hyperverse 0.0.1__py3-none-any.whl

hyperdrone/_vendor/rl-tools/include/rl_tools/rendering/raytracing/backends/webgpu/operations_cpu.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1455 @@
+#include "../../../../version.h"
+#include "../../../../rl_tools.h"
+#if (defined(RL_TOOLS_DISABLE_INCLUDE_GUARDS) || !defined(RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_BACKENDS_WEBGPU_OPERATIONS_CPU_H)) && (RL_TOOLS_USE_THIS_VERSION == 1)
+#pragma once
+#define RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_BACKENDS_WEBGPU_OPERATIONS_CPU_H
+
+// WebGPU backend host: implements the common Renderer interface against the standard webgpu.h
+// (wgpu-native is the reference runtime; Dawn/emscripten are drop-in alternatives). Standard
+// WebGPU exposes no acceleration structures, so the BVHs are built on the host with the generic
+// backend's deterministic builder and traversed in WGSL (device.wgsl); outputs are copied into
+// staging buffers and read back into the host-resident tensors by the *_sync verbs and the
+// renderer memory-domain copy (registered ReadbackTargets let the settle run on the Context
+// alone). The only non-standard calls are wgpuDevicePoll (blocking wait) and
+// wgpuInstanceEnumerateAdapters (RL_TOOLS_WEBGPU_DEVICE_INDEX), both isolated in the helpers
+// below; the __EMSCRIPTEN__ (browser) build replaces them with wgpuInstanceRequestAdapter and
+// ASYNCIFY event-loop yields.
+#include "../../renderer.h"
+#include "../../operations_cpu_common.h"
+#include "../specialization.h"
+#include "../generic/operations_generic.h"
+#include "context.h"
+#include "bvh_sah.h"
+#include "device_source.h"
+
+#include <webgpu/webgpu.h>
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+#include <emscripten.h>
+#else
+#include <webgpu/wgpu.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <utility>
+
+RL_TOOLS_NAMESPACE_WRAPPER_START
+namespace rl_tools {
+    namespace rendering::raytracing::backends {
+        template <typename SPEC>
+        struct RendererState<rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu, SPEC>: webgpu::Context {};
+
+        template <typename SPEC>
+        struct LibraryState<rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu, SPEC> {};
+
+        template <typename SPEC>
+        struct SceneState<rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu, SPEC> {};
+    }
+
+    namespace rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu{
+        template <typename SPEC>
+        Context& context(rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+            return *renderer.backend;
+        }
+
+        inline WGPUStringView string_view(const char* string){
+            return WGPUStringView{string, WGPU_STRLEN};
+        }
+
+        inline void print_string_view(WGPUStringView view){
+            if(view.data != nullptr){
+                const size_t length = view.length == WGPU_STRLEN ? std::strlen(view.data) : view.length;
+                std::fwrite(view.data, 1, length, stderr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        inline void uncaptured_error_callback(WGPUDevice const*, WGPUErrorType type, WGPUStringView message, void*, void*){
+            std::fprintf(stderr, "#rl_tools::rendering::raytracing: WebGPU uncaptured error (%d): ", (int)type);
+            print_string_view(message);
+            std::fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+            // validation errors are programming errors and would otherwise surface as silent
+            // wrong output — fail fast like the Vulkan backend's check()
+            std::abort();
+        }
+
+        inline void device_lost_callback(WGPUDevice const*, WGPUDeviceLostReason reason, WGPUStringView message, void*, void*){
+            if(reason == WGPUDeviceLostReason_Destroyed){
+                return;
+            }
+            std::fprintf(stderr, "#rl_tools::rendering::raytracing: WebGPU device lost (%d): ", (int)reason);
+            print_string_view(message);
+            std::fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+        }
+
+        // the single blocking-wait primitive: wgpu-native's wgpuDevicePoll(wait). In the browser
+        // there is no blocking wait — the ASYNCIFY'd emscripten_sleep yields to the JS event loop
+        // so the AllowProcessEvents callbacks can fire; call sites spin on their request flags
+        inline void device_poll_blocking(Context& ctx){
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+            wgpuInstanceProcessEvents(ctx.instance);
+            emscripten_sleep(1);
+#else
+            wgpuDevicePoll(ctx.device, true, nullptr);
+#endif
+        }
+
+        template <typename DEVICE>
+        BufferResource create_buffer(DEVICE& device, Context& ctx, uint64_t size, WGPUBufferUsage usage){
+            BufferResource resource;
+            resource.size = size < 256 ? 256 : size; // covers the largest WGSL binding stride so disabled features can bind placeholders
+            if((usage & WGPUBufferUsage_Storage) != 0 && ctx.max_storage_buffer_binding_size > 0){
+                utils::assert_exit(device, resource.size <= ctx.max_storage_buffer_binding_size, "WebGPU: buffer exceeds maxStorageBufferBindingSize");
+            }
+            WGPUBufferDescriptor descriptor{};
+            descriptor.usage = usage;
+            descriptor.size = resource.size;
+            resource.buffer = wgpuDeviceCreateBuffer(ctx.device, &descriptor);
+            utils::assert_exit(device, resource.buffer != nullptr, "WebGPU: buffer creation failed");
+            return resource;
+        }
+
+        inline void destroy_buffer(BufferResource& resource){
+            if(resource.buffer != nullptr){
+                wgpuBufferRelease(resource.buffer);
+                resource.buffer = nullptr;
+            }
+            resource.size = 0;
+        }
+
+        struct MapRequest{
+            bool done = false;
+            WGPUMapAsyncStatus status = WGPUMapAsyncStatus_Error;
+        };
+
+        inline void map_callback(WGPUMapAsyncStatus status, WGPUStringView, void* userdata1, void*){
+            auto* request = (MapRequest*)userdata1;
+            request->status = status;
+            request->done = true;
+        }
+
+        template <typename DEVICE>
+        void read_back(DEVICE& device, Context& ctx, BufferResource& staging, void* destination, size_t bytes){
+            MapRequest request;
+            WGPUBufferMapCallbackInfo callback_info{};
+            callback_info.mode = WGPUCallbackMode_AllowProcessEvents;
+            callback_info.callback = map_callback;
+            callback_info.userdata1 = &request;
+            wgpuBufferMapAsync(staging.buffer, WGPUMapMode_Read, 0, (size_t)staging.size, callback_info);
+            while(!request.done){
+                device_poll_blocking(ctx);
+            }
+            utils::assert_exit(device, request.status == WGPUMapAsyncStatus_Success, "WebGPU: staging buffer map failed");
+            const void* mapped = wgpuBufferGetConstMappedRange(staging.buffer, 0, (size_t)staging.size);
+            utils::assert_exit(device, mapped != nullptr, "WebGPU: mapped range unavailable");
+            std::memcpy(destination, mapped, bytes);
+            wgpuBufferUnmap(staging.buffer);
+        }
+
+        template <typename DEVICE>
+        void settle_render(DEVICE& device, Context& ctx){
+            if(!ctx.render_in_flight){
+                return;
+            }
+            for(auto& target : ctx.render_readbacks){
+                read_back(device, ctx, *target.staging, target.destination, target.bytes);
+            }
+            ctx.render_in_flight = false;
+        }
+
+        template <typename DEVICE>
+        void settle_probe(DEVICE& device, Context& ctx){
+            if(!ctx.collision_in_flight){
+                return;
+            }
+            for(auto& target : ctx.probe_readbacks){
+                read_back(device, ctx, *target.staging, target.destination, target.bytes);
+            }
+            ctx.collision_in_flight = false;
+        }
+
+        template <typename DEVICE>
+        void wait_in_flight(DEVICE& device, Context& ctx){
+            settle_render(device, ctx);
+            settle_probe(device, ctx);
+        }
+
+        inline void destroy_scene_resources(Context& ctx){
+            if(ctx.bind_group != nullptr){
+                wgpuBindGroupRelease(ctx.bind_group);
+                ctx.bind_group = nullptr;
+            }
+            destroy_buffer(ctx.scene_geometry);
+            destroy_buffer(ctx.texture_data);
+            destroy_buffer(ctx.bvh_nodes);
+            destroy_buffer(ctx.triangles);
+            destroy_buffer(ctx.instance_data);
+            ctx.instance_classes_offset = 0;
+            ctx.overlay_node_offset = 0;
+            ctx.instance_data_host.clear();
+            ctx.instance_classes_host.clear();
+            ctx.object_classes.clear();
+            ctx.object_node_offset.clear();
+            ctx.object_node_count.clear();
+            ctx.object_primitive_offset.clear();
+            ctx.object_root_bounds_min.clear();
+            ctx.object_root_bounds_max.clear();
+            ctx.overlay_nodes_host.clear();
+            ctx.overlay_primitives_host.clear();
+            ctx.overlay_meta_host.clear();
+            ctx.overlay_bounds_min.clear();
+            ctx.overlay_bounds_max.clear();
+            ctx.overlay_centroids.clear();
+            ctx.overlay_temp_primitives.clear();
+            ctx.num_scene_instances = 0;
+            ctx.total_instances = 0;
+        }
+
+        inline uint32_t bvh_max_depth(const BVHNode* nodes, uint32_t num_nodes){
+            if(num_nodes == 0){
+                return 0;
+            }
+            uint32_t max_depth = 0;
+            std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>> stack;
+            stack.push_back({0, 1});
+            while(!stack.empty()){
+                const auto [node_i, depth] = stack.back();
+                stack.pop_back();
+                max_depth = depth > max_depth ? depth : max_depth;
+                const auto& node = nodes[node_i];
+                if(node.count == 0){
+                    stack.push_back({node.left_or_first, depth + 1});
+                    stack.push_back({node.left_or_first + 1, depth + 1});
+                }
+            }
+            return max_depth;
+        }
+
+        // world-space AABB of one instance from its object's BLAS root bounds
+        inline void instance_world_bounds(Context& ctx, uint32_t object, const float object_to_world[12], bool identity, float bounds_min[3], float bounds_max[3]){
+            for(int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++){
+                bounds_min[axis] = 1e30f;
+                bounds_max[axis] = -1e30f;
+            }
+            if(ctx.object_node_count[object] == 0){
+                return;
+            }
+            const float* root_min = &ctx.object_root_bounds_min[3 * (size_t)object];
+            const float* root_max = &ctx.object_root_bounds_max[3 * (size_t)object];
+            if(identity){
+                for(int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++){
+                    bounds_min[axis] = root_min[axis];
+                    bounds_max[axis] = root_max[axis];
+                }
+            }
+            else{
+                for(int corner = 0; corner < 8; corner++){
+                    const float local[3] = {
+                        (corner & 1) ? root_max[0] : root_min[0],
+                        (corner & 2) ? root_max[1] : root_min[1],
+                        (corner & 4) ? root_max[2] : root_min[2]
+                    };
+                    float world[3];
+                    rendering::raytracing::detail::transform_point(object_to_world, local, world);
+                    for(int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++){
+                        bounds_min[axis] = bounds_min[axis] < world[axis] ? bounds_min[axis] : world[axis];
+                        bounds_max[axis] = bounds_max[axis] > world[axis] ? bounds_max[axis] : world[axis];
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        inline void fill_instance_entry(Context& ctx, size_t global, uint32_t object, const float world[12]){
+            auto& entry = ctx.instance_data_host[global];
+            entry = {};
+            for(int element = 0; element < 12; element++){
+                entry.object_to_world[element] = world[element];
+            }
+            const bool identity = rendering::raytracing::detail::transform_is_identity(world);
+            if(identity){
+                std::memcpy(entry.world_to_object, entry.object_to_world, sizeof(entry.world_to_object));
+            }
+            else{
+                rendering::raytracing::detail::invert_transform(world, entry.world_to_object);
+            }
+            entry.object = object;
+            entry.identity = identity ? 1 : 0;
+            ctx.instance_classes_host[global] = ctx.object_classes[object];
+        }
+
+        // rebuilds one overlay region (region 0 = shutter close, 1 + s = dynamic-motion-blur
+        // sample s) into the host mirrors from a transforms-layout slab; the caller uploads them
+        // in one batch
+        template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC, typename BACKEND_TAG>
+        void rebuild_overlay_region(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, BACKEND_TAG>& renderer, Context& ctx, uint32_t region, const float* transforms_base){
+            using TI = typename SPEC::TI;
+            constexpr size_t num_overlay_slots = (size_t)SPEC::NUM_OVERLAYS * SPEC::MAX_OVERLAY_INSTANCES;
+            for(TI overlay = 0; overlay < SPEC::NUM_OVERLAYS; overlay++){
+                auto& overlay_state = renderer.overlays[overlay];
+                const size_t region_overlay = (size_t)region * SPEC::NUM_OVERLAYS + overlay;
+                uint32_t* primitives = ctx.overlay_primitives_host.data() + region_overlay * SPEC::MAX_OVERLAY_INSTANCES;
+                uint32_t num_active = 0;
+                for(TI slot = 0; slot < SPEC::MAX_OVERLAY_INSTANCES; slot++){
+                    const auto& host_slot = overlay_state.slots[slot];
+                    if(!host_slot.active) continue;
+                    const size_t global = (size_t)ctx.num_scene_instances + num_overlay_slots * region + (size_t)overlay * SPEC::MAX_OVERLAY_INSTANCES + slot;
+                    const float* world = transforms_base + ((size_t)overlay * SPEC::MAX_OVERLAY_INSTANCES + slot) * 12;
+                    fill_instance_entry(ctx, global, (uint32_t)host_slot.object, world);
+                    float bounds_min[3], bounds_max[3];
+                    instance_world_bounds(ctx, (uint32_t)host_slot.object, world, ctx.instance_data_host[global].identity != 0, bounds_min, bounds_max);
+                    for(int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++){
+                        ctx.overlay_bounds_min[3 * global + axis] = bounds_min[axis];
+                        ctx.overlay_bounds_max[3 * global + axis] = bounds_max[axis];
+                        ctx.overlay_centroids[3 * global + axis] = (bounds_min[axis] + bounds_max[axis]) * 0.5f;
+                    }
+                    primitives[num_active++] = (uint32_t)global;
+                }
+                BVHNode* nodes = ctx.overlay_nodes_host.data() + region_overlay * 2 * SPEC::MAX_OVERLAY_INSTANCES;
+                const uint32_t num_nodes = generic::build_bvh_nodes(nodes, primitives, ctx.overlay_temp_primitives.data(), ctx.overlay_bounds_min.data(), ctx.overlay_bounds_max.data(), ctx.overlay_centroids.data(), num_active);
+                utils::assert_exit(device, bvh_max_depth(nodes, num_nodes) <= TRAVERSAL_STACK_SIZE, "WebGPU: overlay BVH depth exceeds the traversal stack");
+                ctx.overlay_meta_host[region_overlay * 2 + 0] = num_active;
+                ctx.overlay_meta_host[region_overlay * 2 + 1] = num_nodes;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void render_sync(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer);
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void probe_sync(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer);
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void malloc(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        namespace wg = rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu;
+        using TI = typename SPEC::TI;
+        static_assert(utils::typing::is_same_v<typename SPEC::T, float>, "The WebGPU raytracing backend requires T = float");
+
+        malloc(device, renderer.cameras);
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_CAMERA_PAIR) {
+            malloc(device, renderer.cameras_open);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_RGB) {
+            malloc(device, renderer.frame_buffer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_DEPTH) {
+            malloc(device, renderer.depth_buffer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_SEGMENTATION) {
+            malloc(device, renderer.segmentation_buffer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_NORMALS) {
+            malloc(device, renderer.normals_buffer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW) {
+            malloc(device, renderer.cameras_previous);
+            malloc(device, renderer.flow_buffer);
+            malloc(device, renderer.flow_status_buffer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW_FORWARD) {
+            malloc(device, renderer.flow_forward_buffer);
+            malloc(device, renderer.flow_forward_status_buffer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_OBSERVATION) {
+            static_assert(utils::typing::is_same_v<typename SPEC::OBSERVATION_T, float>, "The WebGPU raytracing backend requires OBSERVATION_T = float");
+            malloc(device, renderer.observation);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS) {
+            malloc(device, renderer.transforms);
+            rendering::raytracing::detail::malloc_overlay_staging(renderer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW_OVERLAYS) {
+            malloc(device, renderer.transforms_previous);
+            std::memset(data(renderer.transforms_previous), 0, decltype(renderer.transforms_previous)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::ENABLE_DYNAMIC_MOTION_BLUR) {
+            malloc(device, renderer.transforms_motion);
+            std::memset(data(renderer.transforms_motion), 0, decltype(renderer.transforms_motion)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES);
+            if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_RGB) {
+                malloc(device, renderer.rgb_accumulator);
+            }
+            if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_DEPTH) {
+                malloc(device, renderer.depth_accumulator);
+            }
+        }
+#if !RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_DISABLE_PROBE_RAYS
+        malloc(device, renderer.collision_results);
+#endif
+
+        renderer.backend = new rendering::raytracing::backends::RendererState<rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu, SPEC>{};
+        renderer.device.context = renderer.backend;
+        auto* ctx = renderer.backend;
+
+        ctx->instance = wgpuCreateInstance(nullptr);
+        utils::assert_exit(device, ctx->instance != nullptr, "WebGPU: instance creation failed");
+
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+        {
+            struct AdapterRequest{
+                bool done = false;
+                WGPUAdapter adapter = nullptr;
+            } request;
+            WGPURequestAdapterOptions options{};
+            options.powerPreference = WGPUPowerPreference_HighPerformance;
+            WGPURequestAdapterCallbackInfo callback_info{};
+            callback_info.mode = WGPUCallbackMode_AllowProcessEvents;
+            callback_info.callback = [](WGPURequestAdapterStatus status, WGPUAdapter adapter, WGPUStringView message, void* userdata1, void*){
+                auto* request = (AdapterRequest*)userdata1;
+                if(status != WGPURequestAdapterStatus_Success){
+                    std::fprintf(stderr, "#rl_tools::rendering::raytracing: WebGPU adapter request failed: ");
+                    wg::print_string_view(message);
+                    std::fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+                }
+                request->adapter = adapter;
+                request->done = true;
+            };
+            callback_info.userdata1 = &request;
+            wgpuInstanceRequestAdapter(ctx->instance, &options, callback_info);
+            while(!request.done){
+                wgpuInstanceProcessEvents(ctx->instance);
+                emscripten_sleep(1);
+            }
+            ctx->adapter = request.adapter;
+            utils::assert_exit(device, ctx->adapter != nullptr, "WebGPU: no suitable adapter available");
+        }
+#else
+        // adapter selection mirrors the Vulkan backend: filter on capability (a GL adapter only
+        // exposes the 8-storage-buffer minimum), prefer discrete GPUs, RL_TOOLS_WEBGPU_DEVICE_INDEX
+        // forces an enumeration index. wgpuInstanceEnumerateAdapters is a wgpu-native extension;
+        // the browser has no enumeration, so the emscripten path asks via wgpuInstanceRequestAdapter
+        const char* device_index_env = std::getenv("RL_TOOLS_WEBGPU_DEVICE_INDEX");
+        const int64_t requested_device_index = device_index_env != nullptr ? std::atoll(device_index_env) : -1;
+        {
+            const size_t adapter_count = wgpuInstanceEnumerateAdapters(ctx->instance, nullptr, nullptr);
+            std::vector<WGPUAdapter> adapters(adapter_count);
+            wgpuInstanceEnumerateAdapters(ctx->instance, nullptr, adapters.data());
+            int64_t selected = -1;
+            bool selected_discrete = false;
+            for(size_t adapter_i = 0; adapter_i < adapter_count; adapter_i++){
+                WGPULimits limits{};
+                const bool qualifies = wgpuAdapterGetLimits(adapters[adapter_i], &limits) == WGPUStatus_Success
+                    && limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage >= wg::bindings::STORAGE_COUNT;
+                if(requested_device_index >= 0){
+                    if((int64_t)adapter_i == requested_device_index){
+                        utils::assert_exit(device, qualifies, "WebGPU: the requested adapter supports too few storage buffers per stage");
+                        selected = (int64_t)adapter_i;
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if(!qualifies){
+                    continue;
+                }
+                WGPUAdapterInfo info{};
+                bool discrete = false;
+                if(wgpuAdapterGetInfo(adapters[adapter_i], &info) == WGPUStatus_Success){
+                    discrete = info.adapterType == WGPUAdapterType_DiscreteGPU;
+                    wgpuAdapterInfoFreeMembers(info);
+                }
+                if(selected < 0 || (discrete && !selected_discrete)){
+                    selected = (int64_t)adapter_i;
+                    selected_discrete = discrete;
+                }
+            }
+            utils::assert_exit(device, selected >= 0, "WebGPU: no suitable adapter available");
+            for(size_t adapter_i = 0; adapter_i < adapter_count; adapter_i++){
+                if((int64_t)adapter_i == selected){
+                    ctx->adapter = adapters[adapter_i];
+                }
+                else{
+                    wgpuAdapterRelease(adapters[adapter_i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+
+        {
+            WGPUAdapterInfo info{};
+            if(wgpuAdapterGetInfo(ctx->adapter, &info) == WGPUStatus_Success){
+                const size_t length = info.device.data == nullptr ? 0 : (info.device.length == WGPU_STRLEN ? std::strlen(info.device.data) : info.device.length);
+                RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_LOG("WebGPU adapter: " << std::string(info.device.data == nullptr ? "" : info.device.data, length) << " (backend " << (int)info.backendType << ")");
+                wgpuAdapterInfoFreeMembers(info);
+            }
+        }
+
+        WGPULimits adapter_limits{};
+        utils::assert_exit(device, wgpuAdapterGetLimits(ctx->adapter, &adapter_limits) == WGPUStatus_Success, "WebGPU: adapter limit query failed");
+        utils::assert_exit(device, adapter_limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage >= wg::bindings::STORAGE_COUNT, "WebGPU: adapter supports too few storage buffers per stage");
+        ctx->max_storage_buffers_per_shader_stage = adapter_limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage;
+        ctx->max_storage_buffer_binding_size = adapter_limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize;
+
+        {
+            // request the adapter's own limits: the scene buffers (geometry, textures, BVH) can
+            // exceed the spec defaults (128MiB binding / 8 storage buffers per stage)
+            WGPULimits required_limits = adapter_limits;
+            required_limits.nextInChain = nullptr;
+            WGPUDeviceDescriptor descriptor{};
+            descriptor.requiredLimits = &required_limits;
+            descriptor.deviceLostCallbackInfo.mode = WGPUCallbackMode_AllowSpontaneous;
+            descriptor.deviceLostCallbackInfo.callback = wg::device_lost_callback;
+            descriptor.uncapturedErrorCallbackInfo.callback = wg::uncaptured_error_callback;
+            struct DeviceRequest{
+                bool done = false;
+                WGPUDevice device = nullptr;
+            } request;
+            WGPURequestDeviceCallbackInfo callback_info{};
+            callback_info.mode = WGPUCallbackMode_AllowProcessEvents;
+            callback_info.callback = [](WGPURequestDeviceStatus status, WGPUDevice wgpu_device, WGPUStringView message, void* userdata1, void*){
+                auto* request = (DeviceRequest*)userdata1;
+                if(status != WGPURequestDeviceStatus_Success){
+                    std::fprintf(stderr, "#rl_tools::rendering::raytracing: WebGPU device request failed: ");
+                    wg::print_string_view(message);
+                    std::fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+                }
+                request->device = wgpu_device;
+                request->done = true;
+            };
+            callback_info.userdata1 = &request;
+            wgpuAdapterRequestDevice(ctx->adapter, &descriptor, callback_info);
+            while(!request.done){
+                wgpuInstanceProcessEvents(ctx->instance);
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+                emscripten_sleep(1);
+#endif
+            }
+            ctx->device = request.device;
+        }
+        utils::assert_exit(device, ctx->device != nullptr, "WebGPU: device creation failed");
+        ctx->queue = wgpuDeviceGetQueue(ctx->device);
+
+        {
+            WGPUShaderSourceWGSL wgsl{};
+            wgsl.chain.sType = WGPUSType_ShaderSourceWGSL;
+            wgsl.code = wg::string_view(rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu::device_source());
+            WGPUShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor{};
+            descriptor.nextInChain = &wgsl.chain;
+            ctx->module = wgpuDeviceCreateShaderModule(ctx->device, &descriptor);
+            utils::assert_exit(device, ctx->module != nullptr, "WebGPU: shader module creation failed");
+        }
+
+        {
+            WGPUBindGroupLayoutEntry layout_entries[wg::bindings::COUNT]{};
+            auto set_entry = [&](uint32_t binding, WGPUBufferBindingType type){
+                layout_entries[binding].binding = binding;
+                layout_entries[binding].visibility = WGPUShaderStage_Compute;
+                layout_entries[binding].buffer.type = type;
+            };
+            for(uint32_t binding_i = 0; binding_i < wg::bindings::COUNT; binding_i++){
+                set_entry(binding_i, WGPUBufferBindingType_ReadOnlyStorage);
+            }
+            set_entry(wg::bindings::OUTPUTS, WGPUBufferBindingType_Storage);
+            set_entry(wg::bindings::DISPATCH_PARAMS, WGPUBufferBindingType_Uniform);
+            layout_entries[wg::bindings::DISPATCH_PARAMS].buffer.hasDynamicOffset = true;
+            layout_entries[wg::bindings::DISPATCH_PARAMS].buffer.minBindingSize = sizeof(wg::DispatchParams);
+            WGPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor layout_descriptor{};
+            layout_descriptor.entryCount = wg::bindings::COUNT;
+            layout_descriptor.entries = layout_entries;
+            ctx->bind_group_layout = wgpuDeviceCreateBindGroupLayout(ctx->device, &layout_descriptor);
+            utils::assert_exit(device, ctx->bind_group_layout != nullptr, "WebGPU: bind group layout creation failed");
+            WGPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor pipeline_layout_descriptor{};
+            pipeline_layout_descriptor.bindGroupLayoutCount = 1;
+            pipeline_layout_descriptor.bindGroupLayouts = &ctx->bind_group_layout;
+            ctx->pipeline_layout = wgpuDeviceCreatePipelineLayout(ctx->device, &pipeline_layout_descriptor);
+            utils::assert_exit(device, ctx->pipeline_layout != nullptr, "WebGPU: pipeline layout creation failed");
+        }
+
+        {
+            const auto constant = [](const char* key, double value){
+                WGPUConstantEntry entry{};
+                entry.key = wg::string_view(key);
+                entry.value = value;
+                return entry;
+            };
+            using CONSTANTS = rendering::raytracing::backends::SpecializationConstants<SPEC>;
+            const WGPUConstantEntry constants[] = {
+                constant("fc_srgb_output", CONSTANTS::SRGB_OUTPUT ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_motion_blur", CONSTANTS::MOTION_BLUR ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_motion_samples", (double)CONSTANTS::MOTION_SAMPLES),
+                constant("fc_aa_grid", (double)CONSTANTS::AA_GRID),
+                constant("fc_checker_background", CONSTANTS::CHECKER_BACKGROUND ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_load_textures", CONSTANTS::LOAD_TEXTURES ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_normal_shading", CONSTANTS::NORMAL_SHADING ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_metallic_reflections", CONSTANTS::METALLIC_REFLECTIONS ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_pbr_shading", CONSTANTS::PBR_SHADING ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_punctual_light_shadows", CONSTANTS::PUNCTUAL_LIGHT_SHADOWS ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_overlay_count", (double)CONSTANTS::OVERLAY_COUNT),
+                constant("fc_semantic_segmentation", CONSTANTS::SEMANTIC_SEGMENTATION ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_has_observation", CONSTANTS::HAS_OBSERVATION ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_dynamic_motion_blur", CONSTANTS::DYNAMIC_MOTION_BLUR ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_resolve_rgb", CONSTANTS::RESOLVE_RGB ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_resolve_depth", CONSTANTS::RESOLVE_DEPTH ? 1.0 : 0.0),
+                constant("fc_num_overlays", (double)CONSTANTS::NUM_OVERLAYS),
+                constant("fc_overlay_capacity", (double)CONSTANTS::OVERLAY_CAPACITY),
+            };
+            auto make_pipeline = [&](const char* entry_point) -> WGPUComputePipeline {
+                WGPUComputePipelineDescriptor descriptor{};
+                descriptor.layout = ctx->pipeline_layout;
+                descriptor.compute.module = ctx->module;
+                descriptor.compute.entryPoint = wg::string_view(entry_point);
+                descriptor.compute.constantCount = sizeof(constants) / sizeof(constants[0]);
+                descriptor.compute.constants = constants;
+                WGPUComputePipeline pipeline = wgpuDeviceCreateComputePipeline(ctx->device, &descriptor);
+                utils::assert_exit(device, pipeline != nullptr, "WebGPU: compute pipeline creation failed");
+                return pipeline;
+            };
+            if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_RGB) {
+                ctx->rgb_pipeline = make_pipeline("main_rgb");
+            }
+            if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_DEPTH) {
+                ctx->depth_pipeline = make_pipeline("main_depth");
+            }
+            if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_SEGMENTATION) {
+                ctx->segmentation_pipeline = make_pipeline("main_segmentation");
+            }
+            if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_NORMALS) {
+                ctx->normals_pipeline = make_pipeline("main_normals");
+            }
+            if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW) {
+                ctx->flow_pipeline = make_pipeline("main_flow");
+            }
+            if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW_FORWARD) {
+                ctx->flow_forward_pipeline = make_pipeline("main_flow_forward");
+            }
+            if constexpr (SPEC::ENABLE_DYNAMIC_MOTION_BLUR) {
+                ctx->resolve_pipeline = make_pipeline("main_resolve");
+            }
+#if !RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_DISABLE_PROBE_RAYS
+            ctx->collision_pipeline = make_pipeline("main_collision");
+#endif
+            ctx->pipelines_built = true;
+        }
+
+        const WGPUBufferUsage STORAGE_UPLOAD = WGPUBufferUsage_Storage | WGPUBufferUsage_CopyDst;
+        const WGPUBufferUsage STORAGE_OUTPUT = WGPUBufferUsage_Storage | WGPUBufferUsage_CopySrc | WGPUBufferUsage_CopyDst;
+        const WGPUBufferUsage STAGING = WGPUBufferUsage_MapRead | WGPUBufferUsage_CopyDst;
+        using LAYOUT = wg::BufferLayout<SPEC>;
+        ctx->launch_params = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, sizeof(wg::LaunchParams), STORAGE_UPLOAD);
+        ctx->frame_inputs = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)LAYOUT::FRAME_INPUTS_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t), STORAGE_UPLOAD);
+        ctx->outputs = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)LAYOUT::OUTPUTS_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t), STORAGE_OUTPUT);
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_RGB) {
+            ctx->staging_frame_buffer = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)LAYOUT::FRAME_BUFFER_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t), STAGING);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_DEPTH) {
+            ctx->staging_depth = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)LAYOUT::DEPTH_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t), STAGING);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_SEGMENTATION) {
+            ctx->staging_segmentation = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)LAYOUT::SEGMENTATION_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t), STAGING);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_NORMALS) {
+            ctx->staging_normals = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)LAYOUT::NORMALS_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t), STAGING);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW) {
+            ctx->staging_flow = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t), STAGING);
+            ctx->staging_flow_status = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_STATUS_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t), STAGING);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW_FORWARD) {
+            ctx->staging_flow_forward = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_FORWARD_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t), STAGING);
+            ctx->staging_flow_forward_status = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_FORWARD_STATUS_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t), STAGING);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_OBSERVATION) {
+            ctx->staging_observation = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)LAYOUT::OBSERVATION_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t), STAGING);
+        }
+#if !RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_DISABLE_PROBE_RAYS
+        ctx->staging_collision = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)LAYOUT::COLLISION_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t), STAGING);
+#endif
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_RGB) {
+            ctx->render_readbacks.push_back({&ctx->staging_frame_buffer, data(renderer.frame_buffer), decltype(renderer.frame_buffer)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES});
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_DEPTH) {
+            ctx->render_readbacks.push_back({&ctx->staging_depth, data(renderer.depth_buffer), decltype(renderer.depth_buffer)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES});
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_SEGMENTATION) {
+            ctx->render_readbacks.push_back({&ctx->staging_segmentation, data(renderer.segmentation_buffer), decltype(renderer.segmentation_buffer)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES});
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_NORMALS) {
+            ctx->render_readbacks.push_back({&ctx->staging_normals, data(renderer.normals_buffer), decltype(renderer.normals_buffer)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES});
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW) {
+            ctx->render_readbacks.push_back({&ctx->staging_flow, data(renderer.flow_buffer), decltype(renderer.flow_buffer)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES});
+            ctx->render_readbacks.push_back({&ctx->staging_flow_status, data(renderer.flow_status_buffer), decltype(renderer.flow_status_buffer)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES});
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW_FORWARD) {
+            ctx->render_readbacks.push_back({&ctx->staging_flow_forward, data(renderer.flow_forward_buffer), decltype(renderer.flow_forward_buffer)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES});
+            ctx->render_readbacks.push_back({&ctx->staging_flow_forward_status, data(renderer.flow_forward_status_buffer), decltype(renderer.flow_forward_status_buffer)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES});
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_OBSERVATION) {
+            ctx->render_readbacks.push_back({&ctx->staging_observation, data(renderer.observation), decltype(renderer.observation)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES});
+        }
+#if !RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_DISABLE_PROBE_RAYS
+        ctx->probe_readbacks.push_back({&ctx->staging_collision, data(renderer.collision_results), decltype(renderer.collision_results)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES});
+#endif
+        {
+            // one 256-byte slot per dynamic-motion-blur sample plus slot 0 for the shutter-close
+            // state; slot s + 1 carries that sample's shutter time and overlay BVH region
+            constexpr uint32_t num_slots = 1 + (SPEC::ENABLE_DYNAMIC_MOTION_BLUR ? (uint32_t)SPEC::MOTION_BLUR_SAMPLES : 0);
+            ctx->dispatch_params = wg::create_buffer(device, *ctx, (size_t)num_slots * wg::DISPATCH_PARAMS_STRIDE, WGPUBufferUsage_Uniform | WGPUBufferUsage_CopyDst);
+            std::vector<uint8_t> slots((size_t)num_slots * wg::DISPATCH_PARAMS_STRIDE, 0);
+            for(uint32_t slot = 1; slot < num_slots; slot++){
+                auto* entry = (wg::DispatchParams*)(slots.data() + (size_t)slot * wg::DISPATCH_PARAMS_STRIDE);
+                entry->shutter_t = ((float)(slot - 1) + 0.5f) / (float)SPEC::MOTION_BLUR_SAMPLES;
+                entry->overlay_region = slot;
+            }
+            wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx->queue, ctx->dispatch_params.buffer, 0, slots.data(), slots.size());
+        }
+        rendering::raytracing::detail::announce_backend(renderer);
+    }
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC, typename METADATA_T>
+    void init(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer, const rendering::raytracing::Scene& scene, const rendering::raytracing::AssetPool& pool, const rendering::SceneMetadata<METADATA_T>& metadata){
+        validate_semantic_segmentation<SPEC>(device, scene, pool);
+        renderer.max_ray_length = (typename SPEC::T)metadata.max_ray_length;
+        rendering::raytracing::detail::announce_configuration<SPEC>();
+        rendering::raytracing::detail::resolve_environment<SPEC>(scene.environment, renderer.ambient_color, renderer.miss_color_0, renderer.miss_color_1);
+        namespace wg = rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu;
+        namespace generic = rendering::raytracing::backends::generic;
+        using TI = typename SPEC::TI;
+        auto& ctx = wg::context(renderer);
+
+
+        std::vector<const rendering::raytracing::Object*> all_objects;
+        for(const auto& object : scene.objects){
+            all_objects.push_back(&object);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS){
+            rendering::raytracing::detail::register_pool_assets(device, renderer, pool, all_objects);
+        }
+        RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_LOG("building " << all_objects.size() << " objects / " << scene.instances.size() << " instances ...");
+
+        wg::wait_in_flight(device, ctx);
+        wg::destroy_scene_resources(ctx);
+
+        // both builders are deterministic; median is the shared generic baseline for A/B and
+        // debugging, sah the default (the overlay TLAS rebuilds always use the generic builder)
+        const char* bvh_builder_env = std::getenv("RL_TOOLS_WEBGPU_BVH");
+        const bool median_builder = bvh_builder_env != nullptr && std::strcmp(bvh_builder_env, "median") == 0;
+        RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_LOG("WebGPU BVH builder: " << (median_builder ? "median (baseline)" : "sah"));
+        const auto build_bvh = [&](wg::BVHNode* build_nodes, uint32_t* build_primitives, uint32_t* build_temp, const float* build_bounds_min, const float* build_bounds_max, const float* build_centroids, uint32_t build_count) -> uint32_t {
+            if(median_builder){
+                return generic::build_bvh_nodes(build_nodes, build_primitives, build_temp, build_bounds_min, build_bounds_max, build_centroids, build_count);
+            }
+            return wg::build_bvh_nodes_sah(build_nodes, build_primitives, build_temp, build_bounds_min, build_bounds_max, build_centroids, build_count);
+        };
+
+        // meshes flattened across all objects (scene objects then pool objects); the global
+        // triangle numbering ties the BLAS leaf permutations to the shading tables
+        std::vector<const rendering::raytracing::Mesh*> all_meshes;
+        std::vector<uint32_t> object_first_triangle;
+        std::vector<uint32_t> object_triangle_count;
+        std::vector<uint32_t> triangle_mesh;
+        std::vector<uint32_t> triangle_local;
+        ctx.object_classes.assign(all_objects.size(), 0);
+        for(size_t object_i = 0; object_i < all_objects.size(); object_i++){
+            ctx.object_classes[object_i] = all_objects[object_i]->segmentation_class;
+            object_first_triangle.push_back((uint32_t)triangle_mesh.size());
+            for(const auto& mesh : all_objects[object_i]->meshes){
+                const uint32_t mesh_i = (uint32_t)all_meshes.size();
+                all_meshes.push_back(&mesh);
+                const uint32_t mesh_triangles = (uint32_t)(mesh.indices.size() / 3);
+                for(uint32_t triangle = 0; triangle < mesh_triangles; triangle++){
+                    triangle_mesh.push_back(mesh_i);
+                    triangle_local.push_back(triangle);
+                }
+            }
+            object_triangle_count.push_back((uint32_t)triangle_mesh.size() - object_first_triangle.back());
+        }
+        const size_t num_meshes = all_meshes.size();
+        const size_t num_triangles = triangle_mesh.size();
+
+        std::vector<float> triangle_bounds_min(num_triangles > 0 ? 3 * num_triangles : 1);
+        std::vector<float> triangle_bounds_max(num_triangles > 0 ? 3 * num_triangles : 1);
+        std::vector<float> centroids(num_triangles > 0 ? 3 * num_triangles : 1);
+        for(size_t triangle = 0; triangle < num_triangles; triangle++){
+            const auto& mesh = *all_meshes[triangle_mesh[triangle]];
+            const int* index = &mesh.indices[3 * (size_t)triangle_local[triangle]];
+            float bounds_min[3] = {1e30f, 1e30f, 1e30f};
+            float bounds_max[3] = {-1e30f, -1e30f, -1e30f};
+            for(int vertex_i = 0; vertex_i < 3; vertex_i++){
+                const float* vertex = &mesh.vertices[3 * (size_t)index[vertex_i]];
+                for(int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++){
+                    bounds_min[axis] = bounds_min[axis] < vertex[axis] ? bounds_min[axis] : vertex[axis];
+                    bounds_max[axis] = bounds_max[axis] > vertex[axis] ? bounds_max[axis] : vertex[axis];
+                }
+            }
+            for(int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++){
+                triangle_bounds_min[3 * triangle + axis] = bounds_min[axis];
+                triangle_bounds_max[3 * triangle + axis] = bounds_max[axis];
+                centroids[3 * triangle + axis] = (bounds_min[axis] + bounds_max[axis]) * 0.5f;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // per-object BLAS slices at 2 * first_triangle, same arrangement as the generic backend
+        std::vector<wg::BVHNode> blas_nodes(num_triangles > 0 ? 2 * num_triangles : 1);
+        std::vector<uint32_t> blas_primitives(num_triangles > 0 ? num_triangles : 1);
+        std::vector<uint32_t> temp_primitives(blas_primitives.size());
+        ctx.object_node_offset.assign(all_objects.size(), 0);
+        ctx.object_node_count.assign(all_objects.size(), 0);
+        ctx.object_primitive_offset.assign(all_objects.size(), 0);
+        ctx.object_root_bounds_min.assign(3 * all_objects.size() + 1, 0.0f);
+        ctx.object_root_bounds_max.assign(3 * all_objects.size() + 1, 0.0f);
+        for(size_t object_i = 0; object_i < all_objects.size(); object_i++){
+            const uint32_t first = object_first_triangle[object_i];
+            const uint32_t count = object_triangle_count[object_i];
+            for(uint32_t i = 0; i < count; i++){
+                blas_primitives[(size_t)first + i] = first + i;
+            }
+            const uint32_t num_nodes = build_bvh(blas_nodes.data() + 2 * (size_t)first, blas_primitives.data() + first, temp_primitives.data(), triangle_bounds_min.data(), triangle_bounds_max.data(), centroids.data(), count);
+            utils::assert_exit(device, wg::bvh_max_depth(blas_nodes.data() + 2 * (size_t)first, num_nodes) <= wg::TRAVERSAL_STACK_SIZE, "WebGPU: BLAS depth exceeds the traversal stack");
+            ctx.object_node_offset[object_i] = 2 * first;
+            ctx.object_node_count[object_i] = num_nodes;
+            ctx.object_primitive_offset[object_i] = first;
+            if(num_nodes > 0){
+                const auto& root = blas_nodes[2 * (size_t)first];
+                for(int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++){
+                    ctx.object_root_bounds_min[3 * object_i + axis] = root.bounds_min[axis];
+                    ctx.object_root_bounds_max[3 * object_i + axis] = root.bounds_max[axis];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // instance side tables: scene instances then the overlay slot pool, one extra overlay id
+        // range per dynamic-motion-blur sample (mirrors the Vulkan backend's shifted ids) and one
+        // for the flow previous instant, appended last (BufferLayout::FLOW_PREVIOUS_REGION)
+        const size_t num_scene_instances = scene.instances.size();
+        constexpr size_t num_overlay_slots = SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS ? (size_t)SPEC::NUM_OVERLAYS * SPEC::MAX_OVERLAY_INSTANCES : 0;
+        constexpr size_t overlay_id_ranges = SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS ? (size_t)wg::BufferLayout<SPEC>::OVERLAY_REGIONS : 1;
+        const size_t total_instances = num_scene_instances + num_overlay_slots * overlay_id_ranges;
+        ctx.num_scene_instances = (uint32_t)num_scene_instances;
+        ctx.total_instances = (uint32_t)total_instances;
+        ctx.instance_data_host.assign(total_instances > 0 ? total_instances : 1, wg::InstanceData{});
+        ctx.instance_classes_host.assign(total_instances > 0 ? total_instances : 1, 0);
+        for(size_t instance_i = 0; instance_i < num_scene_instances; instance_i++){
+            const auto& instance = scene.instances[instance_i];
+            float world[12];
+            for(int element = 0; element < 12; element++){
+                world[element] = instance.transform[element];
+            }
+            wg::fill_instance_entry(ctx, instance_i, (uint32_t)instance.object, world);
+        }
+
+        // scene TLAS over the shared-world instances; overlay slots live in their own TLASes
+        std::vector<wg::BVHNode> tlas_nodes(num_scene_instances > 0 ? 2 * num_scene_instances : 1);
+        std::vector<uint32_t> tlas_primitives(num_scene_instances > 0 ? num_scene_instances : 1);
+        uint32_t tlas_node_count;
+        {
+            std::vector<float> instance_bounds_min(num_scene_instances > 0 ? 3 * num_scene_instances : 1);
+            std::vector<float> instance_bounds_max(num_scene_instances > 0 ? 3 * num_scene_instances : 1);
+            std::vector<float> instance_centroids(num_scene_instances > 0 ? 3 * num_scene_instances : 1);
+            for(size_t instance_i = 0; instance_i < num_scene_instances; instance_i++){
+                const auto& entry = ctx.instance_data_host[instance_i];
+                float bounds_min[3], bounds_max[3];
+                wg::instance_world_bounds(ctx, entry.object, entry.object_to_world, entry.identity != 0, bounds_min, bounds_max);
+                for(int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++){
+                    instance_bounds_min[3 * instance_i + axis] = bounds_min[axis];
+                    instance_bounds_max[3 * instance_i + axis] = bounds_max[axis];
+                    instance_centroids[3 * instance_i + axis] = (bounds_min[axis] + bounds_max[axis]) * 0.5f;
+                }
+                tlas_primitives[instance_i] = (uint32_t)instance_i;
+            }
+            std::vector<uint32_t> tlas_temp(tlas_primitives.size());
+            tlas_node_count = build_bvh(tlas_nodes.data(), tlas_primitives.data(), tlas_temp.data(), instance_bounds_min.data(), instance_bounds_max.data(), instance_centroids.data(), (uint32_t)num_scene_instances);
+            utils::assert_exit(device, wg::bvh_max_depth(tlas_nodes.data(), tlas_node_count) <= wg::TRAVERSAL_STACK_SIZE, "WebGPU: TLAS depth exceeds the traversal stack");
+        }
+
+        // one packed u32 buffer for everything the shader addresses by element offset
+        std::vector<uint32_t> geometry;
+        auto append_section = [&](const void* section_data, size_t bytes) -> uint32_t {
+            const uint32_t offset = (uint32_t)geometry.size();
+            geometry.resize(geometry.size() + (bytes + 3) / 4);
+            if(bytes > 0){
+                std::memcpy(geometry.data() + offset, section_data, bytes);
+            }
+            geometry.resize((geometry.size() + 3) & ~(size_t)3);
+            return offset;
+        };
+        std::vector<wg::MeshRecord> mesh_records(num_meshes > 0 ? num_meshes : 1, wg::MeshRecord{});
+        std::vector<uint32_t> texture_texels;
+        // content-deduplicated: meshes share maps, and the packed buffer must stay inside
+        // maxStorageBufferBindingSize (128MiB on lavapipe)
+        std::unordered_map<uint64_t, std::pair<wg::TextureRef, const rendering::raytracing::Texture*>> texture_cache;
+        auto add_texture = [&](const rendering::raytracing::Texture& texture) -> wg::TextureRef {
+            wg::TextureRef reference{wg::ABSENT, 0, 0};
+            if(!texture.present()){
+                return reference;
+            }
+            uint64_t hash = 0xcbf29ce484222325ull;
+            const auto mix = [&hash](const void* bytes, size_t count){
+                const auto* pointer = (const unsigned char*)bytes;
+                for(size_t byte_i = 0; byte_i < count; byte_i++){
+                    hash ^= pointer[byte_i];
+                    hash *= 0x100000001b3ull;
+                }
+            };
+            mix(&texture.width, sizeof(texture.width));
+            mix(&texture.height, sizeof(texture.height));
+            mix(texture.pixels.data(), texture.pixels.size());
+            const auto hit = texture_cache.find(hash);
+            if(hit != texture_cache.end() && hit->second.second->pixels == texture.pixels){
+                return hit->second.first;
+            }
+            reference.offset = (uint32_t)texture_texels.size();
+            reference.width = (uint32_t)texture.width;
+            reference.height = (uint32_t)texture.height;
+            const size_t texel_count = texture.pixels.size() / 4;
+            texture_texels.resize(texture_texels.size() + texel_count);
+            std::memcpy(texture_texels.data() + reference.offset, texture.pixels.data(), texel_count * 4);
+            texture_cache.emplace(hash, std::make_pair(reference, &texture));
+            return reference;
+        };
+        for(size_t mesh_i = 0; mesh_i < num_meshes; mesh_i++){
+            const auto& mesh = *all_meshes[mesh_i];
+            wg::MeshRecord& record = mesh_records[mesh_i];
+            record.vertex_offset = append_section(mesh.vertices.data(), mesh.vertices.size() * sizeof(float));
+            record.index_offset = append_section(mesh.indices.data(), mesh.indices.size() * sizeof(int));
+            record.tex_coord_offset = mesh.tex_coords.empty() ? wg::ABSENT : append_section(mesh.tex_coords.data(), mesh.tex_coords.size() * sizeof(float));
+            record.normal_offset = mesh.normals.empty() ? wg::ABSENT : append_section(mesh.normals.data(), mesh.normals.size() * sizeof(float));
+            record.texture = add_texture(mesh.texture);
+            record.normal_map = add_texture(mesh.normal_map);
+            record.metallic_roughness_map = add_texture(mesh.metallic_roughness_map);
+            record.emissive_map = add_texture(mesh.emissive_map);
+            record.occlusion_map = add_texture(mesh.occlusion_map);
+            record.color[0] = mesh.color[0];
+            record.color[1] = mesh.color[1];
+            record.color[2] = mesh.color[2];
+            record.metallic = mesh.metallic;
+            record.roughness = mesh.roughness;
+            record.opacity = mesh.opacity;
+            record.emissive[0] = mesh.emissive[0];
+            record.emissive[1] = mesh.emissive[1];
+            record.emissive[2] = mesh.emissive[2];
+            record.alpha_cutoff = mesh.alpha_cutoff;
+            record.alpha_mode = mesh.alpha_mode;
+            record.unlit = mesh.unlit;
+        }
+        const uint32_t triangle_mesh_offset = append_section(triangle_mesh.data(), triangle_mesh.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        const uint32_t triangle_local_offset = append_section(triangle_local.data(), triangle_local.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        const uint32_t tlas_primitive_offset = append_section(tlas_primitives.data(), tlas_primitives.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        std::vector<uint32_t> object_records(4 * (all_objects.size() > 0 ? all_objects.size() : 1), 0);
+        for(size_t object_i = 0; object_i < all_objects.size(); object_i++){
+            object_records[4 * object_i + 0] = ctx.object_node_offset[object_i];
+            object_records[4 * object_i + 1] = ctx.object_node_count[object_i];
+            object_records[4 * object_i + 2] = ctx.object_primitive_offset[object_i];
+        }
+        const uint32_t object_records_offset = append_section(object_records.data(), object_records.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        // sRGB texel decode table: replaces the per-texel pow in the shader's bilinear filter
+        // (unpack4x8unorm yields exact k/255 values, so the lookup is exact)
+        float srgb_lut[256];
+        for(int value = 0; value < 256; value++){
+            const float x = (float)value / 255.0f;
+            srgb_lut[value] = x <= 0.04045f ? x / 12.92f : std::pow((x + 0.055f) / 1.055f, 2.4f);
+        }
+        const uint32_t srgb_lut_offset = append_section(srgb_lut, sizeof(srgb_lut));
+        const uint32_t mesh_records_offset = append_section(mesh_records.data(), mesh_records.size() * sizeof(wg::MeshRecord));
+        const auto scene_lights = rendering::raytracing::detail::effective_scene_lights<SPEC::HAS_RGB && SPEC::SHADING::PBR_SHADING>(scene);
+        const uint32_t scene_lights_offset = append_section(scene_lights.data(), scene_lights.size() * sizeof(rendering::raytracing::SceneLight));
+        ctx.instance_classes_offset = append_section(ctx.instance_classes_host.data(), ctx.instance_classes_host.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+
+        // leaf-ordered packed triangles: the BLAS leaf ranges index this stream directly (slot =
+        // first_triangle + leaf-relative index), so the hot intersection loop reads 3 contiguous
+        // vec4s instead of chasing triangle table -> mesh record -> index -> vertex indirections;
+        // the original global triangle id rides in the first w component for the shading tables
+        std::vector<float> packed_triangles(12 * (num_triangles > 0 ? num_triangles : 1), 0.0f);
+        for(size_t slot = 0; slot < num_triangles; slot++){
+            const uint32_t triangle = blas_primitives[slot];
+            const auto& mesh = *all_meshes[triangle_mesh[triangle]];
+            const int* index = &mesh.indices[3 * (size_t)triangle_local[triangle]];
+            for(int vertex_i = 0; vertex_i < 3; vertex_i++){
+                const float* vertex = &mesh.vertices[3 * (size_t)index[vertex_i]];
+                float* out = &packed_triangles[12 * slot + 4 * (size_t)vertex_i];
+                out[0] = vertex[0];
+                out[1] = vertex[1];
+                out[2] = vertex[2];
+            }
+            std::memcpy(&packed_triangles[12 * slot + 3], &triangle, sizeof(uint32_t));
+        }
+
+        const WGPUBufferUsage STORAGE_UPLOAD = WGPUBufferUsage_Storage | WGPUBufferUsage_CopyDst;
+        auto upload = [&](wg::BufferResource& resource, const void* upload_data, size_t bytes){
+            resource = wg::create_buffer(device, ctx, bytes, STORAGE_UPLOAD);
+            if(bytes > 0){
+                wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, resource.buffer, 0, upload_data, bytes);
+            }
+        };
+        upload(ctx.scene_geometry, geometry.data(), geometry.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        upload(ctx.texture_data, texture_texels.data(), texture_texels.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        upload(ctx.triangles, packed_triangles.data(), packed_triangles.size() * sizeof(float));
+
+        constexpr size_t regions = SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS ? overlay_id_ranges : 1;
+        const size_t region_overlays = regions * (SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS ? SPEC::NUM_OVERLAYS : 1);
+        ctx.overlay_nodes_host.assign(region_overlays * 2 * (SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS ? SPEC::MAX_OVERLAY_INSTANCES : 1), wg::BVHNode{});
+        ctx.overlay_primitives_host.assign(region_overlays * (SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS ? SPEC::MAX_OVERLAY_INSTANCES : 1), 0);
+        ctx.overlay_meta_host.assign(region_overlays * 2, 0);
+        ctx.overlay_bounds_min.assign(3 * (total_instances > 0 ? total_instances : 1), 0.0f);
+        ctx.overlay_bounds_max.assign(3 * (total_instances > 0 ? total_instances : 1), 0.0f);
+        ctx.overlay_centroids.assign(3 * (total_instances > 0 ? total_instances : 1), 0.0f);
+        ctx.overlay_temp_primitives.assign(SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS ? SPEC::MAX_OVERLAY_INSTANCES : 1, 0);
+
+        {
+            using LAYOUT = wg::BufferLayout<SPEC>;
+            std::vector<wg::BVHNode> all_nodes = blas_nodes;
+            const uint32_t tlas_node_offset = (uint32_t)all_nodes.size();
+            all_nodes.insert(all_nodes.end(), tlas_nodes.begin(), tlas_nodes.end());
+            ctx.overlay_node_offset = (uint32_t)all_nodes.size();
+            if constexpr (SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS){
+                all_nodes.insert(all_nodes.end(), ctx.overlay_nodes_host.begin(), ctx.overlay_nodes_host.end());
+            }
+            upload(ctx.bvh_nodes, all_nodes.data(), all_nodes.size() * sizeof(wg::BVHNode));
+
+            wg::LaunchParams params{};
+            params.fb_width = SPEC::FB_WIDTH;
+            params.fb_height = SPEC::FB_HEIGHT;
+            params.cam_width = SPEC::CAM_WIDTH;
+            params.cam_height = SPEC::CAM_HEIGHT;
+            params.grid_cols = SPEC::GRID_COLS;
+            params.num_cameras = SPEC::NUM_CAMERAS;
+            params.num_probes = SPEC::NUM_PROBES;
+            params.num_scene_lights = (uint32_t)scene_lights.size();
+            params.max_depth = renderer.max_ray_length > 0 ? renderer.max_ray_length : 1e30f;
+            params.max_dist = renderer.max_ray_length;
+            for(int component = 0; component < 3; component++){
+                params.ambient_color[component] = (float)renderer.ambient_color[component];
+                params.miss_color_0[component] = (float)renderer.miss_color_0[component];
+                params.miss_color_1[component] = (float)renderer.miss_color_1[component];
+            }
+            params.first_overlay_instance = (uint32_t)num_scene_instances;
+            params.num_overlay_slots = (uint32_t)num_overlay_slots;
+            params.triangle_mesh_offset = triangle_mesh_offset;
+            params.triangle_local_offset = triangle_local_offset;
+            params.object_records_offset = object_records_offset;
+            params.tlas_node_offset = tlas_node_offset;
+            params.tlas_node_count = tlas_node_count;
+            params.tlas_primitive_offset = tlas_primitive_offset;
+            params.srgb_lut_offset = srgb_lut_offset;
+            params.mesh_records_offset = mesh_records_offset;
+            params.scene_lights_offset = scene_lights_offset;
+            params.instance_classes_offset = ctx.instance_classes_offset;
+            params.overlay_node_offset = ctx.overlay_node_offset;
+            params.attachments_offset = LAYOUT::ATTACHMENTS_OFFSET;
+            params.overlay_meta_offset = LAYOUT::OVERLAY_META_OFFSET;
+            params.overlay_primitives_offset = LAYOUT::OVERLAY_PRIMITIVES_OFFSET;
+            params.flow_deltas_offset = LAYOUT::FLOW_DELTAS_OFFSET;
+            params.probe_directions_offset = LAYOUT::PROBE_DIRECTIONS_OFFSET;
+            params.cameras_offset = LAYOUT::CAMERAS_OFFSET;
+            params.cameras_previous_offset = LAYOUT::CAMERAS_PREVIOUS_OFFSET;
+            params.out_frame_buffer = LAYOUT::FRAME_BUFFER_OFFSET;
+            params.out_depth = LAYOUT::DEPTH_OFFSET;
+            params.out_segmentation = LAYOUT::SEGMENTATION_OFFSET;
+            params.out_normals = LAYOUT::NORMALS_OFFSET;
+            params.out_flow = LAYOUT::FLOW_OFFSET;
+            params.out_flow_status = LAYOUT::FLOW_STATUS_OFFSET;
+            params.out_flow_forward = LAYOUT::FLOW_FORWARD_OFFSET;
+            params.out_flow_forward_status = LAYOUT::FLOW_FORWARD_STATUS_OFFSET;
+            params.out_observation = LAYOUT::OBSERVATION_OFFSET;
+            params.out_rgb_accumulator = LAYOUT::RGB_ACCUMULATOR_OFFSET;
+            params.out_depth_accumulator = LAYOUT::DEPTH_ACCUMULATOR_OFFSET;
+            params.out_collision = LAYOUT::COLLISION_OFFSET;
+            wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.launch_params.buffer, 0, &params, sizeof(params));
+        }
+        upload(ctx.instance_data, ctx.instance_data_host.data(), ctx.instance_data_host.size() * sizeof(wg::InstanceData));
+
+        if constexpr (SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS){
+            using LAYOUT = wg::BufferLayout<SPEC>;
+            wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.frame_inputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::OVERLAY_META_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.overlay_meta_host.data(), ctx.overlay_meta_host.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+            wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.frame_inputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::OVERLAY_PRIMITIVES_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.overlay_primitives_host.data(), ctx.overlay_primitives_host.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+            std::vector<uint32_t> attachments((size_t)LAYOUT::ATTACHMENTS_WORDS, wg::ABSENT);
+            wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.frame_inputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::ATTACHMENTS_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), attachments.data(), attachments.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+            rendering::raytracing::detail::reset_overlay_state(renderer);
+        }
+
+        {
+            WGPUBindGroupEntry entries[wg::bindings::COUNT]{};
+            auto set_entry = [&](uint32_t binding, wg::BufferResource& resource){
+                entries[binding].binding = binding;
+                entries[binding].buffer = resource.buffer;
+                entries[binding].offset = 0;
+                entries[binding].size = WGPU_WHOLE_SIZE;
+            };
+            set_entry(wg::bindings::LAUNCH_PARAMS, ctx.launch_params);
+            set_entry(wg::bindings::DISPATCH_PARAMS, ctx.dispatch_params);
+            set_entry(wg::bindings::SCENE_GEOMETRY, ctx.scene_geometry);
+            set_entry(wg::bindings::TEXTURE_DATA, ctx.texture_data);
+            set_entry(wg::bindings::BVH_NODES, ctx.bvh_nodes);
+            set_entry(wg::bindings::TRIANGLES, ctx.triangles);
+            set_entry(wg::bindings::INSTANCE_DATA, ctx.instance_data);
+            set_entry(wg::bindings::FRAME_INPUTS, ctx.frame_inputs);
+            set_entry(wg::bindings::OUTPUTS, ctx.outputs);
+            entries[wg::bindings::DISPATCH_PARAMS].size = sizeof(wg::DispatchParams);
+            WGPUBindGroupDescriptor descriptor{};
+            descriptor.layout = ctx.bind_group_layout;
+            descriptor.entryCount = wg::bindings::COUNT;
+            descriptor.entries = entries;
+            ctx.bind_group = wgpuDeviceCreateBindGroup(ctx.device, &descriptor);
+            utils::assert_exit(device, ctx.bind_group != nullptr, "WebGPU: bind group creation failed");
+        }
+
+        if constexpr (SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS){
+            update(device, renderer); // publish the (empty) overlays and the attachment table
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void update_launch(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        static_assert(SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS, "update requires an overlay-enabled renderer specification");
+        namespace wg = rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu;
+        using TI = typename SPEC::TI;
+        auto& ctx = wg::context(renderer);
+
+        using LAYOUT = wg::BufferLayout<SPEC>;
+        rendering::raytracing::detail::publish_overlay_transforms(renderer);
+
+        // rebuilt unconditionally: producers may write the transforms tensors directly, which
+        // leaves no host-observable pending row. queueWriteBuffer is ordered before subsequent
+        // submits, so no synchronization with in-flight renders is needed
+        wg::rebuild_overlay_region(device, renderer, ctx, 0, data(renderer.transforms));
+        if constexpr (SPEC::ENABLE_DYNAMIC_MOTION_BLUR){
+            constexpr size_t SLAB = (size_t)SPEC::NUM_OVERLAYS * SPEC::MAX_OVERLAY_INSTANCES * 12;
+            for(TI sample = 0; sample < SPEC::MOTION_BLUR_SAMPLES; sample++){
+                wg::rebuild_overlay_region(device, renderer, ctx, 1 + (uint32_t)sample, data(renderer.transforms_motion) + sample * SLAB);
+            }
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW_OVERLAYS){
+            // the previous instant's BVH region from transforms_previous, plus the per-slot delta
+            // table between the instants
+            wg::rebuild_overlay_region(device, renderer, ctx, LAYOUT::FLOW_PREVIOUS_REGION, data(renderer.transforms_previous));
+            ctx.flow_deltas_host.resize(LAYOUT::FLOW_DELTAS_WORDS);
+            rendering::raytracing::detail::compose_flow_deltas(renderer, data(renderer.transforms), data(renderer.transforms_previous), ctx.flow_deltas_host.data());
+            wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.frame_inputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_DELTAS_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.flow_deltas_host.data(), ctx.flow_deltas_host.size() * sizeof(float));
+        }
+        if(renderer.attachments_dirty){
+            std::vector<uint32_t> attachments((size_t)SPEC::NUM_CAMERAS * SPEC::MAX_OVERLAYS_PER_CAMERA);
+            for(size_t index = 0; index < attachments.size(); index++){
+                attachments[index] = (uint32_t)renderer.attachments[index];
+            }
+            wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.frame_inputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::ATTACHMENTS_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), attachments.data(), attachments.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+            renderer.attachments_dirty = false;
+        }
+        const size_t overlay_tail = (size_t)ctx.total_instances - ctx.num_scene_instances;
+        if(overlay_tail > 0){
+            wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.instance_data.buffer, (uint64_t)ctx.num_scene_instances * sizeof(wg::InstanceData), ctx.instance_data_host.data() + ctx.num_scene_instances, overlay_tail * sizeof(wg::InstanceData));
+            wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.scene_geometry.buffer, (uint64_t)(ctx.instance_classes_offset + ctx.num_scene_instances) * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.instance_classes_host.data() + ctx.num_scene_instances, overlay_tail * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        }
+        wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.bvh_nodes.buffer, (uint64_t)ctx.overlay_node_offset * sizeof(wg::BVHNode), ctx.overlay_nodes_host.data(), ctx.overlay_nodes_host.size() * sizeof(wg::BVHNode));
+        wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.frame_inputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::OVERLAY_PRIMITIVES_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.overlay_primitives_host.data(), ctx.overlay_primitives_host.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.frame_inputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::OVERLAY_META_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.overlay_meta_host.data(), ctx.overlay_meta_host.size() * sizeof(uint32_t));
+    }
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void update_sync(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        static_assert(SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS, "update requires an overlay-enabled renderer specification");
+    }
+
+    // the previous instant becomes the current one: the inputs are host tensors uploaded at
+    // launch time, so plain copies; rows the host has not yet published reach
+    // transforms_previous through their staging mirror at the next update
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void advance_flow_launch(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        static_assert(SPEC::HAS_FLOW, "advance_flow requires a flow-capable renderer specification");
+        std::memcpy(data(renderer.cameras_previous), data(renderer.cameras), decltype(renderer.cameras)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES);
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW_OVERLAYS){
+            rendering::raytracing::detail::advance_flow_staging(renderer);
+            std::memcpy(data(renderer.transforms_previous), data(renderer.transforms), decltype(renderer.transforms)::SPEC::SIZE_BYTES);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void advance_flow_sync(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        static_assert(SPEC::HAS_FLOW, "advance_flow requires a flow-capable renderer specification");
+    }
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void advance_flow(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        advance_flow_launch(device, renderer);
+        advance_flow_sync(device, renderer);
+    }
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void update(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        update_launch(device, renderer);
+        update_sync(device, renderer);
+    }
+
+
+    // renderer memory-domain copies: the in-flight wait settles the staging readbacks into the
+    // host-resident tensors, so the transfer delegates to the host-device tensor copy
+    template <typename TO_DEVICE, typename FROM_SPEC, typename TO_SPEC>
+    void copy(rendering::raytracing::backends::Device<rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& from_device, TO_DEVICE& to_device, const Tensor<FROM_SPEC>& from, Tensor<TO_SPEC>& to){
+        rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu::wait_in_flight(to_device, *from_device.context);
+        copy(to_device, to_device, from, to);
+    }
+    template <typename FROM_DEVICE, typename FROM_SPEC, typename TO_SPEC>
+    void copy(FROM_DEVICE& from_device, rendering::raytracing::backends::Device<rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& to_device, const Tensor<FROM_SPEC>& from, Tensor<TO_SPEC>& to){
+        rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu::wait_in_flight(from_device, *to_device.context);
+        copy(from_device, from_device, from, to);
+    }
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void generate_probe_directions(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+#if RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_DISABLE_PROBE_RAYS
+        RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_LOG("Probe rays disabled (RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_DISABLE_PROBE_RAYS=1)");
+        return;
+#else
+        namespace wg = rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu;
+        auto& ctx = wg::context(renderer);
+        std::vector<float> directions = rendering::raytracing::detail::generate_probe_direction_vectors<SPEC>();
+        wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.frame_inputs.buffer, (uint64_t)wg::BufferLayout<SPEC>::PROBE_DIRECTIONS_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), directions.data(), directions.size() * sizeof(float));
+#endif
+    }
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void render_launch(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        namespace wg = rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu;
+        using TI = typename SPEC::TI;
+        auto& ctx = wg::context(renderer);
+        render_sync(device, renderer); // single-buffered: settle a previous launch before reusing the staging buffers
+
+        using LAYOUT = wg::BufferLayout<SPEC>;
+        constexpr size_t camera_bytes = (size_t)SPEC::NUM_CAMERAS * sizeof(rendering::raytracing::Camera<typename SPEC::T>);
+        wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.frame_inputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::CAMERAS_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), data(renderer.cameras), camera_bytes);
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_CAMERA_PAIR) {
+            wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.frame_inputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::CAMERAS_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t) + camera_bytes, data(renderer.cameras_open), camera_bytes);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW) {
+            wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.frame_inputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::CAMERAS_PREVIOUS_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), data(renderer.cameras_previous), camera_bytes);
+        }
+
+        constexpr uint32_t fb_groups_x = (SPEC::FB_WIDTH + wg::WORKGROUP_SIZE_X - 1) / wg::WORKGROUP_SIZE_X;
+        constexpr uint32_t fb_groups_y = (SPEC::FB_HEIGHT + wg::WORKGROUP_SIZE_Y - 1) / wg::WORKGROUP_SIZE_Y;
+        WGPUCommandEncoder encoder = wgpuDeviceCreateCommandEncoder(ctx.device, nullptr);
+        if constexpr (SPEC::ENABLE_DYNAMIC_MOTION_BLUR){
+            if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_RGB){
+                wgpuCommandEncoderClearBuffer(encoder, ctx.outputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::RGB_ACCUMULATOR_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), (uint64_t)LAYOUT::RGB_ACCUMULATOR_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+            }
+            if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_DEPTH){
+                wgpuCommandEncoderClearBuffer(encoder, ctx.outputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::DEPTH_ACCUMULATOR_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), (uint64_t)LAYOUT::DEPTH_ACCUMULATOR_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            WGPUComputePassEncoder pass = wgpuCommandEncoderBeginComputePass(encoder, nullptr);
+            const auto dispatch = [&](WGPUComputePipeline pipeline, uint32_t slot, uint32_t groups_x, uint32_t groups_y){
+                const uint32_t dynamic_offset = slot * wg::DISPATCH_PARAMS_STRIDE;
+                wgpuComputePassEncoderSetPipeline(pass, pipeline);
+                wgpuComputePassEncoderSetBindGroup(pass, 0, ctx.bind_group, 1, &dynamic_offset);
+                wgpuComputePassEncoderDispatchWorkgroups(pass, groups_x, groups_y, 1);
+            };
+            if constexpr (SPEC::ENABLE_DYNAMIC_MOTION_BLUR){
+                // the launch-level motion loop: each sample's dispatches read that sample's
+                // pre-built overlay BVH region and shutter time from its dispatch-params slot;
+                // WebGPU orders the storage accesses between dispatches, no explicit barriers
+                for(TI sample = 0; sample < SPEC::MOTION_BLUR_SAMPLES; sample++){
+                    if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_RGB){
+                        dispatch(ctx.rgb_pipeline, 1 + (uint32_t)sample, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+                    }
+                    if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_DEPTH){
+                        dispatch(ctx.depth_pipeline, 1 + (uint32_t)sample, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+                    }
+                }
+                if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_SEGMENTATION){
+                    dispatch(ctx.segmentation_pipeline, 0, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+                }
+                if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_NORMALS){
+                    dispatch(ctx.normals_pipeline, 0, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+                }
+                if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW){
+                    dispatch(ctx.flow_pipeline, 0, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+                }
+                if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW_FORWARD){
+                    dispatch(ctx.flow_forward_pipeline, 0, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+                }
+                dispatch(ctx.resolve_pipeline, 0, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+            }
+            else{
+                if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_RGB){
+                    dispatch(ctx.rgb_pipeline, 0, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+                }
+                if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_DEPTH){
+                    dispatch(ctx.depth_pipeline, 0, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+                }
+                if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_SEGMENTATION){
+                    dispatch(ctx.segmentation_pipeline, 0, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+                }
+                if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_NORMALS){
+                    dispatch(ctx.normals_pipeline, 0, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+                }
+                if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW){
+                    dispatch(ctx.flow_pipeline, 0, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+                }
+                if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW_FORWARD){
+                    dispatch(ctx.flow_forward_pipeline, 0, fb_groups_x, fb_groups_y);
+                }
+            }
+            wgpuComputePassEncoderEnd(pass);
+            wgpuComputePassEncoderRelease(pass);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_RGB){
+            wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer(encoder, ctx.outputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::FRAME_BUFFER_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.staging_frame_buffer.buffer, 0, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::FRAME_BUFFER_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_DEPTH){
+            wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer(encoder, ctx.outputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::DEPTH_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.staging_depth.buffer, 0, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::DEPTH_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_SEGMENTATION){
+            wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer(encoder, ctx.outputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::SEGMENTATION_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.staging_segmentation.buffer, 0, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::SEGMENTATION_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_NORMALS){
+            wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer(encoder, ctx.outputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::NORMALS_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.staging_normals.buffer, 0, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::NORMALS_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW){
+            wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer(encoder, ctx.outputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.staging_flow.buffer, 0, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+            wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer(encoder, ctx.outputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_STATUS_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.staging_flow_status.buffer, 0, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_STATUS_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW_FORWARD){
+            wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer(encoder, ctx.outputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_FORWARD_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.staging_flow_forward.buffer, 0, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_FORWARD_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+            wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer(encoder, ctx.outputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_FORWARD_STATUS_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.staging_flow_forward_status.buffer, 0, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::FLOW_FORWARD_STATUS_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_OBSERVATION){
+            wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer(encoder, ctx.outputs.buffer, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::OBSERVATION_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.staging_observation.buffer, 0, (uint64_t)LAYOUT::OBSERVATION_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        }
+        WGPUCommandBuffer command_buffer = wgpuCommandEncoderFinish(encoder, nullptr);
+        wgpuCommandEncoderRelease(encoder);
+        wgpuQueueSubmit(ctx.queue, 1, &command_buffer);
+        wgpuCommandBufferRelease(command_buffer);
+        ctx.render_in_flight = true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void render_sync(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        namespace wg = rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu;
+        wg::settle_render(device, wg::context(renderer));
+    }
+
+    // render produces the image outputs the spec declares; the collision-probe pass is the
+    // separate probe verb so it can be scheduled independently (e.g. alongside update)
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void probe_launch(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        namespace wg = rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu;
+        auto& ctx = wg::context(renderer);
+        if(ctx.collision_pipeline == nullptr){
+            return;
+        }
+        probe_sync(device, renderer);
+        constexpr size_t camera_bytes = (size_t)SPEC::NUM_CAMERAS * sizeof(rendering::raytracing::Camera<typename SPEC::T>);
+        wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(ctx.queue, ctx.frame_inputs.buffer, (uint64_t)wg::BufferLayout<SPEC>::CAMERAS_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), data(renderer.cameras), camera_bytes);
+        WGPUCommandEncoder encoder = wgpuDeviceCreateCommandEncoder(ctx.device, nullptr);
+        {
+            WGPUComputePassEncoder pass = wgpuCommandEncoderBeginComputePass(encoder, nullptr);
+            const uint32_t dynamic_offset = 0;
+            wgpuComputePassEncoderSetPipeline(pass, ctx.collision_pipeline);
+            wgpuComputePassEncoderSetBindGroup(pass, 0, ctx.bind_group, 1, &dynamic_offset);
+            wgpuComputePassEncoderDispatchWorkgroups(pass, (SPEC::NUM_CAMERAS + wg::WORKGROUP_SIZE_X - 1) / wg::WORKGROUP_SIZE_X, (SPEC::NUM_PROBES + wg::WORKGROUP_SIZE_Y - 1) / wg::WORKGROUP_SIZE_Y, 1);
+            wgpuComputePassEncoderEnd(pass);
+            wgpuComputePassEncoderRelease(pass);
+        }
+        wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer(encoder, ctx.outputs.buffer, (uint64_t)wg::BufferLayout<SPEC>::COLLISION_OFFSET * sizeof(uint32_t), ctx.staging_collision.buffer, 0, (uint64_t)wg::BufferLayout<SPEC>::COLLISION_WORDS * sizeof(uint32_t));
+        WGPUCommandBuffer command_buffer = wgpuCommandEncoderFinish(encoder, nullptr);
+        wgpuCommandEncoderRelease(encoder);
+        wgpuQueueSubmit(ctx.queue, 1, &command_buffer);
+        wgpuCommandBufferRelease(command_buffer);
+        ctx.collision_in_flight = true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void probe_sync(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        namespace wg = rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu;
+        wg::settle_probe(device, wg::context(renderer));
+    }
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void synchronize(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu::wait_in_flight(device, rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu::context(renderer));
+    }
+
+    template <typename DEVICE, typename SPEC>
+    void free(DEVICE& device, rendering::raytracing::Renderer<SPEC, rendering::raytracing::backends::Webgpu>& renderer){
+        namespace wg = rendering::raytracing::backends::webgpu;
+        if(renderer.backend != nullptr){
+            auto& ctx = wg::context(renderer);
+            wg::wait_in_flight(device, ctx);
+            wg::destroy_scene_resources(ctx);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.launch_params);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.frame_inputs);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.outputs);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.dispatch_params);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.staging_frame_buffer);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.staging_depth);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.staging_segmentation);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.staging_normals);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.staging_flow);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.staging_flow_status);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.staging_flow_forward);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.staging_flow_forward_status);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.staging_observation);
+            wg::destroy_buffer(ctx.staging_collision);
+            if(ctx.rgb_pipeline != nullptr){ wgpuComputePipelineRelease(ctx.rgb_pipeline); }
+            if(ctx.depth_pipeline != nullptr){ wgpuComputePipelineRelease(ctx.depth_pipeline); }
+            if(ctx.collision_pipeline != nullptr){ wgpuComputePipelineRelease(ctx.collision_pipeline); }
+            if(ctx.segmentation_pipeline != nullptr){ wgpuComputePipelineRelease(ctx.segmentation_pipeline); }
+            if(ctx.normals_pipeline != nullptr){ wgpuComputePipelineRelease(ctx.normals_pipeline); }
+            if(ctx.flow_pipeline != nullptr){ wgpuComputePipelineRelease(ctx.flow_pipeline); }
+            if(ctx.flow_forward_pipeline != nullptr){ wgpuComputePipelineRelease(ctx.flow_forward_pipeline); }
+            if(ctx.resolve_pipeline != nullptr){ wgpuComputePipelineRelease(ctx.resolve_pipeline); }
+            if(ctx.pipeline_layout != nullptr){ wgpuPipelineLayoutRelease(ctx.pipeline_layout); }
+            if(ctx.bind_group_layout != nullptr){ wgpuBindGroupLayoutRelease(ctx.bind_group_layout); }
+            if(ctx.module != nullptr){ wgpuShaderModuleRelease(ctx.module); }
+            if(ctx.queue != nullptr){ wgpuQueueRelease(ctx.queue); }
+            if(ctx.device != nullptr){ wgpuDeviceRelease(ctx.device); }
+            if(ctx.adapter != nullptr){ wgpuAdapterRelease(ctx.adapter); }
+            if(ctx.instance != nullptr){ wgpuInstanceRelease(ctx.instance); }
+            delete renderer.backend;
+            renderer.backend = nullptr;
+            renderer.device.context = nullptr;
+        }
+        free(device, renderer.cameras);
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_CAMERA_PAIR) {
+            free(device, renderer.cameras_open);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_RGB) {
+            free(device, renderer.frame_buffer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_DEPTH) {
+            free(device, renderer.depth_buffer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_SEGMENTATION) {
+            free(device, renderer.segmentation_buffer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_NORMALS) {
+            free(device, renderer.normals_buffer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW) {
+            free(device, renderer.cameras_previous);
+            free(device, renderer.flow_buffer);
+            free(device, renderer.flow_status_buffer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW_FORWARD) {
+            free(device, renderer.flow_forward_buffer);
+            free(device, renderer.flow_forward_status_buffer);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_OBSERVATION) {
+            free(device, renderer.observation);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::ENABLE_OVERLAYS) {
+            free(device, renderer.transforms);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_FLOW_OVERLAYS) {
+            free(device, renderer.transforms_previous);
+        }
+        if constexpr (SPEC::ENABLE_DYNAMIC_MOTION_BLUR) {
+            free(device, renderer.transforms_motion);
+            if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_RGB) {
+                free(device, renderer.rgb_accumulator);
+            }
+            if constexpr (SPEC::HAS_DEPTH) {
+                free(device, renderer.depth_accumulator);
+            }
+        }
+#if !RL_TOOLS_RENDERING_RAYTRACING_DISABLE_PROBE_RAYS
+        free(device, renderer.collision_results);
+#endif
+    }
+
+}
+RL_TOOLS_NAMESPACE_WRAPPER_END
+
+
+#include "../../operations_cpu_post.h"
+
+#endif