ins-pricing 0.1.6__py3-none-any.whl

user_packages legacy/Try/BayesOpt Legacy251213.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3719 @@
+from sklearn.metrics import log_loss, make_scorer, mean_tweedie_deviance
+from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
+from sklearn.neighbors import NearestNeighbors
+from sklearn.model_selection import ShuffleSplit, cross_val_score  # 1.2.2
+import torch.distributed as dist
+from torch.nn.parallel import DistributedDataParallel as DDP
+from torch.nn.utils import clip_grad_norm_
+from torch.cuda.amp import autocast, GradScaler
+from torch.utils.data import Dataset, DataLoader, TensorDataset, DistributedSampler
+import xgboost as xgb  # 1.7.0
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+import torch.nn as nn
+import torch  # 版本: 1.10.1+cu111
+import statsmodels.api as sm
+import shap
+import pandas as pd  # 2.2.3
+import optuna  # 4.3.0
+import numpy as np  # 1.26.2
+try:
+    from torch_geometric.nn import knn_graph
+    from torch_geometric.utils import add_self_loops, to_undirected
+    _PYG_AVAILABLE = True
+except Exception:
+    knn_graph = None  # type: ignore
+    add_self_loops = None  # type: ignore
+    to_undirected = None  # type: ignore
+    _PYG_AVAILABLE = False
+try:
+    import pynndescent
+    _PYNN_AVAILABLE = True
+except Exception:
+    pynndescent = None  # type: ignore
+    _PYNN_AVAILABLE = False
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import joblib
+import csv
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple
+from pathlib import Path
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from contextlib import nullcontext
+import os
+import math
+import gc
+import copy
+# 通过限制内存块拆分让 PyTorch 分配器减少碎片化，缓解显存 OOM
+# 如需自定义，可通过环境变量 PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF 覆盖默认设置
+os.environ.setdefault("PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF", "max_split_size_mb:256")
+
+
+# 常量与工具模块
+# =============================================================================
+torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = True
+EPS = 1e-8
+
+
+class IOUtils:
+    # 文件与路径处理的小工具集合。
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def csv_to_dict(file_path: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        with open(file_path, mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as file:
+            reader = csv.DictReader(file)
+            return [
+                dict(filter(lambda item: item[0] != '', row.items()))
+                for row in reader
+            ]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def ensure_parent_dir(file_path: str) -> None:
+        # 若目标文件所在目录不存在则自动创建
+        directory = os.path.dirname(file_path)
+        if directory:
+            os.makedirs(directory, exist_ok=True)
+
+
+class TrainingUtils:
+    # 训练阶段常用的小型辅助函数集合。
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def compute_batch_size(data_size: int, learning_rate: float, batch_num: int, minimum: int) -> int:
+        estimated = int((learning_rate / 1e-4) ** 0.5 *
+                        (data_size / max(batch_num, 1)))
+        return max(1, min(data_size, max(minimum, estimated)))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def tweedie_loss(pred, target, p=1.5, eps=1e-6, max_clip=1e6):
+        # 为确保稳定性先将预测值裁剪为正数
+        pred_clamped = torch.clamp(pred, min=eps)
+        if p == 1:
+            term1 = target * torch.log(target / pred_clamped + eps)  # 泊松
+            term2 = -target + pred_clamped
+            term3 = 0
+        elif p == 0:
+            term1 = 0.5 * torch.pow(target - pred_clamped, 2)  # 高斯
+            term2 = 0
+            term3 = 0
+        elif p == 2:
+            term1 = torch.log(pred_clamped / target + eps)  # 伽马
+            term2 = -target / pred_clamped + 1
+            term3 = 0
+        else:
+            term1 = torch.pow(target, 2 - p) / ((1 - p) * (2 - p))
+            term2 = target * torch.pow(pred_clamped, 1 - p) / (1 - p)
+            term3 = torch.pow(pred_clamped, 2 - p) / (2 - p)
+        return torch.nan_to_num(  # Tweedie 负对数似然（忽略常数项）
+            2 * (term1 - term2 + term3),
+            nan=eps,
+            posinf=max_clip,
+            neginf=-max_clip
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def free_cuda() -> None:
+        print(">>> Moving all models to CPU...")
+        for obj in gc.get_objects():
+            try:
+                if hasattr(obj, "to") and callable(obj.to):
+                    obj.to("cpu")
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        print(">>> Deleting tensors, optimizers, dataloaders...")
+        gc.collect()
+
+        print(">>> Emptying CUDA cache...")
+        torch.cuda.empty_cache()
+        torch.cuda.synchronize()
+
+        print(">>> CUDA memory freed.")
+
+
+class DistributedUtils:
+    _cached_state: Optional[tuple] = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def setup_ddp():
+        """初始化用于分布式训练的 DDP 进程组。"""
+        if dist.is_initialized():
+            if DistributedUtils._cached_state is None:
+                rank = dist.get_rank()
+                world_size = dist.get_world_size()
+                local_rank = int(os.environ.get("LOCAL_RANK", 0))
+                DistributedUtils._cached_state = (
+                    True,
+                    local_rank,
+                    rank,
+                    world_size,
+                )
+            return DistributedUtils._cached_state
+
+        if 'RANK' in os.environ and 'WORLD_SIZE' in os.environ:
+            rank = int(os.environ["RANK"])
+            world_size = int(os.environ["WORLD_SIZE"])
+            local_rank = int(os.environ["LOCAL_RANK"])
+
+            if torch.cuda.is_available():
+                torch.cuda.set_device(local_rank)
+
+            dist.init_process_group(backend="nccl", init_method="env://")
+            print(
+                f">>> DDP Initialized: Rank {rank}/{world_size}, Local Rank {local_rank}")
+            DistributedUtils._cached_state = (
+                True,
+                local_rank,
+                rank,
+                world_size,
+            )
+            return DistributedUtils._cached_state
+        else:
+            print(
+                f">>> DDP Setup Failed: RANK or WORLD_SIZE not found in env. Keys found: {list(os.environ.keys())}")
+        return False, 0, 0, 1
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def cleanup_ddp():
+        """销毁已创建的 DDP 进程组并清理本地缓存状态。"""
+        if dist.is_initialized():
+            dist.destroy_process_group()
+        DistributedUtils._cached_state = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_main_process():
+        return not dist.is_initialized() or dist.get_rank() == 0
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def world_size() -> int:
+        return dist.get_world_size() if dist.is_initialized() else 1
+
+
+class PlotUtils:
+    # 多种模型共享的绘图辅助工具。
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def split_data(data: pd.DataFrame, col_nme: str, wgt_nme: str, n_bins: int = 10) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        data_sorted = data.sort_values(by=col_nme, ascending=True).copy()
+        data_sorted['cum_weight'] = data_sorted[wgt_nme].cumsum()
+        w_sum = data_sorted[wgt_nme].sum()
+        if w_sum <= EPS:
+            data_sorted.loc[:, 'bins'] = 0
+        else:
+            data_sorted.loc[:, 'bins'] = np.floor(
+                data_sorted['cum_weight'] * float(n_bins) / w_sum
+            )
+            data_sorted.loc[(data_sorted['bins'] == n_bins),
+                            'bins'] = n_bins - 1
+        return data_sorted.groupby(['bins'], observed=True).sum(numeric_only=True)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def plot_lift_ax(ax, plot_data, title, pred_label='Predicted', act_label='Actual', weight_label='Earned Exposure'):
+        ax.plot(plot_data.index, plot_data['act_v'],
+                label=act_label, color='red')
+        ax.plot(plot_data.index, plot_data['exp_v'],
+                label=pred_label, color='blue')
+        ax.set_title(title, fontsize=8)
+        ax.set_xticks(plot_data.index)
+        ax.set_xticklabels(plot_data.index, rotation=90, fontsize=6)
+        ax.tick_params(axis='y', labelsize=6)
+        ax.legend(loc='upper left', fontsize=5, frameon=False)
+        ax.margins(0.05)
+        ax2 = ax.twinx()
+        ax2.bar(plot_data.index, plot_data['weight'],
+                alpha=0.5, color='seagreen',
+                label=weight_label)
+        ax2.tick_params(axis='y', labelsize=6)
+        ax2.legend(loc='upper right', fontsize=5, frameon=False)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def plot_dlift_ax(ax, plot_data, title, label1, label2, act_label='Actual', weight_label='Earned Exposure'):
+        ax.plot(plot_data.index, plot_data['act_v'],
+                label=act_label, color='red')
+        ax.plot(plot_data.index, plot_data['exp_v1'],
+                label=label1, color='blue')
+        ax.plot(plot_data.index, plot_data['exp_v2'],
+                label=label2, color='black')
+        ax.set_title(title, fontsize=8)
+        ax.set_xticks(plot_data.index)
+        ax.set_xticklabels(plot_data.index, rotation=90, fontsize=6)
+        ax.set_xlabel(f'{label1} / {label2}', fontsize=6)
+        ax.tick_params(axis='y', labelsize=6)
+        ax.legend(loc='upper left', fontsize=5, frameon=False)
+        ax.margins(0.1)
+        ax2 = ax.twinx()
+        ax2.bar(plot_data.index, plot_data['weight'],
+                alpha=0.5, color='seagreen',
+                label=weight_label)
+        ax2.tick_params(axis='y', labelsize=6)
+        ax2.legend(loc='upper right', fontsize=5, frameon=False)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def plot_lift_list(pred_model, w_pred_list, w_act_list,
+                       weight_list, tgt_nme, n_bins: int = 10,
+                       fig_nme: str = 'Lift Chart'):
+        lift_data = pd.DataFrame()
+        lift_data.loc[:, 'pred'] = pred_model
+        lift_data.loc[:, 'w_pred'] = w_pred_list
+        lift_data.loc[:, 'act'] = w_act_list
+        lift_data.loc[:, 'weight'] = weight_list
+        plot_data = PlotUtils.split_data(lift_data, 'pred', 'weight', n_bins)
+        plot_data['exp_v'] = plot_data['w_pred'] / plot_data['weight']
+        plot_data['act_v'] = plot_data['act'] / plot_data['weight']
+        plot_data.reset_index(inplace=True)
+
+        fig = plt.figure(figsize=(7, 5))
+        ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
+        PlotUtils.plot_lift_ax(ax, plot_data, f'Lift Chart of {tgt_nme}')
+        plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.3)
+
+        save_path = os.path.join(
+            os.getcwd(), 'plot', f'05_{tgt_nme}_{fig_nme}.png')
+        IOUtils.ensure_parent_dir(save_path)
+        plt.savefig(save_path, dpi=300)
+        plt.close(fig)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def plot_dlift_list(pred_model_1, pred_model_2,
+                        model_nme_1, model_nme_2,
+                        tgt_nme,
+                        w_list, w_act_list, n_bins: int = 10,
+                        fig_nme: str = 'Double Lift Chart'):
+        lift_data = pd.DataFrame()
+        lift_data.loc[:, 'pred1'] = pred_model_1
+        lift_data.loc[:, 'pred2'] = pred_model_2
+        lift_data.loc[:, 'diff_ly'] = lift_data['pred1'] / lift_data['pred2']
+        lift_data.loc[:, 'act'] = w_act_list
+        lift_data.loc[:, 'weight'] = w_list
+        lift_data.loc[:, 'w_pred1'] = lift_data['pred1'] * lift_data['weight']
+        lift_data.loc[:, 'w_pred2'] = lift_data['pred2'] * lift_data['weight']
+        plot_data = PlotUtils.split_data(
+            lift_data, 'diff_ly', 'weight', n_bins)
+        plot_data['exp_v1'] = plot_data['w_pred1'] / plot_data['act']
+        plot_data['exp_v2'] = plot_data['w_pred2'] / plot_data['act']
+        plot_data['act_v'] = plot_data['act']/plot_data['act']
+        plot_data.reset_index(inplace=True)
+
+        fig = plt.figure(figsize=(7, 5))
+        ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
+        PlotUtils.plot_dlift_ax(
+            ax, plot_data, f'Double Lift Chart of {tgt_nme}', model_nme_1, model_nme_2)
+        plt.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.25, top=0.95, right=0.8)
+
+        save_path = os.path.join(
+            os.getcwd(), 'plot', f'06_{tgt_nme}_{fig_nme}.png')
+        IOUtils.ensure_parent_dir(save_path)
+        plt.savefig(save_path, dpi=300)
+        plt.close(fig)
+
+
+# 向后兼容的函数式封装
+def csv_to_dict(file_path: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    return IOUtils.csv_to_dict(file_path)
+
+
+def ensure_parent_dir(file_path: str) -> None:
+    IOUtils.ensure_parent_dir(file_path)
+
+
+def compute_batch_size(data_size: int, learning_rate: float, batch_num: int, minimum: int) -> int:
+    return TrainingUtils.compute_batch_size(data_size, learning_rate, batch_num, minimum)
+
+
+# 定义在 PyTorch 环境下的 Tweedie 偏差损失函数
+# 参考文档：https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/model_evaluation.html#mean-poisson-gamma-and-tweedie-deviances
+def tweedie_loss(pred, target, p=1.5, eps=1e-6, max_clip=1e6):
+    return TrainingUtils.tweedie_loss(pred, target, p=p, eps=eps, max_clip=max_clip)
+
+
+# 定义释放CUDA内存函数
+def free_cuda():
+    TrainingUtils.free_cuda()
+
+
+class TorchTrainerMixin:
+    # 面向 Torch 表格训练器的共享工具方法。
+
+    def _device_type(self) -> str:
+        return getattr(self, "device", torch.device("cpu")).type
+
+    def _build_dataloader(self,
+                          dataset,
+                          N: int,
+                          base_bs_gpu: tuple,
+                          base_bs_cpu: tuple,
+                          min_bs: int = 64,
+                          target_effective_cuda: int = 1024,
+                          target_effective_cpu: int = 512,
+                          large_threshold: int = 200_000,
+                          mid_threshold: int = 50_000):
+        batch_size = TrainingUtils.compute_batch_size(
+            data_size=len(dataset),
+            learning_rate=self.learning_rate,
+            batch_num=self.batch_num,
+            minimum=min_bs
+        )
+        gpu_large, gpu_mid, gpu_small = base_bs_gpu
+        cpu_mid, cpu_small = base_bs_cpu
+
+        if self._device_type() == 'cuda':
+            device_count = torch.cuda.device_count()
+            if getattr(self, "is_ddp_enabled", False):
+                device_count = 1
+            # 多卡环境下，适当增大最小批量，确保每张卡都能分到足够数据
+            if device_count > 1:
+                min_bs = min_bs * device_count
+                print(
+                    f">>> Multi-GPU detected: {device_count} devices. Adjusted min_bs to {min_bs}.")
+
+            if N > large_threshold:
+                base_bs = gpu_large * device_count
+            elif N > mid_threshold:
+                base_bs = gpu_mid * device_count
+            else:
+                base_bs = gpu_small * device_count
+        else:
+            base_bs = cpu_mid if N > mid_threshold else cpu_small
+
+        # 重新计算 batch_size，确保不小于调整后的 min_bs
+        batch_size = TrainingUtils.compute_batch_size(
+            data_size=len(dataset),
+            learning_rate=self.learning_rate,
+            batch_num=self.batch_num,
+            minimum=min_bs
+        )
+        batch_size = min(batch_size, base_bs, N)
+
+        target_effective_bs = target_effective_cuda if self._device_type(
+        ) == 'cuda' else target_effective_cpu
+        if getattr(self, "is_ddp_enabled", False):
+            world_size = max(1, DistributedUtils.world_size())
+            target_effective_bs = max(1, target_effective_bs // world_size)
+        accum_steps = max(1, target_effective_bs // batch_size)
+
+        # Linux (posix) 采用 fork 更高效；Windows (nt) 使用 spawn，开销更大。
+        if os.name == 'nt':
+            workers = 0
+        else:
+            workers = min(8, os.cpu_count() or 1)
+        if getattr(self, "is_ddp_enabled", False):
+            workers = 0  # DDP 下禁用多 worker，防止子进程冲突
+        print(
+            f">>> DataLoader config: Batch Size={batch_size}, Accum Steps={accum_steps}, Workers={workers}")
+        sampler = None
+        if dist.is_initialized():
+            sampler = DistributedSampler(dataset, shuffle=True)
+            shuffle = False  # 交由 DistributedSampler 完成随机打乱
+        else:
+            shuffle = True
+
+        persistent = workers > 0
+        if getattr(self, "is_ddp_enabled", False):
+            persistent = False  # 防止 DDP/pruning 提前退出导致 worker 状态异常
+        dataloader = DataLoader(
+            dataset,
+            batch_size=batch_size,
+            shuffle=shuffle,
+            sampler=sampler,
+            num_workers=workers,
+            pin_memory=(self._device_type() == 'cuda'),
+            persistent_workers=persistent,
+        )
+        return dataloader, accum_steps
+
+    def _compute_weighted_loss(self, y_pred, y_true, weights, apply_softplus: bool = False):
+        task = getattr(self, "task_type", "regression")
+        if task == 'classification':
+            loss_fn = nn.BCEWithLogitsLoss(reduction='none')
+            losses = loss_fn(y_pred, y_true).view(-1)
+        else:
+            if apply_softplus:
+                y_pred = F.softplus(y_pred)
+            y_pred = torch.clamp(y_pred, min=1e-6)
+            power = getattr(self, "tw_power", 1.5)
+            losses = tweedie_loss(y_pred, y_true, p=power).view(-1)
+        weighted_loss = (losses * weights.view(-1)).sum() / \
+            torch.clamp(weights.sum(), min=EPS)
+        return weighted_loss
+
+    def _early_stop_update(self, val_loss, best_loss, best_state, patience_counter, model,
+                           ignore_keys: Optional[List[str]] = None):
+        if val_loss < best_loss:
+            ignore_keys = ignore_keys or []
+            state_dict = {
+                k: (v.clone() if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor) else copy.deepcopy(v))
+                for k, v in model.state_dict().items()
+                if not any(k.startswith(ignore_key) for ignore_key in ignore_keys)
+            }
+            return val_loss, state_dict, 0, False
+        patience_counter += 1
+        should_stop = best_state is not None and patience_counter >= getattr(
+            self, "patience", 0)
+        return best_loss, best_state, patience_counter, should_stop
+
+    def _train_model(self,
+                     model,
+                     dataloader,
+                     accum_steps,
+                     optimizer,
+                     scaler,
+                     forward_fn,
+                     val_forward_fn=None,
+                     apply_softplus: bool = False,
+                     clip_fn=None,
+                     trial: Optional[optuna.trial.Trial] = None):
+        device_type = self._device_type()
+        best_loss = float('inf')
+        best_state = None
+        patience_counter = 0
+        stop_training = False
+
+        is_ddp_model = isinstance(model, DDP)
+
+        for epoch in range(1, getattr(self, "epochs", 1) + 1):
+            if hasattr(self, 'dataloader_sampler') and self.dataloader_sampler is not None:
+                self.dataloader_sampler.set_epoch(epoch)
+
+            model.train()
+            optimizer.zero_grad()
+
+            for step, batch in enumerate(dataloader):
+                is_update_step = ((step + 1) % accum_steps == 0) or \
+                    ((step + 1) == len(dataloader))
+                sync_cm = model.no_sync if (
+                    is_ddp_model and not is_update_step) else nullcontext
+
+                with sync_cm():
+                    with autocast(enabled=(device_type == 'cuda')):
+                        y_pred, y_true, w = forward_fn(batch)
+                        weighted_loss = self._compute_weighted_loss(
+                            y_pred, y_true, w, apply_softplus=apply_softplus)
+                        loss_for_backward = weighted_loss / accum_steps
+
+                    scaler.scale(loss_for_backward).backward()
+
+                if is_update_step:
+                    if clip_fn is not None:
+                        clip_fn()
+                    scaler.step(optimizer)
+                    scaler.update()
+                    optimizer.zero_grad()
+
+            if val_forward_fn is not None:
+                should_compute_val = (not dist.is_initialized()
+                                      or DistributedUtils.is_main_process())
+                val_device = getattr(self, "device", torch.device("cpu"))
+                if not isinstance(val_device, torch.device):
+                    val_device = torch.device(val_device)
+                loss_tensor_device = val_device if device_type == 'cuda' else torch.device(
+                    "cpu")
+                val_loss_tensor = torch.zeros(1, device=loss_tensor_device)
+
+                if should_compute_val:
+                    model.eval()
+                    with torch.no_grad(), autocast(enabled=(device_type == 'cuda')):
+                        val_result = val_forward_fn()
+                        if isinstance(val_result, tuple) and len(val_result) == 3:
+                            y_val_pred, y_val_true, w_val = val_result
+                            val_weighted_loss = self._compute_weighted_loss(
+                                y_val_pred, y_val_true, w_val, apply_softplus=apply_softplus)
+                        else:
+                            val_weighted_loss = val_result
+                    val_loss_tensor[0] = float(val_weighted_loss)
+
+                if dist.is_initialized():
+                    dist.broadcast(val_loss_tensor, src=0)
+                val_weighted_loss = float(val_loss_tensor.item())
+
+                best_loss, best_state, patience_counter, stop_training = self._early_stop_update(
+                    val_weighted_loss, best_loss, best_state, patience_counter, model)
+
+                prune_flag = False
+                is_main_rank = DistributedUtils.is_main_process()
+                if trial is not None and (not dist.is_initialized() or is_main_rank):
+                    trial.report(val_weighted_loss, epoch)
+                    prune_flag = trial.should_prune()
+
+                if dist.is_initialized():
+                    prune_device = getattr(self, "device", torch.device("cpu"))
+                    if not isinstance(prune_device, torch.device):
+                        prune_device = torch.device(prune_device)
+                    prune_tensor = torch.zeros(1, device=prune_device)
+                    if is_main_rank:
+                        prune_tensor.fill_(1 if prune_flag else 0)
+                    dist.broadcast(prune_tensor, src=0)
+                    prune_flag = bool(prune_tensor.item())
+
+                if prune_flag:
+                    raise optuna.TrialPruned()
+
+                if stop_training:
+                    break
+
+        return best_state
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# 绘图辅助模块
+# =============================================================================
+
+def split_data(data, col_nme, wgt_nme, n_bins=10):
+    return PlotUtils.split_data(data, col_nme, wgt_nme, n_bins)
+
+# 定义提纯曲线（Lift）绘制函数
+
+
+def plot_lift_list(pred_model, w_pred_list, w_act_list,
+                   weight_list, tgt_nme, n_bins=10,
+                   fig_nme='Lift Chart'):
+    return PlotUtils.plot_lift_list(pred_model, w_pred_list, w_act_list,
+                                    weight_list, tgt_nme, n_bins, fig_nme)
+
+# 定义双提纯曲线绘制函数
+
+
+def plot_dlift_list(pred_model_1, pred_model_2,
+                    model_nme_1, model_nme_2,
+                    tgt_nme,
+                    w_list, w_act_list, n_bins=10,
+                    fig_nme='Double Lift Chart'):
+    return PlotUtils.plot_dlift_list(pred_model_1, pred_model_2,
+                                     model_nme_1, model_nme_2,
+                                     tgt_nme, w_list, w_act_list,
+                                     n_bins, fig_nme)
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# ResNet 模型与 sklearn 风格封装
+# =============================================================================
+
+# 开始定义ResNet模型结构
+# 残差块：两层线性 + ReLU + 残差连接
+# ResBlock 继承 nn.Module
+class ResBlock(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, dim: int, dropout: float = 0.1,
+                 use_layernorm: bool = False, residual_scale: float = 0.1
+                 ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.use_layernorm = use_layernorm
+
+        if use_layernorm:
+            Norm = nn.LayerNorm      # 对最后一维做归一化
+        else:
+            def Norm(d): return nn.BatchNorm1d(d)  # 保留一个开关,想试 BN 时也能用
+
+        self.norm1 = Norm(dim)
+        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(dim, dim, bias=True)
+        self.act = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout) if dropout > 0.0 else nn.Identity()
+        # 如需在第二层后追加归一化，可启用下行：self.norm2 = Norm(dim)
+        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(dim, dim, bias=True)
+
+        # 残差缩放,防止一开始就把主干搞炸
+        self.res_scale = nn.Parameter(
+            torch.tensor(residual_scale, dtype=torch.float32)
+        )
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        # 前置激活结构
+        out = self.norm1(x)
+        out = self.fc1(out)
+        out = self.act(out)
+        out = self.dropout(out)
+        # 若启用了第二次归一化，在此处调用：out = self.norm2(out)
+        out = self.fc2(out)
+        # 残差缩放再相加
+        return x + self.res_scale * out
+
+# ResNetSequential 继承 nn.Module,定义整个网络结构
+
+
+class ResNetSequential(nn.Module):
+    # 输入张量形状：(batch, input_dim)
+    # 网络结构：全连接 + 归一化 + ReLU，再堆叠若干残差块，最后输出 Softplus
+
+    def __init__(self, input_dim: int, hidden_dim: int = 64, block_num: int = 2,
+                 use_layernorm: bool = True, dropout: float = 0.1,
+                 residual_scale: float = 0.1, task_type: str = 'regression'):
+        super(ResNetSequential, self).__init__()
+
+        self.net = nn.Sequential()
+        self.net.add_module('fc1', nn.Linear(input_dim, hidden_dim))
+
+        # 如需在首层后增加显式归一化，可按需启用下方示例代码：
+        # 如果使用 LayerNorm：
+        #     self.net.add_module('norm1', nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim))
+        # 否则可改用 BatchNorm：
+        #     self.net.add_module('norm1', nn.BatchNorm1d(hidden_dim))
+
+        # 如果希望在残差块前加入 ReLU，可启用：self.net.add_module('relu1', nn.ReLU(inplace=True))
+
+        # 多个残差块
+        for i in range(block_num):
+            self.net.add_module(
+                f'ResBlk_{i+1}',
+                ResBlock(
+                    hidden_dim,
+                    dropout=dropout,
+                    use_layernorm=use_layernorm,
+                    residual_scale=residual_scale)
+            )
+
+        self.net.add_module('fc_out', nn.Linear(hidden_dim, 1))
+
+        if task_type == 'classification':
+            self.net.add_module('softplus', nn.Identity())
+        else:
+            self.net.add_module('softplus', nn.Softplus())
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        if self.training and not hasattr(self, '_printed_device'):
+            print(f">>> ResNetSequential executing on device: {x.device}")
+            self._printed_device = True
+        return self.net(x)
+
+# 定义ResNet模型的Scikit-Learn接口类
+
+
+class ResNetSklearn(TorchTrainerMixin, nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, model_nme: str, input_dim: int, hidden_dim: int = 64,
+                 block_num: int = 2, batch_num: int = 100, epochs: int = 100,
+                 task_type: str = 'regression',
+                 tweedie_power: float = 1.5, learning_rate: float = 0.01, patience: int = 10,
+                 use_layernorm: bool = True, dropout: float = 0.1,
+                 residual_scale: float = 0.1,
+                 use_data_parallel: bool = True,
+                 use_ddp: bool = False):
+        super(ResNetSklearn, self).__init__()
+
+        self.use_ddp = use_ddp
+        self.is_ddp_enabled, self.local_rank, self.rank, self.world_size = (
+            False, 0, 0, 1)
+
+        if self.use_ddp:
+            self.is_ddp_enabled, self.local_rank, self.rank, self.world_size = DistributedUtils.setup_ddp()
+
+        self.input_dim = input_dim
+        self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim
+        self.block_num = block_num
+        self.batch_num = batch_num
+        self.epochs = epochs
+        self.task_type = task_type
+        self.model_nme = model_nme
+        self.learning_rate = learning_rate
+        self.patience = patience
+        self.use_layernorm = use_layernorm
+        self.dropout = dropout
+        self.residual_scale = residual_scale
+
+        # 设备选择：cuda > mps > cpu
+        if self.is_ddp_enabled:
+            self.device = torch.device(f'cuda:{self.local_rank}')
+        elif torch.cuda.is_available():
+            self.device = torch.device('cuda')
+        elif torch.backends.mps.is_available():
+            self.device = torch.device('mps')
+        else:
+            self.device = torch.device('cpu')
+
+        # Tweedie 幂指数设定（分类时不使用）
+        if self.task_type == 'classification':
+            self.tw_power = None
+        elif 'f' in self.model_nme:
+            self.tw_power = 1
+        elif 's' in self.model_nme:
+            self.tw_power = 2
+        else:
+            self.tw_power = tweedie_power
+
+        # 搭建网络（先在 CPU 上建好）
+        core = ResNetSequential(
+            self.input_dim,
+            self.hidden_dim,
+            self.block_num,
+            use_layernorm=self.use_layernorm,
+            dropout=self.dropout,
+            residual_scale=self.residual_scale,
+            task_type=self.task_type
+        )
+
+        # ===== 多卡支持：DataParallel vs DistributedDataParallel =====
+        if self.is_ddp_enabled:
+            core = core.to(self.device)
+            core = DDP(core, device_ids=[
+                       self.local_rank], output_device=self.local_rank)
+        elif use_data_parallel and (self.device.type == 'cuda') and (torch.cuda.device_count() > 1):
+            core = nn.DataParallel(core, device_ids=list(
+                range(torch.cuda.device_count())))
+            # DataParallel 会把输入 scatter 到多卡上，但“主设备”仍然是 cuda:0
+            self.device = torch.device('cuda')
+
+        self.resnet = core.to(self.device)
+
+    # ================ 内部工具 ================
+    def _build_train_val_tensors(self, X_train, y_train, w_train, X_val, y_val, w_val):
+        X_tensor = torch.tensor(X_train.values, dtype=torch.float32)
+        y_tensor = torch.tensor(
+            y_train.values, dtype=torch.float32).view(-1, 1)
+        w_tensor = torch.tensor(w_train.values, dtype=torch.float32).view(
+            -1, 1) if w_train is not None else torch.ones_like(y_tensor)
+
+        has_val = X_val is not None and y_val is not None
+        if has_val:
+            X_val_tensor = torch.tensor(X_val.values, dtype=torch.float32)
+            y_val_tensor = torch.tensor(
+                y_val.values, dtype=torch.float32).view(-1, 1)
+            w_val_tensor = torch.tensor(w_val.values, dtype=torch.float32).view(
+                -1, 1) if w_val is not None else torch.ones_like(y_val_tensor)
+        else:
+            X_val_tensor = y_val_tensor = w_val_tensor = None
+        return X_tensor, y_tensor, w_tensor, X_val_tensor, y_val_tensor, w_val_tensor, has_val
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        # 处理 SHAP 的 NumPy 输入
+        if isinstance(x, np.ndarray):
+            x_tensor = torch.tensor(x, dtype=torch.float32)
+        else:
+            x_tensor = x
+
+        x_tensor = x_tensor.to(self.device)
+        y_pred = self.resnet(x_tensor)
+        return y_pred
+
+    # ---------------- 训练 ----------------
+
+    def fit(self, X_train, y_train, w_train=None,
+            X_val=None, y_val=None, w_val=None, trial=None):
+
+        X_tensor, y_tensor, w_tensor, X_val_tensor, y_val_tensor, w_val_tensor, has_val = \
+            self._build_train_val_tensors(
+                X_train, y_train, w_train, X_val, y_val, w_val)
+
+        dataset = TensorDataset(X_tensor, y_tensor, w_tensor)
+        dataloader, accum_steps = self._build_dataloader(
+            dataset,
+            N=X_tensor.shape[0],
+            base_bs_gpu=(2048, 1024, 512),
+            base_bs_cpu=(256, 128),
+            min_bs=64,
+            target_effective_cuda=2048,
+            target_effective_cpu=1024
+        )
+
+        # 在每个 epoch 开始前设置 sampler 的 epoch，以保证 shuffle 的随机性
+        if self.is_ddp_enabled and hasattr(dataloader.sampler, 'set_epoch'):
+            self.dataloader_sampler = dataloader.sampler
+        else:
+            self.dataloader_sampler = None
+
+        # === 4. 优化器与 AMP ===
+        self.optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(
+            self.resnet.parameters(), lr=self.learning_rate)
+        self.scaler = GradScaler(enabled=(self.device.type == 'cuda'))
+
+        X_val_dev = y_val_dev = w_val_dev = None
+        val_dataloader = None
+        if has_val:
+            # 构建验证集 DataLoader
+            val_dataset = TensorDataset(
+                X_val_tensor, y_val_tensor, w_val_tensor)
+            # 验证阶段无需反向传播，可适当放大批量以提高吞吐
+            val_bs = accum_steps * dataloader.batch_size
+
+            # 验证集的 worker 数沿用相同的分配逻辑
+            if os.name == 'nt':
+                val_workers = 0
+            else:
+                val_workers = min(4, os.cpu_count() or 1)
+            if getattr(self, "is_ddp_enabled", False):
+                val_workers = 0  # DDP 下禁用多 worker，防止子进程冲突
+
+            val_dataloader = DataLoader(
+                val_dataset,
+                batch_size=val_bs,
+                shuffle=False,
+                num_workers=val_workers,
+                pin_memory=(self.device.type == 'cuda'),
+                persistent_workers=val_workers > 0,
+            )
+            # 验证集通常不需要 DDP Sampler，因为我们只在主进程验证或汇总验证结果
+            # 但为了简单起见，这里保持单卡验证或主进程验证
+
+        is_data_parallel = isinstance(self.resnet, nn.DataParallel)
+
+        def forward_fn(batch):
+            X_batch, y_batch, w_batch = batch
+
+            if not is_data_parallel:
+                X_batch = X_batch.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+            # 目标值与权重始终与主设备保持一致，便于后续损失计算
+            y_batch = y_batch.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+            w_batch = w_batch.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+
+            y_pred = self.resnet(X_batch)
+            return y_pred, y_batch, w_batch
+
+        def val_forward_fn():
+            total_loss = 0.0
+            total_weight = 0.0
+            for batch in val_dataloader:
+                X_b, y_b, w_b = batch
+                if not is_data_parallel:
+                    X_b = X_b.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+                y_b = y_b.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+                w_b = w_b.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+
+                y_pred = self.resnet(X_b)
+
+                # 手动计算当前批次的加权损失，以便后续精确加总
+                task = getattr(self, "task_type", "regression")
+                if task == 'classification':
+                    loss_fn = nn.BCEWithLogitsLoss(reduction='none')
+                    losses = loss_fn(y_pred, y_b).view(-1)
+                else:
+                    # 此处无需再做 softplus：训练时 apply_softplus=False，模型前向结果本身已为正
+                    y_pred_clamped = torch.clamp(y_pred, min=1e-6)
+                    power = getattr(self, "tw_power", 1.5)
+                    losses = tweedie_loss(
+                        y_pred_clamped, y_b, p=power).view(-1)
+
+                batch_weight_sum = torch.clamp(w_b.sum(), min=EPS)
+                batch_weighted_loss_sum = (losses * w_b.view(-1)).sum()
+
+                total_loss += batch_weighted_loss_sum.item()
+                total_weight += batch_weight_sum.item()
+
+            return total_loss / max(total_weight, EPS)
+
+        clip_fn = None
+        if self.device.type == 'cuda':
+            def clip_fn(): return (self.scaler.unscale_(self.optimizer),
+                                   clip_grad_norm_(self.resnet.parameters(), max_norm=1.0))
+
+        # DDP 模式下，只在主进程打印日志和保存模型
+        if self.is_ddp_enabled and not DistributedUtils.is_main_process():
+            # 非主进程不进行验证回调中的打印操作（需在 _train_model 内部控制，这里暂略）
+            pass
+
+        best_state = self._train_model(
+            self.resnet,
+            dataloader,
+            accum_steps,
+            self.optimizer,
+            self.scaler,
+            forward_fn,
+            val_forward_fn if has_val else None,
+            apply_softplus=False,
+            clip_fn=clip_fn,
+            trial=trial
+        )
+
+        if has_val and best_state is not None:
+            self.resnet.load_state_dict(best_state)
+
+    # ---------------- 预测 ----------------
+
+    def predict(self, X_test):
+        self.resnet.eval()
+        if isinstance(X_test, pd.DataFrame):
+            X_np = X_test.values.astype(np.float32)
+        else:
+            X_np = X_test
+
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            y_pred = self(X_np).cpu().numpy()
+
+        if self.task_type == 'classification':
+            y_pred = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-y_pred))  # Sigmoid 函数将 logit 转换为概率
+        else:
+            y_pred = np.clip(y_pred, 1e-6, None)
+        return y_pred.flatten()
+
+    # ---------------- 设置参数 ----------------
+
+    def set_params(self, params):
+        for key, value in params.items():
+            if hasattr(self, key):
+                setattr(self, key, value)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Parameter {key} not found in model.")
+        return self
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# FT-Transformer 模型与 sklearn 风格封装
+# =============================================================================
+# 开始定义FT Transformer模型结构
+
+
+class FeatureTokenizer(nn.Module):
+    # 将数值特征与类别特征统一映射为 token，输出形状为 (batch, token_num, d_model)
+    # 约定：
+    #   - X_num：表示数值特征，shape=(batch, num_numeric)
+    #   - X_cat：表示类别特征，shape=(batch, num_categorical)，每列是编码后的整数标签 [0, card-1]
+
+    def __init__(self, num_numeric: int, cat_cardinalities, d_model: int):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.num_numeric = num_numeric
+        self.has_numeric = num_numeric > 0
+
+        if self.has_numeric:
+            self.num_linear = nn.Linear(num_numeric, d_model)
+
+        self.embeddings = nn.ModuleList([
+            nn.Embedding(card, d_model) for card in cat_cardinalities
+        ])
+
+    def forward(self, X_num, X_cat):
+        tokens = []
+
+        if self.has_numeric:
+            # 数值特征整体映射为一个 token
+            # 形状为 (batch, d_model)
+            num_token = self.num_linear(X_num)
+            tokens.append(num_token)
+
+        # 每个类别特征各生成一个嵌入 token
+        for i, emb in enumerate(self.embeddings):
+            # 形状为 (batch, d_model)
+            tok = emb(X_cat[:, i])
+            tokens.append(tok)
+
+        # 拼接后得到形状为 (batch, token_num, d_model)
+        x = torch.stack(tokens, dim=1)
+        return x
+
+# 定义具有残差缩放的Encoder层
+
+
+class ScaledTransformerEncoderLayer(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, d_model: int, nhead: int, dim_feedforward: int = 2048,
+                 dropout: float = 0.1, residual_scale_attn: float = 1.0,
+                 residual_scale_ffn: float = 1.0, norm_first: bool = True,
+                 ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.self_attn = nn.MultiheadAttention(
+            embed_dim=d_model,
+            num_heads=nhead,
+            dropout=dropout,
+            batch_first=True
+        )
+
+        # 前馈网络部分
+        self.linear1 = nn.Linear(d_model, dim_feedforward)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        self.linear2 = nn.Linear(dim_feedforward, d_model)
+
+        # 归一化与 Dropout
+        self.norm1 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
+        self.norm2 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
+        self.dropout1 = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        self.dropout2 = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+
+        self.activation = nn.GELU()
+        # 如果偏好 ReLU，可将激活函数改为：self.activation = nn.ReLU()
+        self.norm_first = norm_first
+
+        # 残差缩放系数
+        self.res_scale_attn = residual_scale_attn
+        self.res_scale_ffn = residual_scale_ffn
+
+    def forward(self, src, src_mask=None, src_key_padding_mask=None):
+        # 输入张量形状：(batch, 序列长度, d_model)
+        x = src
+
+        if self.norm_first:
+            # 先归一化再做注意力
+            x = x + self._sa_block(self.norm1(x), src_mask,
+                                   src_key_padding_mask)
+            x = x + self._ff_block(self.norm2(x))
+        else:
+            # 后归一化（一般不启用）
+            x = self.norm1(
+                x + self._sa_block(x, src_mask, src_key_padding_mask))
+            x = self.norm2(x + self._ff_block(x))
+
+        return x
+
+    def _sa_block(self, x, attn_mask, key_padding_mask):
+        # 自注意力并附带残差缩放
+        attn_out, _ = self.self_attn(
+            x, x, x,
+            attn_mask=attn_mask,
+            key_padding_mask=key_padding_mask,
+            need_weights=False
+        )
+        return self.res_scale_attn * self.dropout1(attn_out)
+
+    def _ff_block(self, x):
+        # 前馈网络并附带残差缩放
+        x2 = self.linear2(self.dropout(self.activation(self.linear1(x))))
+        return self.res_scale_ffn * self.dropout2(x2)
+
+# 定义FT-Transformer核心模型
+
+
+class FTTransformerCore(nn.Module):
+    # 最小可用版本的 FT-Transformer，由三部分组成：
+    #   1) FeatureTokenizer：将数值/类别特征转换成 token；
+    #   2) TransformerEncoder：建模特征之间的交互；
+    #   3) 池化 + MLP + Softplus：输出正值，方便 Tweedie/Gamma 等任务。
+
+    def __init__(self, num_numeric: int, cat_cardinalities, d_model: int = 64,
+                 n_heads: int = 8, n_layers: int = 4, dropout: float = 0.1,
+                 task_type: str = 'regression'
+                 ):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.tokenizer = FeatureTokenizer(
+            num_numeric=num_numeric,
+            cat_cardinalities=cat_cardinalities,
+            d_model=d_model
+        )
+        scale = 1.0 / math.sqrt(n_layers)  # 推荐一个默认值
+        encoder_layer = ScaledTransformerEncoderLayer(
+            d_model=d_model,
+            nhead=n_heads,
+            dim_feedforward=d_model * 4,
+            dropout=dropout,
+            residual_scale_attn=scale,
+            residual_scale_ffn=scale,
+            norm_first=True,
+        )
+        self.encoder = nn.TransformerEncoder(
+            encoder_layer,
+            num_layers=n_layers
+        )
+        self.n_layers = n_layers
+
+        layers = [
+            # 如需更深的输出头，可按需启用下方示例层：
+            # nn.LayerNorm(d_model),  # 额外的归一化层
+            # nn.Linear(d_model, d_model),  # 额外的全连接层
+            # nn.GELU(),  # 对应的激活层
+            nn.Linear(d_model, 1),
+        ]
+
+        if task_type == 'classification':
+            # 分类任务输出 logits，与 BCEWithLogitsLoss 更匹配
+            layers.append(nn.Identity())
+        else:
+            # 回归任务需保持正值，适配 Tweedie/Gamma
+            layers.append(nn.Softplus())
+
+        self.head = nn.Sequential(*layers)
+
+    def forward(self, X_num, X_cat):
+
+        # 输入：
+        #   X_num -> (batch, 数值特征数) 的 float32 张量
+        #   X_cat -> (batch, 类别特征数) 的 long 张量
+
+        if self.training and not hasattr(self, '_printed_device'):
+            print(f">>> FTTransformerCore executing on device: {X_num.device}")
+            self._printed_device = True
+
+        # => 张量形状 (batch, token_num, d_model)
+        tokens = self.tokenizer(X_num, X_cat)
+        # => 张量形状 (batch, token_num, d_model)
+        x = self.encoder(tokens)
+
+        # 对 token 做平均池化，再送入回归头
+        x = x.mean(dim=1)                      # => 张量形状 (batch, d_model)
+
+        # => 张量形状 (batch, 1)，Softplus 约束为正
+        out = self.head(x)
+        return out
+
+# 定义TabularDataset类
+
+
+class TabularDataset(Dataset):
+    def __init__(self, X_num, X_cat, y, w):
+
+        # 输入张量说明：
+        #   X_num: torch.float32，shape=(N, 数值特征数)
+        #   X_cat: torch.long，  shape=(N, 类别特征数)
+        #   y:     torch.float32，shape=(N, 1)
+        #   w:     torch.float32，shape=(N, 1)
+
+        self.X_num = X_num
+        self.X_cat = X_cat
+        self.y = y
+        self.w = w
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return self.y.shape[0]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx):
+        return (
+            self.X_num[idx],
+            self.X_cat[idx],
+            self.y[idx],
+            self.w[idx],
+        )
+
+# 定义FTTransformer的Scikit-Learn接口类
+
+
+class FTTransformerSklearn(TorchTrainerMixin, nn.Module):
+
+    # sklearn 风格包装：
+    #   - num_cols：数值特征列名列表
+    #   - cat_cols：类别特征列名列表（需事先做标签编码，取值 ∈ [0, n_classes-1]）
+
+    def __init__(self, model_nme: str, num_cols, cat_cols, d_model: int = 64, n_heads: int = 8,
+                 n_layers: int = 4, dropout: float = 0.1, batch_num: int = 100, epochs: int = 100,
+                 task_type: str = 'regression',
+                 tweedie_power: float = 1.5, learning_rate: float = 1e-3, patience: int = 10,
+                 use_data_parallel: bool = True,
+                 use_ddp: bool = False
+                 ):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.use_ddp = use_ddp
+        self.is_ddp_enabled, self.local_rank, self.rank, self.world_size = (
+            False, 0, 0, 1)
+        if self.use_ddp:
+            self.is_ddp_enabled, self.local_rank, self.rank, self.world_size = DistributedUtils.setup_ddp()
+
+        self.model_nme = model_nme
+        self.num_cols = list(num_cols)
+        self.cat_cols = list(cat_cols)
+        self.d_model = d_model
+        self.n_heads = n_heads
+        self.n_layers = n_layers
+        self.dropout = dropout
+        self.batch_num = batch_num
+        self.epochs = epochs
+        self.learning_rate = learning_rate
+        self.task_type = task_type
+        self.patience = patience
+        if self.task_type == 'classification':
+            self.tw_power = None  # 分类时不使用 Tweedie 幂
+        elif 'f' in self.model_nme:
+            self.tw_power = 1.0
+        elif 's' in self.model_nme:
+            self.tw_power = 2.0
+        else:
+            self.tw_power = tweedie_power
+
+        if self.is_ddp_enabled:
+            self.device = torch.device(f"cuda:{self.local_rank}")
+        elif torch.cuda.is_available():
+            self.device = torch.device("cuda")
+        elif torch.backends.mps.is_available():
+            self.device = torch.device("mps")
+        else:
+            self.device = torch.device("cpu")
+        self.cat_cardinalities = None
+        self.cat_categories = {}
+        self.ft = None
+        self.use_data_parallel = torch.cuda.device_count() > 1 and use_data_parallel
+
+    def _build_model(self, X_train):
+        num_numeric = len(self.num_cols)
+        cat_cardinalities = []
+
+        for col in self.cat_cols:
+            cats = X_train[col].astype('category')
+            categories = cats.cat.categories
+            self.cat_categories[col] = categories           # 保存训练集类别全集
+
+            card = len(categories) + 1                      # 多预留 1 类给“未知/缺失”
+            cat_cardinalities.append(card)
+
+        self.cat_cardinalities = cat_cardinalities
+
+        core = FTTransformerCore(
+            num_numeric=num_numeric,
+            cat_cardinalities=cat_cardinalities,
+            d_model=self.d_model,
+            n_heads=self.n_heads,
+            n_layers=self.n_layers,
+            dropout=self.dropout,
+            task_type=self.task_type
+        )
+        if self.is_ddp_enabled:
+            core = core.to(self.device)
+            core = DDP(core, device_ids=[
+                       self.local_rank], output_device=self.local_rank)
+        elif self.use_data_parallel:
+            core = nn.DataParallel(core, device_ids=list(
+                range(torch.cuda.device_count())))
+            self.device = torch.device("cuda")
+        self.ft = core.to(self.device)
+
+    def _encode_cats(self, X):
+        # 输入 DataFrame 至少需要包含所有类别特征列
+        # 返回形状 (N, 类别特征数) 的 int64 数组
+
+        if not self.cat_cols:
+            return np.zeros((len(X), 0), dtype='int64')
+
+        X_cat_list = []
+        for col in self.cat_cols:
+            # 使用训练阶段记录的类别全集
+            categories = self.cat_categories[col]
+            # 按固定类别构造 Categorical
+            cats = pd.Categorical(X[col], categories=categories)
+            codes = cats.codes.astype('int64', copy=True)   # -1 表示未知或缺失
+            # 未知或缺失映射到额外的“未知”索引 len(categories)
+            codes[codes < 0] = len(categories)
+            X_cat_list.append(codes)
+
+        X_cat_np = np.stack(X_cat_list, axis=1)  # 形状 (N, 类别特征数)
+        return X_cat_np
+
+    def _build_train_tensors(self, X_train, y_train, w_train):
+        return self._tensorize_split(X_train, y_train, w_train)
+
+    def _build_val_tensors(self, X_val, y_val, w_val):
+        return self._tensorize_split(X_val, y_val, w_val, allow_none=True)
+
+    def _tensorize_split(self, X, y, w, allow_none: bool = False):
+        if X is None:
+            if allow_none:
+                return None, None, None, None, False
+            raise ValueError("输入特征 X 不能为空。")
+
+        X_num = torch.tensor(
+            X[self.num_cols].to_numpy(dtype=np.float32, copy=True),
+            dtype=torch.float32
+        )
+        if self.cat_cols:
+            X_cat = torch.tensor(self._encode_cats(X), dtype=torch.long)
+        else:
+            X_cat = torch.zeros((X_num.shape[0], 0), dtype=torch.long)
+
+        y_tensor = torch.tensor(
+            y.values, dtype=torch.float32).view(-1, 1) if y is not None else None
+        if y_tensor is None:
+            w_tensor = None
+        elif w is not None:
+            w_tensor = torch.tensor(
+                w.values, dtype=torch.float32).view(-1, 1)
+        else:
+            w_tensor = torch.ones_like(y_tensor)
+        return X_num, X_cat, y_tensor, w_tensor, y is not None
+
+    def fit(self, X_train, y_train, w_train=None,
+            X_val=None, y_val=None, w_val=None, trial=None):
+
+        # 首次拟合时需要构建底层模型结构
+        if self.ft is None:
+            self._build_model(X_train)
+
+        X_num_train, X_cat_train, y_tensor, w_tensor, _ = self._build_train_tensors(
+            X_train, y_train, w_train)
+        X_num_val, X_cat_val, y_val_tensor, w_val_tensor, has_val = self._build_val_tensors(
+            X_val, y_val, w_val)
+
+        # --- 构建 DataLoader ---
+        dataset = TabularDataset(
+            X_num_train, X_cat_train, y_tensor, w_tensor
+        )
+
+        dataloader, accum_steps = self._build_dataloader(
+            dataset,
+            N=X_num_train.shape[0],
+            base_bs_gpu=(2048, 1024, 512),
+            base_bs_cpu=(256, 128),
+            min_bs=64,
+            target_effective_cuda=2048,
+            target_effective_cpu=1024
+        )
+
+        if self.is_ddp_enabled and hasattr(dataloader.sampler, 'set_epoch'):
+            self.dataloader_sampler = dataloader.sampler
+        else:
+            self.dataloader_sampler = None
+
+        optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(
+            self.ft.parameters(), lr=self.learning_rate)
+        scaler = GradScaler(enabled=(self.device.type == 'cuda'))
+
+        X_num_val_dev = X_cat_val_dev = y_val_dev = w_val_dev = None
+        val_dataloader = None
+        if has_val:
+            val_dataset = TabularDataset(
+                X_num_val, X_cat_val, y_val_tensor, w_val_tensor
+            )
+            val_bs = accum_steps * dataloader.batch_size
+
+            if os.name == 'nt':
+                val_workers = 0
+            else:
+                val_workers = min(4, os.cpu_count() or 1)
+            if getattr(self, "is_ddp_enabled", False):
+                val_workers = 0  # DDP 下禁用多 worker，防止子进程冲突
+
+            val_dataloader = DataLoader(
+                val_dataset,
+                batch_size=val_bs,
+                shuffle=False,
+                num_workers=val_workers,
+                pin_memory=(self.device.type == 'cuda'),
+                persistent_workers=val_workers > 0,
+            )
+
+        is_data_parallel = isinstance(self.ft, nn.DataParallel)
+
+        def forward_fn(batch):
+            X_num_b, X_cat_b, y_b, w_b = batch
+
+            if not is_data_parallel:
+                X_num_b = X_num_b.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+                X_cat_b = X_cat_b.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+            y_b = y_b.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+            w_b = w_b.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+
+            y_pred = self.ft(X_num_b, X_cat_b)
+            return y_pred, y_b, w_b
+
+        def val_forward_fn():
+            total_loss = 0.0
+            total_weight = 0.0
+            for batch in val_dataloader:
+                X_num_b, X_cat_b, y_b, w_b = batch
+                if not is_data_parallel:
+                    X_num_b = X_num_b.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+                    X_cat_b = X_cat_b.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+                y_b = y_b.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+                w_b = w_b.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+
+                y_pred = self.ft(X_num_b, X_cat_b)
+
+                # 手动计算验证损失
+                task = getattr(self, "task_type", "regression")
+                if task == 'classification':
+                    loss_fn = nn.BCEWithLogitsLoss(reduction='none')
+                    losses = loss_fn(y_pred, y_b).view(-1)
+                else:
+                    # 模型输出已通过 Softplus，无需再次应用
+                    y_pred_clamped = torch.clamp(y_pred, min=1e-6)
+                    power = getattr(self, "tw_power", 1.5)
+                    losses = tweedie_loss(
+                        y_pred_clamped, y_b, p=power).view(-1)
+
+                batch_weight_sum = torch.clamp(w_b.sum(), min=EPS)
+                batch_weighted_loss_sum = (losses * w_b.view(-1)).sum()
+
+                total_loss += batch_weighted_loss_sum.item()
+                total_weight += batch_weight_sum.item()
+
+            return total_loss / max(total_weight, EPS)
+
+        clip_fn = None
+        if self.device.type == 'cuda':
+            def clip_fn(): return (scaler.unscale_(optimizer),
+                                   clip_grad_norm_(self.ft.parameters(), max_norm=1.0))
+
+        best_state = self._train_model(
+            self.ft,
+            dataloader,
+            accum_steps,
+            optimizer,
+            scaler,
+            forward_fn,
+            val_forward_fn if has_val else None,
+            apply_softplus=False,
+            clip_fn=clip_fn,
+            trial=trial
+        )
+
+        if has_val and best_state is not None:
+            self.ft.load_state_dict(best_state)
+
+    def predict(self, X_test):
+        # X_test 需要包含所有数值列与类别列
+
+        self.ft.eval()
+        X_num, X_cat, _, _, _ = self._tensorize_split(
+            X_test, None, None, allow_none=True)
+
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            X_num = X_num.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+            X_cat = X_cat.to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+            y_pred = self.ft(X_num, X_cat).cpu().numpy()
+
+        if self.task_type == 'classification':
+            # 从 logits 转换为概率
+            y_pred = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-y_pred))
+        else:
+            # 模型已含 softplus，若需要可按需做 log-exp 平滑：y_pred = log(1 + exp(y_pred))
+            y_pred = np.clip(y_pred, 1e-6, None)
+        return y_pred.ravel()
+
+    def set_params(self, params: dict):
+
+        # 和 sklearn 风格保持一致。
+        # 注意：对结构性参数（如 d_model/n_heads）修改后,需要重新 fit 才会生效。
+
+        for key, value in params.items():
+            if hasattr(self, key):
+                setattr(self, key, value)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Parameter {key} not found in model.")
+        return self
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# 图神经网络 (GNN) 简化实现
+# =============================================================================
+
+
+class SimpleGraphLayer(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, in_dim: int, out_dim: int, dropout: float = 0.1):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.linear = nn.Linear(in_dim, out_dim)
+        self.activation = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout) if dropout > 0 else nn.Identity()
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, adj: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        # 基于归一化稀疏邻接矩阵的消息传递：A_hat * X * W
+        h = torch.sparse.mm(adj, x)
+        h = self.linear(h)
+        h = self.activation(h)
+        return self.dropout(h)
+
+
+class SimpleGNN(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, input_dim: int, hidden_dim: int = 64, num_layers: int = 2,
+                 dropout: float = 0.1, task_type: str = 'regression'):
+        super().__init__()
+        layers = []
+        dim_in = input_dim
+        for _ in range(max(1, num_layers)):
+            layers.append(SimpleGraphLayer(
+                dim_in, hidden_dim, dropout=dropout))
+            dim_in = hidden_dim
+        self.layers = nn.ModuleList(layers)
+        self.output = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, 1)
+        if task_type == 'classification':
+            self.output_act = nn.Identity()
+        else:
+            self.output_act = nn.Softplus()
+        self.task_type = task_type
+        # 用 buffer 保持邻接矩阵，便于 DataParallel 复制
+        self.register_buffer("adj_buffer", torch.empty(0))
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, adj: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> torch.Tensor:
+        adj_used = adj if adj is not None else getattr(
+            self, "adj_buffer", None)
+        if adj_used is None or adj_used.numel() == 0:
+            raise RuntimeError("Adjacency is not set for GNN forward.")
+        h = x
+        for layer in self.layers:
+            h = layer(h, adj_used)
+        h = torch.sparse.mm(adj_used, h)
+        out = self.output(h)
+        return self.output_act(out)
+
+
+class GraphNeuralNetSklearn(TorchTrainerMixin, nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, model_nme: str, input_dim: int, hidden_dim: int = 64,
+                 num_layers: int = 2, k_neighbors: int = 10, dropout: float = 0.1,
+                 learning_rate: float = 1e-3, epochs: int = 100, patience: int = 10,
+                 task_type: str = 'regression', tweedie_power: float = 1.5,
+                 use_data_parallel: bool = False, use_ddp: bool = False,
+                 use_approx_knn: bool = True, approx_knn_threshold: int = 50000,
+                 graph_cache_path: Optional[str] = None,
+                 max_gpu_knn_nodes: Optional[int] = None,
+                 knn_gpu_mem_ratio: float = 0.9,
+                 knn_gpu_mem_overhead: float = 2.0) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.model_nme = model_nme
+        self.input_dim = input_dim
+        self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim
+        self.num_layers = num_layers
+        self.k_neighbors = max(1, k_neighbors)
+        self.dropout = dropout
+        self.learning_rate = learning_rate
+        self.epochs = epochs
+        self.patience = patience
+        self.task_type = task_type
+        self.use_approx_knn = use_approx_knn
+        self.approx_knn_threshold = approx_knn_threshold
+        self.graph_cache_path = Path(
+            graph_cache_path) if graph_cache_path else None
+        self.max_gpu_knn_nodes = max_gpu_knn_nodes
+        self.knn_gpu_mem_ratio = max(0.0, min(1.0, knn_gpu_mem_ratio))
+        self.knn_gpu_mem_overhead = max(1.0, knn_gpu_mem_overhead)
+        self._knn_warning_emitted = False
+
+        if self.task_type == 'classification':
+            self.tw_power = None
+        elif 'f' in self.model_nme:
+            self.tw_power = 1.0
+        elif 's' in self.model_nme:
+            self.tw_power = 2.0
+        else:
+            self.tw_power = tweedie_power
+
+        self.ddp_enabled = False
+        self.local_rank = 0
+        self.data_parallel_enabled = False
+
+        # DDP 仅在 CUDA 下有效；若未初始化成功则自动回退单卡
+        if use_ddp and torch.cuda.is_available():
+            ddp_ok, local_rank, _, _ = DistributedUtils.setup_ddp()
+            if ddp_ok:
+                self.ddp_enabled = True
+                self.local_rank = local_rank
+                self.device = torch.device(f'cuda:{local_rank}')
+            else:
+                self.device = torch.device('cuda')
+        elif torch.cuda.is_available():
+            self.device = torch.device('cuda')
+        elif torch.backends.mps.is_available():
+            self.device = torch.device('mps')
+        else:
+            self.device = torch.device('cpu')
+        self.use_pyg_knn = self.device.type == 'cuda' and _PYG_AVAILABLE
+
+        self.gnn = SimpleGNN(
+            input_dim=self.input_dim,
+            hidden_dim=self.hidden_dim,
+            num_layers=self.num_layers,
+            dropout=self.dropout,
+            task_type=self.task_type
+        ).to(self.device)
+
+        # DataParallel 会将完整图复制到每张卡并按特征拆分，适合中等规模图
+        if (not self.ddp_enabled) and use_data_parallel and (self.device.type == 'cuda') and (torch.cuda.device_count() > 1):
+            self.data_parallel_enabled = True
+            self.gnn = nn.DataParallel(
+                self.gnn, device_ids=list(range(torch.cuda.device_count())))
+            self.device = torch.device('cuda')
+
+        if self.ddp_enabled:
+            self.gnn = DDP(
+                self.gnn,
+                device_ids=[self.local_rank],
+                output_device=self.local_rank,
+                find_unused_parameters=False
+            )
+
+    def _unwrap_gnn(self) -> nn.Module:
+        return self.gnn.module if isinstance(self.gnn, DDP) else self.gnn
+
+    def _set_adj_buffer(self, adj: torch.Tensor) -> None:
+        base = self._unwrap_gnn()
+        if hasattr(base, "adj_buffer"):
+            base.adj_buffer = adj
+        else:
+            base.register_buffer("adj_buffer", adj)
+
+    def _load_cached_adj(self) -> Optional[torch.Tensor]:
+        if self.graph_cache_path and self.graph_cache_path.exists():
+            try:
+                adj = torch.load(self.graph_cache_path,
+                                 map_location=self.device)
+                return adj.to(self.device)
+            except Exception as exc:
+                print(
+                    f"[GNN] Failed to load cached graph from {self.graph_cache_path}: {exc}")
+        return None
+
+    def _build_edge_index_cpu(self, X_np: np.ndarray) -> torch.Tensor:
+        n_samples = X_np.shape[0]
+        k = min(self.k_neighbors, max(1, n_samples - 1))
+        n_neighbors = min(k + 1, n_samples)
+        use_approx = (self.use_approx_knn or n_samples >=
+                      self.approx_knn_threshold) and _PYNN_AVAILABLE
+        indices = None
+        if use_approx:
+            try:
+                nn_index = pynndescent.NNDescent(
+                    X_np,
+                    n_neighbors=n_neighbors,
+                    random_state=0
+                )
+                indices, _ = nn_index.neighbor_graph
+            except Exception as exc:
+                print(
+                    f"[GNN] Approximate kNN failed ({exc}); falling back to exact search.")
+                use_approx = False
+
+        if indices is None:
+            nbrs = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=n_neighbors, algorithm="auto")
+            nbrs.fit(X_np)
+            _, indices = nbrs.kneighbors(X_np)
+
+        indices = np.asarray(indices)
+
+        rows = []
+        cols = []
+        for i in range(n_samples):
+            for j in indices[i]:
+                if i == j:
+                    continue
+                rows.append(i)
+                cols.append(j)
+                rows.append(j)
+                cols.append(i)
+
+        # 添加自环，避免度为 0 的节点
+        rows.extend(range(n_samples))
+        cols.extend(range(n_samples))
+
+        edge_index = torch.tensor(
+            [rows, cols], dtype=torch.long, device=self.device)
+        return edge_index
+
+    def _build_edge_index_gpu(self, X_tensor: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        if not self.use_pyg_knn or knn_graph is None or add_self_loops is None or to_undirected is None:
+            # 防御式编程：调用前应检查 use_pyg_knn
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "GPU graph builder requested but PyG is unavailable.")
+
+        n_samples = X_tensor.size(0)
+        k = min(self.k_neighbors, max(1, n_samples - 1))
+
+        # knn_graph 运行在 GPU 上，避免 CPU 构图成为瓶颈
+        edge_index = knn_graph(
+            X_tensor,
+            k=k,
+            loop=False
+        )
+        edge_index = to_undirected(edge_index, num_nodes=n_samples)
+        edge_index, _ = add_self_loops(edge_index, num_nodes=n_samples)
+        return edge_index
+
+    def _log_knn_fallback(self, reason: str) -> None:
+        if self._knn_warning_emitted:
+            return
+        if (not self.ddp_enabled) or self.local_rank == 0:
+            print(f"[GNN] Falling back to CPU kNN builder: {reason}")
+        self._knn_warning_emitted = True
+
+    def _should_use_gpu_knn(self, n_samples: int, X_tensor: torch.Tensor) -> bool:
+        if not self.use_pyg_knn:
+            return False
+
+        reason = None
+        if self.max_gpu_knn_nodes is not None and n_samples > self.max_gpu_knn_nodes:
+            reason = f"node count {n_samples} exceeds max_gpu_knn_nodes={self.max_gpu_knn_nodes}"
+        elif self.device.type == 'cuda' and torch.cuda.is_available():
+            try:
+                device_index = self.device.index
+                if device_index is None:
+                    device_index = torch.cuda.current_device()
+                free_mem, total_mem = torch.cuda.mem_get_info(device_index)
+                feature_bytes = X_tensor.element_size() * X_tensor.nelement()
+                required = int(feature_bytes * self.knn_gpu_mem_overhead)
+                budget = int(free_mem * self.knn_gpu_mem_ratio)
+                if required > budget:
+                    required_gb = required / (1024 ** 3)
+                    budget_gb = budget / (1024 ** 3)
+                    reason = (f"requires ~{required_gb:.2f} GiB temporary GPU memory "
+                              f"but only {budget_gb:.2f} GiB free on cuda:{device_index}")
+            except Exception:
+                # 在较老版本或某些环境下 mem_get_info 可能不可用，默认继续尝试 GPU
+                reason = None
+
+        if reason:
+            self._log_knn_fallback(reason)
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def _normalized_adj(self, edge_index: torch.Tensor, num_nodes: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+        values = torch.ones(edge_index.shape[1], device=self.device)
+        adj = torch.sparse_coo_tensor(
+            edge_index.to(self.device), values, (num_nodes, num_nodes))
+        adj = adj.coalesce()
+
+        deg = torch.sparse.sum(adj, dim=1).to_dense()
+        deg_inv_sqrt = torch.pow(deg + 1e-8, -0.5)
+        row, col = adj.indices()
+        norm_values = deg_inv_sqrt[row] * adj.values() * deg_inv_sqrt[col]
+        adj_norm = torch.sparse_coo_tensor(
+            adj.indices(), norm_values, size=adj.shape)
+        return adj_norm
+
+    def _tensorize_split(self, X, y, w, allow_none: bool = False):
+        if X is None and allow_none:
+            return None, None, None
+        X_np = X.values.astype(np.float32)
+        X_tensor = torch.tensor(X_np, dtype=torch.float32, device=self.device)
+        if y is None:
+            y_tensor = None
+        else:
+            y_tensor = torch.tensor(
+                y.values, dtype=torch.float32, device=self.device).view(-1, 1)
+        if w is None:
+            w_tensor = torch.ones(
+                (len(X), 1), dtype=torch.float32, device=self.device)
+        else:
+            w_tensor = torch.tensor(
+                w.values, dtype=torch.float32, device=self.device).view(-1, 1)
+        return X_tensor, y_tensor, w_tensor
+
+    def _build_graph_from_df(self, X_df: pd.DataFrame, X_tensor: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> torch.Tensor:
+        if X_tensor is None:
+            X_tensor = torch.tensor(
+                X_df.values.astype(np.float32),
+                dtype=torch.float32,
+                device=self.device
+            )
+        if self.graph_cache_path:
+            cached = self._load_cached_adj()
+            if cached is not None:
+                return cached
+        use_gpu_knn = self._should_use_gpu_knn(X_df.shape[0], X_tensor)
+        if use_gpu_knn:
+            edge_index = self._build_edge_index_gpu(X_tensor)
+        else:
+            edge_index = self._build_edge_index_cpu(
+                X_df.values.astype(np.float32))
+        adj_norm = self._normalized_adj(edge_index, X_df.shape[0])
+        if self.graph_cache_path:
+            try:
+                IOUtils.ensure_parent_dir(str(self.graph_cache_path))
+                torch.save(adj_norm.cpu(), self.graph_cache_path)
+            except Exception as exc:
+                print(
+                    f"[GNN] Failed to cache graph to {self.graph_cache_path}: {exc}")
+        return adj_norm
+
+    def fit(self, X_train, y_train, w_train=None,
+            X_val=None, y_val=None, w_val=None,
+            trial: Optional[optuna.trial.Trial] = None):
+
+        X_train_tensor, y_train_tensor, w_train_tensor = self._tensorize_split(
+            X_train, y_train, w_train, allow_none=False)
+        has_val = X_val is not None and y_val is not None
+        if has_val:
+            X_val_tensor, y_val_tensor, w_val_tensor = self._tensorize_split(
+                X_val, y_val, w_val, allow_none=False)
+        else:
+            X_val_tensor = y_val_tensor = w_val_tensor = None
+
+        adj_train = self._build_graph_from_df(X_train, X_train_tensor)
+        adj_val = self._build_graph_from_df(
+            X_val, X_val_tensor) if has_val else None
+        # DataParallel 需要将邻接矩阵缓存在模型上，避免被 scatter
+        self._set_adj_buffer(adj_train)
+
+        base_gnn = self._unwrap_gnn()
+        optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(
+            base_gnn.parameters(), lr=self.learning_rate)
+        scaler = GradScaler(enabled=(self.device.type == 'cuda'))
+
+        best_loss = float('inf')
+        best_state = None
+        patience_counter = 0
+
+        for epoch in range(1, self.epochs + 1):
+            self.gnn.train()
+            optimizer.zero_grad()
+            with autocast(enabled=(self.device.type == 'cuda')):
+                if self.data_parallel_enabled:
+                    y_pred = self.gnn(X_train_tensor)
+                else:
+                    y_pred = self.gnn(X_train_tensor, adj_train)
+                loss = self._compute_weighted_loss(
+                    y_pred, y_train_tensor, w_train_tensor, apply_softplus=False)
+            scaler.scale(loss).backward()
+            scaler.unscale_(optimizer)
+            clip_grad_norm_(self.gnn.parameters(), max_norm=1.0)
+            scaler.step(optimizer)
+            scaler.update()
+
+            if has_val:
+                self.gnn.eval()
+                if self.data_parallel_enabled and adj_val is not None:
+                    self._set_adj_buffer(adj_val)
+                with torch.no_grad(), autocast(enabled=(self.device.type == 'cuda')):
+                    if self.data_parallel_enabled:
+                        y_val_pred = self.gnn(X_val_tensor)
+                    else:
+                        y_val_pred = self.gnn(X_val_tensor, adj_val)
+                    val_loss = self._compute_weighted_loss(
+                        y_val_pred, y_val_tensor, w_val_tensor, apply_softplus=False)
+                if self.data_parallel_enabled:
+                    # 恢复训练邻接矩阵
+                    self._set_adj_buffer(adj_train)
+
+                best_loss, best_state, patience_counter, stop_training = self._early_stop_update(
+                    val_loss, best_loss, best_state, patience_counter, base_gnn,
+                    ignore_keys=["adj_buffer"])
+
+                if trial is not None:
+                    trial.report(val_loss, epoch)
+                    if trial.should_prune():
+                        raise optuna.TrialPruned()
+                if stop_training:
+                    break
+
+        if best_state is not None:
+            base_gnn.load_state_dict(best_state, strict=False)
+
+    def predict(self, X: pd.DataFrame) -> np.ndarray:
+        self.gnn.eval()
+        X_tensor, _, _ = self._tensorize_split(
+            X, None, None, allow_none=False)
+        adj = self._build_graph_from_df(X, X_tensor)
+        if self.data_parallel_enabled:
+            self._set_adj_buffer(adj)
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            if self.data_parallel_enabled:
+                y_pred = self.gnn(X_tensor).cpu().numpy()
+            else:
+                y_pred = self.gnn(X_tensor, adj).cpu().numpy()
+        if self.task_type == 'classification':
+            y_pred = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-y_pred))
+        else:
+            y_pred = np.clip(y_pred, 1e-6, None)
+        return y_pred.ravel()
+
+    def set_params(self, params: Dict[str, Any]):
+        for key, value in params.items():
+            if hasattr(self, key):
+                setattr(self, key, value)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Parameter {key} not found in GNN model.")
+        # 结构参数变化后需要重建骨架
+        self.gnn = SimpleGNN(
+            input_dim=self.input_dim,
+            hidden_dim=self.hidden_dim,
+            num_layers=self.num_layers,
+            dropout=self.dropout,
+            task_type=self.task_type
+        ).to(self.device)
+        return self
+
+
+# ===== 基础组件与训练封装 =====================================================
+
+# =============================================================================
+# 配置、预处理与训练器基类
+# =============================================================================
+@dataclass
+class BayesOptConfig:
+    model_nme: str
+    resp_nme: str
+    weight_nme: str
+    factor_nmes: List[str]
+    task_type: str = 'regression'
+    binary_resp_nme: Optional[str] = None
+    cate_list: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    prop_test: float = 0.25
+    rand_seed: Optional[int] = None
+    epochs: int = 100
+    use_gpu: bool = True
+    use_resn_data_parallel: bool = False
+    use_ft_data_parallel: bool = False
+    use_resn_ddp: bool = False
+    use_ft_ddp: bool = False
+    use_gnn_data_parallel: bool = False
+    use_gnn_ddp: bool = False
+    gnn_use_approx_knn: bool = True
+    gnn_approx_knn_threshold: int = 50000
+    gnn_graph_cache: Optional[str] = None
+    gnn_max_gpu_knn_nodes: Optional[int] = 200000
+    gnn_knn_gpu_mem_ratio: float = 0.9
+    gnn_knn_gpu_mem_overhead: float = 2.0
+    output_dir: Optional[str] = None
+    optuna_storage: Optional[str] = None
+    optuna_study_prefix: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+class OutputManager:
+    # 统一管理结果、图表与模型的输出路径
+
+    def __init__(self, root: Optional[str] = None, model_name: str = "model") -> None:
+        self.root = Path(root or os.getcwd())
+        self.model_name = model_name
+        self.plot_dir = self.root / 'plot'
+        self.result_dir = self.root / 'Results'
+        self.model_dir = self.root / 'model'
+
+    def _prepare(self, path: Path) -> str:
+        ensure_parent_dir(str(path))
+        return str(path)
+
+    def plot_path(self, filename: str) -> str:
+        return self._prepare(self.plot_dir / filename)
+
+    def result_path(self, filename: str) -> str:
+        return self._prepare(self.result_dir / filename)
+
+    def model_path(self, filename: str) -> str:
+        return self._prepare(self.model_dir / filename)
+
+
+class DatasetPreprocessor:
+    # 为各训练器准备通用的训练/测试数据视图
+
+    def __init__(self, train_df: pd.DataFrame, test_df: pd.DataFrame,
+                 config: BayesOptConfig) -> None:
+        self.config = config
+        self.train_data = train_df.copy(deep=True)
+        self.test_data = test_df.copy(deep=True)
+        self.num_features: List[str] = []
+        self.train_oht_data: Optional[pd.DataFrame] = None
+        self.test_oht_data: Optional[pd.DataFrame] = None
+        self.train_oht_scl_data: Optional[pd.DataFrame] = None
+        self.test_oht_scl_data: Optional[pd.DataFrame] = None
+        self.var_nmes: List[str] = []
+        self.cat_categories_for_shap: Dict[str, List[Any]] = {}
+
+    def run(self) -> "DatasetPreprocessor":
+        """执行预处理：类别编码、目标值裁剪以及数值特征标准化。"""
+        cfg = self.config
+        # 预先计算加权实际值，后续画图、校验都依赖该字段
+        self.train_data.loc[:, 'w_act'] = self.train_data[cfg.resp_nme] * \
+            self.train_data[cfg.weight_nme]
+        self.test_data.loc[:, 'w_act'] = self.test_data[cfg.resp_nme] * \
+            self.test_data[cfg.weight_nme]
+        if cfg.binary_resp_nme:
+            self.train_data.loc[:, 'w_binary_act'] = self.train_data[cfg.binary_resp_nme] * \
+                self.train_data[cfg.weight_nme]
+            self.test_data.loc[:, 'w_binary_act'] = self.test_data[cfg.binary_resp_nme] * \
+                self.test_data[cfg.weight_nme]
+        # 高分位裁剪用来吸收离群值；若删除会导致极端点主导损失
+        q99 = self.train_data[cfg.resp_nme].quantile(0.999)
+        self.train_data[cfg.resp_nme] = self.train_data[cfg.resp_nme].clip(
+            upper=q99)
+        cate_list = list(cfg.cate_list or [])
+        if cate_list:
+            for cate in cate_list:
+                self.train_data[cate] = self.train_data[cate].astype(
+                    'category')
+                self.test_data[cate] = self.test_data[cate].astype('category')
+                cats = self.train_data[cate].cat.categories
+                self.cat_categories_for_shap[cate] = list(cats)
+        self.num_features = [
+            nme for nme in cfg.factor_nmes if nme not in cate_list]
+        train_oht = self.train_data[cfg.factor_nmes +
+                                    [cfg.weight_nme] + [cfg.resp_nme]].copy()
+        test_oht = self.test_data[cfg.factor_nmes +
+                                  [cfg.weight_nme] + [cfg.resp_nme]].copy()
+        train_oht = pd.get_dummies(
+            train_oht,
+            columns=cate_list,
+            drop_first=True,
+            dtype=np.int8
+        )
+        test_oht = pd.get_dummies(
+            test_oht,
+            columns=cate_list,
+            drop_first=True,
+            dtype=np.int8
+        )
+
+        # 重新索引时将缺失的哑变量列补零，避免测试集列数与训练集不一致
+        test_oht = test_oht.reindex(columns=train_oht.columns, fill_value=0)
+
+        # 保留未缩放的 one-hot 数据，供交叉验证时按折内标准化避免泄露
+        self.train_oht_data = train_oht.copy(deep=True)
+        self.test_oht_data = test_oht.copy(deep=True)
+
+        train_oht_scaled = train_oht.copy(deep=True)
+        test_oht_scaled = test_oht.copy(deep=True)
+        for num_chr in self.num_features:
+            # 逐列标准化保障每个特征在同一量级，否则神经网络会难以收敛
+            scaler = StandardScaler()
+            train_oht_scaled[num_chr] = scaler.fit_transform(
+                train_oht_scaled[num_chr].values.reshape(-1, 1))
+            test_oht_scaled[num_chr] = scaler.transform(
+                test_oht_scaled[num_chr].values.reshape(-1, 1))
+        # 重新索引时将缺失的哑变量列补零，避免测试集列数与训练集不一致
+        test_oht_scaled = test_oht_scaled.reindex(
+            columns=train_oht_scaled.columns, fill_value=0)
+        self.train_oht_scl_data = train_oht_scaled
+        self.test_oht_scl_data = test_oht_scaled
+        self.var_nmes = list(
+            set(list(train_oht_scaled.columns)) -
+            set([cfg.weight_nme, cfg.resp_nme])
+        )
+        return self
+
+# =============================================================================
+# 训练器体系
+# =============================================================================
+
+
+class TrainerBase:
+    def __init__(self, context: "BayesOptModel", label: str, model_name_prefix: str) -> None:
+        self.ctx = context
+        self.label = label
+        self.model_name_prefix = model_name_prefix
+        self.model = None
+        self.best_params: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+        self.best_trial = None
+        self.enable_distributed_optuna: bool = False
+        self._distributed_forced_params: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+
+    @property
+    def config(self) -> BayesOptConfig:
+        return self.ctx.config
+
+    @property
+    def output(self) -> OutputManager:
+        return self.ctx.output_manager
+
+    def _get_model_filename(self) -> str:
+        ext = 'pkl' if self.label in ['Xgboost', 'GLM'] else 'pth'
+        return f'01_{self.ctx.model_nme}_{self.model_name_prefix}.{ext}'
+
+    def tune(self, max_evals: int, objective_fn=None) -> None:
+        # 通用的 Optuna 调参循环流程。
+        if objective_fn is None:
+            # 若子类未显式提供 objective_fn，则默认使用 cross_val 作为优化目标
+            objective_fn = self.cross_val
+
+        if self._should_use_distributed_optuna():
+            self._distributed_tune(max_evals, objective_fn)
+            return
+
+        total_trials = max(1, int(max_evals))
+        progress_counter = {"count": 0}
+
+        def objective_wrapper(trial: optuna.trial.Trial) -> float:
+            should_log = DistributedUtils.is_main_process()
+            if should_log:
+                current_idx = progress_counter["count"] + 1
+                print(
+                    f"[Optuna][{self.label}] Trial {current_idx}/{total_trials} started "
+                    f"(trial_id={trial.number})."
+                )
+            try:
+                result = objective_fn(trial)
+            except RuntimeError as exc:
+                if "out of memory" in str(exc).lower():
+                    print(
+                        f"[Optuna][{self.label}] OOM detected. Pruning trial and clearing CUDA cache."
+                    )
+                    self._clean_gpu()
+                    raise optuna.TrialPruned() from exc
+                raise
+            finally:
+                self._clean_gpu()
+                if should_log:
+                    progress_counter["count"] = progress_counter["count"] + 1
+                    trial_state = getattr(trial, "state", None)
+                    state_repr = getattr(trial_state, "name", "OK")
+                    print(
+                        f"[Optuna][{self.label}] Trial {progress_counter['count']}/{total_trials} finished "
+                        f"(status={state_repr})."
+                    )
+            return result
+
+        study = optuna.create_study(
+            direction='minimize',
+            sampler=optuna.samplers.TPESampler(seed=self.ctx.rand_seed)
+        )
+        study.optimize(objective_wrapper, n_trials=max_evals)
+        self.best_params = study.best_params
+        self.best_trial = study.best_trial
+
+        # 将最优参数保存为 CSV，方便复现
+        params_path = self.output.result_path(
+            f'{self.ctx.model_nme}_bestparams_{self.label.lower()}.csv'
+        )
+        pd.DataFrame(self.best_params, index=[0]).to_csv(params_path)
+
+    def train(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def save(self) -> None:
+        if self.model is None:
+            print(f"[save] Warning: No model to save for {self.label}")
+            return
+
+        path = self.output.model_path(self._get_model_filename())
+        if self.label in ['Xgboost', 'GLM']:
+            joblib.dump(self.model, path)
+        else:
+            # PyTorch 模型既可以只存 state_dict，也可以整个对象一起序列化
+            # 兼容历史行为：ResNetTrainer 保存 state_dict，FTTrainer 保存完整对象
+            if hasattr(self.model, 'resnet'):  # ResNetSklearn 模型
+                torch.save(self.model.resnet.state_dict(), path)
+            else:  # FTTransformerSklearn 或其他 PyTorch 模型
+                torch.save(self.model, path)
+
+    def load(self) -> None:
+        path = self.output.model_path(self._get_model_filename())
+        if not os.path.exists(path):
+            print(f"[load] Warning: Model file not found: {path}")
+            return
+
+        if self.label in ['Xgboost', 'GLM']:
+            self.model = joblib.load(path)
+        else:
+            # PyTorch 模型的加载需要根据结构区别处理
+            if self.label == 'ResNet' or self.label == 'ResNetClassifier':
+                # ResNet 需要重新构建骨架，结构参数依赖 ctx，因此交由子类处理
+                pass
+            else:
+                # FT-Transformer 序列化了整个对象，可直接加载后迁移到目标设备
+                loaded = torch.load(path, map_location='cpu')
+                self._move_to_device(loaded)
+                self.model = loaded
+
+    def _move_to_device(self, model_obj):
+        device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
+        if hasattr(model_obj, 'device'):
+            model_obj.device = device
+        if hasattr(model_obj, 'to'):
+            model_obj.to(device)
+        # 若对象内部还包含 ft/resnet 子模块，也要同时迁移设备
+        if hasattr(model_obj, 'ft'):
+            model_obj.ft.to(device)
+        if hasattr(model_obj, 'resnet'):
+            model_obj.resnet.to(device)
+        if hasattr(model_obj, 'gnn'):
+            model_obj.gnn.to(device)
+
+    def _should_use_distributed_optuna(self) -> bool:
+        if not self.enable_distributed_optuna:
+            return False
+        try:
+            world_env = int(os.environ.get("WORLD_SIZE", "1"))
+        except Exception:
+            world_env = 1
+        return world_env > 1
+
+    def _distributed_is_main(self) -> bool:
+        return DistributedUtils.is_main_process()
+
+    def _distributed_send_command(self, payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        if not self._should_use_distributed_optuna() or not self._distributed_is_main():
+            return
+        DistributedUtils.setup_ddp()
+        message = [payload]
+        dist.broadcast_object_list(message, src=0)
+
+    def _distributed_prepare_trial(self, params: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        if not self._should_use_distributed_optuna():
+            return
+        if not self._distributed_is_main():
+            return
+        self._distributed_send_command({"type": "RUN", "params": params})
+        dist.barrier()
+
+    def _distributed_worker_loop(self, objective_fn: Callable[[Optional[optuna.trial.Trial]], float]) -> None:
+        DistributedUtils.setup_ddp()
+        while True:
+            message = [None]
+            dist.broadcast_object_list(message, src=0)
+            payload = message[0]
+            if not isinstance(payload, dict):
+                continue
+            cmd = payload.get("type")
+            if cmd == "STOP":
+                best_params = payload.get("best_params")
+                if best_params is not None:
+                    self.best_params = best_params
+                break
+            if cmd == "RUN":
+                params = payload.get("params") or {}
+                self._distributed_forced_params = params
+                dist.barrier()
+                try:
+                    objective_fn(None)
+                except optuna.TrialPruned:
+                    pass
+                except Exception as exc:
+                    print(
+                        f"[Optuna][Worker][{self.label}] Exception: {exc}", flush=True)
+                finally:
+                    self._clean_gpu()
+                    dist.barrier()
+
+    def _distributed_tune(self, max_evals: int, objective_fn: Callable[[optuna.trial.Trial], float]) -> None:
+        DistributedUtils.setup_ddp()
+        if not self._distributed_is_main():
+            self._distributed_worker_loop(objective_fn)
+            return
+
+        total_trials = max(1, int(max_evals))
+        progress_counter = {"count": 0}
+
+        def objective_wrapper(trial: optuna.trial.Trial) -> float:
+            should_log = True
+            if should_log:
+                current_idx = progress_counter["count"] + 1
+                print(
+                    f"[Optuna][{self.label}] Trial {current_idx}/{total_trials} started "
+                    f"(trial_id={trial.number})."
+                )
+            try:
+                result = objective_fn(trial)
+            except RuntimeError as exc:
+                if "out of memory" in str(exc).lower():
+                    print(
+                        f"[Optuna][{self.label}] OOM detected. Pruning trial and clearing CUDA cache."
+                    )
+                    self._clean_gpu()
+                    raise optuna.TrialPruned() from exc
+                raise
+            finally:
+                self._clean_gpu()
+                if should_log:
+                    progress_counter["count"] = progress_counter["count"] + 1
+                    trial_state = getattr(trial, "state", None)
+                    state_repr = getattr(trial_state, "name", "OK")
+                    print(
+                        f"[Optuna][{self.label}] Trial {progress_counter['count']}/{total_trials} finished "
+                        f"(status={state_repr})."
+                    )
+                dist.barrier()
+            return result
+
+        study = optuna.create_study(
+            direction='minimize',
+            sampler=optuna.samplers.TPESampler(seed=self.ctx.rand_seed)
+        )
+        try:
+            study.optimize(objective_wrapper, n_trials=max_evals)
+            self.best_params = study.best_params
+            self.best_trial = study.best_trial
+            params_path = self.output.result_path(
+                f'{self.ctx.model_nme}_bestparams_{self.label.lower()}.csv'
+            )
+            pd.DataFrame(self.best_params, index=[0]).to_csv(params_path)
+        finally:
+            self._distributed_send_command(
+                {"type": "STOP", "best_params": self.best_params})
+
+    def _clean_gpu(self):
+        gc.collect()
+        if torch.cuda.is_available():
+            device = None
+            try:
+                device = getattr(self, "device", None)
+            except Exception:
+                device = None
+            if isinstance(device, torch.device):
+                try:
+                    torch.cuda.set_device(device)
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+            torch.cuda.empty_cache()
+            torch.cuda.ipc_collect()
+            torch.cuda.synchronize()
+
+    def _standardize_fold(self,
+                          X_train: pd.DataFrame,
+                          X_val: pd.DataFrame,
+                          columns: Optional[List[str]] = None
+                          ) -> Tuple[pd.DataFrame, pd.DataFrame, StandardScaler]:
+        """在训练折上拟合 StandardScaler，并同步变换训练/验证特征。
+
+        参数:
+            X_train: 训练集特征。
+            X_val: 验证集特征。
+            columns: 需要缩放的列名；默认对全部列进行缩放。
+
+        返回:
+            缩放后的训练/验证特征，以及已拟合好的 scaler 对象。
+        """
+        scaler = StandardScaler()
+        cols = list(columns) if columns else list(X_train.columns)
+        X_train_scaled = X_train.copy(deep=True)
+        X_val_scaled = X_val.copy(deep=True)
+        if cols:
+            scaler.fit(X_train_scaled[cols])
+            X_train_scaled[cols] = scaler.transform(X_train_scaled[cols])
+            X_val_scaled[cols] = scaler.transform(X_val_scaled[cols])
+        return X_train_scaled, X_val_scaled, scaler
+
+    def cross_val_generic(
+            self,
+            trial: optuna.trial.Trial,
+            hyperparameter_space: Dict[str, Callable[[optuna.trial.Trial], Any]],
+            data_provider: Callable[[], Tuple[pd.DataFrame, pd.Series, Optional[pd.Series]]],
+            model_builder: Callable[[Dict[str, Any]], Any],
+            metric_fn: Callable[[pd.Series, np.ndarray, Optional[pd.Series]], float],
+            sample_limit: Optional[int] = None,
+            preprocess_fn: Optional[Callable[[
+                pd.DataFrame, pd.DataFrame], Tuple[pd.DataFrame, pd.DataFrame]]] = None,
+            fit_predict_fn: Optional[
+                Callable[[Any, pd.DataFrame, pd.Series, Optional[pd.Series],
+                          pd.DataFrame, pd.Series, Optional[pd.Series],
+                          optuna.trial.Trial], np.ndarray]
+            ] = None,
+            cleanup_fn: Optional[Callable[[Any], None]] = None,
+            splitter: Optional[Iterable[Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]]] = None) -> float:
+        """通用的留出/交叉验证辅助函数，用于复用调参流程。
+
+        参数:
+            trial: 当前 Optuna trial。
+            hyperparameter_space: 参数采样器字典，键为参数名。
+            data_provider: 返回 (X, y, sample_weight) 的回调。
+            model_builder: 每个折构造新模型的回调。
+            metric_fn: 计算损失或得分的函数，入参为 y_true、y_pred、weight。
+            sample_limit: 可选样本上限，超出时随机抽样。
+            preprocess_fn: 可选的折内预处理函数，输入 (X_train, X_val)。
+            fit_predict_fn: 可选自定义训练与预测逻辑，返回验证集预测。
+            cleanup_fn: 可选清理函数，每个折结束后调用。
+            splitter: 可选的 (train_idx, val_idx) 迭代器；默认使用单个 ShuffleSplit。
+
+        返回:
+            各折验证指标的平均值。
+        """
+        params: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+        if self._distributed_forced_params is not None:
+            params = self._distributed_forced_params
+            self._distributed_forced_params = None
+        else:
+            if trial is None:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Missing Optuna trial for parameter sampling.")
+            params = {name: sampler(trial)
+                      for name, sampler in hyperparameter_space.items()}
+            if self._should_use_distributed_optuna():
+                self._distributed_prepare_trial(params)
+        X_all, y_all, w_all = data_provider()
+        if sample_limit is not None and len(X_all) > sample_limit:
+            sampled_idx = X_all.sample(
+                n=sample_limit,
+                random_state=self.ctx.rand_seed
+            ).index
+            X_all = X_all.loc[sampled_idx]
+            y_all = y_all.loc[sampled_idx]
+            w_all = w_all.loc[sampled_idx] if w_all is not None else None
+
+        splits = splitter or [next(ShuffleSplit(
+            n_splits=int(1 / self.ctx.prop_test),
+            test_size=self.ctx.prop_test,
+            random_state=self.ctx.rand_seed
+        ).split(X_all))]
+
+        losses: List[float] = []
+        for train_idx, val_idx in splits:
+            X_train = X_all.iloc[train_idx]
+            y_train = y_all.iloc[train_idx]
+            X_val = X_all.iloc[val_idx]
+            y_val = y_all.iloc[val_idx]
+            w_train = w_all.iloc[train_idx] if w_all is not None else None
+            w_val = w_all.iloc[val_idx] if w_all is not None else None
+
+            if preprocess_fn:
+                X_train, X_val = preprocess_fn(X_train, X_val)
+
+            model = model_builder(params)
+            try:
+                if fit_predict_fn:
+                    y_pred = fit_predict_fn(
+                        model, X_train, y_train, w_train,
+                        X_val, y_val, w_val, trial
+                    )
+                else:
+                    fit_kwargs = {}
+                    if w_train is not None:
+                        fit_kwargs["sample_weight"] = w_train
+                    model.fit(X_train, y_train, **fit_kwargs)
+                    y_pred = model.predict(X_val)
+                losses.append(metric_fn(y_val, y_pred, w_val))
+            finally:
+                if cleanup_fn:
+                    cleanup_fn(model)
+                self._clean_gpu()
+
+        return float(np.mean(losses))
+
+    # 预测 + 缓存逻辑
+    def _predict_and_cache(self,
+                           model,
+                           pred_prefix: str,
+                           use_oht: bool = False,
+                           design_fn=None) -> None:
+        if design_fn:
+            X_train = design_fn(train=True)
+            X_test = design_fn(train=False)
+        elif use_oht:
+            X_train = self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.var_nmes]
+            X_test = self.ctx.test_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.var_nmes]
+        else:
+            X_train = self.ctx.train_data[self.ctx.factor_nmes]
+            X_test = self.ctx.test_data[self.ctx.factor_nmes]
+
+        preds_train = model.predict(X_train)
+        preds_test = model.predict(X_test)
+
+        self.ctx.train_data[f'pred_{pred_prefix}'] = preds_train
+        self.ctx.test_data[f'pred_{pred_prefix}'] = preds_test
+        self.ctx.train_data[f'w_pred_{pred_prefix}'] = (
+            self.ctx.train_data[f'pred_{pred_prefix}'] *
+            self.ctx.train_data[self.ctx.weight_nme]
+        )
+        self.ctx.test_data[f'w_pred_{pred_prefix}'] = (
+            self.ctx.test_data[f'pred_{pred_prefix}'] *
+            self.ctx.test_data[self.ctx.weight_nme]
+        )
+
+    def _fit_predict_cache(self,
+                           model,
+                           X_train,
+                           y_train,
+                           sample_weight,
+                           pred_prefix: str,
+                           use_oht: bool = False,
+                           design_fn=None,
+                           fit_kwargs: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+                           sample_weight_arg: Optional[str] = 'sample_weight') -> None:
+        fit_kwargs = fit_kwargs.copy() if fit_kwargs else {}
+        if sample_weight is not None and sample_weight_arg:
+            fit_kwargs.setdefault(sample_weight_arg, sample_weight)
+        model.fit(X_train, y_train, **fit_kwargs)
+        self.ctx.model_label.append(self.label)
+        self._predict_and_cache(
+            model, pred_prefix, use_oht=use_oht, design_fn=design_fn)
+
+
+class XGBTrainer(TrainerBase):
+    def __init__(self, context: "BayesOptModel") -> None:
+        super().__init__(context, 'Xgboost', 'Xgboost')
+        self.model: Optional[xgb.XGBRegressor] = None
+
+    def _build_estimator(self) -> xgb.XGBRegressor:
+        params = dict(
+            objective=self.ctx.obj,
+            random_state=self.ctx.rand_seed,
+            subsample=0.9,
+            tree_method='gpu_hist' if self.ctx.use_gpu else 'hist',
+            enable_categorical=True,
+            predictor='gpu_predictor' if self.ctx.use_gpu else 'cpu_predictor'
+        )
+        if self.ctx.use_gpu:
+            params['gpu_id'] = 0
+            print(f">>> XGBoost using GPU ID: 0 (Single GPU Mode)")
+        return xgb.XGBRegressor(**params)
+
+    def cross_val(self, trial: optuna.trial.Trial) -> float:
+        learning_rate = trial.suggest_float(
+            'learning_rate', 1e-5, 1e-1, log=True)
+        gamma = trial.suggest_float('gamma', 0, 10000)
+        max_depth = trial.suggest_int('max_depth', 3, 25)
+        n_estimators = trial.suggest_int('n_estimators', 10, 500, step=10)
+        min_child_weight = trial.suggest_int(
+            'min_child_weight', 100, 10000, step=100)
+        reg_alpha = trial.suggest_float('reg_alpha', 1e-10, 1, log=True)
+        reg_lambda = trial.suggest_float('reg_lambda', 1e-10, 1, log=True)
+        if self.ctx.obj == 'reg:tweedie':
+            tweedie_variance_power = trial.suggest_float(
+                'tweedie_variance_power', 1, 2)
+        elif self.ctx.obj == 'count:poisson':
+            tweedie_variance_power = 1
+        elif self.ctx.obj == 'reg:gamma':
+            tweedie_variance_power = 2
+        else:
+            tweedie_variance_power = 1.5
+        clf = self._build_estimator()
+        params = {
+            'learning_rate': learning_rate,
+            'gamma': gamma,
+            'max_depth': max_depth,
+            'n_estimators': n_estimators,
+            'min_child_weight': min_child_weight,
+            'reg_alpha': reg_alpha,
+            'reg_lambda': reg_lambda
+        }
+        if self.ctx.obj == 'reg:tweedie':
+            params['tweedie_variance_power'] = tweedie_variance_power
+        clf.set_params(**params)
+        n_jobs = 1 if self.ctx.use_gpu else int(1 / self.ctx.prop_test)
+        acc = cross_val_score(
+            clf,
+            self.ctx.train_data[self.ctx.factor_nmes],
+            self.ctx.train_data[self.ctx.resp_nme].values,
+            fit_params=self.ctx.fit_params,
+            cv=self.ctx.cv,
+            scoring=make_scorer(
+                mean_tweedie_deviance,
+                power=tweedie_variance_power,
+                greater_is_better=False),
+            error_score='raise',
+            n_jobs=n_jobs
+        ).mean()
+        return -acc
+
+    def train(self) -> None:
+        if not self.best_params:
+            raise RuntimeError('请先运行 tune() 以获得 XGB 最优参数。')
+        self.model = self._build_estimator()
+        self.model.set_params(**self.best_params)
+        self._fit_predict_cache(
+            self.model,
+            self.ctx.train_data[self.ctx.factor_nmes],
+            self.ctx.train_data[self.ctx.resp_nme].values,
+            sample_weight=None,
+            pred_prefix='xgb',
+            fit_kwargs=self.ctx.fit_params,
+            sample_weight_arg=None  # 样本权重已通过 fit_kwargs 传入
+        )
+        self.ctx.xgb_best = self.model
+
+
+class GLMTrainer(TrainerBase):
+    def __init__(self, context: "BayesOptModel") -> None:
+        super().__init__(context, 'GLM', 'GLM')
+        self.model = None
+
+    def _select_family(self, tweedie_power: Optional[float] = None):
+        if self.ctx.task_type == 'classification':
+            return sm.families.Binomial()
+        if self.ctx.obj == 'count:poisson':
+            return sm.families.Poisson()
+        if self.ctx.obj == 'reg:gamma':
+            return sm.families.Gamma()
+        power = tweedie_power if tweedie_power is not None else 1.5
+        return sm.families.Tweedie(var_power=power, link=sm.families.links.log())
+
+    def _prepare_design(self, data: pd.DataFrame) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        # 为 statsmodels 设计矩阵添加截距项
+        X = data[self.ctx.var_nmes]
+        return sm.add_constant(X, has_constant='add')
+
+    def _metric_power(self, family, tweedie_power: Optional[float]) -> float:
+        if isinstance(family, sm.families.Poisson):
+            return 1.0
+        if isinstance(family, sm.families.Gamma):
+            return 2.0
+        if isinstance(family, sm.families.Tweedie):
+            return tweedie_power if tweedie_power is not None else getattr(family, 'var_power', 1.5)
+        return 1.5
+
+    def cross_val(self, trial: optuna.trial.Trial) -> float:
+        param_space = {
+            "alpha": lambda t: t.suggest_float('alpha', 1e-6, 1e2, log=True),
+            "l1_ratio": lambda t: t.suggest_float('l1_ratio', 0.0, 1.0)
+        }
+        if self.ctx.task_type == 'regression' and self.ctx.obj == 'reg:tweedie':
+            param_space["tweedie_power"] = lambda t: t.suggest_float(
+                'tweedie_power', 1.0, 2.0)
+
+        def data_provider():
+            data = self.ctx.train_oht_data if self.ctx.train_oht_data is not None else self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data
+            assert data is not None, "Preprocessed training data is missing."
+            return data[self.ctx.var_nmes], data[self.ctx.resp_nme], data[self.ctx.weight_nme]
+
+        def preprocess_fn(X_train, X_val):
+            X_train_s, X_val_s, _ = self._standardize_fold(
+                X_train, X_val, self.ctx.num_features)
+            return self._prepare_design(X_train_s), self._prepare_design(X_val_s)
+
+        metric_ctx: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        def model_builder(params):
+            family = self._select_family(params.get("tweedie_power"))
+            metric_ctx["family"] = family
+            metric_ctx["tweedie_power"] = params.get("tweedie_power")
+            return {
+                "family": family,
+                "alpha": params["alpha"],
+                "l1_ratio": params["l1_ratio"],
+                "tweedie_power": params.get("tweedie_power")
+            }
+
+        def fit_predict(model_cfg, X_train, y_train, w_train, X_val, y_val, w_val, _trial):
+            glm = sm.GLM(y_train, X_train,
+                         family=model_cfg["family"],
+                         freq_weights=w_train)
+            result = glm.fit_regularized(
+                alpha=model_cfg["alpha"],
+                L1_wt=model_cfg["l1_ratio"],
+                maxiter=200
+            )
+            return result.predict(X_val)
+
+        def metric_fn(y_true, y_pred, weight):
+            if self.ctx.task_type == 'classification':
+                y_pred_clipped = np.clip(y_pred, EPS, 1 - EPS)
+                return log_loss(y_true, y_pred_clipped, sample_weight=weight)
+            y_pred_safe = np.maximum(y_pred, EPS)
+            return mean_tweedie_deviance(
+                y_true,
+                y_pred_safe,
+                sample_weight=weight,
+                power=self._metric_power(
+                    metric_ctx.get("family"), metric_ctx.get("tweedie_power"))
+            )
+
+        return self.cross_val_generic(
+            trial=trial,
+            hyperparameter_space=param_space,
+            data_provider=data_provider,
+            model_builder=model_builder,
+            metric_fn=metric_fn,
+            preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn,
+            fit_predict_fn=fit_predict,
+            splitter=self.ctx.cv.split(self.ctx.train_oht_data[self.ctx.var_nmes]
+                                       if self.ctx.train_oht_data is not None else self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.var_nmes])
+        )
+
+    def train(self) -> None:
+        if not self.best_params:
+            raise RuntimeError('请先运行 tune() 以获得 GLM 最优参数。')
+        tweedie_power = self.best_params.get('tweedie_power')
+        family = self._select_family(tweedie_power)
+
+        X_train = self._prepare_design(self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data)
+        y_train = self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.resp_nme]
+        w_train = self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.weight_nme]
+
+        glm = sm.GLM(y_train, X_train, family=family,
+                     freq_weights=w_train)
+        self.model = glm.fit_regularized(
+            alpha=self.best_params['alpha'],
+            L1_wt=self.best_params['l1_ratio'],
+            maxiter=300
+        )
+
+        self.ctx.glm_best = self.model
+        self.ctx.model_label += [self.label]
+        self._predict_and_cache(
+            self.model,
+            'glm',
+            design_fn=lambda train: self._prepare_design(
+                self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data if train else self.ctx.test_oht_scl_data
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class ResNetTrainer(TrainerBase):
+    def __init__(self, context: "BayesOptModel") -> None:
+        if context.task_type == 'classification':
+            super().__init__(context, 'ResNetClassifier', 'ResNet')
+        else:
+            super().__init__(context, 'ResNet', 'ResNet')
+        self.model: Optional[ResNetSklearn] = None
+        self.enable_distributed_optuna = bool(context.config.use_resn_ddp)
+
+    # ========= 交叉验证（BayesOpt 用） =========
+    def cross_val(self, trial: optuna.trial.Trial) -> float:
+        # 针对 ResNet 的交叉验证流程，重点控制显存：
+        #   - 每个 fold 单独创建 ResNetSklearn，结束立刻释放资源；
+        #   - fold 完成后迁移模型到 CPU，删除对象并调用 gc/empty_cache；
+        #   - 可选：BayesOpt 期间只抽样部分训练集以减少显存压力。
+
+        base_tw_power = None
+        if self.ctx.task_type == 'regression':
+            if self.ctx.obj == 'count:poisson':
+                base_tw_power = 1.0
+            elif self.ctx.obj == 'reg:gamma':
+                base_tw_power = 2.0
+            else:
+                base_tw_power = 1.5
+
+        def data_provider():
+            data = self.ctx.train_oht_data if self.ctx.train_oht_data is not None else self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data
+            assert data is not None, "Preprocessed training data is missing."
+            return data[self.ctx.var_nmes], data[self.ctx.resp_nme], data[self.ctx.weight_nme]
+
+        metric_ctx: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        def model_builder(params):
+            power = params.get("tw_power", base_tw_power)
+            metric_ctx["tw_power"] = power
+            return ResNetSklearn(
+                model_nme=self.ctx.model_nme,
+                input_dim=len(self.ctx.var_nmes),
+                hidden_dim=params["hidden_dim"],
+                block_num=params["block_num"],
+                task_type=self.ctx.task_type,
+                epochs=self.ctx.epochs,
+                tweedie_power=power,
+                learning_rate=params["learning_rate"],
+                patience=5,
+                use_layernorm=True,
+                dropout=0.1,
+                residual_scale=0.1,
+                use_data_parallel=self.ctx.config.use_resn_data_parallel,
+                use_ddp=self.ctx.config.use_resn_ddp
+            )
+
+        def preprocess_fn(X_train, X_val):
+            X_train_s, X_val_s, _ = self._standardize_fold(
+                X_train, X_val, self.ctx.num_features)
+            return X_train_s, X_val_s
+
+        def fit_predict(model, X_train, y_train, w_train, X_val, y_val, w_val, trial_obj):
+            model.fit(
+                X_train, y_train, w_train,
+                X_val, y_val, w_val,
+                trial=trial_obj
+            )
+            return model.predict(X_val)
+
+        def metric_fn(y_true, y_pred, weight):
+            if self.ctx.task_type == 'regression':
+                return mean_tweedie_deviance(
+                    y_true,
+                    y_pred,
+                    sample_weight=weight,
+                    power=metric_ctx.get("tw_power", base_tw_power)
+                )
+            return log_loss(y_true, y_pred, sample_weight=weight)
+
+        sample_cap = data_provider()[0]
+        max_rows_for_resnet_bo = min(100000, int(len(sample_cap)/5))
+
+        return self.cross_val_generic(
+            trial=trial,
+            hyperparameter_space={
+                "learning_rate": lambda t: t.suggest_float('learning_rate', 1e-6, 1e-2, log=True),
+                "hidden_dim": lambda t: t.suggest_int('hidden_dim', 8, 32, step=2),
+                "block_num": lambda t: t.suggest_int('block_num', 2, 10),
+                **({"tw_power": lambda t: t.suggest_float('tw_power', 1.0, 2.0)} if self.ctx.task_type == 'regression' and self.ctx.obj == 'reg:tweedie' else {})
+            },
+            data_provider=data_provider,
+            model_builder=model_builder,
+            metric_fn=metric_fn,
+            sample_limit=max_rows_for_resnet_bo if len(
+                sample_cap) > max_rows_for_resnet_bo > 0 else None,
+            preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn,
+            fit_predict_fn=fit_predict,
+            cleanup_fn=lambda m: getattr(
+                getattr(m, "resnet", None), "to", lambda *_args, **_kwargs: None)("cpu")
+        )
+
+    # ========= 用最优超参训练最终 ResNet =========
+    def train(self) -> None:
+        if not self.best_params:
+            raise RuntimeError('请先运行 tune() 以获得 ResNet 最优参数。')
+
+        self.model = ResNetSklearn(
+            model_nme=self.ctx.model_nme,
+            input_dim=self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.var_nmes].shape[1],
+            task_type=self.ctx.task_type,
+            use_data_parallel=self.ctx.config.use_resn_data_parallel,
+            use_ddp=self.ctx.config.use_resn_ddp
+        )
+        self.model.set_params(self.best_params)
+
+        self._fit_predict_cache(
+            self.model,
+            self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.var_nmes],
+            self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.resp_nme],
+            sample_weight=self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.weight_nme],
+            pred_prefix='resn',
+            use_oht=True,
+            sample_weight_arg='w_train'
+        )
+
+        # 方便外部调用
+        self.ctx.resn_best = self.model
+
+    # ========= 保存 / 加载 =========
+    # ResNet 以 state_dict 形式保存，需要专用的加载流程，因此保留自定义加载方法
+    # 保存逻辑已在 TrainerBase 中实现（会自动检查 .resnet 属性）
+
+    def load(self) -> None:
+        # 将磁盘中的 ResNet 权重加载到当前设备，保持与上下文一致。
+        path = self.output.model_path(self._get_model_filename())
+        if os.path.exists(path):
+            resn_loaded = ResNetSklearn(
+                model_nme=self.ctx.model_nme,
+                input_dim=self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.var_nmes].shape[1],
+                task_type=self.ctx.task_type,
+                use_data_parallel=self.ctx.config.use_resn_data_parallel,
+                use_ddp=self.ctx.config.use_resn_ddp
+            )
+            state_dict = torch.load(path, map_location='cpu')
+            resn_loaded.resnet.load_state_dict(state_dict)
+
+            self._move_to_device(resn_loaded)
+            self.model = resn_loaded
+            self.ctx.resn_best = self.model
+        else:
+            print(f"[ResNetTrainer.load] 未找到模型文件：{path}")
+
+
+class FTTrainer(TrainerBase):
+    def __init__(self, context: "BayesOptModel") -> None:
+        if context.task_type == 'classification':
+            super().__init__(context, 'FTTransformerClassifier', 'FTTransformer')
+        else:
+            super().__init__(context, 'FTTransformer', 'FTTransformer')
+        self.model: Optional[FTTransformerSklearn] = None
+        self.enable_distributed_optuna = bool(context.config.use_ft_ddp)
+
+    def cross_val(self, trial: optuna.trial.Trial) -> float:
+        # 针对 FT-Transformer 的交叉验证，重点同样在显存控制：
+        #   - 收缩超参搜索空间，防止不必要的超大模型；
+        #   - 每个 fold 结束后立即释放 GPU 显存，确保下一个 trial 顺利进行。
+        # 超参空间适当缩小一点，避免特别大的模型
+        param_space: Dict[str, Callable[[optuna.trial.Trial], Any]] = {
+            "learning_rate": lambda t: t.suggest_float('learning_rate', 1e-5, 5e-4, log=True),
+            "d_model": lambda t: t.suggest_int('d_model', 8, 64, step=8),
+            "n_heads": lambda t: t.suggest_categorical('n_heads', [2, 4, 8]),
+            "n_layers": lambda t: t.suggest_int('n_layers', 2, 8),
+            "dropout": lambda t: t.suggest_float('dropout', 0.0, 0.2)
+        }
+        if self.ctx.task_type == 'regression' and self.ctx.obj == 'reg:tweedie':
+            param_space["tw_power"] = lambda t: t.suggest_float(
+                'tw_power', 1.0, 2.0)
+
+        metric_ctx: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        def data_provider():
+            data = self.ctx.train_data
+            return data[self.ctx.factor_nmes], data[self.ctx.resp_nme], data[self.ctx.weight_nme]
+
+        def model_builder(params):
+            d_model = params["d_model"]
+            n_layers = params["n_layers"]
+            approx_units = d_model * n_layers * \
+                max(1, len(self.ctx.factor_nmes))
+            if approx_units > 12_000_000:
+                print(
+                    f"[FTTrainer] Trial pruned early: d_model={d_model}, n_layers={n_layers} -> approx_units={approx_units}")
+                raise optuna.TrialPruned(
+                    "config exceeds safe memory budget; prune before training")
+
+            tw_power = params.get("tw_power")
+            if self.ctx.task_type == 'regression':
+                if self.ctx.obj == 'count:poisson':
+                    tw_power = 1.0
+                elif self.ctx.obj == 'reg:gamma':
+                    tw_power = 2.0
+                elif tw_power is None:
+                    tw_power = 1.5
+            metric_ctx["tw_power"] = tw_power
+
+            return FTTransformerSklearn(
+                model_nme=self.ctx.model_nme,
+                num_cols=self.ctx.num_features,
+                cat_cols=self.ctx.cate_list,
+                d_model=d_model,
+                n_heads=params["n_heads"],
+                n_layers=n_layers,
+                dropout=params["dropout"],
+                task_type=self.ctx.task_type,
+                epochs=self.ctx.epochs,
+                tweedie_power=tw_power,
+                learning_rate=params["learning_rate"],
+                patience=5,
+                use_data_parallel=self.ctx.config.use_ft_data_parallel,
+                use_ddp=self.ctx.config.use_ft_ddp
+            )
+
+        def fit_predict(model, X_train, y_train, w_train, X_val, y_val, w_val, trial_obj):
+            model.fit(
+                X_train, y_train, w_train,
+                X_val, y_val, w_val,
+                trial=trial_obj
+            )
+            return model.predict(X_val)
+
+        def metric_fn(y_true, y_pred, weight):
+            if self.ctx.task_type == 'regression':
+                return mean_tweedie_deviance(
+                    y_true,
+                    y_pred,
+                    sample_weight=weight,
+                    power=metric_ctx.get("tw_power", 1.5)
+                )
+            return log_loss(y_true, y_pred, sample_weight=weight)
+
+        data_for_cap = data_provider()[0]
+        max_rows_for_ft_bo = min(1000000, int(len(data_for_cap)/2))
+
+        return self.cross_val_generic(
+            trial=trial,
+            hyperparameter_space=param_space,
+            data_provider=data_provider,
+            model_builder=model_builder,
+            metric_fn=metric_fn,
+            sample_limit=max_rows_for_ft_bo if len(
+                data_for_cap) > max_rows_for_ft_bo > 0 else None,
+            fit_predict_fn=fit_predict,
+            cleanup_fn=lambda m: getattr(
+                getattr(m, "ft", None), "to", lambda *_args, **_kwargs: None)("cpu")
+        )
+
+    def train(self) -> None:
+        if not self.best_params:
+            raise RuntimeError('请先运行 tune() 以获得 FT-Transformer 最优参数。')
+        self.model = FTTransformerSklearn(
+            model_nme=self.ctx.model_nme,
+            num_cols=self.ctx.num_features,
+            cat_cols=self.ctx.cate_list,
+            task_type=self.ctx.task_type,
+            use_data_parallel=self.ctx.config.use_ft_data_parallel,
+            use_ddp=self.ctx.config.use_ft_ddp
+        )
+        self.model.set_params(self.best_params)
+        self._fit_predict_cache(
+            self.model,
+            self.ctx.train_data[self.ctx.factor_nmes],
+            self.ctx.train_data[self.ctx.resp_nme],
+            sample_weight=self.ctx.train_data[self.ctx.weight_nme],
+            pred_prefix='ft',
+            sample_weight_arg='w_train'
+        )
+        self.ctx.ft_best = self.model
+
+
+class GNNTrainer(TrainerBase):
+    def __init__(self, context: "BayesOptModel") -> None:
+        if context.task_type == 'classification':
+            super().__init__(context, 'GNNClassifier', 'GNN')
+        else:
+            super().__init__(context, 'GNN', 'GNN')
+        self.model: Optional[GraphNeuralNetSklearn] = None
+        self.enable_distributed_optuna = bool(context.config.use_gnn_ddp)
+
+    def cross_val(self, trial: optuna.trial.Trial) -> float:
+        base_tw_power = None
+        if self.ctx.task_type == 'regression':
+            if self.ctx.obj == 'count:poisson':
+                base_tw_power = 1.0
+            elif self.ctx.obj == 'reg:gamma':
+                base_tw_power = 2.0
+            else:
+                base_tw_power = 1.5
+
+        metric_ctx: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        def data_provider():
+            data = self.ctx.train_oht_data if self.ctx.train_oht_data is not None else self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data
+            assert data is not None, "Preprocessed training data is missing."
+            return data[self.ctx.var_nmes], data[self.ctx.resp_nme], data[self.ctx.weight_nme]
+
+        def preprocess_fn(X_train, X_val):
+            X_train_s, X_val_s, _ = self._standardize_fold(
+                X_train, X_val, self.ctx.num_features)
+            return X_train_s, X_val_s
+
+        def model_builder(params):
+            power = params.get("tw_power", base_tw_power)
+            metric_ctx["tw_power"] = power
+            return GraphNeuralNetSklearn(
+                model_nme=self.ctx.model_nme,
+                input_dim=len(self.ctx.var_nmes),
+                hidden_dim=params["hidden_dim"],
+                num_layers=params["num_layers"],
+                k_neighbors=params["k_neighbors"],
+                dropout=params["dropout"],
+                learning_rate=params["learning_rate"],
+                epochs=self.ctx.epochs,
+                patience=5,
+                task_type=self.ctx.task_type,
+                tweedie_power=power if power is not None else 1.5,
+                use_ddp=False,  # BO 阶段默认单卡，避免多进程与 Optuna 冲突
+                use_approx_knn=self.ctx.config.gnn_use_approx_knn,
+                approx_knn_threshold=self.ctx.config.gnn_approx_knn_threshold,
+                max_gpu_knn_nodes=self.ctx.config.gnn_max_gpu_knn_nodes,
+                knn_gpu_mem_ratio=self.ctx.config.gnn_knn_gpu_mem_ratio,
+                knn_gpu_mem_overhead=self.ctx.config.gnn_knn_gpu_mem_overhead
+            )
+
+        def fit_predict(model, X_train, y_train, w_train, X_val, y_val, w_val, trial_obj):
+            model.fit(
+                X_train, y_train, w_train,
+                X_val, y_val, w_val,
+                trial=trial_obj
+            )
+            return model.predict(X_val)
+
+        def metric_fn(y_true, y_pred, weight):
+            if self.ctx.task_type == 'regression':
+                return mean_tweedie_deviance(
+                    y_true,
+                    y_pred,
+                    sample_weight=weight,
+                    power=metric_ctx.get("tw_power", 1.5)
+                )
+            return log_loss(y_true, y_pred, sample_weight=weight)
+
+        base_X = data_provider()[0]
+        max_rows_for_gnn_bo = min(50_000, max(1, int(len(base_X) / 5)))
+
+        return self.cross_val_generic(
+            trial=trial,
+            hyperparameter_space={
+                "learning_rate": lambda t: t.suggest_float('learning_rate', 1e-5, 5e-3, log=True),
+                "hidden_dim": lambda t: t.suggest_int('hidden_dim', 16, 128, step=16),
+                "num_layers": lambda t: t.suggest_int('num_layers', 1, 4),
+                "k_neighbors": lambda t: t.suggest_int('k_neighbors', 5, 20),
+                "dropout": lambda t: t.suggest_float('dropout', 0.0, 0.3),
+                **({"tw_power": lambda t: t.suggest_float('tw_power', 1.0, 2.0)} if self.ctx.task_type == 'regression' and self.ctx.obj == 'reg:tweedie' else {})
+            },
+            data_provider=data_provider,
+            model_builder=model_builder,
+            metric_fn=metric_fn,
+            sample_limit=max_rows_for_gnn_bo if len(
+                base_X) > max_rows_for_gnn_bo > 0 else None,
+            preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn,
+            fit_predict_fn=fit_predict,
+            cleanup_fn=lambda m: getattr(
+                getattr(m, "gnn", None), "to", lambda *_args, **_kwargs: None)("cpu")
+        )
+
+    def train(self) -> None:
+        if not self.best_params:
+            raise RuntimeError('请先运行 tune() 以获得 GNN 最优参数。')
+
+        self.model = GraphNeuralNetSklearn(
+            model_nme=self.ctx.model_nme,
+            input_dim=self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.var_nmes].shape[1],
+            task_type=self.ctx.task_type,
+            use_data_parallel=self.ctx.config.use_gnn_data_parallel,
+            use_ddp=self.ctx.config.use_gnn_ddp,
+            use_approx_knn=self.ctx.config.gnn_use_approx_knn,
+            approx_knn_threshold=self.ctx.config.gnn_approx_knn_threshold,
+            graph_cache_path=self.ctx.config.gnn_graph_cache,
+            max_gpu_knn_nodes=self.ctx.config.gnn_max_gpu_knn_nodes,
+            knn_gpu_mem_ratio=self.ctx.config.gnn_knn_gpu_mem_ratio,
+            knn_gpu_mem_overhead=self.ctx.config.gnn_knn_gpu_mem_overhead
+        )
+        self.model.set_params(self.best_params)
+
+        self._fit_predict_cache(
+            self.model,
+            self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.var_nmes],
+            self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.resp_nme],
+            sample_weight=self.ctx.train_oht_scl_data[self.ctx.weight_nme],
+            pred_prefix='gnn',
+            use_oht=True,
+            sample_weight_arg='w_train'
+        )
+        self.ctx.gnn_best = self.model
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# BayesOpt 调度与 SHAP 工具集
+# =============================================================================
+class BayesOptModel:
+    def __init__(self, train_data, test_data,
+                 model_nme, resp_nme, weight_nme, factor_nmes, task_type='regression',
+                 binary_resp_nme=None,
+                 cate_list=None, prop_test=0.25, rand_seed=None,
+                 epochs=100, use_gpu=True,
+                 use_resn_data_parallel: bool = False, use_ft_data_parallel: bool = False,
+                 use_gnn_data_parallel: bool = False,
+                 use_resn_ddp: bool = False, use_ft_ddp: bool = False,
+                 use_gnn_ddp: bool = False,
+                 output_dir: Optional[str] = None,
+                 gnn_use_approx_knn: bool = True,
+                 gnn_approx_knn_threshold: int = 50000,
+                 gnn_graph_cache: Optional[str] = None,
+                 gnn_max_gpu_knn_nodes: Optional[int] = 200000,
+                 gnn_knn_gpu_mem_ratio: float = 0.9,
+                 gnn_knn_gpu_mem_overhead: float = 2.0):
+        """封装各类训练器的 BayesOpt 调度入口。
+
+        参数:
+            train_data: 训练集 DataFrame。
+            test_data: 测试集 DataFrame。
+            model_nme: 模型名称前缀，用于输出文件。
+            resp_nme: 目标列名。
+            weight_nme: 样本权重列名。
+            factor_nmes: 特征列名列表。
+            task_type: 'regression' 或 'classification'。
+            binary_resp_nme: 可选的二分类目标，用于成交率曲线。
+            cate_list: 类别型特征列表。
+            prop_test: 交叉验证中验证集的占比。
+            rand_seed: 随机种子。
+            epochs: 神经网络训练轮数。
+            use_gpu: 是否优先使用 GPU。
+            use_resn_data_parallel: ResNet 是否启用 DataParallel。
+            use_ft_data_parallel: FTTransformer 是否启用 DataParallel。
+            use_gnn_data_parallel: GNN 是否启用 DataParallel。
+            use_resn_ddp: ResNet 是否启用 DDP。
+            use_ft_ddp: FTTransformer 是否启用 DDP。
+            use_gnn_ddp: GNN 是否启用 DDP。
+            output_dir: 模型、结果与图表的输出根目录。
+            gnn_use_approx_knn: 是否在可用时使用近似 kNN。
+            gnn_approx_knn_threshold: 触发近似 kNN 的行数阈值。
+            gnn_graph_cache: 可选的邻接矩阵缓存路径。
+            gnn_max_gpu_knn_nodes: 超过该节点数则强制使用 CPU kNN 以避免 GPU OOM。
+            gnn_knn_gpu_mem_ratio: GPU kNN 允许使用的可用显存比例。
+            gnn_knn_gpu_mem_overhead: GPU kNN 估算的临时显存放大倍数。
+        """
+        cfg = BayesOptConfig(
+            model_nme=model_nme,
+            task_type=task_type,
+            resp_nme=resp_nme,
+            weight_nme=weight_nme,
+            factor_nmes=list(factor_nmes),
+            binary_resp_nme=binary_resp_nme,
+            cate_list=list(cate_list) if cate_list else None,
+            prop_test=prop_test,
+            rand_seed=rand_seed,
+            epochs=epochs,
+            use_gpu=use_gpu,
+            use_resn_data_parallel=use_resn_data_parallel,
+            use_ft_data_parallel=use_ft_data_parallel,
+            use_resn_ddp=use_resn_ddp,
+            use_gnn_data_parallel=use_gnn_data_parallel,
+            use_ft_ddp=use_ft_ddp,
+            use_gnn_ddp=use_gnn_ddp,
+            gnn_use_approx_knn=gnn_use_approx_knn,
+            gnn_approx_knn_threshold=gnn_approx_knn_threshold,
+            gnn_graph_cache=gnn_graph_cache,
+            gnn_max_gpu_knn_nodes=gnn_max_gpu_knn_nodes,
+            gnn_knn_gpu_mem_ratio=gnn_knn_gpu_mem_ratio,
+            gnn_knn_gpu_mem_overhead=gnn_knn_gpu_mem_overhead,
+            output_dir=output_dir
+        )
+        self.config = cfg
+        self.model_nme = cfg.model_nme
+        self.task_type = cfg.task_type
+        self.resp_nme = cfg.resp_nme
+        self.weight_nme = cfg.weight_nme
+        self.factor_nmes = cfg.factor_nmes
+        self.binary_resp_nme = cfg.binary_resp_nme
+        self.cate_list = list(cfg.cate_list or [])
+        self.prop_test = cfg.prop_test
+        self.epochs = cfg.epochs
+        self.rand_seed = cfg.rand_seed if cfg.rand_seed is not None else np.random.randint(
+            1, 10000)
+        self.use_gpu = bool(cfg.use_gpu and torch.cuda.is_available())
+        self.output_manager = OutputManager(
+            cfg.output_dir or os.getcwd(), self.model_nme)
+
+        preprocessor = DatasetPreprocessor(train_data, test_data, cfg).run()
+        self.train_data = preprocessor.train_data
+        self.test_data = preprocessor.test_data
+        self.train_oht_data = preprocessor.train_oht_data
+        self.test_oht_data = preprocessor.test_oht_data
+        self.train_oht_scl_data = preprocessor.train_oht_scl_data
+        self.test_oht_scl_data = preprocessor.test_oht_scl_data
+        self.var_nmes = preprocessor.var_nmes
+        self.num_features = preprocessor.num_features
+        self.cat_categories_for_shap = preprocessor.cat_categories_for_shap
+
+        self.cv = ShuffleSplit(n_splits=int(1/self.prop_test),
+                               test_size=self.prop_test,
+                               random_state=self.rand_seed)
+        if self.task_type == 'classification':
+            self.obj = 'binary:logistic'
+        else:  # 回归任务
+            if 'f' in self.model_nme:
+                self.obj = 'count:poisson'
+            elif 's' in self.model_nme:
+                self.obj = 'reg:gamma'
+            elif 'bc' in self.model_nme:
+                self.obj = 'reg:tweedie'
+            else:
+                self.obj = 'reg:tweedie'
+        self.fit_params = {
+            'sample_weight': self.train_data[self.weight_nme].values
+        }
+        self.model_label: List[str] = []
+        self.optuna_storage = cfg.optuna_storage
+        self.optuna_study_prefix = cfg.optuna_study_prefix or "bayesopt"
+
+        # 记录各模型训练器，后续统一通过标签访问，方便扩展新模型
+        self.trainers: Dict[str, TrainerBase] = {
+            'glm': GLMTrainer(self),
+            'xgb': XGBTrainer(self),
+            'resn': ResNetTrainer(self),
+            'gnn': GNNTrainer(self),
+            'ft': FTTrainer(self)
+        }
+        self.xgb_best = None
+        self.resn_best = None
+        self.glm_best = None
+        self.ft_best = None
+        self.gnn_best = None
+        self.best_xgb_params = None
+        self.best_resn_params = None
+        self.best_ft_params = None
+        self.best_gnn_params = None
+        self.best_xgb_trial = None
+        self.best_resn_trial = None
+        self.best_ft_trial = None
+        self.best_gnn_trial = None
+        self.best_glm_params = None
+        self.best_glm_trial = None
+        self.xgb_load = None
+        self.resn_load = None
+        self.ft_load = None
+        self.gnn_load = None
+
+    # 定义单因素画图函数
+    def plot_oneway(self, n_bins=10):
+        for c in self.factor_nmes:
+            fig = plt.figure(figsize=(7, 5))
+            if c in self.cate_list:
+                group_col = c
+                plot_source = self.train_data
+            else:
+                group_col = f'{c}_bins'
+                bins = pd.qcut(
+                    self.train_data[c],
+                    n_bins,
+                    duplicates='drop'  # 注意：如果分位数重复会丢 bin，避免异常终止
+                )
+                plot_source = self.train_data.assign(**{group_col: bins})
+            plot_data = plot_source.groupby(
+                [group_col], observed=True).sum(numeric_only=True)
+            plot_data.reset_index(inplace=True)
+            plot_data['act_v'] = plot_data['w_act'] / \
+                plot_data[self.weight_nme]
+            plot_data.head()
+            ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
+            ax.plot(plot_data.index, plot_data['act_v'],
+                    label='Actual', color='red')
+            ax.set_title(
+                'Analysis of  %s : Train Data' % group_col,
+                fontsize=8)
+            plt.xticks(plot_data.index,
+                       list(plot_data[group_col].astype(str)),
+                       rotation=90)
+            if len(list(plot_data[group_col].astype(str))) > 50:
+                plt.xticks(fontsize=3)
+            else:
+                plt.xticks(fontsize=6)
+            plt.yticks(fontsize=6)
+            ax2 = ax.twinx()
+            ax2.bar(plot_data.index,
+                    plot_data[self.weight_nme],
+                    alpha=0.5, color='seagreen')
+            plt.yticks(fontsize=6)
+            plt.margins(0.05)
+            plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.3)
+            save_path = self.output_manager.plot_path(
+                f'00_{self.model_nme}_{group_col}_oneway.png')
+            plt.savefig(save_path, dpi=300)
+            plt.close(fig)
+
+    # 定义通用优化函数
+    def optimize_model(self, model_key: str, max_evals: int = 100):
+        if model_key not in self.trainers:
+            print(f"Warning: Unknown model key: {model_key}")
+            return
+
+        trainer = self.trainers[model_key]
+        trainer.tune(max_evals)
+        trainer.train()
+
+        # 更新上下文字段，保证历史接口的兼容性
+        setattr(self, f"{model_key}_best", trainer.model)
+        setattr(self, f"best_{model_key}_params", trainer.best_params)
+        setattr(self, f"best_{model_key}_trial", trainer.best_trial)
+
+    # 定义GLM贝叶斯优化函数
+    def bayesopt_glm(self, max_evals=50):
+        self.optimize_model('glm', max_evals)
+
+    # 定义Xgboost贝叶斯优化函数
+    def bayesopt_xgb(self, max_evals=100):
+        self.optimize_model('xgb', max_evals)
+
+    # 定义ResNet贝叶斯优化函数
+    def bayesopt_resnet(self, max_evals=100):
+        self.optimize_model('resn', max_evals)
+
+    # 定义 GNN 贝叶斯优化函数
+    def bayesopt_gnn(self, max_evals=50):
+        self.optimize_model('gnn', max_evals)
+
+    # 定义 FT-Transformer 贝叶斯优化函数
+    def bayesopt_ft(self, max_evals=50):
+        self.optimize_model('ft', max_evals)
+
+    # 绘制提纯曲线
+    def plot_lift(self, model_label, pred_nme, n_bins=10):
+        model_map = {
+            'Xgboost': 'pred_xgb',
+            'ResNet': 'pred_resn',
+            'ResNetClassifier': 'pred_resn',
+            'FTTransformer': 'pred_ft',
+            'FTTransformerClassifier': 'pred_ft',
+            'GLM': 'pred_glm',
+            'GNN': 'pred_gnn',
+            'GNNClassifier': 'pred_gnn'
+        }
+        for k, v in model_map.items():
+            if model_label.startswith(k):
+                pred_nme = v
+                break
+
+        fig = plt.figure(figsize=(11, 5))
+        for pos, (title, data) in zip([121, 122],
+                                      [('Lift Chart on Train Data', self.train_data),
+                                       ('Lift Chart on Test Data', self.test_data)]):
+            lift_df = pd.DataFrame({
+                'pred': data[pred_nme].values,
+                'w_pred': data[f'w_{pred_nme}'].values,
+                'act': data['w_act'].values,
+                'weight': data[self.weight_nme].values
+            })
+            plot_data = PlotUtils.split_data(lift_df, 'pred', 'weight', n_bins)
+            denom = np.maximum(plot_data['weight'], EPS)
+            plot_data['exp_v'] = plot_data['w_pred'] / denom
+            plot_data['act_v'] = plot_data['act'] / denom
+            plot_data = plot_data.reset_index()
+
+            ax = fig.add_subplot(pos)
+            PlotUtils.plot_lift_ax(ax, plot_data, title)
+
+        plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.3)
+        save_path = self.output_manager.plot_path(
+            f'01_{self.model_nme}_{model_label}_lift.png')
+        plt.savefig(save_path, dpi=300)
+        plt.show()
+        plt.close(fig)
+
+    # 绘制双提纯曲线
+    def plot_dlift(self, model_comp: List[str] = ['xgb', 'resn'], n_bins: int = 10) -> None:
+        # 绘制双提纯曲线，对比两个模型在不同分箱下的表现。
+        # 参数说明:
+        #   model_comp: 需要对比的模型简称（如 ['xgb', 'resn']，支持 'xgb'/'resn'/'ft'）。
+        #   n_bins: 分箱数量，用于控制 lift 曲线的粒度。
+        if len(model_comp) != 2:
+            raise ValueError("`model_comp` 必须包含两个模型进行对比。")
+
+        model_name_map = {
+            'xgb': 'Xgboost',
+            'resn': 'ResNet',
+            'ft': 'FTTransformer',
+            'glm': 'GLM',
+            'gnn': 'GNN'
+        }
+
+        name1, name2 = model_comp
+        if name1 not in model_name_map or name2 not in model_name_map:
+            raise ValueError(f"不支持的模型简称。请从 {list(model_name_map.keys())} 中选择。")
+
+        fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(11, 5))
+        datasets = {
+            'Train Data': self.train_data,
+            'Test Data': self.test_data
+        }
+
+        for ax, (data_name, data) in zip(axes, datasets.items()):
+            pred1_col = f'w_pred_{name1}'
+            pred2_col = f'w_pred_{name2}'
+
+            if pred1_col not in data.columns or pred2_col not in data.columns:
+                print(
+                    f"警告: 在 {data_name} 中找不到预测列 {pred1_col} 或 {pred2_col}。跳过绘图。")
+                continue
+
+            lift_data = pd.DataFrame({
+                'pred1': data[pred1_col].values,
+                'pred2': data[pred2_col].values,
+                'diff_ly': data[pred1_col].values / np.maximum(data[pred2_col].values, EPS),
+                'act': data['w_act'].values,
+                'weight': data[self.weight_nme].values
+            })
+            plot_data = PlotUtils.split_data(
+                lift_data, 'diff_ly', 'weight', n_bins)
+            denom = np.maximum(plot_data['act'], EPS)
+            plot_data['exp_v1'] = plot_data['pred1'] / denom
+            plot_data['exp_v2'] = plot_data['pred2'] / denom
+            plot_data['act_v'] = plot_data['act'] / denom
+            plot_data.reset_index(inplace=True)
+
+            label1 = model_name_map[name1]
+            label2 = model_name_map[name2]
+
+            PlotUtils.plot_dlift_ax(
+                ax, plot_data, f'Double Lift Chart on {data_name}', label1, label2)
+
+        plt.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.25, top=0.95, right=0.8, wspace=0.3)
+        save_path = self.output_manager.plot_path(
+            f'02_{self.model_nme}_dlift_{name1}_vs_{name2}.png')
+        plt.savefig(save_path, dpi=300)
+        plt.show()
+        plt.close(fig)
+
+    # 绘制成交率提升曲线
+    def plot_conversion_lift(self, model_pred_col: str, n_bins: int = 20):
+        if not self.binary_resp_nme:
+            print("错误: 未在 BayesOptModel 初始化时提供 `binary_resp_nme`。无法绘制成交率曲线。")
+            return
+
+        fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(14, 6), sharey=True)
+        datasets = {
+            'Train Data': self.train_data,
+            'Test Data': self.test_data
+        }
+
+        for ax, (data_name, data) in zip(axes, datasets.items()):
+            if model_pred_col not in data.columns:
+                print(f"警告: 在 {data_name} 中找不到预测列 '{model_pred_col}'。跳过绘图。")
+                continue
+
+            # 按模型预测分排序，并计算分箱
+            plot_data = data.sort_values(by=model_pred_col).copy()
+            plot_data['cum_weight'] = plot_data[self.weight_nme].cumsum()
+            total_weight = plot_data[self.weight_nme].sum()
+
+            if total_weight > EPS:
+                plot_data['bin'] = pd.cut(
+                    plot_data['cum_weight'],
+                    bins=n_bins,
+                    labels=False,
+                    right=False
+                )
+            else:
+                plot_data['bin'] = 0
+
+            # 按分箱聚合
+            lift_agg = plot_data.groupby('bin').agg(
+                total_weight=(self.weight_nme, 'sum'),
+                actual_conversions=(self.binary_resp_nme, 'sum'),
+                weighted_conversions=('w_binary_act', 'sum'),
+                avg_pred=(model_pred_col, 'mean')
+            ).reset_index()
+
+            # 计算成交率
+            lift_agg['conversion_rate'] = lift_agg['weighted_conversions'] / \
+                lift_agg['total_weight']
+
+            # 计算整体平均成交率
+            overall_conversion_rate = data['w_binary_act'].sum(
+            ) / data[self.weight_nme].sum()
+            ax.axhline(y=overall_conversion_rate, color='gray', linestyle='--',
+                       label=f'Overall Avg Rate ({overall_conversion_rate:.2%})')
+
+            ax.plot(lift_agg['bin'], lift_agg['conversion_rate'],
+                    marker='o', linestyle='-', label='Actual Conversion Rate')
+            ax.set_title(f'Conversion Rate Lift Chart on {data_name}')
+            ax.set_xlabel(f'Model Score Decile (based on {model_pred_col})')
+            ax.set_ylabel('Conversion Rate')
+            ax.grid(True, linestyle='--', alpha=0.6)
+            ax.legend()
+
+        plt.tight_layout()
+        plt.show()
+
+    # 保存模型
+    def save_model(self, model_name=None):
+        keys = [model_name] if model_name else self.trainers.keys()
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in self.trainers:
+                self.trainers[key].save()
+            else:
+                if model_name:  # 仅在用户指定模型名时输出告警
+                    print(f"[save_model] Warning: Unknown model key {key}")
+
+    def load_model(self, model_name=None):
+        keys = [model_name] if model_name else self.trainers.keys()
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in self.trainers:
+                self.trainers[key].load()
+                # 同步上下文字段
+                trainer = self.trainers[key]
+                if trainer.model is not None:
+                    setattr(self, f"{key}_best", trainer.model)
+                    # 如需兼容旧版字段，也同步更新 xxx_load
+                    # 旧版只维护 xgb_load/resn_load/ft_load，未包含 glm_load
+                    if key in ['xgb', 'resn', 'ft']:
+                        setattr(self, f"{key}_load", trainer.model)
+            else:
+                if model_name:
+                    print(f"[load_model] Warning: Unknown model key {key}")
+
+    def _sample_rows(self, data: pd.DataFrame, n: int) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        if len(data) == 0:
+            return data
+        return data.sample(min(len(data), n), random_state=self.rand_seed)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _shap_nsamples(arr: np.ndarray, max_nsamples: int = 300) -> int:
+        min_needed = arr.shape[1] + 2
+        return max(min_needed, min(max_nsamples, arr.shape[0] * arr.shape[1]))
+
+    def _build_ft_shap_matrix(self, data: pd.DataFrame) -> np.ndarray:
+        matrices = []
+        for col in self.factor_nmes:
+            s = data[col]
+            if col in self.cate_list:
+                cats = pd.Categorical(
+                    s,
+                    categories=self.cat_categories_for_shap[col]
+                )
+                codes = np.asarray(cats.codes, dtype=np.float64).reshape(-1, 1)
+                matrices.append(codes)
+            else:
+                vals = pd.to_numeric(s, errors="coerce")
+                arr = vals.to_numpy(dtype=np.float64, copy=True).reshape(-1, 1)
+                matrices.append(arr)
+        X_mat = np.concatenate(matrices, axis=1)  # 结果形状为 (N, F)
+        return X_mat
+
+    def _decode_ft_shap_matrix_to_df(self, X_mat: np.ndarray) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        data_dict = {}
+        for j, col in enumerate(self.factor_nmes):
+            col_vals = X_mat[:, j]
+            if col in self.cate_list:
+                cats = self.cat_categories_for_shap[col]
+                codes = np.round(col_vals).astype(int)
+                codes = np.clip(codes, -1, len(cats) - 1)
+                cat_series = pd.Categorical.from_codes(
+                    codes,
+                    categories=cats
+                )
+                data_dict[col] = cat_series
+            else:
+                data_dict[col] = col_vals.astype(float)
+
+        df = pd.DataFrame(data_dict, columns=self.factor_nmes)
+        for col in self.cate_list:
+            if col in df.columns:
+                df[col] = df[col].astype("category")
+        return df
+
+    def _build_glm_design(self, data: pd.DataFrame) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        X = data[self.var_nmes]
+        return sm.add_constant(X, has_constant='add')
+
+    def _compute_shap_core(self,
+                           model_key: str,
+                           n_background: int,
+                           n_samples: int,
+                           on_train: bool,
+                           X_df: pd.DataFrame,
+                           prep_fn,
+                           predict_fn,
+                           cleanup_fn=None):
+        if model_key not in self.trainers or self.trainers[model_key].model is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Model {model_key} not trained.")
+        if cleanup_fn:
+            cleanup_fn()
+        bg_df = self._sample_rows(X_df, n_background)
+        bg_mat = prep_fn(bg_df)
+        explainer = shap.KernelExplainer(predict_fn, bg_mat)
+        ex_df = self._sample_rows(X_df, n_samples)
+        ex_mat = prep_fn(ex_df)
+        nsample_eff = self._shap_nsamples(ex_mat)
+        shap_values = explainer.shap_values(ex_mat, nsamples=nsample_eff)
+        bg_pred = predict_fn(bg_mat)
+        base_value = float(np.asarray(bg_pred).mean())
+
+        return {
+            "explainer": explainer,
+            "X_explain": ex_df,
+            "shap_values": shap_values,
+            "base_value": base_value
+        }
+
+    # ========= GLM 的 SHAP 解释 =========
+    def compute_shap_glm(self, n_background: int = 500,
+                         n_samples: int = 200,
+                         on_train: bool = True):
+        data = self.train_oht_scl_data if on_train else self.test_oht_scl_data
+        design_all = self._build_glm_design(data)
+        design_cols = list(design_all.columns)
+
+        def predict_wrapper(x_np):
+            x_df = pd.DataFrame(x_np, columns=design_cols)
+            y_pred = self.glm_best.predict(x_df)
+            return np.asarray(y_pred, dtype=np.float64).reshape(-1)
+
+        self.shap_glm = self._compute_shap_core(
+            'glm', n_background, n_samples, on_train,
+            X_df=design_all,
+            prep_fn=lambda df: df.to_numpy(dtype=np.float64),
+            predict_fn=predict_wrapper
+        )
+        return self.shap_glm
+
+    # ========= XGBoost 的 SHAP 解释 =========
+    def compute_shap_xgb(self, n_background: int = 500,
+                         n_samples: int = 200,
+                         on_train: bool = True):
+        data = self.train_data if on_train else self.test_data
+        X_raw = data[self.factor_nmes]
+
+        def predict_wrapper(x_mat):
+            df_input = self._decode_ft_shap_matrix_to_df(x_mat)
+            return self.xgb_best.predict(df_input)
+
+        self.shap_xgb = self._compute_shap_core(
+            'xgb', n_background, n_samples, on_train,
+            X_df=X_raw,
+            prep_fn=lambda df: self._build_ft_shap_matrix(
+                df).astype(np.float64),
+            predict_fn=predict_wrapper
+        )
+        return self.shap_xgb
+
+    # ========= ResNet 的 SHAP 解释 =========
+    def _resn_predict_wrapper(self, X_np):
+        model = self.resn_best.resnet.to("cpu")
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            X_tensor = torch.tensor(X_np, dtype=torch.float32)
+            y_pred = model(X_tensor).cpu().numpy()
+        y_pred = np.clip(y_pred, 1e-6, None)
+        return y_pred.reshape(-1)
+
+    def compute_shap_resn(self, n_background: int = 500,
+                          n_samples: int = 200,
+                          on_train: bool = True):
+        data = self.train_oht_scl_data if on_train else self.test_oht_scl_data
+        X = data[self.var_nmes]
+
+        def cleanup():
+            self.resn_best.device = torch.device("cpu")
+            self.resn_best.resnet.to("cpu")
+            if torch.cuda.is_available():
+                torch.cuda.empty_cache()
+
+        self.shap_resn = self._compute_shap_core(
+            'resn', n_background, n_samples, on_train,
+            X_df=X,
+            prep_fn=lambda df: df.to_numpy(dtype=np.float64),
+            predict_fn=lambda x: self._resn_predict_wrapper(x),
+            cleanup_fn=cleanup
+        )
+        return self.shap_resn
+
+    # ========= GNN 的 SHAP 解释 =========
+    def _gnn_predict_wrapper(self, X_np: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+        X_df = pd.DataFrame(X_np, columns=self.var_nmes)
+        y_pred = self.gnn_best.predict(X_df)
+        return np.asarray(y_pred, dtype=np.float64).reshape(-1)
+
+    def compute_shap_gnn(self, n_background: int = 300,
+                         n_samples: int = 150,
+                         on_train: bool = True):
+        data = self.train_oht_scl_data if on_train else self.test_oht_scl_data
+        if data is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("One-hot 标准化数据未准备好，无法计算 GNN SHAP。")
+        X = data[self.var_nmes]
+
+        def cleanup():
+            self.gnn_best.device = torch.device("cpu")
+            self.gnn_best.gnn.to("cpu")
+            if torch.cuda.is_available():
+                torch.cuda.empty_cache()
+
+        self.shap_gnn = self._compute_shap_core(
+            'gnn', n_background, n_samples, on_train,
+            X_df=X,
+            prep_fn=lambda df: df.to_numpy(dtype=np.float64),
+            predict_fn=lambda x: self._gnn_predict_wrapper(x),
+            cleanup_fn=cleanup
+        )
+        return self.shap_gnn
+
+    # ========= FT-Transformer 的 SHAP 解释 =========
+    def _ft_shap_predict_wrapper(self, X_mat: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+        df_input = self._decode_ft_shap_matrix_to_df(X_mat)
+        y_pred = self.ft_best.predict(df_input)
+        return np.asarray(y_pred, dtype=np.float64).reshape(-1)
+
+    def compute_shap_ft(self, n_background: int = 500,
+                        n_samples: int = 200,
+                        on_train: bool = True):
+        data = self.train_data if on_train else self.test_data
+        X_raw = data[self.factor_nmes]
+
+        def cleanup():
+            self.ft_best.device = torch.device("cpu")
+            self.ft_best.ft.to("cpu")
+            if torch.cuda.is_available():
+                torch.cuda.empty_cache()
+
+        self.shap_ft = self._compute_shap_core(
+            'ft', n_background, n_samples, on_train,
+            X_df=X_raw,
+            prep_fn=lambda df: self._build_ft_shap_matrix(
+                df).astype(np.float64),
+            predict_fn=self._ft_shap_predict_wrapper,
+            cleanup_fn=cleanup
+        )
+        return self.shap_ft