fields
-
-    @property
-    def categoricals(self) -> dict:
-        """Return the obs fields to validate against."""
-        return self._obs_fields
-
-    @property
-    def non_validated(self) -> dict[str, dict[str, list[str]]]:  # type: ignore
-        """Return the non-validated features and labels."""
-        if self._non_validated is None:
-            raise ValidationError("Please run validate() first!")
-        non_validated = {}
-        if (
-            self._obs_df_curator is not None
-            and len(self._obs_df_curator.non_validated) > 0
-        ):
-            non_validated["obs"] = self._obs_df_curator.non_validated
-        for modality, adata_curator in self._mod_adata_curators.items():
-            if len(adata_curator.non_validated) > 0:
-                non_validated[modality] = adata_curator.non_validated
-        self._non_validated = non_validated
-        return self._non_validated
-
-    def _verify_modality(self, modalities: Iterable[str]):
-        """Verify the modality exists."""
-        for modality in modalities:
-            if modality not in self._dataset.mod.keys():
-                raise ValidationError(f"modality '{modality}' does not exist!")
-
-    def _parse_categoricals(self, categoricals: dict[str, FieldAttr]) -> dict:
-        """Parse the categorical fields."""
-        prefixes = {f"{k}:" for k in self._dataset.mod.keys()}
-        obs_fields: dict[str, dict[str, FieldAttr]] = {}
-        for k, v in categoricals.items():
-            if k not in self._dataset.obs.columns:
-                raise ValidationError(f"column '{k}' does not exist in mdata.obs!")
-            if any(k.startswith(prefix) for prefix in prefixes):
-                modality, col = k.split(":")[0], k.split(":")[1]
-                if modality not in obs_fields.keys():
-                    obs_fields[modality] = {}
-                obs_fields[modality][col] = v
-            else:
-                if "obs" not in obs_fields.keys():
-                    obs_fields["obs"] = {}
-                obs_fields["obs"][k] = v
-        return obs_fields
-
-    def lookup(self, public: bool = False) -> CatLookup:
-        """Lookup categories.
-
-        Args:
-            public: Perform lookup on public source ontologies.
-        """
-        obs_fields = {}
-        for mod, fields in self._obs_fields.items():
-            for k, v in fields.items():
-                if k == "obs":
-                    obs_fields[k] = v
-                else:
-                    obs_fields[f"{mod}:{k}"] = v
-        return CatLookup(
-            categoricals=obs_fields,
-            slots={
-                **{f"{k}_var_index": v for k, v in self._var_fields.items()},
-            },
-            public=public,
-            sources=self._sources,
-        )
-
-    @deprecated(new_name="add_new_from('var_index')")
-    def add_new_from_var_index(self, modality: str, **kwargs):
-        """Update variable records.
-
-        Args:
-            modality: The modality name.
-            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to create new records.
-        """
-        self._mod_adata_curators[modality].add_new_from(key="var_index", **kwargs)
-
-    def add_new_from(
-        self,
-        key: str,
-        modality: str | None = None,
-        **kwargs,
-    ):
-        """Add validated & new categories.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key referencing the slot in the DataFrame.
-            modality: The modality name.
-            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to create new records.
-        """
-        modality = modality or "obs"
-        if modality in self._mod_adata_curators:
-            adata_curator = self._mod_adata_curators[modality]
-            adata_curator.add_new_from(key=key, **kwargs)
-        if modality == "obs":
-            self._obs_df_curator.add_new_from(key=key, **kwargs)
-        if key == "var_index":
-            self._mod_adata_curators[modality].add_new_from(key=key, **kwargs)
-
-    def validate(self) -> bool:
-        """Validate categories."""
-        obs_validated = True
-        if "obs" in self._modalities:
-            logger.info('validating categoricals in "obs"...')
-            obs_validated &= self._obs_df_curator.validate()
-
-        mods_validated = True
-        for modality, adata_curator in self._mod_adata_curators.items():
-            logger.info(f'validating categoricals in modality "{modality}"...')
-            mods_validated &= adata_curator.validate()
-
-        self._non_validated = {}  # so it's no longer None
-        self._is_validated = obs_validated & mods_validated
-        return self._is_validated
-
-    def standardize(self, key: str, modality: str | None = None):
-        """Replace synonyms with standardized values.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key referencing the slot in the `MuData`.
-            modality: The modality name.
-
-        Inplace modification of the dataset.
-        """
-        if self._artifact is not None:
-            raise RuntimeError("can't mutate the dataset when an artifact is passed!")
-        modality = modality or "obs"
-        if modality in self._mod_adata_curators:
-            adata_curator = self._mod_adata_curators[modality]
-            adata_curator.standardize(key=key)
-        if modality == "obs":
-            self._obs_df_curator.standardize(key=key)
-
-
-def _maybe_curation_keys_not_present(nonval_keys: list[str], name: str):
-    if (n := len(nonval_keys)) > 0:
-        s = "s" if n > 1 else ""
-        are = "are" if n > 1 else "is"
-        raise ValidationError(
-            f"key{s} passed to {name} {are} not present: {colors.yellow(_format_values(nonval_keys))}"
-        )
-
-
-@deprecated(new_name="SpatialDataCurator")
-class SpatialDataCatManager(CatManager):
-    """Categorical manager for `SpatialData`."""
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        sdata: Any,
-        var_index: dict[str, FieldAttr],
-        categoricals: dict[str, dict[str, FieldAttr]] | None = None,
-        sources: dict[str, dict[str, Record]] | None = None,
-        *,
-        sample_metadata_key: str | None = "sample",
-    ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(
-            dataset=sdata,
-            categoricals={},
-            sources=sources,
-        )
-        if isinstance(sdata, Artifact):
-            self._sdata = sdata.load()
-        else:
-            self._sdata = self._dataset
-        self._sample_metadata_key = sample_metadata_key
-        self._write_path = None
-        self._var_fields = var_index
-        self._verify_accessor_exists(self._var_fields.keys())
-        self._categoricals = categoricals
-        self._table_keys = set(self._var_fields.keys()) | set(
-            self._categoricals.keys() - {self._sample_metadata_key}
-        )
-        self._sample_df_curator = None
-        if self._sample_metadata_key is not None:
-            self._sample_metadata = self._sdata.get_attrs(
-                key=self._sample_metadata_key, return_as="df", flatten=True
-            )
-        self._is_validated = False
-
-        # Check validity of keys in categoricals
-        nonval_keys = []
-        for accessor, accessor_categoricals in self._categoricals.items():
-            if (
-                accessor == self._sample_metadata_key
-                and self._sample_metadata is not None
-            ):
-                for key in accessor_categoricals.keys():
-                    if key not in self._sample_metadata.columns:
-                        nonval_keys.append(key)
-            else:
-                for key in accessor_categoricals.keys():
-                    if key not in self._sdata[accessor].obs.columns:
-                        nonval_keys.append(key)
-
-        _maybe_curation_keys_not_present(nonval_keys, "categoricals")
-
-        # check validity of keys in sources
-        nonval_keys = []
-        for accessor, accessor_sources in self._sources.items():
-            if (
-                accessor == self._sample_metadata_key
-                and self._sample_metadata is not None
-            ):
-                columns = self._sample_metadata.columns
-            elif accessor != self._sample_metadata_key:
-                columns = self._sdata[accessor].obs.columns
-            else:
-                continue
-            for key in accessor_sources:
-                if key not in columns:
-                    nonval_keys.append(key)
-        _maybe_curation_keys_not_present(nonval_keys, "sources")
-
-        # Set up sample level metadata and table Curator objects
-        if (
-            self._sample_metadata_key is not None
-            and self._sample_metadata_key in self._categoricals
-        ):
-            self._sample_df_curator = DataFrameCatManager(
-                df=self._sample_metadata,
-                columns=Feature.name,
-                categoricals=self._categoricals.get(self._sample_metadata_key, {}),
-                sources=self._sources.get(self._sample_metadata_key),
-            )
-        self._table_adata_curators = {
-            table: AnnDataCatManager(
-                data=self._sdata[table],
-                var_index=var_index.get(table),
-                categoricals=self._categoricals.get(table),
-                sources=self._sources.get(table),
-            )
-            for table in self._table_keys
-        }
-
-        self._non_validated = None
-
-    @property
-    def var_index(self) -> FieldAttr:
-        """Return the registry fields to validate variables indices against."""
-        return self._var_fields
-
-    @property
-    def categoricals(self) -> dict[str, dict[str, FieldAttr]]:
-        """Return the categorical keys and fields to validate against."""
-        return self._categoricals
-
-    @property
-    def non_validated(self) -> dict[str, dict[str, list[str]]]:  # type: ignore
-        """Return the non-validated features and labels."""
-        if self._non_validated is None:
-            raise ValidationError("Please run validate() first!")
-        non_curated = {}
-        if len(self._sample_df_curator.non_validated) > 0:
-            non_curated[self._sample_metadata_key] = (
-                self._sample_df_curator.non_validated
-            )
-        for table, adata_curator in self._table_adata_curators.items():
-            if len(adata_curator.non_validated) > 0:
-                non_curated[table] = adata_curator.non_validated
-        return non_curated
-
-    def _verify_accessor_exists(self, accessors: Iterable[str]) -> None:
-        """Verify that the accessors exist (either a valid table or in attrs)."""
-        for acc in accessors:
-            is_present = False
-            try:
-                self._sdata.get_attrs(key=acc)
-                is_present = True
-            except KeyError:
-                if acc in self._sdata.tables.keys():
-                    is_present = True
-            if not is_present:
-                raise ValidationError(f"Accessor '{acc}' does not exist!")
-
-    def lookup(self, public: bool = False) -> CatLookup:
-        """Look up categories.
-
-        Args:
-            public: Whether the lookup is performed on the public reference.
-        """
-        cat_values_dict = list(self.categoricals.values())[0]
-        return CatLookup(
-            categoricals=cat_values_dict,
-            slots={"accessors": cat_values_dict.keys()},
-            public=public,
-            sources=self._sources,
-        )
-
-    @deprecated(new_name="add_new_from('var_index')")
-    def add_new_from_var_index(self, table: str, **kwargs) -> None:
-        """Save new values from ``.var.index`` of table.
-
-        Args:
-            table: The table key.
-            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to create new records.
-        """
-        if table in self.non_validated.keys():
-            self._table_adata_curators[table].add_new_from(key="var_index", **kwargs)
-
-    def add_new_from(
-        self,
-        key: str,
-        accessor: str | None = None,
-        **kwargs,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Save new values of categorical from sample level metadata or table.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key referencing the slot in the DataFrame.
-            accessor: The accessor key such as 'sample' or 'table x'.
-            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to create new records.
-        """
-        if accessor in self.non_validated.keys():
-            if accessor in self._table_adata_curators:
-                adata_curator = self._table_adata_curators[accessor]
-                adata_curator.add_new_from(key=key, **kwargs)
-            if accessor == self._sample_metadata_key:
-                self._sample_df_curator.add_new_from(key=key, **kwargs)
-
-        if key == "var_index":
-            self._table_adata_curators[accessor].add_new_from(key=key, **kwargs)
-
-    def standardize(self, key: str, accessor: str | None = None) -> None:
-        """Replace synonyms with canonical values.
-
-        Modifies the dataset inplace.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key referencing the slot in the table or sample metadata.
-            accessor: The accessor key such as 'sample_key' or 'table_key'.
-        """
-        if len(self.non_validated) == 0:
-            logger.warning("values are already standardized")
-            return
-        if self._artifact is not None:
-            raise RuntimeError("can't mutate the dataset when an artifact is passed!")
-
-        if accessor == self._sample_metadata_key:
-            if key not in self._sample_metadata.columns:
-                raise ValueError(f"key '{key}' not present in '{accessor}'!")
-        else:
-            if (
-                key == "var_index" and self._sdata.tables[accessor].var.index is None
-            ) or (
-                key != "var_index"
-                and key not in self._sdata.tables[accessor].obs.columns
-            ):
-                raise ValueError(f"key '{key}' not present in '{accessor}'!")
-
-        if accessor in self._table_adata_curators.keys():
-            adata_curator = self._table_adata_curators[accessor]
-            adata_curator.standardize(key)
-        if accessor == self._sample_metadata_key:
-            self._sample_df_curator.standardize(key)
-
-    def validate(self) -> bool:
-        """Validate variables and categorical observations.
-
-        This method also registers the validated records in the current instance:
-        - from public sources
-
-        Returns:
-            Whether the SpatialData object is validated.
-        """
-        # add all validated records to the current instance
-        sample_validated = True
-        if self._sample_df_curator:
-            logger.info(f"validating categoricals of '{self._sample_metadata_key}' ...")
-            sample_validated &= self._sample_df_curator.validate()
-
-        mods_validated = True
-        for table, adata_curator in self._table_adata_curators.items():
-            logger.info(f"validating categoricals of table '{table}' ...")
-            mods_validated &= adata_curator.validate()
-
-        self._non_validated = {}  # so it's no longer None
-        self._is_validated = sample_validated & mods_validated
-        return self._is_validated
-
-    def save_artifact(
-        self,
-        *,
-        key: str | None = None,
-        description: str | None = None,
-        revises: Artifact | None = None,
-        run: Run | None = None,
-    ) -> Artifact:
-        """Save the validated SpatialData store and metadata.
-
-        Args:
-            description: A description of the dataset.
-            key: A path-like key to reference artifact in default storage,
-                e.g., `"myartifact.zarr"`. Artifacts with the same key form a version family.
-            revises: Previous version of the artifact. Triggers a revision.
-            run: The run that creates the artifact.
-
-        Returns:
-            A saved artifact record.
-        """
-        if not self._is_validated:
-            self.validate()
-            if not self._is_validated:
-                raise ValidationError("Dataset does not validate. Please curate.")
-
-        self._artifact = Artifact.from_spatialdata(
-            self._dataset, key=key, description=description, revises=revises, run=run
-        ).save()
-        return annotate_artifact(
-            self._artifact,
-            index_field=self.var_index,
-            sample_metadata_key=self._sample_metadata_key,
-        )
-
-
-class TiledbsomaCatManager(CatManager):
-    """Categorical manager for `tiledbsoma.Experiment`."""
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        experiment_uri: UPathStr | Artifact,
-        var_index: dict[str, tuple[str, FieldAttr]],
-        categoricals: dict[str, FieldAttr] | None = None,
-        obs_columns: FieldAttr = Feature.name,
-        sources: dict[str, Record] | None = None,
-    ):
-        self._obs_fields = categoricals or {}
-        self._var_fields = var_index
-        self._columns_field = obs_columns
-        if isinstance(experiment_uri, Artifact):
-            self._dataset = experiment_uri.path
-            self._artifact = experiment_uri
-        else:
-            self._dataset = UPath(experiment_uri)
-            self._artifact = None
-        self._sources = sources or {}
-
-        self._is_validated: bool | None = False
-        self._non_validated_values: dict[str, list] | None = None
-        self._validated_values: dict[str, list] = {}
-        # filled by _check_save_keys
-        self._n_obs: int | None = None
-        self._valid_obs_keys: list[str] | None = None
-        self._obs_pa_schema: pa.lib.Schema | None = (
-            None  # this is needed to create the obs feature set
-        )
-        self._valid_var_keys: list[str] | None = None
-        self._var_fields_flat: dict[str, FieldAttr] | None = None
-        self._check_save_keys()
-
-    # check that the provided keys in var_index and categoricals are available in the store
-    # and save features
-    def _check_save_keys(self):
-        from lamindb.core.storage._tiledbsoma import _open_tiledbsoma
-
-        with _open_tiledbsoma(self._dataset, mode="r") as experiment:
-            experiment_obs = experiment.obs
-            self._n_obs = len(experiment_obs)
-            self._obs_pa_schema = experiment_obs.schema
-            valid_obs_keys = [
-                k for k in self._obs_pa_schema.names if k != "soma_joinid"
-            ]
-            self._valid_obs_keys = valid_obs_keys
-
-            valid_var_keys = []
-            ms_list = []
-            for ms in experiment.ms.keys():
-                ms_list.append(ms)
-                var_ms = experiment.ms[ms].var
-                valid_var_keys += [
-                    f"{ms}__{k}" for k in var_ms.keys() if k != "soma_joinid"
-                ]
-            self._valid_var_keys = valid_var_keys
-
-        # check validity of keys in categoricals
-        nonval_keys = []
-        for obs_key in self._obs_fields.keys():
-            if obs_key not in valid_obs_keys:
-                nonval_keys.append(obs_key)
-        _maybe_curation_keys_not_present(nonval_keys, "categoricals")
-
-        # check validity of keys in var_index
-        self._var_fields_flat = {}
-        nonval_keys = []
-        for ms_key in self._var_fields.keys():
-            var_key, var_field = self._var_fields[ms_key]
-            var_key_flat = f"{ms_key}__{var_key}"
-            if var_key_flat not in valid_var_keys:
-                nonval_keys.append(f"({ms_key}, {var_key})")
-            else:
-                self._var_fields_flat[var_key_flat] = var_field
-        _maybe_curation_keys_not_present(nonval_keys, "var_index")
-
-        # check validity of keys in sources
-        valid_arg_keys = valid_obs_keys + valid_var_keys + ["columns"]
-        nonval_keys = []
-        for arg_key in self._sources.keys():
-            if arg_key not in valid_arg_keys:
-                nonval_keys.append(arg_key)
-        _maybe_curation_keys_not_present(nonval_keys, "sources")
-
-        # register obs columns' names
-        register_columns = list(self._obs_fields.keys())
-        # register categorical keys as features
-        cat_column = CatColumn(
-            values_getter=register_columns,
-            field=self._columns_field,
-            key="columns",
-            source=self._sources.get("columns"),
-        )
-        cat_column.add_new()
-
-    def validate(self):
-        """Validate categories."""
-        from lamindb.core.storage._tiledbsoma import _open_tiledbsoma
-
-        validated = True
-        self._non_validated_values = {}
-        with _open_tiledbsoma(self._dataset, mode="r") as experiment:
-            for ms, (key, field) in self._var_fields.items():
-                var_ms = experiment.ms[ms].var
-                var_ms_key = f"{ms}__{key}"
-                # it was already validated and cached
-                if var_ms_key in self._validated_values:
-                    continue
-                var_ms_values = (
-                    var_ms.read(column_names=[key]).concat()[key].to_pylist()
-                )
-                cat_column = CatColumn(
-                    values_getter=var_ms_values,
-                    field=field,
-                    key=var_ms_key,
-                    source=self._sources.get(var_ms_key),
-                )
-                cat_column.validate()
-                non_val = cat_column._non_validated
-                if len(non_val) > 0:
-                    validated = False
-                    self._non_validated_values[var_ms_key] = non_val
-                else:
-                    self._validated_values[var_ms_key] = var_ms_values
-
-            obs = experiment.obs
-            for key, field in self._obs_fields.items():
-                # already validated and cached
-                if key in self._validated_values:
-                    continue
-                values = pa.compute.unique(
-                    obs.read(column_names=[key]).concat()[key]
-                ).to_pylist()
-                cat_column = CatColumn(
-                    values_getter=values,
-                    field=field,
-                    key=key,
-                    source=self._sources.get(key),
-                )
-                cat_column.validate()
-                non_val = cat_column._non_validated
-                if len(non_val) > 0:
-                    validated = False
-                    self._non_validated_values[key] = non_val
-                else:
-                    self._validated_values[key] = values
-        self._is_validated = validated
-        return self._is_validated
-
-    def _non_validated_values_field(self, key: str) -> tuple[list, FieldAttr]:
-        assert self._non_validated_values is not None  # noqa: S101
-
-        if key in self._valid_obs_keys:
-            field = self._obs_fields[key]
-        elif key in self._valid_var_keys:
-            ms = key.partition("__")[0]
-            field = self._var_fields[ms][1]
-        else:
-            raise KeyError(f"key {key} is invalid!")
-        values = self._non_validated_values.get(key, [])
-        return values, field
-
-    def add_new_from(self, key: str, **kwargs) -> None:
-        """Add validated & new categories.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key referencing the slot in the `tiledbsoma` store.
-                It should be `'{measurement name}__{column name in .var}'` for columns in `.var`
-                or a column name in `.obs`.
-        """
-        if self._non_validated_values is None:
-            raise ValidationError("Run .validate() first.")
-        if key == "all":
-            keys = list(self._non_validated_values.keys())
-        else:
-            avail_keys = list(
-                chain(self._non_validated_values.keys(), self._validated_values.keys())
-            )
-            if key not in avail_keys:
-                raise KeyError(
-                    f"'{key!r}' is not a valid key, available keys are: {_format_values(avail_keys + ['all'])}!"
-                )
-            keys = [key]
-        for k in keys:
-            values, field = self._non_validated_values_field(k)
-            if len(values) == 0:
-                continue
-            cat_column = CatColumn(
-                values_getter=values,
-                field=field,
-                key=k,
-                source=self._sources.get(k),
-            )
-            cat_column.add_new()
-            # update non-validated values list but keep the key there
-            # it will be removed by .validate()
-            if k in self._non_validated_values:
-                self._non_validated_values[k] = []
-
-    @property
-    def non_validated(self) -> dict[str, list]:
-        """Return the non-validated features and labels."""
-        non_val = {k: v for k, v in self._non_validated_values.items() if v != []}
-        return non_val
-
-    @property
-    def var_index(self) -> dict[str, FieldAttr]:
-        """Return the registry fields with flattened keys to validate variables indices against."""
-        return self._var_fields_flat
-
-    @property
-    def categoricals(self) -> dict[str, FieldAttr]:
-        """Return the obs fields to validate against."""
-        return self._obs_fields
-
-    def lookup(self, public: bool = False) -> CatLookup:
-        """Lookup categories.
-
-        Args:
-            public: If "public", the lookup is performed on the public reference.
-        """
-        return CatLookup(
-            categoricals=self._obs_fields,
-            slots={"columns": self._columns_field, **self._var_fields_flat},
-            public=public,
-            sources=self._sources,
-        )
-
-    def standardize(self, key: str):
-        """Replace synonyms with standardized values.
-
-        Modifies the dataset inplace.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key referencing the slot in the `tiledbsoma` store.
-                It should be `'{measurement name}__{column name in .var}'` for columns in `.var`
-                or a column name in `.obs`.
-        """
-        if len(self.non_validated) == 0:
-            logger.warning("values are already standardized")
-            return
-        avail_keys = list(self._non_validated_values.keys())
-        if key == "all":
-            keys = avail_keys
-        else:
-            if key not in avail_keys:
-                raise KeyError(
-                    f"'{key!r}' is not a valid key, available keys are: {_format_values(avail_keys + ['all'])}!"
-                )
-            keys = [key]
-
-        for k in keys:
-            values, field = self._non_validated_values_field(k)
-            if len(values) == 0:
-                continue
-            if k in self._valid_var_keys:
-                ms, _, slot_key = k.partition("__")
-                slot = lambda experiment: experiment.ms[ms].var  # noqa: B023
-            else:
-                slot = lambda experiment: experiment.obs
-                slot_key = k
-            cat_column = CatColumn(
-                values_getter=values,
-                field=field,
-                key=k,
-                source=self._sources.get(k),
-            )
-            cat_column.validate()
-            syn_mapper = cat_column._synonyms
-            if (n_syn_mapper := len(syn_mapper)) == 0:
-                continue
-
-            from lamindb.core.storage._tiledbsoma import _open_tiledbsoma
-
-            with _open_tiledbsoma(self._dataset, mode="r") as experiment:
-                value_filter = f"{slot_key} in {list(syn_mapper.keys())}"
-                table = slot(experiment).read(value_filter=value_filter).concat()
-
-            if len(table) == 0:
-                continue
-
-            df = table.to_pandas()
-            # map values
-            df[slot_key] = df[slot_key].map(
-                lambda val: syn_mapper.get(val, val)  # noqa
-            )
-            # write the mapped values
-            with _open_tiledbsoma(self._dataset, mode="w") as experiment:
-                slot(experiment).write(pa.Table.from_pandas(df, schema=table.schema))
-            # update non_validated dict
-            non_val_k = [
-                nv for nv in self._non_validated_values[k] if nv not in syn_mapper
-            ]
-            self._non_validated_values[k] = non_val_k
-
-            syn_mapper_print = _format_values(
-                [f'"{m_k}" → "{m_v}"' for m_k, m_v in syn_mapper.items()], sep=""
-            )
-            s = "s" if n_syn_mapper > 1 else ""
-            logger.success(
-                f'standardized {n_syn_mapper} synonym{s} in "{k}": {colors.green(syn_mapper_print)}'
-            )
-
-    def save_artifact(
-        self,
-        *,
-        key: str | None = None,
-        description: str | None = None,
-        revises: Artifact | None = None,
-        run: Run | None = None,
-    ) -> Artifact:
-        """Save the validated `tiledbsoma` store and metadata.
-
-        Args:
-            description: A description of the ``tiledbsoma`` store.
-            key: A path-like key to reference artifact in default storage,
-                e.g., `"myfolder/mystore.tiledbsoma"`. Artifacts with the same key form a version family.
-            revises: Previous version of the artifact. Triggers a revision.
-            run: The run that creates the artifact.
-
-        Returns:
-            A saved artifact record.
-        """
-        if not self._is_validated:
-            self.validate()
-            if not self._is_validated:
-                raise ValidationError("Dataset does not validate. Please curate.")
-
-        if self._artifact is None:
-            artifact = Artifact(
-                self._dataset,
-                description=description,
-                key=key,
-                revises=revises,
-                run=run,
-            )
-            artifact.n_observations = self._n_obs
-            artifact.otype = "tiledbsoma"
-            artifact.save()
-        else:
-            artifact = self._artifact
-
-        feature_sets = {}
-        if len(self._obs_fields) > 0:
-            empty_dict = {field.name: [] for field in self._obs_pa_schema}  # type: ignore
-            mock_df = pa.Table.from_pydict(
-                empty_dict, schema=self._obs_pa_schema
-            ).to_pandas()
-            # in parallel to https://github.com/laminlabs/lamindb/blob/2a1709990b5736b480c6de49c0ada47fafc8b18d/lamindb/core/_feature_manager.py#L549-L554
-            feature_sets["obs"] = Schema.from_df(
-                df=mock_df,
-                field=self._columns_field,
-                mute=True,
-            )
-        for ms in self._var_fields:
-            var_key, var_field = self._var_fields[ms]
-            feature_sets[f"{ms}__var"] = Schema.from_values(
-                values=self._validated_values[f"{ms}__{var_key}"],
-                field=var_field,
-                raise_validation_error=False,
-            )
-        artifact._staged_feature_sets = feature_sets
-
-        feature_ref_is_name = _ref_is_name(self._columns_field)
-        features = Feature.lookup().dict()
-        for key, field in self._obs_fields.items():
-            feature = features.get(key)
-            registry = field.field.model
-            labels = registry.from_values(
-                values=self._validated_values[key],
-                field=field,
-            )
-            if len(labels) == 0:
-                continue
-            if hasattr(registry, "_name_field"):
-                label_ref_is_name = field.field.name == registry._name_field
-                add_labels(
-                    artifact,
-                    records=labels,
-                    feature=feature,
-                    feature_ref_is_name=feature_ref_is_name,
-                    label_ref_is_name=label_ref_is_name,
-                    from_curator=True,
-                )
-
-        return artifact.save()
-
-
-class CellxGeneAnnDataCatManager(AnnDataCatManager):
-    """Categorical manager for `AnnData` respecting the CELLxGENE schema.
-
-    This will be superceded by a schema-based curation flow.
-    """
-
-    cxg_categoricals_defaults = {
-        "cell_type": "unknown",
-        "development_stage": "unknown",
-        "disease": "normal",
-        "donor_id": "unknown",
-        "self_reported_ethnicity": "unknown",
-        "sex": "unknown",
-        "suspension_type": "cell",
-        "tissue_type": "tissue",
-    }
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        adata: ad.AnnData,
-        categoricals: dict[str, FieldAttr] | None = None,
-        *,
-        schema_version: Literal["4.0.0", "5.0.0", "5.1.0", "5.2.0"] = "5.2.0",
-        defaults: dict[str, str] = None,
-        extra_sources: dict[str, Record] = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        """CELLxGENE schema curator.
-
-        Args:
-            adata: Path to or AnnData object to curate against the CELLxGENE schema.
-            categoricals: A dictionary mapping ``.obs.columns`` to a registry field.
-                The CELLxGENE Curator maps against the required CELLxGENE fields by default.
-            schema_version: The CELLxGENE schema version to curate against.
-            defaults: Default values that are set if columns or column values are missing.
-            extra_sources: A dictionary mapping ``.obs.columns`` to Source records.
-                These extra sources are joined with the CELLxGENE fixed sources.
-                Use this parameter when subclassing.
-        """
-        import bionty as bt
-
-        from ._cellxgene_schemas import (
-            _add_defaults_to_obs,
-            _create_sources,
-            _init_categoricals_additional_values,
-            _restrict_obs_fields,
-        )
-
-        # Add defaults first to ensure that we fetch valid sources
-        if defaults:
-            _add_defaults_to_obs(adata.obs, defaults)
-
-        # Filter categoricals based on what's present in adata
-        if categoricals is None:
-            categoricals = self._get_cxg_categoricals()
-        categoricals = _restrict_obs_fields(adata.obs, categoricals)
-
-        # Configure sources
-        organism: Literal["human", "mouse"] = "human"
-        sources = _create_sources(categoricals, schema_version, organism)
-        self.schema_version = schema_version
-        self.schema_reference = f"https://github.com/chanzuckerberg/single-cell-curation/blob/main/schema/{schema_version}/schema.md"
-        # These sources are not a part of the cellxgene schema but rather passed through.
-        # This is useful when other Curators extend the CELLxGENE curator
-        if extra_sources:
-            sources = sources | extra_sources
-
-        _init_categoricals_additional_values()
-
-        super().__init__(
-            data=adata,
-            var_index=bt.Gene.ensembl_gene_id,
-            categoricals=categoricals,
-            sources=sources,
-        )
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _get_cxg_categoricals(cls) -> dict[str, FieldAttr]:
-        """Returns the CELLxGENE schema mapped fields."""
-        from ._cellxgene_schemas import _get_cxg_categoricals
-
-        return _get_cxg_categoricals()
-
-    def validate(self) -> bool:
-        """Validates the AnnData object against most cellxgene requirements."""
-        from ._cellxgene_schemas import RESERVED_NAMES
-
-        # Verify that all required obs columns are present
-        required_columns = list(self.cxg_categoricals_defaults.keys()) + ["donor_id"]
-        missing_obs_fields = [
-            name
-            for name in required_columns
-            if name not in self._adata.obs.columns
-            and f"{name}_ontology_term_id" not in self._adata.obs.columns
-        ]
-        if len(missing_obs_fields) > 0:
-            logger.error(
-                f"missing required obs columns {_format_values(missing_obs_fields)}\n"
-                "    → consider initializing a Curate object with `defaults=cxg.CellxGeneAnnDataCatManager.cxg_categoricals_defaults` to automatically add these columns with default values"
-            )
-            return False
-
-        # Verify that no cellxgene reserved names are present
-        matched_columns = [
-            column for column in self._adata.obs.columns if column in RESERVED_NAMES
-        ]
-        if len(matched_columns) > 0:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"AnnData object must not contain obs columns {matched_columns} which are"
-                " reserved from previous schema versions."
-            )
-
-        return super().validate()
-
-    def to_cellxgene_anndata(
-        self, is_primary_data: bool, title: str | None = None
-    ) -> ad.AnnData:
-        """Converts the AnnData object to the cellxgene-schema input format.
-
-        cellxgene expects the obs fields to be {entity}_ontology_id fields and has many further requirements which are
-        documented here: https://github.com/chanzuckerberg/single-cell-curation/tree/main/schema.
-        This function checks for most but not all requirements of the CELLxGENE schema.
-        If you want to ensure that it fully adheres to the CELLxGENE schema, run `cellxgene-schema` on the AnnData object.
-
-        Args:
-            is_primary_data: Whether the measured data is primary data or not.
-            title: Title of the AnnData object. Commonly the name of the publication.
-
-        Returns:
-            An AnnData object which adheres to the cellxgene-schema.
-        """
-
-        def _convert_name_to_ontology_id(values: pd.Series, field: FieldAttr):
-            """Converts a column that stores a name into a column that stores the ontology id.
-
-            cellxgene expects the obs columns to be {entity}_ontology_id columns and disallows {entity} columns.
-            """
-            field_name = field.field.name
-            assert field_name == "name"  # noqa: S101
-            cols = ["name", "ontology_id"]
-            registry = field.field.model
-
-            if hasattr(registry, "ontology_id"):
-                validated_records = registry.filter(**{f"{field_name}__in": values})
-                mapper = (
-                    pd.DataFrame(validated_records.values_list(*cols))
-                    .set_index(0)
-                    .to_dict()[1]
-                )
-                return values.map(mapper)
-
-        # Create a copy since we modify the AnnData object extensively
-        adata_cxg = self._adata.copy()
-
-        # cellxgene requires an embedding
-        embedding_pattern = r"^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]*$"
-        exclude_key = "spatial"
-        matching_keys = [
-            key
-            for key in adata_cxg.obsm.keys()
-            if re.match(embedding_pattern, key) and key != exclude_key
-        ]
-        if len(matching_keys) == 0:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Unable to find an embedding key. Please calculate an embedding."
-            )
-
-        # convert name column to ontology_term_id column
-        for column in adata_cxg.obs.columns:
-            if column in self.categoricals and not column.endswith("_ontology_term_id"):
-                mapped_column = _convert_name_to_ontology_id(
-                    adata_cxg.obs[column], field=self.categoricals.get(column)
-                )
-                if mapped_column is not None:
-                    adata_cxg.obs[f"{column}_ontology_term_id"] = mapped_column
-
-        # drop the name columns for ontologies. cellxgene does not allow them.
-        drop_columns = [
-            i
-            for i in adata_cxg.obs.columns
-            if f"{i}_ontology_term_id" in adata_cxg.obs.columns
-        ]
-        adata_cxg.obs.drop(columns=drop_columns, inplace=True)
-
-        # Add cellxgene metadata to AnnData object
-        if "is_primary_data" not in adata_cxg.obs.columns:
-            adata_cxg.obs["is_primary_data"] = is_primary_data
-        if "feature_is_filtered" not in adata_cxg.var.columns:
-            logger.warn(
-                "column 'feature_is_filtered' not present in var. Setting to default"
-                " value of False."
-            )
-            adata_cxg.var["feature_is_filtered"] = False
-        if title is None:
-            raise ValueError("please pass a title!")
-        else:
-            adata_cxg.uns["title"] = title
-        adata_cxg.uns["cxg_lamin_schema_reference"] = self.schema_reference
-        adata_cxg.uns["cxg_lamin_schema_version"] = self.schema_version
-
-        return adata_cxg
-
-
-class ValueUnit:
-    """Base class for handling value-unit combinations."""
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def parse_value_unit(value: str, is_dose: bool = True) -> tuple[str, str] | None:
-        """Parse a string containing a value and unit into a tuple."""
-        if not isinstance(value, str) or not value.strip():
-            return None
-
-        value = str(value).strip()
-        match = re.match(r"^(\d*\.?\d{0,1})\s*([a-zA-ZμµΜ]+)$", value)
-
-        if not match:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Invalid format: {value}. Expected format: number with max 1 decimal place + unit"
-            )
-
-        number, unit = match.groups()
-        formatted_number = f"{float(number):.1f}"
-
-        if is_dose:
-            standardized_unit = DoseHandler.standardize_unit(unit)
-            if not DoseHandler.validate_unit(standardized_unit):
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Invalid dose unit: {unit}. Must be convertible to one of: nM, μM, mM, M"
-                )
-        else:
-            standardized_unit = TimeHandler.standardize_unit(unit)
-            if not TimeHandler.validate_unit(standardized_unit):
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Invalid time unit: {unit}. Must be convertible to one of: h, m, s, d, y"
-                )
-
-        return formatted_number, standardized_unit
-
-
-class DoseHandler:
-    """Handler for dose-related operations."""
-
-    VALID_UNITS = {"nM", "μM", "µM", "mM", "M"}
-    UNIT_MAP = {
-        "nm": "nM",
-        "NM": "nM",
-        "um": "μM",
-        "UM": "μM",
-        "μm": "μM",
-        "μM": "μM",
-        "µm": "μM",
-        "µM": "μM",
-        "mm": "mM",
-        "MM": "mM",
-        "m": "M",
-        "M": "M",
-    }
-
-    @classmethod
-    def validate_unit(cls, unit: str) -> bool:
-        """Validate if the dose unit is acceptable."""
-        return unit in cls.VALID_UNITS
-
-    @classmethod
-    def standardize_unit(cls, unit: str) -> str:
-        """Standardize dose unit to standard formats."""
-        return cls.UNIT_MAP.get(unit, unit)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def validate_values(cls, values: pd.Series) -> list[str]:
-        """Validate pert_dose values with strict case checking."""
-        errors = []
-
-        for idx, value in values.items():
-            if pd.isna(value):
-                continue
-
-            if isinstance(value, (int, float)):
-                errors.append(
-                    f"Row {idx} - Missing unit for dose: {value}. Must include a unit (nM, μM, mM, M)"
-                )
-                continue
-
-            try:
-                ValueUnit.parse_value_unit(value, is_dose=True)
-            except ValueError as e:
-                errors.append(f"Row {idx} - {str(e)}")
-
-        return errors
-
-
-class TimeHandler:
-    """Handler for time-related operations."""
-
-    VALID_UNITS = {"h", "m", "s", "d", "y"}
-
-    @classmethod
-    def validate_unit(cls, unit: str) -> bool:
-        """Validate if the time unit is acceptable."""
-        return unit == unit.lower() and unit in cls.VALID_UNITS
-
-    @classmethod
-    def standardize_unit(cls, unit: str) -> str:
-        """Standardize time unit to standard formats."""
-        if unit.startswith("hr"):
-            return "h"
-        elif unit.startswith("min"):
-            return "m"
-        elif unit.startswith("sec"):
-            return "s"
-        return unit[0].lower()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def validate_values(cls, values: pd.Series) -> list[str]:
-        """Validate pert_time values."""
-        errors = []
-
-        for idx, value in values.items():
-            if pd.isna(value):
-                continue
-
-            if isinstance(value, (int, float)):
-                errors.append(
-                    f"Row {idx} - Missing unit for time: {value}. Must include a unit (h, m, s, d, y)"
-                )
-                continue
-
-            try:
-                ValueUnit.parse_value_unit(value, is_dose=False)
-            except ValueError as e:
-                errors.append(f"Row {idx} - {str(e)}")
-
-        return errors
-
-
-class PertAnnDataCatManager(CellxGeneAnnDataCatManager):
-    """Categorical manager for `AnnData` to manage perturbations."""
-
-    PERT_COLUMNS = {"compound", "genetic", "biologic", "physical"}
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        adata: ad.AnnData,
-        organism: Literal["human", "mouse"] = "human",
-        pert_dose: bool = True,
-        pert_time: bool = True,
-        *,
-        cxg_schema_version: Literal["5.0.0", "5.1.0", "5.2.0"] = "5.2.0",
-    ):
-        """Initialize the curator with configuration and validation settings."""
-        self._pert_time = pert_time
-        self._pert_dose = pert_dose
-
-        self._validate_initial_data(adata)
-        categoricals, categoricals_defaults = self._configure_categoricals(adata)
-
-        super().__init__(
-            adata=adata,
-            categoricals=categoricals,
-            defaults=categoricals_defaults,
-            extra_sources=self._configure_sources(adata),
-            schema_version=cxg_schema_version,
-        )
-
-    def _configure_categoricals(self, adata: ad.AnnData):
-        """Set up default configuration values."""
-        import bionty as bt
-        import wetlab as wl
-
-        categoricals = CellxGeneAnnDataCatManager._get_cxg_categoricals() | {
-            k: v
-            for k, v in {
-                "cell_line": bt.CellLine.name,
-                "pert_target": wl.PerturbationTarget.name,
-                "pert_genetic": wl.GeneticPerturbation.name,
-                "pert_compound": wl.Compound.name,
-                "pert_biologic": wl.Biologic.name,
-                "pert_physical": wl.EnvironmentalPerturbation.name,
-            }.items()
-            if k in adata.obs.columns
-        }
-        # if "donor_id" in categoricals:
-        #     categoricals["donor_id"] = Donor.name
-
-        categoricals_defaults = CellxGeneAnnDataCatManager.cxg_categoricals_defaults | {
-            "cell_line": "unknown",
-            "pert_target": "unknown",
-        }
-
-        return categoricals, categoricals_defaults
-
-    def _configure_sources(self, adata: ad.AnnData):
-        """Set up data sources."""
-        import bionty as bt
-        import wetlab as wl
-
-        sources = {}
-        # # do not yet specify cell_line source
-        # if "cell_line" in adata.obs.columns:
-        #     sources["cell_line"] = bt.Source.filter(
-        #         entity="bionty.CellLine", name="depmap"
-        #     ).first()
-        if "pert_compound" in adata.obs.columns:
-            with logger.mute():
-                chebi_source = bt.Source.filter(
-                    entity="wetlab.Compound", name="chebi"
-                ).first()
-                if not chebi_source:
-                    wl.Compound.add_source(
-                        bt.Source.filter(entity="Drug", name="chebi").first()
-                    )
-
-            sources["pert_compound"] = bt.Source.filter(
-                entity="wetlab.Compound", name="chebi"
-            ).first()
-        return sources
-
-    def _validate_initial_data(self, adata: ad.AnnData):
-        """Validate the initial data structure."""
-        self._validate_required_columns(adata)
-        self._validate_perturbation_types(adata)
-
-    def _validate_required_columns(self, adata: ad.AnnData):
-        """Validate required columns are present."""
-        if "pert_target" not in adata.obs.columns:
-            if (
-                "pert_name" not in adata.obs.columns
-                or "pert_type" not in adata.obs.columns
-            ):
-                raise ValidationError(
-                    "either 'pert_target' or both 'pert_name' and 'pert_type' must be present"
-                )
-        else:
-            if "pert_name" not in adata.obs.columns:
-                logger.warning(
-                    "no 'pert' column found in adata.obs, will only curate 'pert_target'"
-                )
-            elif "pert_type" not in adata.obs.columns:
-                raise ValidationError("both 'pert' and 'pert_type' must be present")
-
-    def _validate_perturbation_types(self, adata: ad.AnnData):
-        """Validate perturbation types."""
-        if "pert_type" in adata.obs.columns:
-            data_pert_types = set(adata.obs["pert_type"].unique())
-            invalid_pert_types = data_pert_types - self.PERT_COLUMNS
-            if invalid_pert_types:
-                raise ValidationError(
-                    f"invalid pert_type found: {invalid_pert_types}!\n"
-                    f"    → allowed values: {self.PERT_COLUMNS}"
-                )
-            self._process_perturbation_types(adata, data_pert_types)
-
-    def _process_perturbation_types(self, adata: ad.AnnData, pert_types: set):
-        """Process and map perturbation types."""
-        for pert_type in pert_types:
-            col_name = "pert_" + pert_type
-            adata.obs[col_name] = adata.obs["pert_name"].where(
-                adata.obs["pert_type"] == pert_type, None
-            )
-            if adata.obs[col_name].dtype.name == "category":
-                adata.obs[col_name].cat.remove_unused_categories()
-            logger.important(f"mapped 'pert_name' to '{col_name}'")
-
-    def validate(self) -> bool:  # type: ignore
-        """Validate the AnnData object."""
-        validated = super().validate()
-
-        if self._pert_dose:
-            validated &= self._validate_dose_column()
-        if self._pert_time:
-            validated &= self._validate_time_column()
-
-        self._is_validated = validated
-
-        # sort columns
-        first_columns = [
-            "pert_target",
-            "pert_genetic",
-            "pert_compound",
-            "pert_biologic",
-            "pert_physical",
-            "pert_dose",
-            "pert_time",
-            "organism",
-            "cell_line",
-            "cell_type",
-            "disease",
-            "tissue_type",
-            "tissue",
-            "assay",
-            "suspension_type",
-            "donor_id",
-            "sex",
-            "self_reported_ethnicity",
-            "development_stage",
-            "pert_name",
-            "pert_type",
-        ]
-        sorted_columns = [
-            col for col in first_columns if col in self._adata.obs.columns
-        ] + [col for col in self._adata.obs.columns if col not in first_columns]
-        # must assign to self._df to ensure .standardize works correctly
-        self._obs_df = self._adata.obs[sorted_columns]
-        self._adata.obs = self._obs_df
-        return validated
-
-    def standardize(self, key: str) -> pd.DataFrame:
-        """Standardize the AnnData object."""
-        super().standardize(key)
-        self._adata.obs = self._obs_df
-
-    def _validate_dose_column(self) -> bool:
-        """Validate the dose column."""
-        if not Feature.filter(name="pert_dose").exists():
-            Feature(name="pert_dose", dtype="str").save()  # type: ignore
-
-        dose_errors = DoseHandler.validate_values(self._adata.obs["pert_dose"])
-        if dose_errors:
-            self._log_validation_errors("pert_dose", dose_errors)
-            return False
-        return True
-
-    def _validate_time_column(self) -> bool:
-        """Validate the time column."""
-        if not Feature.filter(name="pert_time").exists():
-            Feature(name="pert_time", dtype="str").save()  # type: ignore
-
-        time_errors = TimeHandler.validate_values(self._adata.obs["pert_time"])
-        if time_errors:
-            self._log_validation_errors("pert_time", time_errors)
-            return False
-        return True
-
-    def _log_validation_errors(self, column: str, errors: list):
-        """Log validation errors with formatting."""
-        errors_print = "\n    ".join(errors)
-        logger.warning(
-            f"invalid {column} values found!\n    {errors_print}\n"
-            f"    → run {colors.cyan('standardize_dose_time()')}"
-        )
-
-    def standardize_dose_time(self) -> pd.DataFrame:
-        """Standardize dose and time values."""
-        standardized_df = self._adata.obs.copy()
-
-        if "pert_dose" in self._adata.obs.columns:
-            standardized_df = self._standardize_column(
-                standardized_df, "pert_dose", is_dose=True
-            )
-
-        if "pert_time" in self._adata.obs.columns:
-            standardized_df = self._standardize_column(
-                standardized_df, "pert_time", is_dose=False
-            )
-
-        self._adata.obs = standardized_df
-        return standardized_df
-
-    def _standardize_column(
-        self, df: pd.DataFrame, column: str, is_dose: bool
-    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
-        """Standardize values in a specific column."""
-        for idx, value in self._adata.obs[column].items():
-            if pd.isna(value) or (
-                isinstance(value, str) and (not value.strip() or value.lower() == "nan")
-            ):
-                df.at[idx, column] = None
-                continue
-
-            try:
-                num, unit = ValueUnit.parse_value_unit(value, is_dose=is_dose)
-                df.at[idx, column] = f"{num}{unit}"
-            except ValueError:
-                continue
-
-        return df
-
-
-def get_current_filter_kwargs(registry: type[Record], kwargs: dict) -> dict:
-    """Make sure the source and organism are saved in the same database as the registry."""
-    db = registry.filter().db
-    source = kwargs.get("source")
-    organism = kwargs.get("organism")
-    filter_kwargs = kwargs.copy()
-
-    if isinstance(organism, Record) and organism._state.db != "default":
-        if db is None or db == "default":
-            organism_default = copy.copy(organism)
-            # save the organism record in the default database
-            organism_default.save()
-            filter_kwargs["organism"] = organism_default
-    if isinstance(source, Record) and source._state.db != "default":
-        if db is None or db == "default":
-            source_default = copy.copy(source)
-            # save the source record in the default database
-            source_default.save()
-            filter_kwargs["source"] = source_default
-
-    return filter_kwargs
-
-
-def get_organism_kwargs(
-    field: FieldAttr, organism: str | None = None, values: Any = None
-) -> dict[str, str]:
-    """Check if a registry needs an organism and return the organism name."""
-    registry = field.field.model
-    if registry.__base__.__name__ == "BioRecord":
-        import bionty as bt
-        from bionty._organism import is_organism_required
-
-        from ..models._from_values import get_organism_record_from_field
-
-        if is_organism_required(registry):
-            if organism is not None or bt.settings.organism is not None:
-                return {"organism": organism or bt.settings.organism.name}
-            else:
-                organism_record = get_organism_record_from_field(
-                    field, organism=organism, values=values
-                )
-                if organism_record is not None:
-                    return {"organism": organism_record.name}
-    return {}
-
-
-def annotate_artifact(
-    artifact: Artifact,
-    *,
-    schema: Schema | None = None,
-    cat_columns: dict[str, CatColumn] | None = None,
-    index_field: FieldAttr | dict[str, FieldAttr] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
-) -> Artifact:
-    from ..models.artifact import add_labels
-
-    if cat_columns is None:
-        cat_columns = {}
-
-    # annotate with labels
-    for key, cat_column in cat_columns.items():
-        if (
-            cat_column._field.field.model == Feature
-            or key == "columns"
-            or key == "var_index"
-        ):
-            continue
-        add_labels(
-            artifact,
-            records=cat_column.labels,
-            feature=cat_column.feature,
-            feature_ref_is_name=None,  # do not need anymore
-            label_ref_is_name=cat_column.label_ref_is_name,
-            from_curator=True,
-        )
-
-    # annotate with inferred feature sets
-    match artifact.otype:
-        case "DataFrame":
-            artifact.features._add_set_from_df(field=index_field)  # type: ignore
-        case "AnnData":
-            if schema is not None and "uns" in schema.slots:
-                uns_field = parse_cat_dtype(schema.slots["uns"].itype, is_itype=True)[
-                    "field"
-                ]
-            else:
-                uns_field = None
-            artifact.features._add_set_from_anndata(  # type: ignore
-                var_field=index_field, uns_field=uns_field
-            )
-        case "MuData":
-            artifact.features._add_set_from_mudata(var_fields=index_field)  # type: ignore
-        case "SpatialData":
-            artifact.features._add_set_from_spatialdata(  # type: ignore
-                sample_metadata_key=kwargs.get("sample_metadata_key", "sample"),
-                var_fields=index_field,
-            )
-        case _:
-            raise NotImplementedError  # pragma: no cover
-
-    slug = ln_setup.settings.instance.slug
-    if ln_setup.settings.instance.is_remote:  # pdagma: no cover
-        logger.important(f"go to https://lamin.ai/{slug}/artifact/{artifact.uid}")
-    return artifact
-
-
-# TODO: need this function to support mutli-value columns
-def _flatten_unique(series: pd.Series[list[Any] | Any]) -> list[Any]:
-    """Flatten a Pandas series containing lists or single items into a unique list of elements."""
-    result = set()
-
-    for item in series:
-        if isinstance(item, list):
-            result.update(item)
-        else:
-            result.add(item)
-
-    return list(result)
-
-
-def _save_organism(name: str):
-    """Save an organism record."""
-    import bionty as bt
-
-    organism = bt.Organism.filter(name=name).one_or_none()
-    if organism is None:
-        organism = bt.Organism.from_source(name=name)
-        if organism is None:
-            raise ValidationError(
-                f'Organism "{name}" not found from public reference\n'
-                f'      → please save it from a different source: bt.Organism.from_source(name="{name}", source).save()'
-                f'      → or manually save it without source: bt.Organism(name="{name}").save()'
-            )
-        organism.save()
-    return organism
-
-
-def _ref_is_name(field: FieldAttr | None) -> bool | None:
-    """Check if the reference field is a name field."""
-    from ..models.can_curate import get_name_field
-
-    if field is not None:
-        name_field = get_name_field(field.field.model)
-        return field.field.name == name_field
-    return None
-
-
-# backward compat constructors ------------------
-
-
-@classmethod  # type: ignore
-def from_df(
-    cls,
-    df: pd.DataFrame,
-    categoricals: dict[str, FieldAttr] | None = None,
-    columns: FieldAttr = Feature.name,
-    organism: str | None = None,
-) -> DataFrameCatManager:
-    if organism is not None:
-        logger.warning("organism is ignored, define it on the dtype level")
-    return DataFrameCatManager(
-        df=df,
-        categoricals=categoricals,
-        columns=columns,
-    )
-
-
-@classmethod  # type: ignore
-def from_anndata(
-    cls,
-    data: ad.AnnData | UPathStr,
-    var_index: FieldAttr,
-    categoricals: dict[str, FieldAttr] | None = None,
-    obs_columns: FieldAttr = Feature.name,
-    organism: str | None = None,
-    sources: dict[str, Record] | None = None,
-) -> AnnDataCatManager:
-    if organism is not None:
-        logger.warning("organism is ignored, define it on the dtype level")
-    return AnnDataCatManager(
-        data=data,
-        var_index=var_index,
-        categoricals=categoricals,
-        obs_columns=obs_columns,
-        sources=sources,
-    )
-
-
-@classmethod  # type: ignore
-def from_mudata(
-    cls,
-    mdata: MuData | UPathStr,
-    var_index: dict[str, dict[str, FieldAttr]],
-    categoricals: dict[str, FieldAttr] | None = None,
-    organism: str | None = None,
-) -> MuDataCatManager:
-    if not is_package_installed("mudata"):
-        raise ImportError("Please install mudata: pip install mudata")
-    if organism is not None:
-        logger.warning("organism is ignored, define it on the dtype level")
-    return MuDataCatManager(
-        mdata=mdata,
-        var_index=var_index,
-        categoricals=categoricals,
-    )
-
-
-@classmethod  # type: ignore
-def from_tiledbsoma(
-    cls,
-    experiment_uri: UPathStr,
-    var_index: dict[str, tuple[str, FieldAttr]],
-    categoricals: dict[str, FieldAttr] | None = None,
-    obs_columns: FieldAttr = Feature.name,
-    organism: str | None = None,
-    sources: dict[str, Record] | None = None,
-) -> TiledbsomaCatManager:
-    if organism is not None:
-        logger.warning("organism is ignored, define it on the dtype level")
-    return TiledbsomaCatManager(
-        experiment_uri=experiment_uri,
-        var_index=var_index,
-        categoricals=categoricals,
-        obs_columns=obs_columns,
-        sources=sources,
-    )
-
-
-@classmethod  # type: ignore
-def from_spatialdata(
-    cls,
-    sdata: SpatialData | UPathStr,
-    var_index: dict[str, FieldAttr],
-    categoricals: dict[str, dict[str, FieldAttr]] | None = None,
-    organism: str | None = None,
-    sources: dict[str, dict[str, Record]] | None = None,
-    *,
-    sample_metadata_key: str = "sample",
-):
-    if not is_package_installed("spatialdata"):
-        raise ImportError("Please install spatialdata: pip install spatialdata")
-    if organism is not None:
-        logger.warning("organism is ignored, define it on the dtype level")
-    return SpatialDataCatManager(
-        sdata=sdata,
-        var_index=var_index,
-        categoricals=categoricals,
-        sources=sources,
-        sample_metadata_key=sample_metadata_key,
-    )
-
-
-CatManager.from_df = from_df  # type: ignore
-CatManager.from_anndata = from_anndata  # type: ignore
-CatManager.from_mudata = from_mudata  # type: ignore
-CatManager.from_spatialdata = from_spatialdata  # type: ignore
-CatManager.from_tiledbsoma = from_tiledbsoma  # type: ignore
+from .core import AnnDataCurator, DataFrameCurator, MuDataCurator, SpatialDataCurator