fonttools 4.58.3__cp311-cp311-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

fontTools/ttLib/tables/otTables.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2708 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+"""fontTools.ttLib.tables.otTables -- A collection of classes representing the various
+OpenType subtables.
+
+Most are constructed upon import from data in otData.py, all are populated with
+converter objects from otConverters.py.
+"""
+import copy
+from enum import IntEnum
+from functools import reduce
+from math import radians
+import itertools
+from collections import defaultdict, namedtuple
+from fontTools.ttLib import OPTIMIZE_FONT_SPEED
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.TupleVariation import TupleVariation
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otTraverse import dfs_base_table
+from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import quantizeRect
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
+from fontTools.misc.transform import Transform, Identity, DecomposedTransform
+from fontTools.misc.textTools import bytesjoin, pad, safeEval
+from fontTools.misc.vector import Vector
+from fontTools.pens.boundsPen import ControlBoundsPen
+from fontTools.pens.transformPen import TransformPen
+from .otBase import (
+    BaseTable,
+    FormatSwitchingBaseTable,
+    ValueRecord,
+    CountReference,
+    getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass,
+)
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
+    fixedToFloat as fi2fl,
+    floatToFixed as fl2fi,
+    floatToFixedToStr as fl2str,
+    strToFixedToFloat as str2fl,
+)
+from fontTools.feaLib.lookupDebugInfo import LookupDebugInfo, LOOKUP_DEBUG_INFO_KEY
+import logging
+import struct
+import array
+import sys
+from enum import IntFlag
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterator, List, Optional, Set
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from fontTools.ttLib.ttGlyphSet import _TTGlyphSet
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class VarComponentFlags(IntFlag):
+    RESET_UNSPECIFIED_AXES = 1 << 0
+
+    HAVE_AXES = 1 << 1
+
+    AXIS_VALUES_HAVE_VARIATION = 1 << 2
+    TRANSFORM_HAS_VARIATION = 1 << 3
+
+    HAVE_TRANSLATE_X = 1 << 4
+    HAVE_TRANSLATE_Y = 1 << 5
+    HAVE_ROTATION = 1 << 6
+
+    HAVE_CONDITION = 1 << 7
+
+    HAVE_SCALE_X = 1 << 8
+    HAVE_SCALE_Y = 1 << 9
+    HAVE_TCENTER_X = 1 << 10
+    HAVE_TCENTER_Y = 1 << 11
+
+    GID_IS_24BIT = 1 << 12
+
+    HAVE_SKEW_X = 1 << 13
+    HAVE_SKEW_Y = 1 << 14
+
+    RESERVED_MASK = (1 << 32) - (1 << 15)
+
+
+VarTransformMappingValues = namedtuple(
+    "VarTransformMappingValues",
+    ["flag", "fractionalBits", "scale", "defaultValue"],
+)
+
+VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING = {
+    "translateX": VarTransformMappingValues(
+        VarComponentFlags.HAVE_TRANSLATE_X, 0, 1, 0
+    ),
+    "translateY": VarTransformMappingValues(
+        VarComponentFlags.HAVE_TRANSLATE_Y, 0, 1, 0
+    ),
+    "rotation": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_ROTATION, 12, 180, 0),
+    "scaleX": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_SCALE_X, 10, 1, 1),
+    "scaleY": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_SCALE_Y, 10, 1, 1),
+    "skewX": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_SKEW_X, 12, -180, 0),
+    "skewY": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_SKEW_Y, 12, 180, 0),
+    "tCenterX": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_TCENTER_X, 0, 1, 0),
+    "tCenterY": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_TCENTER_Y, 0, 1, 0),
+}
+
+# Probably should be somewhere in fontTools.misc
+_packer = {
+    1: lambda v: struct.pack(">B", v),
+    2: lambda v: struct.pack(">H", v),
+    3: lambda v: struct.pack(">L", v)[1:],
+    4: lambda v: struct.pack(">L", v),
+}
+_unpacker = {
+    1: lambda v: struct.unpack(">B", v)[0],
+    2: lambda v: struct.unpack(">H", v)[0],
+    3: lambda v: struct.unpack(">L", b"\0" + v)[0],
+    4: lambda v: struct.unpack(">L", v)[0],
+}
+
+
+def _read_uint32var(data, i):
+    """Read a variable-length number from data starting at index i.
+
+    Return the number and the next index.
+    """
+
+    b0 = data[i]
+    if b0 < 0x80:
+        return b0, i + 1
+    elif b0 < 0xC0:
+        return (b0 - 0x80) << 8 | data[i + 1], i + 2
+    elif b0 < 0xE0:
+        return (b0 - 0xC0) << 16 | data[i + 1] << 8 | data[i + 2], i + 3
+    elif b0 < 0xF0:
+        return (b0 - 0xE0) << 24 | data[i + 1] << 16 | data[i + 2] << 8 | data[
+            i + 3
+        ], i + 4
+    else:
+        return (b0 - 0xF0) << 32 | data[i + 1] << 24 | data[i + 2] << 16 | data[
+            i + 3
+        ] << 8 | data[i + 4], i + 5
+
+
+def _write_uint32var(v):
+    """Write a variable-length number.
+
+    Return the data.
+    """
+    if v < 0x80:
+        return struct.pack(">B", v)
+    elif v < 0x4000:
+        return struct.pack(">H", (v | 0x8000))
+    elif v < 0x200000:
+        return struct.pack(">L", (v | 0xC00000))[1:]
+    elif v < 0x10000000:
+        return struct.pack(">L", (v | 0xE0000000))
+    else:
+        return struct.pack(">B", 0xF0) + struct.pack(">L", v)
+
+
+class VarComponent:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.populateDefaults()
+
+    def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
+        self.flags = 0
+        self.glyphName = None
+        self.conditionIndex = None
+        self.axisIndicesIndex = None
+        self.axisValues = ()
+        self.axisValuesVarIndex = NO_VARIATION_INDEX
+        self.transformVarIndex = NO_VARIATION_INDEX
+        self.transform = DecomposedTransform()
+
+    def decompile(self, data, font, localState):
+        i = 0
+        self.flags, i = _read_uint32var(data, i)
+        flags = self.flags
+
+        gidSize = 3 if flags & VarComponentFlags.GID_IS_24BIT else 2
+        glyphID = _unpacker[gidSize](data[i : i + gidSize])
+        i += gidSize
+        self.glyphName = font.glyphOrder[glyphID]
+
+        if flags & VarComponentFlags.HAVE_CONDITION:
+            self.conditionIndex, i = _read_uint32var(data, i)
+
+        if flags & VarComponentFlags.HAVE_AXES:
+            self.axisIndicesIndex, i = _read_uint32var(data, i)
+        else:
+            self.axisIndicesIndex = None
+
+        if self.axisIndicesIndex is None:
+            numAxes = 0
+        else:
+            axisIndices = localState["AxisIndicesList"].Item[self.axisIndicesIndex]
+            numAxes = len(axisIndices)
+
+        if flags & VarComponentFlags.HAVE_AXES:
+            axisValues, i = TupleVariation.decompileDeltas_(numAxes, data, i)
+            self.axisValues = tuple(fi2fl(v, 14) for v in axisValues)
+        else:
+            self.axisValues = ()
+        assert len(self.axisValues) == numAxes
+
+        if flags & VarComponentFlags.AXIS_VALUES_HAVE_VARIATION:
+            self.axisValuesVarIndex, i = _read_uint32var(data, i)
+        else:
+            self.axisValuesVarIndex = NO_VARIATION_INDEX
+        if flags & VarComponentFlags.TRANSFORM_HAS_VARIATION:
+            self.transformVarIndex, i = _read_uint32var(data, i)
+        else:
+            self.transformVarIndex = NO_VARIATION_INDEX
+
+        self.transform = DecomposedTransform()
+
+        def read_transform_component(values):
+            nonlocal i
+            if flags & values.flag:
+                v = (
+                    fi2fl(
+                        struct.unpack(">h", data[i : i + 2])[0], values.fractionalBits
+                    )
+                    * values.scale
+                )
+                i += 2
+                return v
+            else:
+                return values.defaultValue
+
+        for attr_name, mapping_values in VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING.items():
+            value = read_transform_component(mapping_values)
+            setattr(self.transform, attr_name, value)
+
+        if not (flags & VarComponentFlags.HAVE_SCALE_Y):
+            self.transform.scaleY = self.transform.scaleX
+
+        n = flags & VarComponentFlags.RESERVED_MASK
+        while n:
+            _, i = _read_uint32var(data, i)
+            n &= n - 1
+
+        return data[i:]
+
+    def compile(self, font):
+        optimizeSpeed = font.cfg[OPTIMIZE_FONT_SPEED]
+
+        data = []
+
+        flags = self.flags
+
+        glyphID = font.getGlyphID(self.glyphName)
+        if glyphID > 65535:
+            flags |= VarComponentFlags.GID_IS_24BIT
+            data.append(_packer[3](glyphID))
+        else:
+            flags &= ~VarComponentFlags.GID_IS_24BIT
+            data.append(_packer[2](glyphID))
+
+        if self.conditionIndex is not None:
+            flags |= VarComponentFlags.HAVE_CONDITION
+            data.append(_write_uint32var(self.conditionIndex))
+
+        numAxes = len(self.axisValues)
+
+        if numAxes:
+            flags |= VarComponentFlags.HAVE_AXES
+            data.append(_write_uint32var(self.axisIndicesIndex))
+            data.append(
+                TupleVariation.compileDeltaValues_(
+                    [fl2fi(v, 14) for v in self.axisValues],
+                    optimizeSize=not optimizeSpeed,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            flags &= ~VarComponentFlags.HAVE_AXES
+
+        if self.axisValuesVarIndex != NO_VARIATION_INDEX:
+            flags |= VarComponentFlags.AXIS_VALUES_HAVE_VARIATION
+            data.append(_write_uint32var(self.axisValuesVarIndex))
+        else:
+            flags &= ~VarComponentFlags.AXIS_VALUES_HAVE_VARIATION
+        if self.transformVarIndex != NO_VARIATION_INDEX:
+            flags |= VarComponentFlags.TRANSFORM_HAS_VARIATION
+            data.append(_write_uint32var(self.transformVarIndex))
+        else:
+            flags &= ~VarComponentFlags.TRANSFORM_HAS_VARIATION
+
+        def write_transform_component(value, values):
+            if flags & values.flag:
+                return struct.pack(
+                    ">h", fl2fi(value / values.scale, values.fractionalBits)
+                )
+            else:
+                return b""
+
+        for attr_name, mapping_values in VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING.items():
+            value = getattr(self.transform, attr_name)
+            data.append(write_transform_component(value, mapping_values))
+
+        return _write_uint32var(flags) + bytesjoin(data)
+
+    def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, attrs):
+        writer.begintag("VarComponent", attrs)
+        writer.newline()
+
+        def write(name, value, attrs=()):
+            if value is not None:
+                writer.simpletag(name, (("value", value),) + attrs)
+                writer.newline()
+
+        write("glyphName", self.glyphName)
+
+        if self.conditionIndex is not None:
+            write("conditionIndex", self.conditionIndex)
+        if self.axisIndicesIndex is not None:
+            write("axisIndicesIndex", self.axisIndicesIndex)
+        if (
+            self.axisIndicesIndex is not None
+            or self.flags & VarComponentFlags.RESET_UNSPECIFIED_AXES
+        ):
+            if self.flags & VarComponentFlags.RESET_UNSPECIFIED_AXES:
+                attrs = (("resetUnspecifiedAxes", 1),)
+            else:
+                attrs = ()
+            write("axisValues", [float(fl2str(v, 14)) for v in self.axisValues], attrs)
+
+        if self.axisValuesVarIndex != NO_VARIATION_INDEX:
+            write("axisValuesVarIndex", self.axisValuesVarIndex)
+        if self.transformVarIndex != NO_VARIATION_INDEX:
+            write("transformVarIndex", self.transformVarIndex)
+
+        # Only write transform components that are specified in the
+        # flags, even if they are the default value.
+        for attr_name, mapping in VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING.items():
+            if not (self.flags & mapping.flag):
+                continue
+            v = getattr(self.transform, attr_name)
+            write(attr_name, fl2str(v, mapping.fractionalBits))
+
+        writer.endtag("VarComponent")
+        writer.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
+        content = [c for c in content if isinstance(c, tuple)]
+
+        self.populateDefaults()
+
+        for name, attrs, content in content:
+            assert not content
+            v = attrs["value"]
+
+            if name == "glyphName":
+                self.glyphName = v
+            elif name == "conditionIndex":
+                self.conditionIndex = safeEval(v)
+            elif name == "axisIndicesIndex":
+                self.axisIndicesIndex = safeEval(v)
+            elif name == "axisValues":
+                self.axisValues = tuple(str2fl(v, 14) for v in safeEval(v))
+                if safeEval(attrs.get("resetUnspecifiedAxes", "0")):
+                    self.flags |= VarComponentFlags.RESET_UNSPECIFIED_AXES
+            elif name == "axisValuesVarIndex":
+                self.axisValuesVarIndex = safeEval(v)
+            elif name == "transformVarIndex":
+                self.transformVarIndex = safeEval(v)
+            elif name in VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING:
+                setattr(
+                    self.transform,
+                    name,
+                    safeEval(v),
+                )
+                self.flags |= VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING[name].flag
+            else:
+                assert False, name
+
+    def applyTransformDeltas(self, deltas):
+        i = 0
+
+        def read_transform_component_delta(values):
+            nonlocal i
+            if self.flags & values.flag:
+                v = fi2fl(deltas[i], values.fractionalBits) * values.scale
+                i += 1
+                return v
+            else:
+                return 0
+
+        for attr_name, mapping_values in VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING.items():
+            value = read_transform_component_delta(mapping_values)
+            setattr(
+                self.transform, attr_name, getattr(self.transform, attr_name) + value
+            )
+
+        if not (self.flags & VarComponentFlags.HAVE_SCALE_Y):
+            self.transform.scaleY = self.transform.scaleX
+
+        assert i == len(deltas), (i, len(deltas))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if type(self) != type(other):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        result = self.__eq__(other)
+        return result if result is NotImplemented else not result
+
+
+class VarCompositeGlyph:
+    def __init__(self, components=None):
+        self.components = components if components is not None else []
+
+    def decompile(self, data, font, localState):
+        self.components = []
+        while data:
+            component = VarComponent()
+            data = component.decompile(data, font, localState)
+            self.components.append(component)
+
+    def compile(self, font):
+        data = []
+        for component in self.components:
+            data.append(component.compile(font))
+        return bytesjoin(data)
+
+    def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name):
+        xmlWriter.begintag("VarCompositeGlyph", attrs)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        for i, component in enumerate(self.components):
+            component.toXML(xmlWriter, font, [("index", i)])
+        xmlWriter.endtag("VarCompositeGlyph")
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        content = [c for c in content if isinstance(c, tuple)]
+        for name, attrs, content in content:
+            assert name == "VarComponent"
+            component = VarComponent()
+            component.fromXML(name, attrs, content, font)
+            self.components.append(component)
+
+
+class AATStateTable(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.GlyphClasses = {}  # GlyphID --> GlyphClass
+        self.States = []  # List of AATState, indexed by state number
+        self.PerGlyphLookups = []  # [{GlyphID:GlyphID}, ...]
+
+
+class AATState(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.Transitions = {}  # GlyphClass --> AATAction
+
+
+class AATAction(object):
+    _FLAGS = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def compileActions(font, states):
+        return (None, None)
+
+    def _writeFlagsToXML(self, xmlWriter):
+        flags = [f for f in self._FLAGS if self.__dict__[f]]
+        if flags:
+            xmlWriter.simpletag("Flags", value=",".join(flags))
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+        if self.ReservedFlags != 0:
+            xmlWriter.simpletag("ReservedFlags", value="0x%04X" % self.ReservedFlags)
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def _setFlag(self, flag):
+        assert flag in self._FLAGS, "unsupported flag %s" % flag
+        self.__dict__[flag] = True
+
+
+class RearrangementMorphAction(AATAction):
+    staticSize = 4
+    actionHeaderSize = 0
+    _FLAGS = ["MarkFirst", "DontAdvance", "MarkLast"]
+
+    _VERBS = {
+        0: "no change",
+        1: "Ax ⇒ xA",
+        2: "xD ⇒ Dx",
+        3: "AxD ⇒ DxA",
+        4: "ABx ⇒ xAB",
+        5: "ABx ⇒ xBA",
+        6: "xCD ⇒ CDx",
+        7: "xCD ⇒ DCx",
+        8: "AxCD ⇒ CDxA",
+        9: "AxCD ⇒ DCxA",
+        10: "ABxD ⇒ DxAB",
+        11: "ABxD ⇒ DxBA",
+        12: "ABxCD ⇒ CDxAB",
+        13: "ABxCD ⇒ CDxBA",
+        14: "ABxCD ⇒ DCxAB",
+        15: "ABxCD ⇒ DCxBA",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.NewState = 0
+        self.Verb = 0
+        self.MarkFirst = False
+        self.DontAdvance = False
+        self.MarkLast = False
+        self.ReservedFlags = 0
+
+    def compile(self, writer, font, actionIndex):
+        assert actionIndex is None
+        writer.writeUShort(self.NewState)
+        assert self.Verb >= 0 and self.Verb <= 15, self.Verb
+        flags = self.Verb | self.ReservedFlags
+        if self.MarkFirst:
+            flags |= 0x8000
+        if self.DontAdvance:
+            flags |= 0x4000
+        if self.MarkLast:
+            flags |= 0x2000
+        writer.writeUShort(flags)
+
+    def decompile(self, reader, font, actionReader):
+        assert actionReader is None
+        self.NewState = reader.readUShort()
+        flags = reader.readUShort()
+        self.Verb = flags & 0xF
+        self.MarkFirst = bool(flags & 0x8000)
+        self.DontAdvance = bool(flags & 0x4000)
+        self.MarkLast = bool(flags & 0x2000)
+        self.ReservedFlags = flags & 0x1FF0
+
+    def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name):
+        xmlWriter.begintag(name, **attrs)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        xmlWriter.simpletag("NewState", value=self.NewState)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        self._writeFlagsToXML(xmlWriter)
+        xmlWriter.simpletag("Verb", value=self.Verb)
+        verbComment = self._VERBS.get(self.Verb)
+        if verbComment is not None:
+            xmlWriter.comment(verbComment)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        xmlWriter.endtag(name)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        self.NewState = self.Verb = self.ReservedFlags = 0
+        self.MarkFirst = self.DontAdvance = self.MarkLast = False
+        content = [t for t in content if isinstance(t, tuple)]
+        for eltName, eltAttrs, eltContent in content:
+            if eltName == "NewState":
+                self.NewState = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
+            elif eltName == "Verb":
+                self.Verb = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
+            elif eltName == "ReservedFlags":
+                self.ReservedFlags = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
+            elif eltName == "Flags":
+                for flag in eltAttrs["value"].split(","):
+                    self._setFlag(flag.strip())
+
+
+class ContextualMorphAction(AATAction):
+    staticSize = 8
+    actionHeaderSize = 0
+    _FLAGS = ["SetMark", "DontAdvance"]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.NewState = 0
+        self.SetMark, self.DontAdvance = False, False
+        self.ReservedFlags = 0
+        self.MarkIndex, self.CurrentIndex = 0xFFFF, 0xFFFF
+
+    def compile(self, writer, font, actionIndex):
+        assert actionIndex is None
+        writer.writeUShort(self.NewState)
+        flags = self.ReservedFlags
+        if self.SetMark:
+            flags |= 0x8000
+        if self.DontAdvance:
+            flags |= 0x4000
+        writer.writeUShort(flags)
+        writer.writeUShort(self.MarkIndex)
+        writer.writeUShort(self.CurrentIndex)
+
+    def decompile(self, reader, font, actionReader):
+        assert actionReader is None
+        self.NewState = reader.readUShort()
+        flags = reader.readUShort()
+        self.SetMark = bool(flags & 0x8000)
+        self.DontAdvance = bool(flags & 0x4000)
+        self.ReservedFlags = flags & 0x3FFF
+        self.MarkIndex = reader.readUShort()
+        self.CurrentIndex = reader.readUShort()
+
+    def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name):
+        xmlWriter.begintag(name, **attrs)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        xmlWriter.simpletag("NewState", value=self.NewState)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        self._writeFlagsToXML(xmlWriter)
+        xmlWriter.simpletag("MarkIndex", value=self.MarkIndex)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        xmlWriter.simpletag("CurrentIndex", value=self.CurrentIndex)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        xmlWriter.endtag(name)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        self.NewState = self.ReservedFlags = 0
+        self.SetMark = self.DontAdvance = False
+        self.MarkIndex, self.CurrentIndex = 0xFFFF, 0xFFFF
+        content = [t for t in content if isinstance(t, tuple)]
+        for eltName, eltAttrs, eltContent in content:
+            if eltName == "NewState":
+                self.NewState = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
+            elif eltName == "Flags":
+                for flag in eltAttrs["value"].split(","):
+                    self._setFlag(flag.strip())
+            elif eltName == "ReservedFlags":
+                self.ReservedFlags = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
+            elif eltName == "MarkIndex":
+                self.MarkIndex = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
+            elif eltName == "CurrentIndex":
+                self.CurrentIndex = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
+
+
+class LigAction(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.Store = False
+        # GlyphIndexDelta is a (possibly negative) delta that gets
+        # added to the glyph ID at the top of the AAT runtime
+        # execution stack. It is *not* a byte offset into the
+        # morx table. The result of the addition, which is performed
+        # at run time by the shaping engine, is an index into
+        # the ligature components table. See 'morx' specification.
+        # In the AAT specification, this field is called Offset;
+        # but its meaning is quite different from other offsets
+        # in either AAT or OpenType, so we use a different name.
+        self.GlyphIndexDelta = 0
+
+
+class LigatureMorphAction(AATAction):
+    staticSize = 6
+
+    # 4 bytes for each of {action,ligComponents,ligatures}Offset
+    actionHeaderSize = 12
+
+    _FLAGS = ["SetComponent", "DontAdvance"]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.NewState = 0
+        self.SetComponent, self.DontAdvance = False, False
+        self.ReservedFlags = 0
+        self.Actions = []
+
+    def compile(self, writer, font, actionIndex):
+        assert actionIndex is not None
+        writer.writeUShort(self.NewState)
+        flags = self.ReservedFlags
+        if self.SetComponent:
+            flags |= 0x8000
+        if self.DontAdvance:
+            flags |= 0x4000
+        if len(self.Actions) > 0:
+            flags |= 0x2000
+        writer.writeUShort(flags)
+        if len(self.Actions) > 0:
+            actions = self.compileLigActions()
+            writer.writeUShort(actionIndex[actions])
+        else:
+            writer.writeUShort(0)
+
+    def decompile(self, reader, font, actionReader):
+        assert actionReader is not None
+        self.NewState = reader.readUShort()
+        flags = reader.readUShort()
+        self.SetComponent = bool(flags & 0x8000)
+        self.DontAdvance = bool(flags & 0x4000)
+        performAction = bool(flags & 0x2000)
+        # As of 2017-09-12, the 'morx' specification says that
+        # the reserved bitmask in ligature subtables is 0x3FFF.
+        # However, the specification also defines a flag 0x2000,
+        # so the reserved value should actually be 0x1FFF.
+        # TODO: Report this specification bug to Apple.
+        self.ReservedFlags = flags & 0x1FFF
+        actionIndex = reader.readUShort()
+        if performAction:
+            self.Actions = self._decompileLigActions(actionReader, actionIndex)
+        else:
+            self.Actions = []
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def compileActions(font, states):
+        result, actions, actionIndex = b"", set(), {}
+        for state in states:
+            for _glyphClass, trans in state.Transitions.items():
+                actions.add(trans.compileLigActions())
+        # Sort the compiled actions in decreasing order of
+        # length, so that the longer sequence come before the
+        # shorter ones.  For each compiled action ABCD, its
+        # suffixes BCD, CD, and D do not be encoded separately
+        # (in case they occur); instead, we can just store an
+        # index that points into the middle of the longer
+        # sequence. Every compiled AAT ligature sequence is
+        # terminated with an end-of-sequence flag, which can
+        # only be set on the last element of the sequence.
+        # Therefore, it is sufficient to consider just the
+        # suffixes.
+        for a in sorted(actions, key=lambda x: (-len(x), x)):
+            if a not in actionIndex:
+                for i in range(0, len(a), 4):
+                    suffix = a[i:]
+                    suffixIndex = (len(result) + i) // 4
+                    actionIndex.setdefault(suffix, suffixIndex)
+                result += a
+        result = pad(result, 4)
+        return (result, actionIndex)
+
+    def compileLigActions(self):
+        result = []
+        for i, action in enumerate(self.Actions):
+            last = i == len(self.Actions) - 1
+            value = action.GlyphIndexDelta & 0x3FFFFFFF
+            value |= 0x80000000 if last else 0
+            value |= 0x40000000 if action.Store else 0
+            result.append(struct.pack(">L", value))
+        return bytesjoin(result)
+
+    def _decompileLigActions(self, actionReader, actionIndex):
+        actions = []
+        last = False
+        reader = actionReader.getSubReader(actionReader.pos + actionIndex * 4)
+        while not last:
+            value = reader.readULong()
+            last = bool(value & 0x80000000)
+            action = LigAction()
+            actions.append(action)
+            action.Store = bool(value & 0x40000000)
+            delta = value & 0x3FFFFFFF
+            if delta >= 0x20000000:  # sign-extend 30-bit value
+                delta = -0x40000000 + delta
+            action.GlyphIndexDelta = delta
+        return actions
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        self.NewState = self.ReservedFlags = 0
+        self.SetComponent = self.DontAdvance = False
+        self.ReservedFlags = 0
+        self.Actions = []
+        content = [t for t in content if isinstance(t, tuple)]
+        for eltName, eltAttrs, eltContent in content:
+            if eltName == "NewState":
+                self.NewState = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
+            elif eltName == "Flags":
+                for flag in eltAttrs["value"].split(","):
+                    self._setFlag(flag.strip())
+            elif eltName == "ReservedFlags":
+                self.ReservedFlags = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
+            elif eltName == "Action":
+                action = LigAction()
+                flags = eltAttrs.get("Flags", "").split(",")
+                flags = [f.strip() for f in flags]
+                action.Store = "Store" in flags
+                action.GlyphIndexDelta = safeEval(eltAttrs["GlyphIndexDelta"])
+                self.Actions.append(action)
+
+    def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name):
+        xmlWriter.begintag(name, **attrs)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        xmlWriter.simpletag("NewState", value=self.NewState)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        self._writeFlagsToXML(xmlWriter)
+        for action in self.Actions:
+            attribs = [("GlyphIndexDelta", action.GlyphIndexDelta)]
+            if action.Store:
+                attribs.append(("Flags", "Store"))
+            xmlWriter.simpletag("Action", attribs)
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+        xmlWriter.endtag(name)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+
+
+class InsertionMorphAction(AATAction):
+    staticSize = 8
+    actionHeaderSize = 4  # 4 bytes for actionOffset
+    _FLAGS = [
+        "SetMark",
+        "DontAdvance",
+        "CurrentIsKashidaLike",
+        "MarkedIsKashidaLike",
+        "CurrentInsertBefore",
+        "MarkedInsertBefore",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.NewState = 0
+        for flag in self._FLAGS:
+            setattr(self, flag, False)
+        self.ReservedFlags = 0
+        self.CurrentInsertionAction, self.MarkedInsertionAction = [], []
+
+    def compile(self, writer, font, actionIndex):
+        assert actionIndex is not None
+        writer.writeUShort(self.NewState)
+        flags = self.ReservedFlags
+        if self.SetMark:
+            flags |= 0x8000
+        if self.DontAdvance:
+            flags |= 0x4000
+        if self.CurrentIsKashidaLike:
+            flags |= 0x2000
+        if self.MarkedIsKashidaLike:
+            flags |= 0x1000
+        if self.CurrentInsertBefore:
+            flags |= 0x0800
+        if self.MarkedInsertBefore:
+            flags |= 0x0400
+        flags |= len(self.CurrentInsertionAction) << 5
+        flags |= len(self.MarkedInsertionAction)
+        writer.writeUShort(flags)
+        if len(self.CurrentInsertionAction) > 0:
+            currentIndex = actionIndex[tuple(self.CurrentInsertionAction)]
+        else:
+            currentIndex = 0xFFFF
+        writer.writeUShort(currentIndex)
+        if len(self.MarkedInsertionAction) > 0:
+            markedIndex = actionIndex[tuple(self.MarkedInsertionAction)]
+        else:
+            markedIndex = 0xFFFF
+        writer.writeUShort(markedIndex)
+
+    def decompile(self, reader, font, actionReader):
+        assert actionReader is not None
+        self.NewState = reader.readUShort()
+        flags = reader.readUShort()
+        self.SetMark = bool(flags & 0x8000)
+        self.DontAdvance = bool(flags & 0x4000)
+        self.CurrentIsKashidaLike = bool(flags & 0x2000)
+        self.MarkedIsKashidaLike = bool(flags & 0x1000)
+        self.CurrentInsertBefore = bool(flags & 0x0800)
+        self.MarkedInsertBefore = bool(flags & 0x0400)
+        self.CurrentInsertionAction = self._decompileInsertionAction(
+            actionReader, font, index=reader.readUShort(), count=((flags & 0x03E0) >> 5)
+        )
+        self.MarkedInsertionAction = self._decompileInsertionAction(
+            actionReader, font, index=reader.readUShort(), count=(flags & 0x001F)
+        )
+
+    def _decompileInsertionAction(self, actionReader, font, index, count):
+        if index == 0xFFFF or count == 0:
+            return []
+        reader = actionReader.getSubReader(actionReader.pos + index * 2)
+        return font.getGlyphNameMany(reader.readUShortArray(count))
+
+    def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name):
+        xmlWriter.begintag(name, **attrs)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        xmlWriter.simpletag("NewState", value=self.NewState)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        self._writeFlagsToXML(xmlWriter)
+        for g in self.CurrentInsertionAction:
+            xmlWriter.simpletag("CurrentInsertionAction", glyph=g)
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+        for g in self.MarkedInsertionAction:
+            xmlWriter.simpletag("MarkedInsertionAction", glyph=g)
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+        xmlWriter.endtag(name)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        self.__init__()
+        content = [t for t in content if isinstance(t, tuple)]
+        for eltName, eltAttrs, eltContent in content:
+            if eltName == "NewState":
+                self.NewState = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
+            elif eltName == "Flags":
+                for flag in eltAttrs["value"].split(","):
+                    self._setFlag(flag.strip())
+            elif eltName == "CurrentInsertionAction":
+                self.CurrentInsertionAction.append(eltAttrs["glyph"])
+            elif eltName == "MarkedInsertionAction":
+                self.MarkedInsertionAction.append(eltAttrs["glyph"])
+            else:
+                assert False, eltName
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def compileActions(font, states):
+        actions, actionIndex, result = set(), {}, b""
+        for state in states:
+            for _glyphClass, trans in state.Transitions.items():
+                if trans.CurrentInsertionAction is not None:
+                    actions.add(tuple(trans.CurrentInsertionAction))
+                if trans.MarkedInsertionAction is not None:
+                    actions.add(tuple(trans.MarkedInsertionAction))
+        # Sort the compiled actions in decreasing order of
+        # length, so that the longer sequence come before the
+        # shorter ones.
+        for action in sorted(actions, key=lambda x: (-len(x), x)):
+            # We insert all sub-sequences of the action glyph sequence
+            # into actionIndex. For example, if one action triggers on
+            # glyph sequence [A, B, C, D, E] and another action triggers
+            # on [C, D], we return result=[A, B, C, D, E] (as list of
+            # encoded glyph IDs), and actionIndex={('A','B','C','D','E'): 0,
+            # ('C','D'): 2}.
+            if action in actionIndex:
+                continue
+            for start in range(0, len(action)):
+                startIndex = (len(result) // 2) + start
+                for limit in range(start, len(action)):
+                    glyphs = action[start : limit + 1]
+                    actionIndex.setdefault(glyphs, startIndex)
+            for glyph in action:
+                glyphID = font.getGlyphID(glyph)
+                result += struct.pack(">H", glyphID)
+        return result, actionIndex
+
+
+class FeatureParams(BaseTable):
+    def compile(self, writer, font):
+        assert (
+            featureParamTypes.get(writer["FeatureTag"]) == self.__class__
+        ), "Wrong FeatureParams type for feature '%s': %s" % (
+            writer["FeatureTag"],
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+        )
+        BaseTable.compile(self, writer, font)
+
+    def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs=None, name=None):
+        BaseTable.toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name=self.__class__.__name__)
+
+
+class FeatureParamsSize(FeatureParams):
+    pass
+
+
+class FeatureParamsStylisticSet(FeatureParams):
+    pass
+
+
+class FeatureParamsCharacterVariants(FeatureParams):
+    pass
+
+
+class Coverage(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):
+    # manual implementation to get rid of glyphID dependencies
+
+    def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
+        if not hasattr(self, "glyphs"):
+            self.glyphs = []
+
+    def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
+        if self.Format == 1:
+            self.glyphs = rawTable["GlyphArray"]
+        elif self.Format == 2:
+            glyphs = self.glyphs = []
+            ranges = rawTable["RangeRecord"]
+            # Some SIL fonts have coverage entries that don't have sorted
+            # StartCoverageIndex.  If it is so, fixup and warn.  We undo
+            # this when writing font out.
+            sorted_ranges = sorted(ranges, key=lambda a: a.StartCoverageIndex)
+            if ranges != sorted_ranges:
+                log.warning("GSUB/GPOS Coverage is not sorted by glyph ids.")
+                ranges = sorted_ranges
+            del sorted_ranges
+            for r in ranges:
+                start = r.Start
+                end = r.End
+                startID = font.getGlyphID(start)
+                endID = font.getGlyphID(end) + 1
+                glyphs.extend(font.getGlyphNameMany(range(startID, endID)))
+        else:
+            self.glyphs = []
+            log.warning("Unknown Coverage format: %s", self.Format)
+        del self.Format  # Don't need this anymore
+
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        glyphs = getattr(self, "glyphs", None)
+        if glyphs is None:
+            glyphs = self.glyphs = []
+        format = 1
+        rawTable = {"GlyphArray": glyphs}
+        if glyphs:
+            # find out whether Format 2 is more compact or not
+            glyphIDs = font.getGlyphIDMany(glyphs)
+            brokenOrder = sorted(glyphIDs) != glyphIDs
+
+            last = glyphIDs[0]
+            ranges = [[last]]
+            for glyphID in glyphIDs[1:]:
+                if glyphID != last + 1:
+                    ranges[-1].append(last)
+                    ranges.append([glyphID])
+                last = glyphID
+            ranges[-1].append(last)
+
+            if brokenOrder or len(ranges) * 3 < len(glyphs):  # 3 words vs. 1 word
+                # Format 2 is more compact
+                index = 0
+                for i in range(len(ranges)):
+                    start, end = ranges[i]
+                    r = RangeRecord()
+                    r.StartID = start
+                    r.Start = font.getGlyphName(start)
+                    r.End = font.getGlyphName(end)
+                    r.StartCoverageIndex = index
+                    ranges[i] = r
+                    index = index + end - start + 1
+                if brokenOrder:
+                    log.warning("GSUB/GPOS Coverage is not sorted by glyph ids.")
+                    ranges.sort(key=lambda a: a.StartID)
+                for r in ranges:
+                    del r.StartID
+                format = 2
+                rawTable = {"RangeRecord": ranges}
+            # else:
+            # 	fallthrough; Format 1 is more compact
+        self.Format = format
+        return rawTable
+
+    def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
+        for glyphName in getattr(self, "glyphs", []):
+            xmlWriter.simpletag("Glyph", value=glyphName)
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        glyphs = getattr(self, "glyphs", None)
+        if glyphs is None:
+            glyphs = []
+            self.glyphs = glyphs
+        glyphs.append(attrs["value"])
+
+
+# The special 0xFFFFFFFF delta-set index is used to indicate that there
+# is no variation data in the ItemVariationStore for a given variable field
+NO_VARIATION_INDEX = 0xFFFFFFFF
+
+
+class DeltaSetIndexMap(getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass("uint8")):
+    def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
+        if not hasattr(self, "mapping"):
+            self.mapping = []
+
+    def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
+        assert (rawTable["EntryFormat"] & 0xFFC0) == 0
+        self.mapping = rawTable["mapping"]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def getEntryFormat(mapping):
+        ored = 0
+        for idx in mapping:
+            ored |= idx
+
+        inner = ored & 0xFFFF
+        innerBits = 0
+        while inner:
+            innerBits += 1
+            inner >>= 1
+        innerBits = max(innerBits, 1)
+        assert innerBits <= 16
+
+        ored = (ored >> (16 - innerBits)) | (ored & ((1 << innerBits) - 1))
+        if ored <= 0x000000FF:
+            entrySize = 1
+        elif ored <= 0x0000FFFF:
+            entrySize = 2
+        elif ored <= 0x00FFFFFF:
+            entrySize = 3
+        else:
+            entrySize = 4
+
+        return ((entrySize - 1) << 4) | (innerBits - 1)
+
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
+        if mapping is None:
+            mapping = self.mapping = []
+        self.Format = 1 if len(mapping) > 0xFFFF else 0
+        rawTable = self.__dict__.copy()
+        rawTable["MappingCount"] = len(mapping)
+        rawTable["EntryFormat"] = self.getEntryFormat(mapping)
+        return rawTable
+
+    def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
+        # Make xml dump less verbose, by omitting no-op entries like:
+        #   <Map index="..." outer="65535" inner="65535"/>
+        xmlWriter.comment("Omitted values default to 0xFFFF/0xFFFF (no variations)")
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        for i, value in enumerate(getattr(self, "mapping", [])):
+            attrs = [("index", i)]
+            if value != NO_VARIATION_INDEX:
+                attrs.extend(
+                    [
+                        ("outer", value >> 16),
+                        ("inner", value & 0xFFFF),
+                    ]
+                )
+            xmlWriter.simpletag("Map", attrs)
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
+        if mapping is None:
+            self.mapping = mapping = []
+        index = safeEval(attrs["index"])
+        outer = safeEval(attrs.get("outer", "0xFFFF"))
+        inner = safeEval(attrs.get("inner", "0xFFFF"))
+        assert inner <= 0xFFFF
+        mapping.insert(index, (outer << 16) | inner)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        return self.mapping[i] if i < len(self.mapping) else NO_VARIATION_INDEX
+
+
+class VarIdxMap(BaseTable):
+    def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
+        if not hasattr(self, "mapping"):
+            self.mapping = {}
+
+    def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
+        assert (rawTable["EntryFormat"] & 0xFFC0) == 0
+        glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
+        mapList = rawTable["mapping"]
+        mapList.extend([mapList[-1]] * (len(glyphOrder) - len(mapList)))
+        self.mapping = dict(zip(glyphOrder, mapList))
+
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
+        if mapping is None:
+            mapping = self.mapping = {}
+
+        glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
+        mapping = [mapping[g] for g in glyphOrder]
+        while len(mapping) > 1 and mapping[-2] == mapping[-1]:
+            del mapping[-1]
+
+        rawTable = {"mapping": mapping}
+        rawTable["MappingCount"] = len(mapping)
+        rawTable["EntryFormat"] = DeltaSetIndexMap.getEntryFormat(mapping)
+        return rawTable
+
+    def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
+        for glyph, value in sorted(getattr(self, "mapping", {}).items()):
+            attrs = (
+                ("glyph", glyph),
+                ("outer", value >> 16),
+                ("inner", value & 0xFFFF),
+            )
+            xmlWriter.simpletag("Map", attrs)
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
+        if mapping is None:
+            mapping = {}
+            self.mapping = mapping
+        try:
+            glyph = attrs["glyph"]
+        except:  # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/commit/21cbab8ce9ded3356fef3745122da64dcaf314e9#commitcomment-27649836
+            glyph = font.getGlyphOrder()[attrs["index"]]
+        outer = safeEval(attrs["outer"])
+        inner = safeEval(attrs["inner"])
+        assert inner <= 0xFFFF
+        mapping[glyph] = (outer << 16) | inner
+
+    def __getitem__(self, glyphName):
+        return self.mapping.get(glyphName, NO_VARIATION_INDEX)
+
+
+class VarRegionList(BaseTable):
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        # The OT spec says VarStore.VarRegionList.RegionAxisCount should always
+        # be equal to the fvar.axisCount, and OTS < v8.0.0 enforces this rule
+        # even when the VarRegionList is empty. We can't treat RegionAxisCount
+        # like a normal propagated count (== len(Region[i].VarRegionAxis)),
+        # otherwise it would default to 0 if VarRegionList is empty.
+        # Thus, we force it to always be equal to fvar.axisCount.
+        # https://github.com/khaledhosny/ots/pull/192
+        fvarTable = font.get("fvar")
+        if fvarTable:
+            self.RegionAxisCount = len(fvarTable.axes)
+        return {
+            **self.__dict__,
+            "RegionAxisCount": CountReference(self.__dict__, "RegionAxisCount"),
+        }
+
+
+class SingleSubst(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):
+    def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
+        if not hasattr(self, "mapping"):
+            self.mapping = {}
+
+    def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
+        mapping = {}
+        input = _getGlyphsFromCoverageTable(rawTable["Coverage"])
+        if self.Format == 1:
+            delta = rawTable["DeltaGlyphID"]
+            inputGIDS = font.getGlyphIDMany(input)
+            outGIDS = [(glyphID + delta) % 65536 for glyphID in inputGIDS]
+            outNames = font.getGlyphNameMany(outGIDS)
+            for inp, out in zip(input, outNames):
+                mapping[inp] = out
+        elif self.Format == 2:
+            assert (
+                len(input) == rawTable["GlyphCount"]
+            ), "invalid SingleSubstFormat2 table"
+            subst = rawTable["Substitute"]
+            for inp, sub in zip(input, subst):
+                mapping[inp] = sub
+        else:
+            assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+        self.mapping = mapping
+        del self.Format  # Don't need this anymore
+
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
+        if mapping is None:
+            mapping = self.mapping = {}
+        items = list(mapping.items())
+        getGlyphID = font.getGlyphID
+        gidItems = [(getGlyphID(a), getGlyphID(b)) for a, b in items]
+        sortableItems = sorted(zip(gidItems, items))
+
+        # figure out format
+        format = 2
+        delta = None
+        for inID, outID in gidItems:
+            if delta is None:
+                delta = (outID - inID) % 65536
+
+            if (inID + delta) % 65536 != outID:
+                break
+        else:
+            if delta is None:
+                # the mapping is empty, better use format 2
+                format = 2
+            else:
+                format = 1
+
+        rawTable = {}
+        self.Format = format
+        cov = Coverage()
+        input = [item[1][0] for item in sortableItems]
+        subst = [item[1][1] for item in sortableItems]
+        cov.glyphs = input
+        rawTable["Coverage"] = cov
+        if format == 1:
+            assert delta is not None
+            rawTable["DeltaGlyphID"] = delta
+        else:
+            rawTable["Substitute"] = subst
+        return rawTable
+
+    def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
+        items = sorted(self.mapping.items())
+        for inGlyph, outGlyph in items:
+            xmlWriter.simpletag("Substitution", [("in", inGlyph), ("out", outGlyph)])
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
+        if mapping is None:
+            mapping = {}
+            self.mapping = mapping
+        mapping[attrs["in"]] = attrs["out"]
+
+
+class MultipleSubst(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):
+    def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
+        if not hasattr(self, "mapping"):
+            self.mapping = {}
+
+    def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
+        mapping = {}
+        if self.Format == 1:
+            glyphs = _getGlyphsFromCoverageTable(rawTable["Coverage"])
+            subst = [s.Substitute for s in rawTable["Sequence"]]
+            mapping = dict(zip(glyphs, subst))
+        else:
+            assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+        self.mapping = mapping
+        del self.Format  # Don't need this anymore
+
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
+        if mapping is None:
+            mapping = self.mapping = {}
+        cov = Coverage()
+        cov.glyphs = sorted(list(mapping.keys()), key=font.getGlyphID)
+        self.Format = 1
+        rawTable = {
+            "Coverage": cov,
+            "Sequence": [self.makeSequence_(mapping[glyph]) for glyph in cov.glyphs],
+        }
+        return rawTable
+
+    def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
+        items = sorted(self.mapping.items())
+        for inGlyph, outGlyphs in items:
+            out = ",".join(outGlyphs)
+            xmlWriter.simpletag("Substitution", [("in", inGlyph), ("out", out)])
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
+        if mapping is None:
+            mapping = {}
+            self.mapping = mapping
+
+        # TTX v3.0 and earlier.
+        if name == "Coverage":
+            self.old_coverage_ = []
+            for element in content:
+                if not isinstance(element, tuple):
+                    continue
+                element_name, element_attrs, _ = element
+                if element_name == "Glyph":
+                    self.old_coverage_.append(element_attrs["value"])
+            return
+        if name == "Sequence":
+            index = int(attrs.get("index", len(mapping)))
+            glyph = self.old_coverage_[index]
+            glyph_mapping = mapping[glyph] = []
+            for element in content:
+                if not isinstance(element, tuple):
+                    continue
+                element_name, element_attrs, _ = element
+                if element_name == "Substitute":
+                    glyph_mapping.append(element_attrs["value"])
+            return
+
+            # TTX v3.1 and later.
+        outGlyphs = attrs["out"].split(",") if attrs["out"] else []
+        mapping[attrs["in"]] = [g.strip() for g in outGlyphs]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def makeSequence_(g):
+        seq = Sequence()
+        seq.Substitute = g
+        return seq
+
+
+class ClassDef(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):
+    def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
+        if not hasattr(self, "classDefs"):
+            self.classDefs = {}
+
+    def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
+        classDefs = {}
+
+        if self.Format == 1:
+            start = rawTable["StartGlyph"]
+            classList = rawTable["ClassValueArray"]
+            startID = font.getGlyphID(start)
+            endID = startID + len(classList)
+            glyphNames = font.getGlyphNameMany(range(startID, endID))
+            for glyphName, cls in zip(glyphNames, classList):
+                if cls:
+                    classDefs[glyphName] = cls
+
+        elif self.Format == 2:
+            records = rawTable["ClassRangeRecord"]
+            for rec in records:
+                cls = rec.Class
+                if not cls:
+                    continue
+                start = rec.Start
+                end = rec.End
+                startID = font.getGlyphID(start)
+                endID = font.getGlyphID(end) + 1
+                glyphNames = font.getGlyphNameMany(range(startID, endID))
+                for glyphName in glyphNames:
+                    classDefs[glyphName] = cls
+        else:
+            log.warning("Unknown ClassDef format: %s", self.Format)
+        self.classDefs = classDefs
+        del self.Format  # Don't need this anymore
+
+    def _getClassRanges(self, font):
+        classDefs = getattr(self, "classDefs", None)
+        if classDefs is None:
+            self.classDefs = {}
+            return
+        getGlyphID = font.getGlyphID
+        items = []
+        for glyphName, cls in classDefs.items():
+            if not cls:
+                continue
+            items.append((getGlyphID(glyphName), glyphName, cls))
+        if items:
+            items.sort()
+            last, lastName, lastCls = items[0]
+            ranges = [[lastCls, last, lastName]]
+            for glyphID, glyphName, cls in items[1:]:
+                if glyphID != last + 1 or cls != lastCls:
+                    ranges[-1].extend([last, lastName])
+                    ranges.append([cls, glyphID, glyphName])
+                last = glyphID
+                lastName = glyphName
+                lastCls = cls
+            ranges[-1].extend([last, lastName])
+            return ranges
+
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        format = 2
+        rawTable = {"ClassRangeRecord": []}
+        ranges = self._getClassRanges(font)
+        if ranges:
+            startGlyph = ranges[0][1]
+            endGlyph = ranges[-1][3]
+            glyphCount = endGlyph - startGlyph + 1
+            if len(ranges) * 3 < glyphCount + 1:
+                # Format 2 is more compact
+                for i in range(len(ranges)):
+                    cls, start, startName, end, endName = ranges[i]
+                    rec = ClassRangeRecord()
+                    rec.Start = startName
+                    rec.End = endName
+                    rec.Class = cls
+                    ranges[i] = rec
+                format = 2
+                rawTable = {"ClassRangeRecord": ranges}
+            else:
+                # Format 1 is more compact
+                startGlyphName = ranges[0][2]
+                classes = [0] * glyphCount
+                for cls, start, startName, end, endName in ranges:
+                    for g in range(start - startGlyph, end - startGlyph + 1):
+                        classes[g] = cls
+                format = 1
+                rawTable = {"StartGlyph": startGlyphName, "ClassValueArray": classes}
+        self.Format = format
+        return rawTable
+
+    def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
+        items = sorted(self.classDefs.items())
+        for glyphName, cls in items:
+            xmlWriter.simpletag("ClassDef", [("glyph", glyphName), ("class", cls)])
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        classDefs = getattr(self, "classDefs", None)
+        if classDefs is None:
+            classDefs = {}
+            self.classDefs = classDefs
+        classDefs[attrs["glyph"]] = int(attrs["class"])
+
+
+class AlternateSubst(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):
+    def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
+        if not hasattr(self, "alternates"):
+            self.alternates = {}
+
+    def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
+        alternates = {}
+        if self.Format == 1:
+            input = _getGlyphsFromCoverageTable(rawTable["Coverage"])
+            alts = rawTable["AlternateSet"]
+            assert len(input) == len(alts)
+            for inp, alt in zip(input, alts):
+                alternates[inp] = alt.Alternate
+        else:
+            assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+        self.alternates = alternates
+        del self.Format  # Don't need this anymore
+
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        self.Format = 1
+        alternates = getattr(self, "alternates", None)
+        if alternates is None:
+            alternates = self.alternates = {}
+        items = list(alternates.items())
+        for i in range(len(items)):
+            glyphName, set = items[i]
+            items[i] = font.getGlyphID(glyphName), glyphName, set
+        items.sort()
+        cov = Coverage()
+        cov.glyphs = [item[1] for item in items]
+        alternates = []
+        setList = [item[-1] for item in items]
+        for set in setList:
+            alts = AlternateSet()
+            alts.Alternate = set
+            alternates.append(alts)
+        # a special case to deal with the fact that several hundred Adobe Japan1-5
+        # CJK fonts will overflow an offset if the coverage table isn't pushed to the end.
+        # Also useful in that when splitting a sub-table because of an offset overflow
+        # I don't need to calculate the change in the subtable offset due to the change in the coverage table size.
+        # Allows packing more rules in subtable.
+        self.sortCoverageLast = 1
+        return {"Coverage": cov, "AlternateSet": alternates}
+
+    def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
+        items = sorted(self.alternates.items())
+        for glyphName, alternates in items:
+            xmlWriter.begintag("AlternateSet", glyph=glyphName)
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+            for alt in alternates:
+                xmlWriter.simpletag("Alternate", glyph=alt)
+                xmlWriter.newline()
+            xmlWriter.endtag("AlternateSet")
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        alternates = getattr(self, "alternates", None)
+        if alternates is None:
+            alternates = {}
+            self.alternates = alternates
+        glyphName = attrs["glyph"]
+        set = []
+        alternates[glyphName] = set
+        for element in content:
+            if not isinstance(element, tuple):
+                continue
+            name, attrs, content = element
+            set.append(attrs["glyph"])
+
+
+class LigatureSubst(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):
+    def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
+        if not hasattr(self, "ligatures"):
+            self.ligatures = {}
+
+    def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
+        ligatures = {}
+        if self.Format == 1:
+            input = _getGlyphsFromCoverageTable(rawTable["Coverage"])
+            ligSets = rawTable["LigatureSet"]
+            assert len(input) == len(ligSets)
+            for i in range(len(input)):
+                ligatures[input[i]] = ligSets[i].Ligature
+        else:
+            assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+        self.ligatures = ligatures
+        del self.Format  # Don't need this anymore
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _getLigatureSortKey(components):
+        # Computes a key for ordering ligatures in a GSUB Type-4 lookup.
+
+        # When building the OpenType lookup, we need to make sure that
+        # the longest sequence of components is listed first, so we
+        # use the negative length as the key for sorting.
+        # Note, we no longer need to worry about deterministic order because the
+        # ligature mapping `dict` remembers the insertion order, and this in
+        # turn depends on the order in which the ligatures are written in the FEA.
+        # Since python sort algorithm is stable, the ligatures of equal length
+        # will keep the relative order in which they appear in the feature file.
+        # For example, given the following ligatures (all starting with 'f' and
+        # thus belonging to the same LigatureSet):
+        #
+        #   feature liga {
+        #     sub f i by f_i;
+        #     sub f f f by f_f_f;
+        #     sub f f by f_f;
+        #     sub f f i by f_f_i;
+        #   } liga;
+        #
+        # this should sort to: f_f_f, f_f_i, f_i, f_f
+        # This is also what fea-rs does, see:
+        # https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/afdko/issues/1727
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/3428
+        # https://github.com/googlefonts/fontc/pull/680
+        return -len(components)
+
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        self.Format = 1
+        ligatures = getattr(self, "ligatures", None)
+        if ligatures is None:
+            ligatures = self.ligatures = {}
+
+        if ligatures and isinstance(next(iter(ligatures)), tuple):
+            # New high-level API in v3.1 and later.  Note that we just support compiling this
+            # for now.  We don't load to this API, and don't do XML with it.
+
+            # ligatures is map from components-sequence to lig-glyph
+            newLigatures = dict()
+            for comps in sorted(ligatures.keys(), key=self._getLigatureSortKey):
+                ligature = Ligature()
+                ligature.Component = comps[1:]
+                ligature.CompCount = len(comps)
+                ligature.LigGlyph = ligatures[comps]
+                newLigatures.setdefault(comps[0], []).append(ligature)
+            ligatures = newLigatures
+
+        items = list(ligatures.items())
+        for i in range(len(items)):
+            glyphName, set = items[i]
+            items[i] = font.getGlyphID(glyphName), glyphName, set
+        items.sort()
+        cov = Coverage()
+        cov.glyphs = [item[1] for item in items]
+
+        ligSets = []
+        setList = [item[-1] for item in items]
+        for set in setList:
+            ligSet = LigatureSet()
+            ligs = ligSet.Ligature = []
+            for lig in set:
+                ligs.append(lig)
+            ligSets.append(ligSet)
+        # Useful in that when splitting a sub-table because of an offset overflow
+        # I don't need to calculate the change in subtabl offset due to the coverage table size.
+        # Allows packing more rules in subtable.
+        self.sortCoverageLast = 1
+        return {"Coverage": cov, "LigatureSet": ligSets}
+
+    def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
+        items = sorted(self.ligatures.items())
+        for glyphName, ligSets in items:
+            xmlWriter.begintag("LigatureSet", glyph=glyphName)
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+            for lig in ligSets:
+                xmlWriter.simpletag(
+                    "Ligature", glyph=lig.LigGlyph, components=",".join(lig.Component)
+                )
+                xmlWriter.newline()
+            xmlWriter.endtag("LigatureSet")
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        ligatures = getattr(self, "ligatures", None)
+        if ligatures is None:
+            ligatures = {}
+            self.ligatures = ligatures
+        glyphName = attrs["glyph"]
+        ligs = []
+        ligatures[glyphName] = ligs
+        for element in content:
+            if not isinstance(element, tuple):
+                continue
+            name, attrs, content = element
+            lig = Ligature()
+            lig.LigGlyph = attrs["glyph"]
+            components = attrs["components"]
+            lig.Component = components.split(",") if components else []
+            lig.CompCount = len(lig.Component)
+            ligs.append(lig)
+
+
+class COLR(BaseTable):
+    def decompile(self, reader, font):
+        # COLRv0 is exceptional in that LayerRecordCount appears *after* the
+        # LayerRecordArray it counts, but the parser logic expects Count fields
+        # to always precede the arrays. Here we work around this by parsing the
+        # LayerRecordCount before the rest of the table, and storing it in
+        # the reader's local state.
+        subReader = reader.getSubReader(offset=0)
+        for conv in self.getConverters():
+            if conv.name != "LayerRecordCount":
+                subReader.advance(conv.staticSize)
+                continue
+            reader[conv.name] = conv.read(subReader, font, tableDict={})
+            break
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("LayerRecordCount converter not found")
+        return BaseTable.decompile(self, reader, font)
+
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        # The writer similarly assumes Count values precede the things counted,
+        # thus here we pre-initialize a CountReference; the actual count value
+        # will be set to the lenght of the array by the time this is assembled.
+        self.LayerRecordCount = None
+        return {
+            **self.__dict__,
+            "LayerRecordCount": CountReference(self.__dict__, "LayerRecordCount"),
+        }
+
+    def computeClipBoxes(self, glyphSet: "_TTGlyphSet", quantization: int = 1):
+        if self.Version == 0:
+            return
+
+        clips = {}
+        for rec in self.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord:
+            try:
+                clipBox = rec.Paint.computeClipBox(self, glyphSet, quantization)
+            except Exception as e:
+                from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError
+
+                raise TTLibError(
+                    f"Failed to compute COLR ClipBox for {rec.BaseGlyph!r}"
+                ) from e
+
+            if clipBox is not None:
+                clips[rec.BaseGlyph] = clipBox
+
+        hasClipList = hasattr(self, "ClipList") and self.ClipList is not None
+        if not clips:
+            if hasClipList:
+                self.ClipList = None
+        else:
+            if not hasClipList:
+                self.ClipList = ClipList()
+                self.ClipList.Format = 1
+            self.ClipList.clips = clips
+
+
+class LookupList(BaseTable):
+    @property
+    def table(self):
+        for l in self.Lookup:
+            for st in l.SubTable:
+                if type(st).__name__.endswith("Subst"):
+                    return "GSUB"
+                if type(st).__name__.endswith("Pos"):
+                    return "GPOS"
+        raise ValueError
+
+    def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
+        if (
+            not font
+            or "Debg" not in font
+            or LOOKUP_DEBUG_INFO_KEY not in font["Debg"].data
+        ):
+            return super().toXML2(xmlWriter, font)
+        debugData = font["Debg"].data[LOOKUP_DEBUG_INFO_KEY][self.table]
+        for conv in self.getConverters():
+            if conv.repeat:
+                value = getattr(self, conv.name, [])
+                for lookupIndex, item in enumerate(value):
+                    if str(lookupIndex) in debugData:
+                        info = LookupDebugInfo(*debugData[str(lookupIndex)])
+                        tag = info.location
+                        if info.name:
+                            tag = f"{info.name}: {tag}"
+                        if info.feature:
+                            script, language, feature = info.feature
+                            tag = f"{tag} in {feature} ({script}/{language})"
+                        xmlWriter.comment(tag)
+                        xmlWriter.newline()
+
+                    conv.xmlWrite(
+                        xmlWriter, font, item, conv.name, [("index", lookupIndex)]
+                    )
+            else:
+                if conv.aux and not eval(conv.aux, None, vars(self)):
+                    continue
+                value = getattr(
+                    self, conv.name, None
+                )  # TODO Handle defaults instead of defaulting to None!
+                conv.xmlWrite(xmlWriter, font, value, conv.name, [])
+
+
+class BaseGlyphRecordArray(BaseTable):
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        self.BaseGlyphRecord = sorted(
+            self.BaseGlyphRecord, key=lambda rec: font.getGlyphID(rec.BaseGlyph)
+        )
+        return self.__dict__.copy()
+
+
+class BaseGlyphList(BaseTable):
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        self.BaseGlyphPaintRecord = sorted(
+            self.BaseGlyphPaintRecord, key=lambda rec: font.getGlyphID(rec.BaseGlyph)
+        )
+        return self.__dict__.copy()
+
+
+class ClipBoxFormat(IntEnum):
+    Static = 1
+    Variable = 2
+
+    def is_variable(self):
+        return self is self.Variable
+
+    def as_variable(self):
+        return self.Variable
+
+
+class ClipBox(getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass("uint8")):
+    formatEnum = ClipBoxFormat
+
+    def as_tuple(self):
+        return tuple(getattr(self, conv.name) for conv in self.getConverters())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}{self.as_tuple()}"
+
+
+class ClipList(getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass("uint8")):
+    def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
+        if not hasattr(self, "clips"):
+            self.clips = {}
+
+    def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
+        clips = {}
+        glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
+        for i, rec in enumerate(rawTable["ClipRecord"]):
+            if rec.StartGlyphID > rec.EndGlyphID:
+                log.warning(
+                    "invalid ClipRecord[%i].StartGlyphID (%i) > "
+                    "EndGlyphID (%i); skipped",
+                    i,
+                    rec.StartGlyphID,
+                    rec.EndGlyphID,
+                )
+                continue
+            redefinedGlyphs = []
+            missingGlyphs = []
+            for glyphID in range(rec.StartGlyphID, rec.EndGlyphID + 1):
+                try:
+                    glyph = glyphOrder[glyphID]
+                except IndexError:
+                    missingGlyphs.append(glyphID)
+                    continue
+                if glyph not in clips:
+                    clips[glyph] = copy.copy(rec.ClipBox)
+                else:
+                    redefinedGlyphs.append(glyphID)
+            if redefinedGlyphs:
+                log.warning(
+                    "ClipRecord[%i] overlaps previous records; "
+                    "ignoring redefined clip boxes for the "
+                    "following glyph ID range: [%i-%i]",
+                    i,
+                    min(redefinedGlyphs),
+                    max(redefinedGlyphs),
+                )
+            if missingGlyphs:
+                log.warning(
+                    "ClipRecord[%i] range references missing " "glyph IDs: [%i-%i]",
+                    i,
+                    min(missingGlyphs),
+                    max(missingGlyphs),
+                )
+        self.clips = clips
+
+    def groups(self):
+        glyphsByClip = defaultdict(list)
+        uniqueClips = {}
+        for glyphName, clipBox in self.clips.items():
+            key = clipBox.as_tuple()
+            glyphsByClip[key].append(glyphName)
+            if key not in uniqueClips:
+                uniqueClips[key] = clipBox
+        return {
+            frozenset(glyphs): uniqueClips[key] for key, glyphs in glyphsByClip.items()
+        }
+
+    def preWrite(self, font):
+        if not hasattr(self, "clips"):
+            self.clips = {}
+        clipBoxRanges = {}
+        glyphMap = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
+        for glyphs, clipBox in self.groups().items():
+            glyphIDs = sorted(
+                glyphMap[glyphName] for glyphName in glyphs if glyphName in glyphMap
+            )
+            if not glyphIDs:
+                continue
+            last = glyphIDs[0]
+            ranges = [[last]]
+            for glyphID in glyphIDs[1:]:
+                if glyphID != last + 1:
+                    ranges[-1].append(last)
+                    ranges.append([glyphID])
+                last = glyphID
+            ranges[-1].append(last)
+            for start, end in ranges:
+                assert (start, end) not in clipBoxRanges
+                clipBoxRanges[(start, end)] = clipBox
+
+        clipRecords = []
+        for (start, end), clipBox in sorted(clipBoxRanges.items()):
+            record = ClipRecord()
+            record.StartGlyphID = start
+            record.EndGlyphID = end
+            record.ClipBox = clipBox
+            clipRecords.append(record)
+        rawTable = {
+            "ClipCount": len(clipRecords),
+            "ClipRecord": clipRecords,
+        }
+        return rawTable
+
+    def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs=None, name=None):
+        tableName = name if name else self.__class__.__name__
+        if attrs is None:
+            attrs = []
+        if hasattr(self, "Format"):
+            attrs.append(("Format", self.Format))
+        xmlWriter.begintag(tableName, attrs)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        # sort clips alphabetically to ensure deterministic XML dump
+        for glyphs, clipBox in sorted(
+            self.groups().items(), key=lambda item: min(item[0])
+        ):
+            xmlWriter.begintag("Clip")
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+            for glyphName in sorted(glyphs):
+                xmlWriter.simpletag("Glyph", value=glyphName)
+                xmlWriter.newline()
+            xmlWriter.begintag("ClipBox", [("Format", clipBox.Format)])
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+            clipBox.toXML2(xmlWriter, font)
+            xmlWriter.endtag("ClipBox")
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+            xmlWriter.endtag("Clip")
+            xmlWriter.newline()
+        xmlWriter.endtag(tableName)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+        clips = getattr(self, "clips", None)
+        if clips is None:
+            self.clips = clips = {}
+        assert name == "Clip"
+        glyphs = []
+        clipBox = None
+        for elem in content:
+            if not isinstance(elem, tuple):
+                continue
+            name, attrs, content = elem
+            if name == "Glyph":
+                glyphs.append(attrs["value"])
+            elif name == "ClipBox":
+                clipBox = ClipBox()
+                clipBox.Format = safeEval(attrs["Format"])
+                for elem in content:
+                    if not isinstance(elem, tuple):
+                        continue
+                    name, attrs, content = elem
+                    clipBox.fromXML(name, attrs, content, font)
+        if clipBox:
+            for glyphName in glyphs:
+                clips[glyphName] = clipBox
+
+
+class ExtendMode(IntEnum):
+    PAD = 0
+    REPEAT = 1
+    REFLECT = 2
+
+
+# Porter-Duff modes for COLRv1 PaintComposite:
+# https://github.com/googlefonts/colr-gradients-spec/tree/off_sub_1#compositemode-enumeration
+class CompositeMode(IntEnum):
+    CLEAR = 0
+    SRC = 1
+    DEST = 2
+    SRC_OVER = 3
+    DEST_OVER = 4
+    SRC_IN = 5
+    DEST_IN = 6
+    SRC_OUT = 7
+    DEST_OUT = 8
+    SRC_ATOP = 9
+    DEST_ATOP = 10
+    XOR = 11
+    PLUS = 12
+    SCREEN = 13
+    OVERLAY = 14
+    DARKEN = 15
+    LIGHTEN = 16
+    COLOR_DODGE = 17
+    COLOR_BURN = 18
+    HARD_LIGHT = 19
+    SOFT_LIGHT = 20
+    DIFFERENCE = 21
+    EXCLUSION = 22
+    MULTIPLY = 23
+    HSL_HUE = 24
+    HSL_SATURATION = 25
+    HSL_COLOR = 26
+    HSL_LUMINOSITY = 27
+
+
+class PaintFormat(IntEnum):
+    PaintColrLayers = 1
+    PaintSolid = 2
+    PaintVarSolid = 3
+    PaintLinearGradient = 4
+    PaintVarLinearGradient = 5
+    PaintRadialGradient = 6
+    PaintVarRadialGradient = 7
+    PaintSweepGradient = 8
+    PaintVarSweepGradient = 9
+    PaintGlyph = 10
+    PaintColrGlyph = 11
+    PaintTransform = 12
+    PaintVarTransform = 13
+    PaintTranslate = 14
+    PaintVarTranslate = 15
+    PaintScale = 16
+    PaintVarScale = 17
+    PaintScaleAroundCenter = 18
+    PaintVarScaleAroundCenter = 19
+    PaintScaleUniform = 20
+    PaintVarScaleUniform = 21
+    PaintScaleUniformAroundCenter = 22
+    PaintVarScaleUniformAroundCenter = 23
+    PaintRotate = 24
+    PaintVarRotate = 25
+    PaintRotateAroundCenter = 26
+    PaintVarRotateAroundCenter = 27
+    PaintSkew = 28
+    PaintVarSkew = 29
+    PaintSkewAroundCenter = 30
+    PaintVarSkewAroundCenter = 31
+    PaintComposite = 32
+
+    def is_variable(self):
+        return self.name.startswith("PaintVar")
+
+    def as_variable(self):
+        if self.is_variable():
+            return self
+        try:
+            return PaintFormat.__members__[f"PaintVar{self.name[5:]}"]
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+
+
+class Paint(getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass("uint8")):
+    formatEnum = PaintFormat
+
+    def getFormatName(self):
+        try:
+            return self.formatEnum(self.Format).name
+        except ValueError:
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Unknown Paint format: {self.Format}")
+
+    def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs=None, name=None):
+        tableName = name if name else self.__class__.__name__
+        if attrs is None:
+            attrs = []
+        attrs.append(("Format", self.Format))
+        xmlWriter.begintag(tableName, attrs)
+        xmlWriter.comment(self.getFormatName())
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+        self.toXML2(xmlWriter, font)
+        xmlWriter.endtag(tableName)
+        xmlWriter.newline()
+
+    def iterPaintSubTables(self, colr: COLR) -> Iterator[BaseTable.SubTableEntry]:
+        if self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers:
+            # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2438: don't die when no LayerList exists
+            layers = []
+            if colr.LayerList is not None:
+                layers = colr.LayerList.Paint
+            yield from (
+                BaseTable.SubTableEntry(name="Layers", value=v, index=i)
+                for i, v in enumerate(
+                    layers[self.FirstLayerIndex : self.FirstLayerIndex + self.NumLayers]
+                )
+            )
+            return
+
+        if self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintColrGlyph:
+            for record in colr.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord:
+                if record.BaseGlyph == self.Glyph:
+                    yield BaseTable.SubTableEntry(name="BaseGlyph", value=record.Paint)
+                    return
+            else:
+                raise KeyError(f"{self.Glyph!r} not in colr.BaseGlyphList")
+
+        for conv in self.getConverters():
+            if conv.tableClass is not None and issubclass(conv.tableClass, type(self)):
+                value = getattr(self, conv.name)
+                yield BaseTable.SubTableEntry(name=conv.name, value=value)
+
+    def getChildren(self, colr) -> List["Paint"]:
+        # this is kept for backward compatibility (e.g. it's used by the subsetter)
+        return [p.value for p in self.iterPaintSubTables(colr)]
+
+    def traverse(self, colr: COLR, callback):
+        """Depth-first traversal of graph rooted at self, callback on each node."""
+        if not callable(callback):
+            raise TypeError("callback must be callable")
+
+        for path in dfs_base_table(
+            self, iter_subtables_fn=lambda paint: paint.iterPaintSubTables(colr)
+        ):
+            paint = path[-1].value
+            callback(paint)
+
+    def getTransform(self) -> Transform:
+        if self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintTransform:
+            t = self.Transform
+            return Transform(t.xx, t.yx, t.xy, t.yy, t.dx, t.dy)
+        elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintTranslate:
+            return Identity.translate(self.dx, self.dy)
+        elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintScale:
+            return Identity.scale(self.scaleX, self.scaleY)
+        elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintScaleAroundCenter:
+            return (
+                Identity.translate(self.centerX, self.centerY)
+                .scale(self.scaleX, self.scaleY)
+                .translate(-self.centerX, -self.centerY)
+            )
+        elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintScaleUniform:
+            return Identity.scale(self.scale)
+        elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintScaleUniformAroundCenter:
+            return (
+                Identity.translate(self.centerX, self.centerY)
+                .scale(self.scale)
+                .translate(-self.centerX, -self.centerY)
+            )
+        elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintRotate:
+            return Identity.rotate(radians(self.angle))
+        elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintRotateAroundCenter:
+            return (
+                Identity.translate(self.centerX, self.centerY)
+                .rotate(radians(self.angle))
+                .translate(-self.centerX, -self.centerY)
+            )
+        elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintSkew:
+            return Identity.skew(radians(-self.xSkewAngle), radians(self.ySkewAngle))
+        elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintSkewAroundCenter:
+            return (
+                Identity.translate(self.centerX, self.centerY)
+                .skew(radians(-self.xSkewAngle), radians(self.ySkewAngle))
+                .translate(-self.centerX, -self.centerY)
+            )
+        if PaintFormat(self.Format).is_variable():
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Variable Paints not supported: {self.Format}")
+
+        return Identity
+
+    def computeClipBox(
+        self, colr: COLR, glyphSet: "_TTGlyphSet", quantization: int = 1
+    ) -> Optional[ClipBox]:
+        pen = ControlBoundsPen(glyphSet)
+        for path in dfs_base_table(
+            self, iter_subtables_fn=lambda paint: paint.iterPaintSubTables(colr)
+        ):
+            paint = path[-1].value
+            if paint.Format == PaintFormat.PaintGlyph:
+                transformation = reduce(
+                    Transform.transform,
+                    (st.value.getTransform() for st in path),
+                    Identity,
+                )
+                glyphSet[paint.Glyph].draw(TransformPen(pen, transformation))
+
+        if pen.bounds is None:
+            return None
+
+        cb = ClipBox()
+        cb.Format = int(ClipBoxFormat.Static)
+        cb.xMin, cb.yMin, cb.xMax, cb.yMax = quantizeRect(pen.bounds, quantization)
+        return cb
+
+
+# For each subtable format there is a class. However, we don't really distinguish
+# between "field name" and "format name": often these are the same. Yet there's
+# a whole bunch of fields with different names. The following dict is a mapping
+# from "format name" to "field name". _buildClasses() uses this to create a
+# subclass for each alternate field name.
+#
+_equivalents = {
+    "MarkArray": ("Mark1Array",),
+    "LangSys": ("DefaultLangSys",),
+    "Coverage": (
+        "MarkCoverage",
+        "BaseCoverage",
+        "LigatureCoverage",
+        "Mark1Coverage",
+        "Mark2Coverage",
+        "BacktrackCoverage",
+        "InputCoverage",
+        "LookAheadCoverage",
+        "VertGlyphCoverage",
+        "HorizGlyphCoverage",
+        "TopAccentCoverage",
+        "ExtendedShapeCoverage",
+        "MathKernCoverage",
+    ),
+    "ClassDef": (
+        "ClassDef1",
+        "ClassDef2",
+        "BacktrackClassDef",
+        "InputClassDef",
+        "LookAheadClassDef",
+        "GlyphClassDef",
+        "MarkAttachClassDef",
+    ),
+    "Anchor": (
+        "EntryAnchor",
+        "ExitAnchor",
+        "BaseAnchor",
+        "LigatureAnchor",
+        "Mark2Anchor",
+        "MarkAnchor",
+    ),
+    "Device": (
+        "XPlaDevice",
+        "YPlaDevice",
+        "XAdvDevice",
+        "YAdvDevice",
+        "XDeviceTable",
+        "YDeviceTable",
+        "DeviceTable",
+    ),
+    "Axis": (
+        "HorizAxis",
+        "VertAxis",
+    ),
+    "MinMax": ("DefaultMinMax",),
+    "BaseCoord": (
+        "MinCoord",
+        "MaxCoord",
+    ),
+    "JstfLangSys": ("DefJstfLangSys",),
+    "JstfGSUBModList": (
+        "ShrinkageEnableGSUB",
+        "ShrinkageDisableGSUB",
+        "ExtensionEnableGSUB",
+        "ExtensionDisableGSUB",
+    ),
+    "JstfGPOSModList": (
+        "ShrinkageEnableGPOS",
+        "ShrinkageDisableGPOS",
+        "ExtensionEnableGPOS",
+        "ExtensionDisableGPOS",
+    ),
+    "JstfMax": (
+        "ShrinkageJstfMax",
+        "ExtensionJstfMax",
+    ),
+    "MathKern": (
+        "TopRightMathKern",
+        "TopLeftMathKern",
+        "BottomRightMathKern",
+        "BottomLeftMathKern",
+    ),
+    "MathGlyphConstruction": ("VertGlyphConstruction", "HorizGlyphConstruction"),
+}
+
+#
+# OverFlow logic, to automatically create ExtensionLookups
+# XXX This should probably move to otBase.py
+#
+
+
+def fixLookupOverFlows(ttf, overflowRecord):
+    """Either the offset from the LookupList to a lookup overflowed, or
+    an offset from a lookup to a subtable overflowed.
+
+    The table layout is::
+
+      GPSO/GUSB
+              Script List
+              Feature List
+              LookUpList
+                      Lookup[0] and contents
+                              SubTable offset list
+                                      SubTable[0] and contents
+                                      ...
+                                      SubTable[n] and contents
+                      ...
+                      Lookup[n] and contents
+                              SubTable offset list
+                                      SubTable[0] and contents
+                                      ...
+                                      SubTable[n] and contents
+
+    If the offset to a lookup overflowed (SubTableIndex is None)
+            we must promote the *previous* lookup to an Extension type.
+
+    If the offset from a lookup to subtable overflowed, then we must promote it
+            to an Extension Lookup type.
+    """
+    ok = 0
+    lookupIndex = overflowRecord.LookupListIndex
+    if overflowRecord.SubTableIndex is None:
+        lookupIndex = lookupIndex - 1
+    if lookupIndex < 0:
+        return ok
+    if overflowRecord.tableType == "GSUB":
+        extType = 7
+    elif overflowRecord.tableType == "GPOS":
+        extType = 9
+
+    lookups = ttf[overflowRecord.tableType].table.LookupList.Lookup
+    lookup = lookups[lookupIndex]
+    # If the previous lookup is an extType, look further back. Very unlikely, but possible.
+    while lookup.SubTable[0].__class__.LookupType == extType:
+        lookupIndex = lookupIndex - 1
+        if lookupIndex < 0:
+            return ok
+        lookup = lookups[lookupIndex]
+
+    for lookupIndex in range(lookupIndex, len(lookups)):
+        lookup = lookups[lookupIndex]
+        if lookup.LookupType != extType:
+            lookup.LookupType = extType
+            for si in range(len(lookup.SubTable)):
+                subTable = lookup.SubTable[si]
+                extSubTableClass = lookupTypes[overflowRecord.tableType][extType]
+                extSubTable = extSubTableClass()
+                extSubTable.Format = 1
+                extSubTable.ExtSubTable = subTable
+                lookup.SubTable[si] = extSubTable
+    ok = 1
+    return ok
+
+
+def splitMultipleSubst(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
+    ok = 1
+    oldMapping = sorted(oldSubTable.mapping.items())
+    oldLen = len(oldMapping)
+
+    if overflowRecord.itemName in ["Coverage", "RangeRecord"]:
+        # Coverage table is written last. Overflow is to or within the
+        # the coverage table. We will just cut the subtable in half.
+        newLen = oldLen // 2
+
+    elif overflowRecord.itemName == "Sequence":
+        # We just need to back up by two items from the overflowed
+        # Sequence index to make sure the offset to the Coverage table
+        # doesn't overflow.
+        newLen = overflowRecord.itemIndex - 1
+
+    newSubTable.mapping = {}
+    for i in range(newLen, oldLen):
+        item = oldMapping[i]
+        key = item[0]
+        newSubTable.mapping[key] = item[1]
+        del oldSubTable.mapping[key]
+
+    return ok
+
+
+def splitAlternateSubst(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
+    ok = 1
+    if hasattr(oldSubTable, "sortCoverageLast"):
+        newSubTable.sortCoverageLast = oldSubTable.sortCoverageLast
+
+    oldAlts = sorted(oldSubTable.alternates.items())
+    oldLen = len(oldAlts)
+
+    if overflowRecord.itemName in ["Coverage", "RangeRecord"]:
+        # Coverage table is written last. overflow is to or within the
+        # the coverage table. We will just cut the subtable in half.
+        newLen = oldLen // 2
+
+    elif overflowRecord.itemName == "AlternateSet":
+        # We just need to back up by two items
+        # from the overflowed AlternateSet index to make sure the offset
+        # to the Coverage table doesn't overflow.
+        newLen = overflowRecord.itemIndex - 1
+
+    newSubTable.alternates = {}
+    for i in range(newLen, oldLen):
+        item = oldAlts[i]
+        key = item[0]
+        newSubTable.alternates[key] = item[1]
+        del oldSubTable.alternates[key]
+
+    return ok
+
+
+def splitLigatureSubst(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
+    ok = 1
+    oldLigs = sorted(oldSubTable.ligatures.items())
+    oldLen = len(oldLigs)
+
+    if overflowRecord.itemName in ["Coverage", "RangeRecord"]:
+        # Coverage table is written last. overflow is to or within the
+        # the coverage table. We will just cut the subtable in half.
+        newLen = oldLen // 2
+
+    elif overflowRecord.itemName == "LigatureSet":
+        # We just need to back up by two items
+        # from the overflowed AlternateSet index to make sure the offset
+        # to the Coverage table doesn't overflow.
+        newLen = overflowRecord.itemIndex - 1
+
+    newSubTable.ligatures = {}
+    for i in range(newLen, oldLen):
+        item = oldLigs[i]
+        key = item[0]
+        newSubTable.ligatures[key] = item[1]
+        del oldSubTable.ligatures[key]
+
+    return ok
+
+
+def splitPairPos(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
+    st = oldSubTable
+    ok = False
+    newSubTable.Format = oldSubTable.Format
+    if oldSubTable.Format == 1 and len(oldSubTable.PairSet) > 1:
+        for name in "ValueFormat1", "ValueFormat2":
+            setattr(newSubTable, name, getattr(oldSubTable, name))
+
+        # Move top half of coverage to new subtable
+
+        newSubTable.Coverage = oldSubTable.Coverage.__class__()
+
+        coverage = oldSubTable.Coverage.glyphs
+        records = oldSubTable.PairSet
+
+        oldCount = len(oldSubTable.PairSet) // 2
+
+        oldSubTable.Coverage.glyphs = coverage[:oldCount]
+        oldSubTable.PairSet = records[:oldCount]
+
+        newSubTable.Coverage.glyphs = coverage[oldCount:]
+        newSubTable.PairSet = records[oldCount:]
+
+        oldSubTable.PairSetCount = len(oldSubTable.PairSet)
+        newSubTable.PairSetCount = len(newSubTable.PairSet)
+
+        ok = True
+
+    elif oldSubTable.Format == 2 and len(oldSubTable.Class1Record) > 1:
+        if not hasattr(oldSubTable, "Class2Count"):
+            oldSubTable.Class2Count = len(oldSubTable.Class1Record[0].Class2Record)
+        for name in "Class2Count", "ClassDef2", "ValueFormat1", "ValueFormat2":
+            setattr(newSubTable, name, getattr(oldSubTable, name))
+
+        # The two subtables will still have the same ClassDef2 and the table
+        # sharing will still cause the sharing to overflow.  As such, disable
+        # sharing on the one that is serialized second (that's oldSubTable).
+        oldSubTable.DontShare = True
+
+        # Move top half of class numbers to new subtable
+
+        newSubTable.Coverage = oldSubTable.Coverage.__class__()
+        newSubTable.ClassDef1 = oldSubTable.ClassDef1.__class__()
+
+        coverage = oldSubTable.Coverage.glyphs
+        classDefs = oldSubTable.ClassDef1.classDefs
+        records = oldSubTable.Class1Record
+
+        oldCount = len(oldSubTable.Class1Record) // 2
+        newGlyphs = set(k for k, v in classDefs.items() if v >= oldCount)
+
+        oldSubTable.Coverage.glyphs = [g for g in coverage if g not in newGlyphs]
+        oldSubTable.ClassDef1.classDefs = {
+            k: v for k, v in classDefs.items() if v < oldCount
+        }
+        oldSubTable.Class1Record = records[:oldCount]
+
+        newSubTable.Coverage.glyphs = [g for g in coverage if g in newGlyphs]
+        newSubTable.ClassDef1.classDefs = {
+            k: (v - oldCount) for k, v in classDefs.items() if v > oldCount
+        }
+        newSubTable.Class1Record = records[oldCount:]
+
+        oldSubTable.Class1Count = len(oldSubTable.Class1Record)
+        newSubTable.Class1Count = len(newSubTable.Class1Record)
+
+        ok = True
+
+    return ok
+
+
+def splitMarkBasePos(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
+    # split half of the mark classes to the new subtable
+    classCount = oldSubTable.ClassCount
+    if classCount < 2:
+        # oh well, not much left to split...
+        return False
+
+    oldClassCount = classCount // 2
+    newClassCount = classCount - oldClassCount
+
+    oldMarkCoverage, oldMarkRecords = [], []
+    newMarkCoverage, newMarkRecords = [], []
+    for glyphName, markRecord in zip(
+        oldSubTable.MarkCoverage.glyphs, oldSubTable.MarkArray.MarkRecord
+    ):
+        if markRecord.Class < oldClassCount:
+            oldMarkCoverage.append(glyphName)
+            oldMarkRecords.append(markRecord)
+        else:
+            markRecord.Class -= oldClassCount
+            newMarkCoverage.append(glyphName)
+            newMarkRecords.append(markRecord)
+
+    oldBaseRecords, newBaseRecords = [], []
+    for rec in oldSubTable.BaseArray.BaseRecord:
+        oldBaseRecord, newBaseRecord = rec.__class__(), rec.__class__()
+        oldBaseRecord.BaseAnchor = rec.BaseAnchor[:oldClassCount]
+        newBaseRecord.BaseAnchor = rec.BaseAnchor[oldClassCount:]
+        oldBaseRecords.append(oldBaseRecord)
+        newBaseRecords.append(newBaseRecord)
+
+    newSubTable.Format = oldSubTable.Format
+
+    oldSubTable.MarkCoverage.glyphs = oldMarkCoverage
+    newSubTable.MarkCoverage = oldSubTable.MarkCoverage.__class__()
+    newSubTable.MarkCoverage.glyphs = newMarkCoverage
+
+    # share the same BaseCoverage in both halves
+    newSubTable.BaseCoverage = oldSubTable.BaseCoverage
+
+    oldSubTable.ClassCount = oldClassCount
+    newSubTable.ClassCount = newClassCount
+
+    oldSubTable.MarkArray.MarkRecord = oldMarkRecords
+    newSubTable.MarkArray = oldSubTable.MarkArray.__class__()
+    newSubTable.MarkArray.MarkRecord = newMarkRecords
+
+    oldSubTable.MarkArray.MarkCount = len(oldMarkRecords)
+    newSubTable.MarkArray.MarkCount = len(newMarkRecords)
+
+    oldSubTable.BaseArray.BaseRecord = oldBaseRecords
+    newSubTable.BaseArray = oldSubTable.BaseArray.__class__()
+    newSubTable.BaseArray.BaseRecord = newBaseRecords
+
+    oldSubTable.BaseArray.BaseCount = len(oldBaseRecords)
+    newSubTable.BaseArray.BaseCount = len(newBaseRecords)
+
+    return True
+
+
+splitTable = {
+    "GSUB": {
+        # 					1: splitSingleSubst,
+        2: splitMultipleSubst,
+        3: splitAlternateSubst,
+        4: splitLigatureSubst,
+        # 					5: splitContextSubst,
+        # 					6: splitChainContextSubst,
+        # 					7: splitExtensionSubst,
+        # 					8: splitReverseChainSingleSubst,
+    },
+    "GPOS": {
+        # 					1: splitSinglePos,
+        2: splitPairPos,
+        # 					3: splitCursivePos,
+        4: splitMarkBasePos,
+        # 					5: splitMarkLigPos,
+        # 					6: splitMarkMarkPos,
+        # 					7: splitContextPos,
+        # 					8: splitChainContextPos,
+        # 					9: splitExtensionPos,
+    },
+}
+
+
+def fixSubTableOverFlows(ttf, overflowRecord):
+    """
+    An offset has overflowed within a sub-table. We need to divide this subtable into smaller parts.
+    """
+    table = ttf[overflowRecord.tableType].table
+    lookup = table.LookupList.Lookup[overflowRecord.LookupListIndex]
+    subIndex = overflowRecord.SubTableIndex
+    subtable = lookup.SubTable[subIndex]
+
+    # First, try not sharing anything for this subtable...
+    if not hasattr(subtable, "DontShare"):
+        subtable.DontShare = True
+        return True
+
+    if hasattr(subtable, "ExtSubTable"):
+        # We split the subtable of the Extension table, and add a new Extension table
+        # to contain the new subtable.
+
+        subTableType = subtable.ExtSubTable.__class__.LookupType
+        extSubTable = subtable
+        subtable = extSubTable.ExtSubTable
+        newExtSubTableClass = lookupTypes[overflowRecord.tableType][
+            extSubTable.__class__.LookupType
+        ]
+        newExtSubTable = newExtSubTableClass()
+        newExtSubTable.Format = extSubTable.Format
+        toInsert = newExtSubTable
+
+        newSubTableClass = lookupTypes[overflowRecord.tableType][subTableType]
+        newSubTable = newSubTableClass()
+        newExtSubTable.ExtSubTable = newSubTable
+    else:
+        subTableType = subtable.__class__.LookupType
+        newSubTableClass = lookupTypes[overflowRecord.tableType][subTableType]
+        newSubTable = newSubTableClass()
+        toInsert = newSubTable
+
+    if hasattr(lookup, "SubTableCount"):  # may not be defined yet.
+        lookup.SubTableCount = lookup.SubTableCount + 1
+
+    try:
+        splitFunc = splitTable[overflowRecord.tableType][subTableType]
+    except KeyError:
+        log.error(
+            "Don't know how to split %s lookup type %s",
+            overflowRecord.tableType,
+            subTableType,
+        )
+        return False
+
+    ok = splitFunc(subtable, newSubTable, overflowRecord)
+    if ok:
+        lookup.SubTable.insert(subIndex + 1, toInsert)
+    return ok
+
+
+# End of OverFlow logic
+
+
+def _buildClasses():
+    import re
+    from .otData import otData
+
+    formatPat = re.compile(r"([A-Za-z0-9]+)Format(\d+)$")
+    namespace = globals()
+
+    # populate module with classes
+    for name, table in otData:
+        baseClass = BaseTable
+        m = formatPat.match(name)
+        if m:
+            # XxxFormatN subtable, we only add the "base" table
+            name = m.group(1)
+            # the first row of a format-switching otData table describes the Format;
+            # the first column defines the type of the Format field.
+            # Currently this can be either 'uint16' or 'uint8'.
+            formatType = table[0][0]
+            baseClass = getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass(formatType)
+        if name not in namespace:
+            # the class doesn't exist yet, so the base implementation is used.
+            cls = type(name, (baseClass,), {})
+            if name in ("GSUB", "GPOS"):
+                cls.DontShare = True
+            namespace[name] = cls
+
+    # link Var{Table} <-> {Table} (e.g. ColorStop <-> VarColorStop, etc.)
+    for name, _ in otData:
+        if name.startswith("Var") and len(name) > 3 and name[3:] in namespace:
+            varType = namespace[name]
+            noVarType = namespace[name[3:]]
+            varType.NoVarType = noVarType
+            noVarType.VarType = varType
+
+    for base, alts in _equivalents.items():
+        base = namespace[base]
+        for alt in alts:
+            namespace[alt] = base
+
+    global lookupTypes
+    lookupTypes = {
+        "GSUB": {
+            1: SingleSubst,
+            2: MultipleSubst,
+            3: AlternateSubst,
+            4: LigatureSubst,
+            5: ContextSubst,
+            6: ChainContextSubst,
+            7: ExtensionSubst,
+            8: ReverseChainSingleSubst,
+        },
+        "GPOS": {
+            1: SinglePos,
+            2: PairPos,
+            3: CursivePos,
+            4: MarkBasePos,
+            5: MarkLigPos,
+            6: MarkMarkPos,
+            7: ContextPos,
+            8: ChainContextPos,
+            9: ExtensionPos,
+        },
+        "mort": {
+            4: NoncontextualMorph,
+        },
+        "morx": {
+            0: RearrangementMorph,
+            1: ContextualMorph,
+            2: LigatureMorph,
+            # 3: Reserved,
+            4: NoncontextualMorph,
+            5: InsertionMorph,
+        },
+    }
+    lookupTypes["JSTF"] = lookupTypes["GPOS"]  # JSTF contains GPOS
+    for lookupEnum in lookupTypes.values():
+        for enum, cls in lookupEnum.items():
+            cls.LookupType = enum
+
+    global featureParamTypes
+    featureParamTypes = {
+        "size": FeatureParamsSize,
+    }
+    for i in range(1, 20 + 1):
+        featureParamTypes["ss%02d" % i] = FeatureParamsStylisticSet
+    for i in range(1, 99 + 1):
+        featureParamTypes["cv%02d" % i] = FeatureParamsCharacterVariants
+
+    # add converters to classes
+    from .otConverters import buildConverters
+
+    for name, table in otData:
+        m = formatPat.match(name)
+        if m:
+            # XxxFormatN subtable, add converter to "base" table
+            name, format = m.groups()
+            format = int(format)
+            cls = namespace[name]
+            if not hasattr(cls, "converters"):
+                cls.converters = {}
+                cls.convertersByName = {}
+            converters, convertersByName = buildConverters(table[1:], namespace)
+            cls.converters[format] = converters
+            cls.convertersByName[format] = convertersByName
+            # XXX Add staticSize?
+        else:
+            cls = namespace[name]
+            cls.converters, cls.convertersByName = buildConverters(table, namespace)
+            # XXX Add staticSize?
+
+
+_buildClasses()
+
+
+def _getGlyphsFromCoverageTable(coverage):
+    if coverage is None:
+        # empty coverage table
+        return []
+    else:
+        return coverage.glyphs