fonttools 4.58.3__cp311-cp311-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

fontTools/ufoLib/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2477 @@
+"""
+A library for importing .ufo files and their descendants.
+Refer to http://unifiedfontobject.org for the UFO specification.
+
+The main interfaces are the :class:`.UFOReader` and :class:`.UFOWriter`
+classes, which support versions 1, 2, and 3 of the UFO specification.
+
+Set variables are available for external use that list the font
+info attribute names for the `fontinfo.plist` formats. These are:
+
+- :obj:`.fontInfoAttributesVersion1`
+- :obj:`.fontInfoAttributesVersion2`
+- :obj:`.fontInfoAttributesVersion3`
+
+A set listing the `fontinfo.plist` attributes that were deprecated
+in version 2 is available for external use:
+
+- :obj:`.deprecatedFontInfoAttributesVersion2`
+
+Functions that do basic validation on values for `fontinfo.plist`
+are available for external use. These are
+
+- :func:`.validateFontInfoVersion2ValueForAttribute`
+- :func:`.validateFontInfoVersion3ValueForAttribute`
+
+Value conversion functions are available for converting
+`fontinfo.plist` values between the possible format versions.
+
+- :func:`.convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion1ToVersion2`
+- :func:`.convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion1`
+- :func:`.convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion3`
+- :func:`.convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion3ToVersion2`
+"""
+
+import os
+from copy import deepcopy
+from os import fsdecode
+import logging
+import zipfile
+import enum
+from collections import OrderedDict
+import fs
+import fs.base
+import fs.subfs
+import fs.errors
+import fs.copy
+import fs.osfs
+import fs.zipfs
+import fs.tempfs
+import fs.tools
+from fontTools.misc import plistlib
+from fontTools.ufoLib.validators import *
+from fontTools.ufoLib.filenames import userNameToFileName
+from fontTools.ufoLib.converters import convertUFO1OrUFO2KerningToUFO3Kerning
+from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UFOLibError
+from fontTools.ufoLib.utils import numberTypes, _VersionTupleEnumMixin
+
+__all__ = [
+    "makeUFOPath",
+    "UFOLibError",
+    "UFOReader",
+    "UFOWriter",
+    "UFOReaderWriter",
+    "UFOFileStructure",
+    "fontInfoAttributesVersion1",
+    "fontInfoAttributesVersion2",
+    "fontInfoAttributesVersion3",
+    "deprecatedFontInfoAttributesVersion2",
+    "validateFontInfoVersion2ValueForAttribute",
+    "validateFontInfoVersion3ValueForAttribute",
+    "convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion1ToVersion2",
+    "convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion1",
+]
+
+__version__ = "3.0.0"
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# ---------
+# Constants
+# ---------
+
+DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME = "glyphs"
+DATA_DIRNAME = "data"
+IMAGES_DIRNAME = "images"
+METAINFO_FILENAME = "metainfo.plist"
+FONTINFO_FILENAME = "fontinfo.plist"
+LIB_FILENAME = "lib.plist"
+GROUPS_FILENAME = "groups.plist"
+KERNING_FILENAME = "kerning.plist"
+FEATURES_FILENAME = "features.fea"
+LAYERCONTENTS_FILENAME = "layercontents.plist"
+LAYERINFO_FILENAME = "layerinfo.plist"
+
+DEFAULT_LAYER_NAME = "public.default"
+
+
+class UFOFormatVersion(tuple, _VersionTupleEnumMixin, enum.Enum):
+    FORMAT_1_0 = (1, 0)
+    FORMAT_2_0 = (2, 0)
+    FORMAT_3_0 = (3, 0)
+
+
+# python 3.11 doesn't like when a mixin overrides a dunder method like __str__
+# for some reasons it keep using Enum.__str__, see
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/2655
+UFOFormatVersion.__str__ = _VersionTupleEnumMixin.__str__
+
+
+class UFOFileStructure(enum.Enum):
+    ZIP = "zip"
+    PACKAGE = "package"
+
+
+# --------------
+# Shared Methods
+# --------------
+
+
+class _UFOBaseIO:
+    def getFileModificationTime(self, path):
+        """
+        Returns the modification time for the file at the given path, as a
+        floating point number giving the number of seconds since the epoch.
+        The path must be relative to the UFO path.
+        Returns None if the file does not exist.
+        """
+        try:
+            dt = self.fs.getinfo(fsdecode(path), namespaces=["details"]).modified
+        except (fs.errors.MissingInfoNamespace, fs.errors.ResourceNotFound):
+            return None
+        else:
+            return dt.timestamp()
+
+    def _getPlist(self, fileName, default=None):
+        """
+        Read a property list relative to the UFO filesystem's root.
+        Raises UFOLibError if the file is missing and default is None,
+        otherwise default is returned.
+
+        The errors that could be raised during the reading of a plist are
+        unpredictable and/or too large to list, so, a blind try: except:
+        is done. If an exception occurs, a UFOLibError will be raised.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self.fs.open(fileName, "rb") as f:
+                return plistlib.load(f)
+        except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+            if default is None:
+                raise UFOLibError(
+                    "'%s' is missing on %s. This file is required" % (fileName, self.fs)
+                )
+            else:
+                return default
+        except Exception as e:
+            # TODO(anthrotype): try to narrow this down a little
+            raise UFOLibError(f"'{fileName}' could not be read on {self.fs}: {e}")
+
+    def _writePlist(self, fileName, obj):
+        """
+        Write a property list to a file relative to the UFO filesystem's root.
+
+        Do this sort of atomically, making it harder to corrupt existing files,
+        for example when plistlib encounters an error halfway during write.
+        This also checks to see if text matches the text that is already in the
+        file at path. If so, the file is not rewritten so that the modification
+        date is preserved.
+
+        The errors that could be raised during the writing of a plist are
+        unpredictable and/or too large to list, so, a blind try: except: is done.
+        If an exception occurs, a UFOLibError will be raised.
+        """
+        if self._havePreviousFile:
+            try:
+                data = plistlib.dumps(obj)
+            except Exception as e:
+                raise UFOLibError(
+                    "'%s' could not be written on %s because "
+                    "the data is not properly formatted: %s" % (fileName, self.fs, e)
+                )
+            if self.fs.exists(fileName) and data == self.fs.readbytes(fileName):
+                return
+            self.fs.writebytes(fileName, data)
+        else:
+            with self.fs.openbin(fileName, mode="w") as fp:
+                try:
+                    plistlib.dump(obj, fp)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    raise UFOLibError(
+                        "'%s' could not be written on %s because "
+                        "the data is not properly formatted: %s"
+                        % (fileName, self.fs, e)
+                    )
+
+
+# ----------
+# UFO Reader
+# ----------
+
+
+class UFOReader(_UFOBaseIO):
+    """Read the various components of a .ufo.
+
+    Attributes:
+        path: An :class:`os.PathLike` object pointing to the .ufo.
+        validate: A boolean indicating if the data read should be
+          validated. Defaults to `True`.
+
+    By default read data is validated. Set ``validate`` to
+    ``False`` to not validate the data.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, validate=True):
+        if hasattr(path, "__fspath__"):  # support os.PathLike objects
+            path = path.__fspath__()
+
+        if isinstance(path, str):
+            structure = _sniffFileStructure(path)
+            try:
+                if structure is UFOFileStructure.ZIP:
+                    parentFS = fs.zipfs.ZipFS(path, write=False, encoding="utf-8")
+                else:
+                    parentFS = fs.osfs.OSFS(path)
+            except fs.errors.CreateFailed as e:
+                raise UFOLibError(f"unable to open '{path}': {e}")
+
+            if structure is UFOFileStructure.ZIP:
+                # .ufoz zip files must contain a single root directory, with arbitrary
+                # name, containing all the UFO files
+                rootDirs = [
+                    p.name
+                    for p in parentFS.scandir("/")
+                    # exclude macOS metadata contained in zip file
+                    if p.is_dir and p.name != "__MACOSX"
+                ]
+                if len(rootDirs) == 1:
+                    # 'ClosingSubFS' ensures that the parent zip file is closed when
+                    # its root subdirectory is closed
+                    self.fs = parentFS.opendir(
+                        rootDirs[0], factory=fs.subfs.ClosingSubFS
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise UFOLibError(
+                        "Expected exactly 1 root directory, found %d" % len(rootDirs)
+                    )
+            else:
+                # normal UFO 'packages' are just a single folder
+                self.fs = parentFS
+            # when passed a path string, we make sure we close the newly opened fs
+            # upon calling UFOReader.close method or context manager's __exit__
+            self._shouldClose = True
+            self._fileStructure = structure
+        elif isinstance(path, fs.base.FS):
+            filesystem = path
+            try:
+                filesystem.check()
+            except fs.errors.FilesystemClosed:
+                raise UFOLibError("the filesystem '%s' is closed" % path)
+            else:
+                self.fs = filesystem
+            try:
+                path = filesystem.getsyspath("/")
+            except fs.errors.NoSysPath:
+                # network or in-memory FS may not map to the local one
+                path = str(filesystem)
+            # when user passed an already initialized fs instance, it is her
+            # responsibility to close it, thus UFOReader.close/__exit__ are no-op
+            self._shouldClose = False
+            # default to a 'package' structure
+            self._fileStructure = UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Expected a path string or fs.base.FS object, found '%s'"
+                % type(path).__name__
+            )
+        self._path = fsdecode(path)
+        self._validate = validate
+        self._upConvertedKerningData = None
+
+        try:
+            self.readMetaInfo(validate=validate)
+        except UFOLibError:
+            self.close()
+            raise
+
+    # properties
+
+    def _get_path(self):
+        import warnings
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The 'path' attribute is deprecated; use the 'fs' attribute instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self._path
+
+    path = property(_get_path, doc="The path of the UFO (DEPRECATED).")
+
+    def _get_formatVersion(self):
+        import warnings
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The 'formatVersion' attribute is deprecated; use the 'formatVersionTuple'",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self._formatVersion.major
+
+    formatVersion = property(
+        _get_formatVersion,
+        doc="The (major) format version of the UFO. DEPRECATED: Use formatVersionTuple",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def formatVersionTuple(self):
+        """The (major, minor) format version of the UFO.
+        This is determined by reading metainfo.plist during __init__.
+        """
+        return self._formatVersion
+
+    def _get_fileStructure(self):
+        return self._fileStructure
+
+    fileStructure = property(
+        _get_fileStructure,
+        doc=(
+            "The file structure of the UFO: "
+            "either UFOFileStructure.ZIP or UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE"
+        ),
+    )
+
+    # up conversion
+
+    def _upConvertKerning(self, validate):
+        """
+        Up convert kerning and groups in UFO 1 and 2.
+        The data will be held internally until each bit of data
+        has been retrieved. The conversion of both must be done
+        at once, so the raw data is cached and an error is raised
+        if one bit of data becomes obsolete before it is called.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the data.
+        """
+        if self._upConvertedKerningData:
+            testKerning = self._readKerning()
+            if testKerning != self._upConvertedKerningData["originalKerning"]:
+                raise UFOLibError(
+                    "The data in kerning.plist has been modified since it was converted to UFO 3 format."
+                )
+            testGroups = self._readGroups()
+            if testGroups != self._upConvertedKerningData["originalGroups"]:
+                raise UFOLibError(
+                    "The data in groups.plist has been modified since it was converted to UFO 3 format."
+                )
+        else:
+            groups = self._readGroups()
+            if validate:
+                invalidFormatMessage = "groups.plist is not properly formatted."
+                if not isinstance(groups, dict):
+                    raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+                for groupName, glyphList in groups.items():
+                    if not isinstance(groupName, str):
+                        raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+                    elif not isinstance(glyphList, list):
+                        raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+                    for glyphName in glyphList:
+                        if not isinstance(glyphName, str):
+                            raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+            self._upConvertedKerningData = dict(
+                kerning={},
+                originalKerning=self._readKerning(),
+                groups={},
+                originalGroups=groups,
+            )
+            # convert kerning and groups
+            kerning, groups, conversionMaps = convertUFO1OrUFO2KerningToUFO3Kerning(
+                self._upConvertedKerningData["originalKerning"],
+                deepcopy(self._upConvertedKerningData["originalGroups"]),
+                self.getGlyphSet(),
+            )
+            # store
+            self._upConvertedKerningData["kerning"] = kerning
+            self._upConvertedKerningData["groups"] = groups
+            self._upConvertedKerningData["groupRenameMaps"] = conversionMaps
+
+    # support methods
+
+    def readBytesFromPath(self, path):
+        """
+        Returns the bytes in the file at the given path.
+        The path must be relative to the UFO's filesystem root.
+        Returns None if the file does not exist.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.fs.readbytes(fsdecode(path))
+        except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+            return None
+
+    def getReadFileForPath(self, path, encoding=None):
+        """
+        Returns a file (or file-like) object for the file at the given path.
+        The path must be relative to the UFO path.
+        Returns None if the file does not exist.
+        By default the file is opened in binary mode (reads bytes).
+        If encoding is passed, the file is opened in text mode (reads str).
+
+        Note: The caller is responsible for closing the open file.
+        """
+        path = fsdecode(path)
+        try:
+            if encoding is None:
+                return self.fs.openbin(path)
+            else:
+                return self.fs.open(path, mode="r", encoding=encoding)
+        except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+            return None
+
+    # metainfo.plist
+
+    def _readMetaInfo(self, validate=None):
+        """
+        Read metainfo.plist and return raw data. Only used for internal operations.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the read data, by default it is set
+        to the class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        data = self._getPlist(METAINFO_FILENAME)
+        if validate and not isinstance(data, dict):
+            raise UFOLibError("metainfo.plist is not properly formatted.")
+        try:
+            formatVersionMajor = data["formatVersion"]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise UFOLibError(
+                f"Missing required formatVersion in '{METAINFO_FILENAME}' on {self.fs}"
+            )
+        formatVersionMinor = data.setdefault("formatVersionMinor", 0)
+
+        try:
+            formatVersion = UFOFormatVersion((formatVersionMajor, formatVersionMinor))
+        except ValueError as e:
+            unsupportedMsg = (
+                f"Unsupported UFO format ({formatVersionMajor}.{formatVersionMinor}) "
+                f"in '{METAINFO_FILENAME}' on {self.fs}"
+            )
+            if validate:
+                from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UnsupportedUFOFormat
+
+                raise UnsupportedUFOFormat(unsupportedMsg) from e
+
+            formatVersion = UFOFormatVersion.default()
+            logger.warning(
+                "%s. Assuming the latest supported version (%s). "
+                "Some data may be skipped or parsed incorrectly",
+                unsupportedMsg,
+                formatVersion,
+            )
+        data["formatVersionTuple"] = formatVersion
+        return data
+
+    def readMetaInfo(self, validate=None):
+        """
+        Read metainfo.plist and set formatVersion. Only used for internal operations.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the read data, by default it is set
+        to the class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        data = self._readMetaInfo(validate=validate)
+        self._formatVersion = data["formatVersionTuple"]
+
+    # groups.plist
+
+    def _readGroups(self):
+        groups = self._getPlist(GROUPS_FILENAME, {})
+        # remove any duplicate glyphs in a kerning group
+        for groupName, glyphList in groups.items():
+            if groupName.startswith(("public.kern1.", "public.kern2.")):
+                groups[groupName] = list(OrderedDict.fromkeys(glyphList))
+        return groups
+
+    def readGroups(self, validate=None):
+        """
+        Read groups.plist. Returns a dict.
+        ``validate`` will validate the read data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        # handle up conversion
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            self._upConvertKerning(validate)
+            groups = self._upConvertedKerningData["groups"]
+        # normal
+        else:
+            groups = self._readGroups()
+        if validate:
+            valid, message = groupsValidator(groups)
+            if not valid:
+                raise UFOLibError(message)
+        return groups
+
+    def getKerningGroupConversionRenameMaps(self, validate=None):
+        """
+        Get maps defining the renaming that was done during any
+        needed kerning group conversion. This method returns a
+        dictionary of this form::
+
+                {
+                        "side1" : {"old group name" : "new group name"},
+                        "side2" : {"old group name" : "new group name"}
+                }
+
+        When no conversion has been performed, the side1 and side2
+        dictionaries will be empty.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the groups, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        if self._formatVersion >= UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            return dict(side1={}, side2={})
+        # use the public group reader to force the load and
+        # conversion of the data if it hasn't happened yet.
+        self.readGroups(validate=validate)
+        return self._upConvertedKerningData["groupRenameMaps"]
+
+    # fontinfo.plist
+
+    def _readInfo(self, validate):
+        data = self._getPlist(FONTINFO_FILENAME, {})
+        if validate and not isinstance(data, dict):
+            raise UFOLibError("fontinfo.plist is not properly formatted.")
+        return data
+
+    def readInfo(self, info, validate=None):
+        """
+        Read fontinfo.plist. It requires an object that allows
+        setting attributes with names that follow the fontinfo.plist
+        version 3 specification. This will write the attributes
+        defined in the file into the object.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the read data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        infoDict = self._readInfo(validate)
+        infoDataToSet = {}
+        # version 1
+        if self._formatVersion == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_1_0:
+            for attr in fontInfoAttributesVersion1:
+                value = infoDict.get(attr)
+                if value is not None:
+                    infoDataToSet[attr] = value
+            infoDataToSet = _convertFontInfoDataVersion1ToVersion2(infoDataToSet)
+            infoDataToSet = _convertFontInfoDataVersion2ToVersion3(infoDataToSet)
+        # version 2
+        elif self._formatVersion == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_2_0:
+            for attr, dataValidationDict in list(
+                fontInfoAttributesVersion2ValueData.items()
+            ):
+                value = infoDict.get(attr)
+                if value is None:
+                    continue
+                infoDataToSet[attr] = value
+            infoDataToSet = _convertFontInfoDataVersion2ToVersion3(infoDataToSet)
+        # version 3.x
+        elif self._formatVersion.major == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0.major:
+            for attr, dataValidationDict in list(
+                fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData.items()
+            ):
+                value = infoDict.get(attr)
+                if value is None:
+                    continue
+                infoDataToSet[attr] = value
+        # unsupported version
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(self._formatVersion)
+        # validate data
+        if validate:
+            infoDataToSet = validateInfoVersion3Data(infoDataToSet)
+        # populate the object
+        for attr, value in list(infoDataToSet.items()):
+            try:
+                setattr(info, attr, value)
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise UFOLibError(
+                    "The supplied info object does not support setting a necessary attribute (%s)."
+                    % attr
+                )
+
+    # kerning.plist
+
+    def _readKerning(self):
+        data = self._getPlist(KERNING_FILENAME, {})
+        return data
+
+    def readKerning(self, validate=None):
+        """
+        Read kerning.plist. Returns a dict.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the kerning data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        # handle up conversion
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            self._upConvertKerning(validate)
+            kerningNested = self._upConvertedKerningData["kerning"]
+        # normal
+        else:
+            kerningNested = self._readKerning()
+        if validate:
+            valid, message = kerningValidator(kerningNested)
+            if not valid:
+                raise UFOLibError(message)
+        # flatten
+        kerning = {}
+        for left in kerningNested:
+            for right in kerningNested[left]:
+                value = kerningNested[left][right]
+                kerning[left, right] = value
+        return kerning
+
+    # lib.plist
+
+    def readLib(self, validate=None):
+        """
+        Read lib.plist. Returns a dict.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        data = self._getPlist(LIB_FILENAME, {})
+        if validate:
+            valid, message = fontLibValidator(data)
+            if not valid:
+                raise UFOLibError(message)
+        return data
+
+    # features.fea
+
+    def readFeatures(self):
+        """
+        Read features.fea. Return a string.
+        The returned string is empty if the file is missing.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self.fs.open(FEATURES_FILENAME, "r", encoding="utf-8-sig") as f:
+                return f.read()
+        except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+            return ""
+
+    # glyph sets & layers
+
+    def _readLayerContents(self, validate):
+        """
+        Rebuild the layer contents list by checking what glyphsets
+        are available on disk.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the layer contents.
+        """
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            return [(DEFAULT_LAYER_NAME, DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME)]
+        contents = self._getPlist(LAYERCONTENTS_FILENAME)
+        if validate:
+            valid, error = layerContentsValidator(contents, self.fs)
+            if not valid:
+                raise UFOLibError(error)
+        return contents
+
+    def getLayerNames(self, validate=None):
+        """
+        Get the ordered layer names from layercontents.plist.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        layerContents = self._readLayerContents(validate)
+        layerNames = [layerName for layerName, directoryName in layerContents]
+        return layerNames
+
+    def getDefaultLayerName(self, validate=None):
+        """
+        Get the default layer name from layercontents.plist.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        layerContents = self._readLayerContents(validate)
+        for layerName, layerDirectory in layerContents:
+            if layerDirectory == DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME:
+                return layerName
+        # this will already have been raised during __init__
+        raise UFOLibError("The default layer is not defined in layercontents.plist.")
+
+    def getGlyphSet(self, layerName=None, validateRead=None, validateWrite=None):
+        """
+        Return the GlyphSet associated with the
+        glyphs directory mapped to layerName
+        in the UFO. If layerName is not provided,
+        the name retrieved with getDefaultLayerName
+        will be used.
+
+        ``validateRead`` will validate the read data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        ``validateWrite`` will validate the written data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        from fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib import GlyphSet
+
+        if validateRead is None:
+            validateRead = self._validate
+        if validateWrite is None:
+            validateWrite = self._validate
+        if layerName is None:
+            layerName = self.getDefaultLayerName(validate=validateRead)
+        directory = None
+        layerContents = self._readLayerContents(validateRead)
+        for storedLayerName, storedLayerDirectory in layerContents:
+            if layerName == storedLayerName:
+                directory = storedLayerDirectory
+                break
+        if directory is None:
+            raise UFOLibError('No glyphs directory is mapped to "%s".' % layerName)
+        try:
+            glyphSubFS = self.fs.opendir(directory)
+        except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+            raise UFOLibError(f"No '{directory}' directory for layer '{layerName}'")
+        return GlyphSet(
+            glyphSubFS,
+            ufoFormatVersion=self._formatVersion,
+            validateRead=validateRead,
+            validateWrite=validateWrite,
+            expectContentsFile=True,
+        )
+
+    def getCharacterMapping(self, layerName=None, validate=None):
+        """
+        Return a dictionary that maps unicode values (ints) to
+        lists of glyph names.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        glyphSet = self.getGlyphSet(
+            layerName, validateRead=validate, validateWrite=True
+        )
+        allUnicodes = glyphSet.getUnicodes()
+        cmap = {}
+        for glyphName, unicodes in allUnicodes.items():
+            for code in unicodes:
+                if code in cmap:
+                    cmap[code].append(glyphName)
+                else:
+                    cmap[code] = [glyphName]
+        return cmap
+
+    # /data
+
+    def getDataDirectoryListing(self):
+        """
+        Returns a list of all files in the data directory.
+        The returned paths will be relative to the UFO.
+        This will not list directory names, only file names.
+        Thus, empty directories will be skipped.
+        """
+        try:
+            self._dataFS = self.fs.opendir(DATA_DIRNAME)
+        except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+            return []
+        except fs.errors.DirectoryExpected:
+            raise UFOLibError('The UFO contains a "data" file instead of a directory.')
+        try:
+            # fs Walker.files method returns "absolute" paths (in terms of the
+            # root of the 'data' SubFS), so we strip the leading '/' to make
+            # them relative
+            return [p.lstrip("/") for p in self._dataFS.walk.files()]
+        except fs.errors.ResourceError:
+            return []
+
+    def getImageDirectoryListing(self, validate=None):
+        """
+        Returns a list of all image file names in
+        the images directory. Each of the images will
+        have been verified to have the PNG signature.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            return []
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        try:
+            self._imagesFS = imagesFS = self.fs.opendir(IMAGES_DIRNAME)
+        except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+            return []
+        except fs.errors.DirectoryExpected:
+            raise UFOLibError(
+                'The UFO contains an "images" file instead of a directory.'
+            )
+        result = []
+        for path in imagesFS.scandir("/"):
+            if path.is_dir:
+                # silently skip this as version control
+                # systems often have hidden directories
+                continue
+            if validate:
+                with imagesFS.openbin(path.name) as fp:
+                    valid, error = pngValidator(fileObj=fp)
+                if valid:
+                    result.append(path.name)
+            else:
+                result.append(path.name)
+        return result
+
+    def readData(self, fileName):
+        """
+        Return bytes for the file named 'fileName' inside the 'data/' directory.
+        """
+        fileName = fsdecode(fileName)
+        try:
+            try:
+                dataFS = self._dataFS
+            except AttributeError:
+                # in case readData is called before getDataDirectoryListing
+                dataFS = self.fs.opendir(DATA_DIRNAME)
+            data = dataFS.readbytes(fileName)
+        except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+            raise UFOLibError(f"No data file named '{fileName}' on {self.fs}")
+        return data
+
+    def readImage(self, fileName, validate=None):
+        """
+        Return image data for the file named fileName.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            raise UFOLibError(
+                f"Reading images is not allowed in UFO {self._formatVersion.major}."
+            )
+        fileName = fsdecode(fileName)
+        try:
+            try:
+                imagesFS = self._imagesFS
+            except AttributeError:
+                # in case readImage is called before getImageDirectoryListing
+                imagesFS = self.fs.opendir(IMAGES_DIRNAME)
+            data = imagesFS.readbytes(fileName)
+        except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+            raise UFOLibError(f"No image file named '{fileName}' on {self.fs}")
+        if validate:
+            valid, error = pngValidator(data=data)
+            if not valid:
+                raise UFOLibError(error)
+        return data
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._shouldClose:
+            self.fs.close()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
+        self.close()
+
+
+# ----------
+# UFO Writer
+# ----------
+
+
+class UFOWriter(UFOReader):
+    """Write the various components of a .ufo.
+
+    Attributes:
+        path: An :class:`os.PathLike` object pointing to the .ufo.
+        formatVersion: the UFO format version as a tuple of integers (major, minor),
+            or as a single integer for the major digit only (minor is implied to be 0).
+            By default, the latest formatVersion will be used; currently it is 3.0,
+            which is equivalent to formatVersion=(3, 0).
+        fileCreator: The creator of the .ufo file. Defaults to
+            `com.github.fonttools.ufoLib`.
+        structure: The internal structure of the .ufo file: either `ZIP` or `PACKAGE`.
+        validate: A boolean indicating if the data read should be validated. Defaults
+            to `True`.
+
+    By default, the written data will be validated before writing. Set ``validate`` to
+    ``False`` if you do not want to validate the data. Validation can also be overriden
+    on a per-method level if desired.
+
+    Raises:
+        UnsupportedUFOFormat: An exception indicating that the requested UFO
+            formatVersion is not supported.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        path,
+        formatVersion=None,
+        fileCreator="com.github.fonttools.ufoLib",
+        structure=None,
+        validate=True,
+    ):
+        try:
+            formatVersion = UFOFormatVersion(formatVersion)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UnsupportedUFOFormat
+
+            raise UnsupportedUFOFormat(
+                f"Unsupported UFO format: {formatVersion!r}"
+            ) from e
+
+        if hasattr(path, "__fspath__"):  # support os.PathLike objects
+            path = path.__fspath__()
+
+        if isinstance(path, str):
+            # normalize path by removing trailing or double slashes
+            path = os.path.normpath(path)
+            havePreviousFile = os.path.exists(path)
+            if havePreviousFile:
+                # ensure we use the same structure as the destination
+                existingStructure = _sniffFileStructure(path)
+                if structure is not None:
+                    try:
+                        structure = UFOFileStructure(structure)
+                    except ValueError:
+                        raise UFOLibError(
+                            "Invalid or unsupported structure: '%s'" % structure
+                        )
+                    if structure is not existingStructure:
+                        raise UFOLibError(
+                            "A UFO with a different structure (%s) already exists "
+                            "at the given path: '%s'" % (existingStructure, path)
+                        )
+                else:
+                    structure = existingStructure
+            else:
+                # if not exists, default to 'package' structure
+                if structure is None:
+                    structure = UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE
+                dirName = os.path.dirname(path)
+                if dirName and not os.path.isdir(dirName):
+                    raise UFOLibError(
+                        "Cannot write to '%s': directory does not exist" % path
+                    )
+            if structure is UFOFileStructure.ZIP:
+                if havePreviousFile:
+                    # we can't write a zip in-place, so we have to copy its
+                    # contents to a temporary location and work from there, then
+                    # upon closing UFOWriter we create the final zip file
+                    parentFS = fs.tempfs.TempFS()
+                    with fs.zipfs.ZipFS(path, encoding="utf-8") as origFS:
+                        fs.copy.copy_fs(origFS, parentFS)
+                    # if output path is an existing zip, we require that it contains
+                    # one, and only one, root directory (with arbitrary name), in turn
+                    # containing all the existing UFO contents
+                    rootDirs = [
+                        p.name
+                        for p in parentFS.scandir("/")
+                        # exclude macOS metadata contained in zip file
+                        if p.is_dir and p.name != "__MACOSX"
+                    ]
+                    if len(rootDirs) != 1:
+                        raise UFOLibError(
+                            "Expected exactly 1 root directory, found %d"
+                            % len(rootDirs)
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        # 'ClosingSubFS' ensures that the parent filesystem is closed
+                        # when its root subdirectory is closed
+                        self.fs = parentFS.opendir(
+                            rootDirs[0], factory=fs.subfs.ClosingSubFS
+                        )
+                else:
+                    # if the output zip file didn't exist, we create the root folder;
+                    # we name it the same as input 'path', but with '.ufo' extension
+                    rootDir = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(path))[0] + ".ufo"
+                    parentFS = fs.zipfs.ZipFS(path, write=True, encoding="utf-8")
+                    parentFS.makedir(rootDir)
+                    self.fs = parentFS.opendir(rootDir, factory=fs.subfs.ClosingSubFS)
+            else:
+                self.fs = fs.osfs.OSFS(path, create=True)
+            self._fileStructure = structure
+            self._havePreviousFile = havePreviousFile
+            self._shouldClose = True
+        elif isinstance(path, fs.base.FS):
+            filesystem = path
+            try:
+                filesystem.check()
+            except fs.errors.FilesystemClosed:
+                raise UFOLibError("the filesystem '%s' is closed" % path)
+            else:
+                self.fs = filesystem
+            try:
+                path = filesystem.getsyspath("/")
+            except fs.errors.NoSysPath:
+                # network or in-memory FS may not map to the local one
+                path = str(filesystem)
+            # if passed an FS object, always use 'package' structure
+            if structure and structure is not UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE:
+                import warnings
+
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "The 'structure' argument is not used when input is an FS object",
+                    UserWarning,
+                    stacklevel=2,
+                )
+            self._fileStructure = UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE
+            # if FS contains a "metainfo.plist", we consider it non-empty
+            self._havePreviousFile = filesystem.exists(METAINFO_FILENAME)
+            # the user is responsible for closing the FS object
+            self._shouldClose = False
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Expected a path string or fs object, found %s" % type(path).__name__
+            )
+
+        # establish some basic stuff
+        self._path = fsdecode(path)
+        self._formatVersion = formatVersion
+        self._fileCreator = fileCreator
+        self._downConversionKerningData = None
+        self._validate = validate
+        # if the file already exists, get the format version.
+        # this will be needed for up and down conversion.
+        previousFormatVersion = None
+        if self._havePreviousFile:
+            metaInfo = self._readMetaInfo(validate=validate)
+            previousFormatVersion = metaInfo["formatVersionTuple"]
+            # catch down conversion
+            if previousFormatVersion > formatVersion:
+                from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UnsupportedUFOFormat
+
+                raise UnsupportedUFOFormat(
+                    "The UFO located at this path is a higher version "
+                    f"({previousFormatVersion}) than the version ({formatVersion}) "
+                    "that is trying to be written. This is not supported."
+                )
+        # handle the layer contents
+        self.layerContents = {}
+        if previousFormatVersion is not None and previousFormatVersion.major >= 3:
+            # already exists
+            self.layerContents = OrderedDict(self._readLayerContents(validate))
+        else:
+            # previous < 3
+            # imply the layer contents
+            if self.fs.exists(DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME):
+                self.layerContents = {DEFAULT_LAYER_NAME: DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME}
+        # write the new metainfo
+        self._writeMetaInfo()
+
+    # properties
+
+    def _get_fileCreator(self):
+        return self._fileCreator
+
+    fileCreator = property(
+        _get_fileCreator,
+        doc="The file creator of the UFO. This is set into metainfo.plist during __init__.",
+    )
+
+    # support methods for file system interaction
+
+    def copyFromReader(self, reader, sourcePath, destPath):
+        """
+        Copy the sourcePath in the provided UFOReader to destPath
+        in this writer. The paths must be relative. This works with
+        both individual files and directories.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(reader, UFOReader):
+            raise UFOLibError("The reader must be an instance of UFOReader.")
+        sourcePath = fsdecode(sourcePath)
+        destPath = fsdecode(destPath)
+        if not reader.fs.exists(sourcePath):
+            raise UFOLibError(
+                'The reader does not have data located at "%s".' % sourcePath
+            )
+        if self.fs.exists(destPath):
+            raise UFOLibError('A file named "%s" already exists.' % destPath)
+        # create the destination directory if it doesn't exist
+        self.fs.makedirs(fs.path.dirname(destPath), recreate=True)
+        if reader.fs.isdir(sourcePath):
+            fs.copy.copy_dir(reader.fs, sourcePath, self.fs, destPath)
+        else:
+            fs.copy.copy_file(reader.fs, sourcePath, self.fs, destPath)
+
+    def writeBytesToPath(self, path, data):
+        """
+        Write bytes to a path relative to the UFO filesystem's root.
+        If writing to an existing UFO, check to see if data matches the data
+        that is already in the file at path; if so, the file is not rewritten
+        so that the modification date is preserved.
+        If needed, the directory tree for the given path will be built.
+        """
+        path = fsdecode(path)
+        if self._havePreviousFile:
+            if self.fs.isfile(path) and data == self.fs.readbytes(path):
+                return
+        try:
+            self.fs.writebytes(path, data)
+        except fs.errors.FileExpected:
+            raise UFOLibError("A directory exists at '%s'" % path)
+        except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+            self.fs.makedirs(fs.path.dirname(path), recreate=True)
+            self.fs.writebytes(path, data)
+
+    def getFileObjectForPath(self, path, mode="w", encoding=None):
+        """
+        Returns a file (or file-like) object for the
+        file at the given path. The path must be relative
+        to the UFO path. Returns None if the file does
+        not exist and the mode is "r" or "rb.
+        An encoding may be passed if the file is opened in text mode.
+
+        Note: The caller is responsible for closing the open file.
+        """
+        path = fsdecode(path)
+        try:
+            return self.fs.open(path, mode=mode, encoding=encoding)
+        except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound as e:
+            m = mode[0]
+            if m == "r":
+                # XXX I think we should just let it raise. The docstring,
+                # however, says that this returns None if mode is 'r'
+                return None
+            elif m == "w" or m == "a" or m == "x":
+                self.fs.makedirs(fs.path.dirname(path), recreate=True)
+                return self.fs.open(path, mode=mode, encoding=encoding)
+        except fs.errors.ResourceError as e:
+            return UFOLibError(f"unable to open '{path}' on {self.fs}: {e}")
+
+    def removePath(self, path, force=False, removeEmptyParents=True):
+        """
+        Remove the file (or directory) at path. The path
+        must be relative to the UFO.
+        Raises UFOLibError if the path doesn't exist.
+        If force=True, ignore non-existent paths.
+        If the directory where 'path' is located becomes empty, it will
+        be automatically removed, unless 'removeEmptyParents' is False.
+        """
+        path = fsdecode(path)
+        try:
+            self.fs.remove(path)
+        except fs.errors.FileExpected:
+            self.fs.removetree(path)
+        except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+            if not force:
+                raise UFOLibError(f"'{path}' does not exist on {self.fs}")
+        if removeEmptyParents:
+            parent = fs.path.dirname(path)
+            if parent:
+                fs.tools.remove_empty(self.fs, parent)
+
+    # alias kept for backward compatibility with old API
+    removeFileForPath = removePath
+
+    # UFO mod time
+
+    def setModificationTime(self):
+        """
+        Set the UFO modification time to the current time.
+        This is never called automatically. It is up to the
+        caller to call this when finished working on the UFO.
+        """
+        path = self._path
+        if path is not None and os.path.exists(path):
+            try:
+                # this may fail on some filesystems (e.g. SMB servers)
+                os.utime(path, None)
+            except OSError as e:
+                logger.warning("Failed to set modified time: %s", e)
+
+    # metainfo.plist
+
+    def _writeMetaInfo(self):
+        metaInfo = dict(
+            creator=self._fileCreator,
+            formatVersion=self._formatVersion.major,
+        )
+        if self._formatVersion.minor != 0:
+            metaInfo["formatVersionMinor"] = self._formatVersion.minor
+        self._writePlist(METAINFO_FILENAME, metaInfo)
+
+    # groups.plist
+
+    def setKerningGroupConversionRenameMaps(self, maps):
+        """
+        Set maps defining the renaming that should be done
+        when writing groups and kerning in UFO 1 and UFO 2.
+        This will effectively undo the conversion done when
+        UFOReader reads this data. The dictionary should have
+        this form::
+
+                {
+                        "side1" : {"group name to use when writing" : "group name in data"},
+                        "side2" : {"group name to use when writing" : "group name in data"}
+                }
+
+        This is the same form returned by UFOReader's
+        getKerningGroupConversionRenameMaps method.
+        """
+        if self._formatVersion >= UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            return  # XXX raise an error here
+        # flip the dictionaries
+        remap = {}
+        for side in ("side1", "side2"):
+            for writeName, dataName in list(maps[side].items()):
+                remap[dataName] = writeName
+        self._downConversionKerningData = dict(groupRenameMap=remap)
+
+    def writeGroups(self, groups, validate=None):
+        """
+        Write groups.plist. This method requires a
+        dict of glyph groups as an argument.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        # validate the data structure
+        if validate:
+            valid, message = groupsValidator(groups)
+            if not valid:
+                raise UFOLibError(message)
+        # down convert
+        if (
+            self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0
+            and self._downConversionKerningData is not None
+        ):
+            remap = self._downConversionKerningData["groupRenameMap"]
+            remappedGroups = {}
+            # there are some edge cases here that are ignored:
+            # 1. if a group is being renamed to a name that
+            #    already exists, the existing group is always
+            #    overwritten. (this is why there are two loops
+            #    below.) there doesn't seem to be a logical
+            #    solution to groups mismatching and overwriting
+            #    with the specifiecd group seems like a better
+            #    solution than throwing an error.
+            # 2. if side 1 and side 2 groups are being renamed
+            #    to the same group name there is no check to
+            #    ensure that the contents are identical. that
+            #    is left up to the caller.
+            for name, contents in list(groups.items()):
+                if name in remap:
+                    continue
+                remappedGroups[name] = contents
+            for name, contents in list(groups.items()):
+                if name not in remap:
+                    continue
+                name = remap[name]
+                remappedGroups[name] = contents
+            groups = remappedGroups
+        # pack and write
+        groupsNew = {}
+        for key, value in groups.items():
+            groupsNew[key] = list(value)
+        if groupsNew:
+            self._writePlist(GROUPS_FILENAME, groupsNew)
+        elif self._havePreviousFile:
+            self.removePath(GROUPS_FILENAME, force=True, removeEmptyParents=False)
+
+    # fontinfo.plist
+
+    def writeInfo(self, info, validate=None):
+        """
+        Write info.plist. This method requires an object
+        that supports getting attributes that follow the
+        fontinfo.plist version 2 specification. Attributes
+        will be taken from the given object and written
+        into the file.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        # gather version 3 data
+        infoData = {}
+        for attr in list(fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData.keys()):
+            if hasattr(info, attr):
+                try:
+                    value = getattr(info, attr)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    raise UFOLibError(
+                        "The supplied info object does not support getting a necessary attribute (%s)."
+                        % attr
+                    )
+                if value is None:
+                    continue
+                infoData[attr] = value
+        # down convert data if necessary and validate
+        if self._formatVersion == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            if validate:
+                infoData = validateInfoVersion3Data(infoData)
+        elif self._formatVersion == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_2_0:
+            infoData = _convertFontInfoDataVersion3ToVersion2(infoData)
+            if validate:
+                infoData = validateInfoVersion2Data(infoData)
+        elif self._formatVersion == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_1_0:
+            infoData = _convertFontInfoDataVersion3ToVersion2(infoData)
+            if validate:
+                infoData = validateInfoVersion2Data(infoData)
+            infoData = _convertFontInfoDataVersion2ToVersion1(infoData)
+        # write file if there is anything to write
+        if infoData:
+            self._writePlist(FONTINFO_FILENAME, infoData)
+
+    # kerning.plist
+
+    def writeKerning(self, kerning, validate=None):
+        """
+        Write kerning.plist. This method requires a
+        dict of kerning pairs as an argument.
+
+        This performs basic structural validation of the kerning,
+        but it does not check for compliance with the spec in
+        regards to conflicting pairs. The assumption is that the
+        kerning data being passed is standards compliant.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        # validate the data structure
+        if validate:
+            invalidFormatMessage = "The kerning is not properly formatted."
+            if not isDictEnough(kerning):
+                raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+            for pair, value in list(kerning.items()):
+                if not isinstance(pair, (list, tuple)):
+                    raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+                if not len(pair) == 2:
+                    raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+                if not isinstance(pair[0], str):
+                    raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+                if not isinstance(pair[1], str):
+                    raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+                if not isinstance(value, numberTypes):
+                    raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+        # down convert
+        if (
+            self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0
+            and self._downConversionKerningData is not None
+        ):
+            remap = self._downConversionKerningData["groupRenameMap"]
+            remappedKerning = {}
+            for (side1, side2), value in list(kerning.items()):
+                side1 = remap.get(side1, side1)
+                side2 = remap.get(side2, side2)
+                remappedKerning[side1, side2] = value
+            kerning = remappedKerning
+        # pack and write
+        kerningDict = {}
+        for left, right in kerning.keys():
+            value = kerning[left, right]
+            if left not in kerningDict:
+                kerningDict[left] = {}
+            kerningDict[left][right] = value
+        if kerningDict:
+            self._writePlist(KERNING_FILENAME, kerningDict)
+        elif self._havePreviousFile:
+            self.removePath(KERNING_FILENAME, force=True, removeEmptyParents=False)
+
+    # lib.plist
+
+    def writeLib(self, libDict, validate=None):
+        """
+        Write lib.plist. This method requires a
+        lib dict as an argument.
+
+        ``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        if validate:
+            valid, message = fontLibValidator(libDict)
+            if not valid:
+                raise UFOLibError(message)
+        if libDict:
+            self._writePlist(LIB_FILENAME, libDict)
+        elif self._havePreviousFile:
+            self.removePath(LIB_FILENAME, force=True, removeEmptyParents=False)
+
+    # features.fea
+
+    def writeFeatures(self, features, validate=None):
+        """
+        Write features.fea. This method requires a
+        features string as an argument.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        if self._formatVersion == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_1_0:
+            raise UFOLibError("features.fea is not allowed in UFO Format Version 1.")
+        if validate:
+            if not isinstance(features, str):
+                raise UFOLibError("The features are not text.")
+        if features:
+            self.writeBytesToPath(FEATURES_FILENAME, features.encode("utf8"))
+        elif self._havePreviousFile:
+            self.removePath(FEATURES_FILENAME, force=True, removeEmptyParents=False)
+
+    # glyph sets & layers
+
+    def writeLayerContents(self, layerOrder=None, validate=None):
+        """
+        Write the layercontents.plist file. This method  *must* be called
+        after all glyph sets have been written.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            return
+        if layerOrder is not None:
+            newOrder = []
+            for layerName in layerOrder:
+                if layerName is None:
+                    layerName = DEFAULT_LAYER_NAME
+                newOrder.append(layerName)
+            layerOrder = newOrder
+        else:
+            layerOrder = list(self.layerContents.keys())
+        if validate and set(layerOrder) != set(self.layerContents.keys()):
+            raise UFOLibError(
+                "The layer order content does not match the glyph sets that have been created."
+            )
+        layerContents = [
+            (layerName, self.layerContents[layerName]) for layerName in layerOrder
+        ]
+        self._writePlist(LAYERCONTENTS_FILENAME, layerContents)
+
+    def _findDirectoryForLayerName(self, layerName):
+        foundDirectory = None
+        for existingLayerName, directoryName in list(self.layerContents.items()):
+            if layerName is None and directoryName == DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME:
+                foundDirectory = directoryName
+                break
+            elif existingLayerName == layerName:
+                foundDirectory = directoryName
+                break
+        if not foundDirectory:
+            raise UFOLibError(
+                "Could not locate a glyph set directory for the layer named %s."
+                % layerName
+            )
+        return foundDirectory
+
+    def getGlyphSet(
+        self,
+        layerName=None,
+        defaultLayer=True,
+        glyphNameToFileNameFunc=None,
+        validateRead=None,
+        validateWrite=None,
+        expectContentsFile=False,
+    ):
+        """
+        Return the GlyphSet object associated with the
+        appropriate glyph directory in the .ufo.
+        If layerName is None, the default glyph set
+        will be used. The defaultLayer flag indictes
+        that the layer should be saved into the default
+        glyphs directory.
+
+        ``validateRead`` will validate the read data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        ``validateWrte`` will validate the written data, by default it is set to the
+        class's validate value, can be overridden.
+        ``expectContentsFile`` will raise a GlifLibError if a contents.plist file is
+        not found on the glyph set file system. This should be set to ``True`` if you
+        are reading an existing UFO and ``False`` if you use ``getGlyphSet`` to create
+        a fresh	glyph set.
+        """
+        if validateRead is None:
+            validateRead = self._validate
+        if validateWrite is None:
+            validateWrite = self._validate
+        # only default can be written in < 3
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0 and (
+            not defaultLayer or layerName is not None
+        ):
+            raise UFOLibError(
+                f"Only the default layer can be writen in UFO {self._formatVersion.major}."
+            )
+        # locate a layer name when None has been given
+        if layerName is None and defaultLayer:
+            for existingLayerName, directory in self.layerContents.items():
+                if directory == DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME:
+                    layerName = existingLayerName
+            if layerName is None:
+                layerName = DEFAULT_LAYER_NAME
+        elif layerName is None and not defaultLayer:
+            raise UFOLibError("A layer name must be provided for non-default layers.")
+        # move along to format specific writing
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            return self._getDefaultGlyphSet(
+                validateRead,
+                validateWrite,
+                glyphNameToFileNameFunc=glyphNameToFileNameFunc,
+                expectContentsFile=expectContentsFile,
+            )
+        elif self._formatVersion.major == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0.major:
+            return self._getGlyphSetFormatVersion3(
+                validateRead,
+                validateWrite,
+                layerName=layerName,
+                defaultLayer=defaultLayer,
+                glyphNameToFileNameFunc=glyphNameToFileNameFunc,
+                expectContentsFile=expectContentsFile,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(self._formatVersion)
+
+    def _getDefaultGlyphSet(
+        self,
+        validateRead,
+        validateWrite,
+        glyphNameToFileNameFunc=None,
+        expectContentsFile=False,
+    ):
+        from fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib import GlyphSet
+
+        glyphSubFS = self.fs.makedir(DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME, recreate=True)
+        return GlyphSet(
+            glyphSubFS,
+            glyphNameToFileNameFunc=glyphNameToFileNameFunc,
+            ufoFormatVersion=self._formatVersion,
+            validateRead=validateRead,
+            validateWrite=validateWrite,
+            expectContentsFile=expectContentsFile,
+        )
+
+    def _getGlyphSetFormatVersion3(
+        self,
+        validateRead,
+        validateWrite,
+        layerName=None,
+        defaultLayer=True,
+        glyphNameToFileNameFunc=None,
+        expectContentsFile=False,
+    ):
+        from fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib import GlyphSet
+
+        # if the default flag is on, make sure that the default in the file
+        # matches the default being written. also make sure that this layer
+        # name is not already linked to a non-default layer.
+        if defaultLayer:
+            for existingLayerName, directory in self.layerContents.items():
+                if directory == DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME:
+                    if existingLayerName != layerName:
+                        raise UFOLibError(
+                            "Another layer ('%s') is already mapped to the default directory."
+                            % existingLayerName
+                        )
+                elif existingLayerName == layerName:
+                    raise UFOLibError(
+                        "The layer name is already mapped to a non-default layer."
+                    )
+        # get an existing directory name
+        if layerName in self.layerContents:
+            directory = self.layerContents[layerName]
+        # get a  new directory name
+        else:
+            if defaultLayer:
+                directory = DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME
+            else:
+                # not caching this could be slightly expensive,
+                # but caching it will be cumbersome
+                existing = {d.lower() for d in self.layerContents.values()}
+                directory = userNameToFileName(
+                    layerName, existing=existing, prefix="glyphs."
+                )
+        # make the directory
+        glyphSubFS = self.fs.makedir(directory, recreate=True)
+        # store the mapping
+        self.layerContents[layerName] = directory
+        # load the glyph set
+        return GlyphSet(
+            glyphSubFS,
+            glyphNameToFileNameFunc=glyphNameToFileNameFunc,
+            ufoFormatVersion=self._formatVersion,
+            validateRead=validateRead,
+            validateWrite=validateWrite,
+            expectContentsFile=expectContentsFile,
+        )
+
+    def renameGlyphSet(self, layerName, newLayerName, defaultLayer=False):
+        """
+        Rename a glyph set.
+
+        Note: if a GlyphSet object has already been retrieved for
+        layerName, it is up to the caller to inform that object that
+        the directory it represents has changed.
+        """
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            # ignore renaming glyph sets for UFO1 UFO2
+            # just write the data from the default layer
+            return
+        # the new and old names can be the same
+        # as long as the default is being switched
+        if layerName == newLayerName:
+            # if the default is off and the layer is already not the default, skip
+            if (
+                self.layerContents[layerName] != DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME
+                and not defaultLayer
+            ):
+                return
+            # if the default is on and the layer is already the default, skip
+            if self.layerContents[layerName] == DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME and defaultLayer:
+                return
+        else:
+            # make sure the new layer name doesn't already exist
+            if newLayerName is None:
+                newLayerName = DEFAULT_LAYER_NAME
+            if newLayerName in self.layerContents:
+                raise UFOLibError("A layer named %s already exists." % newLayerName)
+            # make sure the default layer doesn't already exist
+            if defaultLayer and DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME in self.layerContents.values():
+                raise UFOLibError("A default layer already exists.")
+        # get the paths
+        oldDirectory = self._findDirectoryForLayerName(layerName)
+        if defaultLayer:
+            newDirectory = DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME
+        else:
+            existing = {name.lower() for name in self.layerContents.values()}
+            newDirectory = userNameToFileName(
+                newLayerName, existing=existing, prefix="glyphs."
+            )
+        # update the internal mapping
+        del self.layerContents[layerName]
+        self.layerContents[newLayerName] = newDirectory
+        # do the file system copy
+        self.fs.movedir(oldDirectory, newDirectory, create=True)
+
+    def deleteGlyphSet(self, layerName):
+        """
+        Remove the glyph set matching layerName.
+        """
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            # ignore deleting glyph sets for UFO1 UFO2 as there are no layers
+            # just write the data from the default layer
+            return
+        foundDirectory = self._findDirectoryForLayerName(layerName)
+        self.removePath(foundDirectory, removeEmptyParents=False)
+        del self.layerContents[layerName]
+
+    def writeData(self, fileName, data):
+        """
+        Write data to fileName in the 'data' directory.
+        The data must be a bytes string.
+        """
+        self.writeBytesToPath(f"{DATA_DIRNAME}/{fsdecode(fileName)}", data)
+
+    def removeData(self, fileName):
+        """
+        Remove the file named fileName from the data directory.
+        """
+        self.removePath(f"{DATA_DIRNAME}/{fsdecode(fileName)}")
+
+    # /images
+
+    def writeImage(self, fileName, data, validate=None):
+        """
+        Write data to fileName in the images directory.
+        The data must be a valid PNG.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            raise UFOLibError(
+                f"Images are not allowed in UFO {self._formatVersion.major}."
+            )
+        fileName = fsdecode(fileName)
+        if validate:
+            valid, error = pngValidator(data=data)
+            if not valid:
+                raise UFOLibError(error)
+        self.writeBytesToPath(f"{IMAGES_DIRNAME}/{fileName}", data)
+
+    def removeImage(self, fileName, validate=None):  # XXX remove unused 'validate'?
+        """
+        Remove the file named fileName from the
+        images directory.
+        """
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            raise UFOLibError(
+                f"Images are not allowed in UFO {self._formatVersion.major}."
+            )
+        self.removePath(f"{IMAGES_DIRNAME}/{fsdecode(fileName)}")
+
+    def copyImageFromReader(self, reader, sourceFileName, destFileName, validate=None):
+        """
+        Copy the sourceFileName in the provided UFOReader to destFileName
+        in this writer. This uses the most memory efficient method possible
+        for copying the data possible.
+        """
+        if validate is None:
+            validate = self._validate
+        if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+            raise UFOLibError(
+                f"Images are not allowed in UFO {self._formatVersion.major}."
+            )
+        sourcePath = f"{IMAGES_DIRNAME}/{fsdecode(sourceFileName)}"
+        destPath = f"{IMAGES_DIRNAME}/{fsdecode(destFileName)}"
+        self.copyFromReader(reader, sourcePath, destPath)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._havePreviousFile and self._fileStructure is UFOFileStructure.ZIP:
+            # if we are updating an existing zip file, we can now compress the
+            # contents of the temporary filesystem in the destination path
+            rootDir = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(self._path))[0] + ".ufo"
+            with fs.zipfs.ZipFS(self._path, write=True, encoding="utf-8") as destFS:
+                fs.copy.copy_fs(self.fs, destFS.makedir(rootDir))
+        super().close()
+
+
+# just an alias, makes it more explicit
+UFOReaderWriter = UFOWriter
+
+
+# ----------------
+# Helper Functions
+# ----------------
+
+
+def _sniffFileStructure(ufo_path):
+    """Return UFOFileStructure.ZIP if the UFO at path 'ufo_path' (str)
+    is a zip file, else return UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE if 'ufo_path' is a
+    directory.
+    Raise UFOLibError if it is a file with unknown structure, or if the path
+    does not exist.
+    """
+    if zipfile.is_zipfile(ufo_path):
+        return UFOFileStructure.ZIP
+    elif os.path.isdir(ufo_path):
+        return UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE
+    elif os.path.isfile(ufo_path):
+        raise UFOLibError(
+            "The specified UFO does not have a known structure: '%s'" % ufo_path
+        )
+    else:
+        raise UFOLibError("No such file or directory: '%s'" % ufo_path)
+
+
+def makeUFOPath(path):
+    """
+    Return a .ufo pathname.
+
+    >>> makeUFOPath("directory/something.ext") == (
+    ... 	os.path.join('directory', 'something.ufo'))
+    True
+    >>> makeUFOPath("directory/something.another.thing.ext") == (
+    ... 	os.path.join('directory', 'something.another.thing.ufo'))
+    True
+    """
+    dir, name = os.path.split(path)
+    name = ".".join([".".join(name.split(".")[:-1]), "ufo"])
+    return os.path.join(dir, name)
+
+
+# ----------------------
+# fontinfo.plist Support
+# ----------------------
+
+# Version Validators
+
+# There is no version 1 validator and there shouldn't be.
+# The version 1 spec was very loose and there were numerous
+# cases of invalid values.
+
+
+def validateFontInfoVersion2ValueForAttribute(attr, value):
+    """
+    This performs very basic validation of the value for attribute
+    following the UFO 2 fontinfo.plist specification. The results
+    of this should not be interpretted as *correct* for the font
+    that they are part of. This merely indicates that the value
+    is of the proper type and, where the specification defines
+    a set range of possible values for an attribute, that the
+    value is in the accepted range.
+    """
+    dataValidationDict = fontInfoAttributesVersion2ValueData[attr]
+    valueType = dataValidationDict.get("type")
+    validator = dataValidationDict.get("valueValidator")
+    valueOptions = dataValidationDict.get("valueOptions")
+    # have specific options for the validator
+    if valueOptions is not None:
+        isValidValue = validator(value, valueOptions)
+    # no specific options
+    else:
+        if validator == genericTypeValidator:
+            isValidValue = validator(value, valueType)
+        else:
+            isValidValue = validator(value)
+    return isValidValue
+
+
+def validateInfoVersion2Data(infoData):
+    """
+    This performs very basic validation of the value for infoData
+    following the UFO 2 fontinfo.plist specification. The results
+    of this should not be interpretted as *correct* for the font
+    that they are part of. This merely indicates that the values
+    are of the proper type and, where the specification defines
+    a set range of possible values for an attribute, that the
+    value is in the accepted range.
+    """
+    validInfoData = {}
+    for attr, value in list(infoData.items()):
+        isValidValue = validateFontInfoVersion2ValueForAttribute(attr, value)
+        if not isValidValue:
+            raise UFOLibError(f"Invalid value for attribute {attr} ({value!r}).")
+        else:
+            validInfoData[attr] = value
+    return validInfoData
+
+
+def validateFontInfoVersion3ValueForAttribute(attr, value):
+    """
+    This performs very basic validation of the value for attribute
+    following the UFO 3 fontinfo.plist specification. The results
+    of this should not be interpretted as *correct* for the font
+    that they are part of. This merely indicates that the value
+    is of the proper type and, where the specification defines
+    a set range of possible values for an attribute, that the
+    value is in the accepted range.
+    """
+    dataValidationDict = fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData[attr]
+    valueType = dataValidationDict.get("type")
+    validator = dataValidationDict.get("valueValidator")
+    valueOptions = dataValidationDict.get("valueOptions")
+    # have specific options for the validator
+    if valueOptions is not None:
+        isValidValue = validator(value, valueOptions)
+    # no specific options
+    else:
+        if validator == genericTypeValidator:
+            isValidValue = validator(value, valueType)
+        else:
+            isValidValue = validator(value)
+    return isValidValue
+
+
+def validateInfoVersion3Data(infoData):
+    """
+    This performs very basic validation of the value for infoData
+    following the UFO 3 fontinfo.plist specification. The results
+    of this should not be interpretted as *correct* for the font
+    that they are part of. This merely indicates that the values
+    are of the proper type and, where the specification defines
+    a set range of possible values for an attribute, that the
+    value is in the accepted range.
+    """
+    validInfoData = {}
+    for attr, value in list(infoData.items()):
+        isValidValue = validateFontInfoVersion3ValueForAttribute(attr, value)
+        if not isValidValue:
+            raise UFOLibError(f"Invalid value for attribute {attr} ({value!r}).")
+        else:
+            validInfoData[attr] = value
+    return validInfoData
+
+
+# Value Options
+
+fontInfoOpenTypeHeadFlagsOptions = list(range(0, 15))
+fontInfoOpenTypeOS2SelectionOptions = [1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9]
+fontInfoOpenTypeOS2UnicodeRangesOptions = list(range(0, 128))
+fontInfoOpenTypeOS2CodePageRangesOptions = list(range(0, 64))
+fontInfoOpenTypeOS2TypeOptions = [0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9]
+
+# Version Attribute Definitions
+# This defines the attributes, types and, in some
+# cases the possible values, that can exist is
+# fontinfo.plist.
+
+fontInfoAttributesVersion1 = {
+    "familyName",
+    "styleName",
+    "fullName",
+    "fontName",
+    "menuName",
+    "fontStyle",
+    "note",
+    "versionMajor",
+    "versionMinor",
+    "year",
+    "copyright",
+    "notice",
+    "trademark",
+    "license",
+    "licenseURL",
+    "createdBy",
+    "designer",
+    "designerURL",
+    "vendorURL",
+    "unitsPerEm",
+    "ascender",
+    "descender",
+    "capHeight",
+    "xHeight",
+    "defaultWidth",
+    "slantAngle",
+    "italicAngle",
+    "widthName",
+    "weightName",
+    "weightValue",
+    "fondName",
+    "otFamilyName",
+    "otStyleName",
+    "otMacName",
+    "msCharSet",
+    "fondID",
+    "uniqueID",
+    "ttVendor",
+    "ttUniqueID",
+    "ttVersion",
+}
+
+fontInfoAttributesVersion2ValueData = {
+    "familyName": dict(type=str),
+    "styleName": dict(type=str),
+    "styleMapFamilyName": dict(type=str),
+    "styleMapStyleName": dict(
+        type=str, valueValidator=fontInfoStyleMapStyleNameValidator
+    ),
+    "versionMajor": dict(type=int),
+    "versionMinor": dict(type=int),
+    "year": dict(type=int),
+    "copyright": dict(type=str),
+    "trademark": dict(type=str),
+    "unitsPerEm": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "descender": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "xHeight": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "capHeight": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "ascender": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "italicAngle": dict(type=(float, int)),
+    "note": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeHeadCreated": dict(
+        type=str, valueValidator=fontInfoOpenTypeHeadCreatedValidator
+    ),
+    "openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeHeadFlags": dict(
+        type="integerList",
+        valueValidator=genericIntListValidator,
+        valueOptions=fontInfoOpenTypeHeadFlagsOptions,
+    ),
+    "openTypeHheaAscender": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeHheaDescender": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeHheaLineGap": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise": dict(type=int),
+    "openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun": dict(type=int),
+    "openTypeHheaCaretOffset": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeNameDesigner": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNameDesignerURL": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNameManufacturer": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNameManufacturerURL": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNameLicense": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNameLicenseURL": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNameVersion": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNameUniqueID": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNameDescription": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNameCompatibleFullName": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNameSampleText": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNameWWSFamilyName": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeOS2WidthClass": dict(
+        type=int, valueValidator=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2WidthClassValidator
+    ),
+    "openTypeOS2WeightClass": dict(
+        type=int, valueValidator=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2WeightClassValidator
+    ),
+    "openTypeOS2Selection": dict(
+        type="integerList",
+        valueValidator=genericIntListValidator,
+        valueOptions=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2SelectionOptions,
+    ),
+    "openTypeOS2VendorID": dict(type=str),
+    "openTypeOS2Panose": dict(
+        type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoVersion2OpenTypeOS2PanoseValidator
+    ),
+    "openTypeOS2FamilyClass": dict(
+        type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2FamilyClassValidator
+    ),
+    "openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges": dict(
+        type="integerList",
+        valueValidator=genericIntListValidator,
+        valueOptions=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2UnicodeRangesOptions,
+    ),
+    "openTypeOS2CodePageRanges": dict(
+        type="integerList",
+        valueValidator=genericIntListValidator,
+        valueOptions=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2CodePageRangesOptions,
+    ),
+    "openTypeOS2TypoAscender": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2TypoDescender": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2TypoLineGap": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2WinAscent": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2WinDescent": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2Type": dict(
+        type="integerList",
+        valueValidator=genericIntListValidator,
+        valueOptions=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2TypeOptions,
+    ),
+    "openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise": dict(type=int),
+    "openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun": dict(type=int),
+    "openTypeVheaCaretOffset": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "postscriptFontName": dict(type=str),
+    "postscriptFullName": dict(type=str),
+    "postscriptSlantAngle": dict(type=(float, int)),
+    "postscriptUniqueID": dict(type=int),
+    "postscriptUnderlineThickness": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "postscriptUnderlinePosition": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "postscriptIsFixedPitch": dict(type=bool),
+    "postscriptBlueValues": dict(
+        type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptBluesValidator
+    ),
+    "postscriptOtherBlues": dict(
+        type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptOtherBluesValidator
+    ),
+    "postscriptFamilyBlues": dict(
+        type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptBluesValidator
+    ),
+    "postscriptFamilyOtherBlues": dict(
+        type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptOtherBluesValidator
+    ),
+    "postscriptStemSnapH": dict(
+        type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptStemsValidator
+    ),
+    "postscriptStemSnapV": dict(
+        type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptStemsValidator
+    ),
+    "postscriptBlueFuzz": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "postscriptBlueShift": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "postscriptBlueScale": dict(type=(float, int)),
+    "postscriptForceBold": dict(type=bool),
+    "postscriptDefaultWidthX": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "postscriptNominalWidthX": dict(type=(int, float)),
+    "postscriptWeightName": dict(type=str),
+    "postscriptDefaultCharacter": dict(type=str),
+    "postscriptWindowsCharacterSet": dict(
+        type=int, valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptWindowsCharacterSetValidator
+    ),
+    "macintoshFONDFamilyID": dict(type=int),
+    "macintoshFONDName": dict(type=str),
+}
+fontInfoAttributesVersion2 = set(fontInfoAttributesVersion2ValueData.keys())
+
+fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData = deepcopy(fontInfoAttributesVersion2ValueData)
+fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData.update(
+    {
+        "versionMinor": dict(type=int, valueValidator=genericNonNegativeIntValidator),
+        "unitsPerEm": dict(
+            type=(int, float), valueValidator=genericNonNegativeNumberValidator
+        ),
+        "openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM": dict(
+            type=int, valueValidator=genericNonNegativeNumberValidator
+        ),
+        "openTypeHheaAscender": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeHheaDescender": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeHheaLineGap": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeHheaCaretOffset": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2Panose": dict(
+            type="integerList",
+            valueValidator=fontInfoVersion3OpenTypeOS2PanoseValidator,
+        ),
+        "openTypeOS2TypoAscender": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2TypoDescender": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2TypoLineGap": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2WinAscent": dict(
+            type=int, valueValidator=genericNonNegativeNumberValidator
+        ),
+        "openTypeOS2WinDescent": dict(
+            type=int, valueValidator=genericNonNegativeNumberValidator
+        ),
+        "openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeGaspRangeRecords": dict(
+            type="dictList", valueValidator=fontInfoOpenTypeGaspRangeRecordsValidator
+        ),
+        "openTypeNameRecords": dict(
+            type="dictList", valueValidator=fontInfoOpenTypeNameRecordsValidator
+        ),
+        "openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap": dict(type=int),
+        "openTypeVheaCaretOffset": dict(type=int),
+        "woffMajorVersion": dict(
+            type=int, valueValidator=genericNonNegativeIntValidator
+        ),
+        "woffMinorVersion": dict(
+            type=int, valueValidator=genericNonNegativeIntValidator
+        ),
+        "woffMetadataUniqueID": dict(
+            type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataUniqueIDValidator
+        ),
+        "woffMetadataVendor": dict(
+            type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataVendorValidator
+        ),
+        "woffMetadataCredits": dict(
+            type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataCreditsValidator
+        ),
+        "woffMetadataDescription": dict(
+            type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataDescriptionValidator
+        ),
+        "woffMetadataLicense": dict(
+            type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataLicenseValidator
+        ),
+        "woffMetadataCopyright": dict(
+            type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataCopyrightValidator
+        ),
+        "woffMetadataTrademark": dict(
+            type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataTrademarkValidator
+        ),
+        "woffMetadataLicensee": dict(
+            type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataLicenseeValidator
+        ),
+        "woffMetadataExtensions": dict(
+            type=list, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataExtensionsValidator
+        ),
+        "guidelines": dict(type=list, valueValidator=guidelinesValidator),
+    }
+)
+fontInfoAttributesVersion3 = set(fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData.keys())
+
+# insert the type validator for all attrs that
+# have no defined validator.
+for attr, dataDict in list(fontInfoAttributesVersion2ValueData.items()):
+    if "valueValidator" not in dataDict:
+        dataDict["valueValidator"] = genericTypeValidator
+
+for attr, dataDict in list(fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData.items()):
+    if "valueValidator" not in dataDict:
+        dataDict["valueValidator"] = genericTypeValidator
+
+# Version Conversion Support
+# These are used from converting from version 1
+# to version 2 or vice-versa.
+
+
+def _flipDict(d):
+    flipped = {}
+    for key, value in list(d.items()):
+        flipped[value] = key
+    return flipped
+
+
+fontInfoAttributesVersion1To2 = {
+    "menuName": "styleMapFamilyName",
+    "designer": "openTypeNameDesigner",
+    "designerURL": "openTypeNameDesignerURL",
+    "createdBy": "openTypeNameManufacturer",
+    "vendorURL": "openTypeNameManufacturerURL",
+    "license": "openTypeNameLicense",
+    "licenseURL": "openTypeNameLicenseURL",
+    "ttVersion": "openTypeNameVersion",
+    "ttUniqueID": "openTypeNameUniqueID",
+    "notice": "openTypeNameDescription",
+    "otFamilyName": "openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName",
+    "otStyleName": "openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName",
+    "otMacName": "openTypeNameCompatibleFullName",
+    "weightName": "postscriptWeightName",
+    "weightValue": "openTypeOS2WeightClass",
+    "ttVendor": "openTypeOS2VendorID",
+    "uniqueID": "postscriptUniqueID",
+    "fontName": "postscriptFontName",
+    "fondID": "macintoshFONDFamilyID",
+    "fondName": "macintoshFONDName",
+    "defaultWidth": "postscriptDefaultWidthX",
+    "slantAngle": "postscriptSlantAngle",
+    "fullName": "postscriptFullName",
+    # require special value conversion
+    "fontStyle": "styleMapStyleName",
+    "widthName": "openTypeOS2WidthClass",
+    "msCharSet": "postscriptWindowsCharacterSet",
+}
+fontInfoAttributesVersion2To1 = _flipDict(fontInfoAttributesVersion1To2)
+deprecatedFontInfoAttributesVersion2 = set(fontInfoAttributesVersion1To2.keys())
+
+_fontStyle1To2 = {64: "regular", 1: "italic", 32: "bold", 33: "bold italic"}
+_fontStyle2To1 = _flipDict(_fontStyle1To2)
+# Some UFO 1 files have 0
+_fontStyle1To2[0] = "regular"
+
+_widthName1To2 = {
+    "Ultra-condensed": 1,
+    "Extra-condensed": 2,
+    "Condensed": 3,
+    "Semi-condensed": 4,
+    "Medium (normal)": 5,
+    "Semi-expanded": 6,
+    "Expanded": 7,
+    "Extra-expanded": 8,
+    "Ultra-expanded": 9,
+}
+_widthName2To1 = _flipDict(_widthName1To2)
+# FontLab's default width value is "Normal".
+# Many format version 1 UFOs will have this.
+_widthName1To2["Normal"] = 5
+# FontLab has an "All" width value. In UFO 1
+# move this up to "Normal".
+_widthName1To2["All"] = 5
+# "medium" appears in a lot of UFO 1 files.
+_widthName1To2["medium"] = 5
+# "Medium" appears in a lot of UFO 1 files.
+_widthName1To2["Medium"] = 5
+
+_msCharSet1To2 = {
+    0: 1,
+    1: 2,
+    2: 3,
+    77: 4,
+    128: 5,
+    129: 6,
+    130: 7,
+    134: 8,
+    136: 9,
+    161: 10,
+    162: 11,
+    163: 12,
+    177: 13,
+    178: 14,
+    186: 15,
+    200: 16,
+    204: 17,
+    222: 18,
+    238: 19,
+    255: 20,
+}
+_msCharSet2To1 = _flipDict(_msCharSet1To2)
+
+# 1 <-> 2
+
+
+def convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion1ToVersion2(attr, value):
+    """
+    Convert value from version 1 to version 2 format.
+    Returns the new attribute name and the converted value.
+    If the value is None, None will be returned for the new value.
+    """
+    # convert floats to ints if possible
+    if isinstance(value, float):
+        if int(value) == value:
+            value = int(value)
+    if value is not None:
+        if attr == "fontStyle":
+            v = _fontStyle1To2.get(value)
+            if v is None:
+                raise UFOLibError(
+                    f"Cannot convert value ({value!r}) for attribute {attr}."
+                )
+            value = v
+        elif attr == "widthName":
+            v = _widthName1To2.get(value)
+            if v is None:
+                raise UFOLibError(
+                    f"Cannot convert value ({value!r}) for attribute {attr}."
+                )
+            value = v
+        elif attr == "msCharSet":
+            v = _msCharSet1To2.get(value)
+            if v is None:
+                raise UFOLibError(
+                    f"Cannot convert value ({value!r}) for attribute {attr}."
+                )
+            value = v
+    attr = fontInfoAttributesVersion1To2.get(attr, attr)
+    return attr, value
+
+
+def convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion1(attr, value):
+    """
+    Convert value from version 2 to version 1 format.
+    Returns the new attribute name and the converted value.
+    If the value is None, None will be returned for the new value.
+    """
+    if value is not None:
+        if attr == "styleMapStyleName":
+            value = _fontStyle2To1.get(value)
+        elif attr == "openTypeOS2WidthClass":
+            value = _widthName2To1.get(value)
+        elif attr == "postscriptWindowsCharacterSet":
+            value = _msCharSet2To1.get(value)
+    attr = fontInfoAttributesVersion2To1.get(attr, attr)
+    return attr, value
+
+
+def _convertFontInfoDataVersion1ToVersion2(data):
+    converted = {}
+    for attr, value in list(data.items()):
+        # FontLab gives -1 for the weightValue
+        # for fonts wil no defined value. Many
+        # format version 1 UFOs will have this.
+        if attr == "weightValue" and value == -1:
+            continue
+        newAttr, newValue = convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion1ToVersion2(
+            attr, value
+        )
+        # skip if the attribute is not part of version 2
+        if newAttr not in fontInfoAttributesVersion2:
+            continue
+        # catch values that can't be converted
+        if value is None:
+            raise UFOLibError(
+                f"Cannot convert value ({value!r}) for attribute {newAttr}."
+            )
+        # store
+        converted[newAttr] = newValue
+    return converted
+
+
+def _convertFontInfoDataVersion2ToVersion1(data):
+    converted = {}
+    for attr, value in list(data.items()):
+        newAttr, newValue = convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion1(
+            attr, value
+        )
+        # only take attributes that are registered for version 1
+        if newAttr not in fontInfoAttributesVersion1:
+            continue
+        # catch values that can't be converted
+        if value is None:
+            raise UFOLibError(
+                f"Cannot convert value ({value!r}) for attribute {newAttr}."
+            )
+        # store
+        converted[newAttr] = newValue
+    return converted
+
+
+# 2 <-> 3
+
+_ufo2To3NonNegativeInt = {
+    "versionMinor",
+    "openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM",
+    "openTypeOS2WinAscent",
+    "openTypeOS2WinDescent",
+}
+_ufo2To3NonNegativeIntOrFloat = {
+    "unitsPerEm",
+}
+_ufo2To3FloatToInt = {
+    "openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM",
+    "openTypeHheaAscender",
+    "openTypeHheaDescender",
+    "openTypeHheaLineGap",
+    "openTypeHheaCaretOffset",
+    "openTypeOS2TypoAscender",
+    "openTypeOS2TypoDescender",
+    "openTypeOS2TypoLineGap",
+    "openTypeOS2WinAscent",
+    "openTypeOS2WinDescent",
+    "openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize",
+    "openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize",
+    "openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset",
+    "openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset",
+    "openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize",
+    "openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize",
+    "openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset",
+    "openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset",
+    "openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize",
+    "openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition",
+    "openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender",
+    "openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender",
+    "openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap",
+    "openTypeVheaCaretOffset",
+}
+
+
+def convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion3(attr, value):
+    """
+    Convert value from version 2 to version 3 format.
+    Returns the new attribute name and the converted value.
+    If the value is None, None will be returned for the new value.
+    """
+    if attr in _ufo2To3FloatToInt:
+        try:
+            value = round(value)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            raise UFOLibError("Could not convert value for %s." % attr)
+    if attr in _ufo2To3NonNegativeInt:
+        try:
+            value = int(abs(value))
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            raise UFOLibError("Could not convert value for %s." % attr)
+    elif attr in _ufo2To3NonNegativeIntOrFloat:
+        try:
+            v = float(abs(value))
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            raise UFOLibError("Could not convert value for %s." % attr)
+        if v == int(v):
+            v = int(v)
+        if v != value:
+            value = v
+    return attr, value
+
+
+def convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion3ToVersion2(attr, value):
+    """
+    Convert value from version 3 to version 2 format.
+    Returns the new attribute name and the converted value.
+    If the value is None, None will be returned for the new value.
+    """
+    return attr, value
+
+
+def _convertFontInfoDataVersion3ToVersion2(data):
+    converted = {}
+    for attr, value in list(data.items()):
+        newAttr, newValue = convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion3ToVersion2(
+            attr, value
+        )
+        if newAttr not in fontInfoAttributesVersion2:
+            continue
+        converted[newAttr] = newValue
+    return converted
+
+
+def _convertFontInfoDataVersion2ToVersion3(data):
+    converted = {}
+    for attr, value in list(data.items()):
+        attr, value = convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion3(
+            attr, value
+        )
+        converted[attr] = value
+    return converted
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod()