fonttools 4.58.3__cp311-cp311-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

fontTools/otlLib/builder.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3435 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import namedtuple, OrderedDict
+import itertools
+from typing import Dict, Union
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import fixedToFloat
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
+from fontTools import ttLib
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import (
+    ValueRecord,
+    valueRecordFormatDict,
+    OTLOffsetOverflowError,
+    OTTableWriter,
+)
+from fontTools.ttLib.ttFont import TTFont
+from fontTools.feaLib.ast import STATNameStatement
+from fontTools.otlLib.optimize.gpos import (
+    _compression_level_from_env,
+    compact_lookup,
+)
+from fontTools.otlLib.error import OpenTypeLibError
+from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import deprecateFunction
+from functools import reduce
+import logging
+import copy
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def buildCoverage(glyphs, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a coverage table.
+
+    Coverage tables (as defined in the `OpenType spec <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/typography/opentype/spec/chapter2#coverage-table>`__)
+    are used in all OpenType Layout lookups apart from the Extension type, and
+    define the glyphs involved in a layout subtable. This allows shaping engines
+    to compare the glyph stream with the coverage table and quickly determine
+    whether a subtable should be involved in a shaping operation.
+
+    This function takes a list of glyphs and a glyphname-to-ID map, and
+    returns a ``Coverage`` object representing the coverage table.
+
+    Example::
+
+        glyphMap = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
+        glyphs = [ "A", "B", "C" ]
+        coverage = buildCoverage(glyphs, glyphMap)
+
+    Args:
+        glyphs: a sequence of glyph names.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.Coverage`` object or ``None`` if there are no glyphs
+        supplied.
+    """
+
+    if not glyphs:
+        return None
+    self = ot.Coverage()
+    try:
+        self.glyphs = sorted(set(glyphs), key=glyphMap.__getitem__)
+    except KeyError as e:
+        raise ValueError(f"Could not find glyph {e} in font") from e
+
+    return self
+
+
+LOOKUP_FLAG_RIGHT_TO_LEFT = 0x0001
+LOOKUP_FLAG_IGNORE_BASE_GLYPHS = 0x0002
+LOOKUP_FLAG_IGNORE_LIGATURES = 0x0004
+LOOKUP_FLAG_IGNORE_MARKS = 0x0008
+LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET = 0x0010
+
+
+def buildLookup(subtables, flags=0, markFilterSet=None, table=None, extension=False):
+    """Turns a collection of rules into a lookup.
+
+    A Lookup (as defined in the `OpenType Spec <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/typography/opentype/spec/chapter2#lookupTbl>`__)
+    wraps the individual rules in a layout operation (substitution or
+    positioning) in a data structure expressing their overall lookup type -
+    for example, single substitution, mark-to-base attachment, and so on -
+    as well as the lookup flags and any mark filtering sets. You may import
+    the following constants to express lookup flags:
+
+    - ``LOOKUP_FLAG_RIGHT_TO_LEFT``
+    - ``LOOKUP_FLAG_IGNORE_BASE_GLYPHS``
+    - ``LOOKUP_FLAG_IGNORE_LIGATURES``
+    - ``LOOKUP_FLAG_IGNORE_MARKS``
+    - ``LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET``
+
+    Args:
+        subtables: A list of layout subtable objects (e.g.
+            ``MultipleSubst``, ``PairPos``, etc.) or ``None``.
+        flags (int): This lookup's flags.
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+        table (str): The name of the table this lookup belongs to, e.g. "GPOS" or "GSUB".
+        extension (bool): ``True`` if this is an extension lookup, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.Lookup`` object or ``None`` if there are no subtables
+        supplied.
+    """
+    if subtables is None:
+        return None
+    subtables = [st for st in subtables if st is not None]
+    if not subtables:
+        return None
+    assert all(
+        t.LookupType == subtables[0].LookupType for t in subtables
+    ), "all subtables must have the same LookupType; got %s" % repr(
+        [t.LookupType for t in subtables]
+    )
+
+    if extension:
+        assert table in ("GPOS", "GSUB")
+        lookupType = 7 if table == "GSUB" else 9
+        extSubTableClass = ot.lookupTypes[table][lookupType]
+        for i, st in enumerate(subtables):
+            subtables[i] = extSubTableClass()
+            subtables[i].Format = 1
+            subtables[i].ExtSubTable = st
+            subtables[i].ExtensionLookupType = st.LookupType
+    else:
+        lookupType = subtables[0].LookupType
+
+    self = ot.Lookup()
+    self.LookupType = lookupType
+    self.LookupFlag = flags
+    self.SubTable = subtables
+    self.SubTableCount = len(self.SubTable)
+    if markFilterSet is not None:
+        self.LookupFlag |= LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET
+        assert isinstance(markFilterSet, int), markFilterSet
+        self.MarkFilteringSet = markFilterSet
+    else:
+        assert (self.LookupFlag & LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET) == 0, (
+            "if markFilterSet is None, flags must not set "
+            "LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET; flags=0x%04x" % flags
+        )
+    return self
+
+
+class LookupBuilder(object):
+    SUBTABLE_BREAK_ = "SUBTABLE_BREAK"
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location, table, lookup_type, extension=False):
+        self.font = font
+        self.glyphMap = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
+        self.location = location
+        self.table, self.lookup_type = table, lookup_type
+        self.lookupflag = 0
+        self.markFilterSet = None
+        self.lookup_index = None  # assigned when making final tables
+        self.extension = extension
+        assert table in ("GPOS", "GSUB")
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            and self.table == other.table
+            and self.lookupflag == other.lookupflag
+            and self.markFilterSet == other.markFilterSet
+            and self.extension == other.extension
+        )
+
+    def promote_lookup_type(self, is_named_lookup):
+        return [self]
+
+    def inferGlyphClasses(self):
+        """Infers glyph glasses for the GDEF table, such as {"cedilla":3}."""
+        return {}
+
+    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
+        """Helper for building 'aalt' features."""
+        return {}
+
+    def buildLookup_(self, subtables):
+        return buildLookup(
+            subtables,
+            self.lookupflag,
+            self.markFilterSet,
+            self.table,
+            self.extension,
+        )
+
+    def buildMarkClasses_(self, marks):
+        """{"cedilla": ("BOTTOM", ast.Anchor), ...} --> {"BOTTOM":0, "TOP":1}
+
+        Helper for MarkBasePostBuilder, MarkLigPosBuilder, and
+        MarkMarkPosBuilder. Seems to return the same numeric IDs
+        for mark classes as the AFDKO makeotf tool.
+        """
+        ids = {}
+        for mark in sorted(marks.keys(), key=self.font.getGlyphID):
+            markClassName, _markAnchor = marks[mark]
+            if markClassName not in ids:
+                ids[markClassName] = len(ids)
+        return ids
+
+    def setBacktrackCoverage_(self, prefix, subtable):
+        subtable.BacktrackGlyphCount = len(prefix)
+        subtable.BacktrackCoverage = []
+        for p in reversed(prefix):
+            coverage = buildCoverage(p, self.glyphMap)
+            subtable.BacktrackCoverage.append(coverage)
+
+    def setLookAheadCoverage_(self, suffix, subtable):
+        subtable.LookAheadGlyphCount = len(suffix)
+        subtable.LookAheadCoverage = []
+        for s in suffix:
+            coverage = buildCoverage(s, self.glyphMap)
+            subtable.LookAheadCoverage.append(coverage)
+
+    def setInputCoverage_(self, glyphs, subtable):
+        subtable.InputGlyphCount = len(glyphs)
+        subtable.InputCoverage = []
+        for g in glyphs:
+            coverage = buildCoverage(g, self.glyphMap)
+            subtable.InputCoverage.append(coverage)
+
+    def setCoverage_(self, glyphs, subtable):
+        subtable.GlyphCount = len(glyphs)
+        subtable.Coverage = []
+        for g in glyphs:
+            coverage = buildCoverage(g, self.glyphMap)
+            subtable.Coverage.append(coverage)
+
+    def build_subst_subtables(self, mapping, klass):
+        substitutions = [{}]
+        for key in mapping:
+            if key[0] == self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_:
+                substitutions.append({})
+            else:
+                substitutions[-1][key] = mapping[key]
+        subtables = [klass(s) for s in substitutions]
+        return subtables
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        """Add an explicit subtable break.
+
+        Args:
+            location: A string or tuple representing the location in the
+                original source which produced this break, or ``None`` if
+                no location is provided.
+        """
+        log.warning(
+            OpenTypeLibError(
+                'unsupported "subtable" statement for lookup type', location
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class AlternateSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds an Alternate Substitution (GSUB3) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add alternate glyph substitutions to
+    the ``alternates`` attribute after the object has been initialized,
+    e.g.::
+
+        builder.alternates["A"] = ["A.alt1", "A.alt2"]
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        alternates: An ordered dictionary of alternates, mapping glyph names
+            to a list of names of alternates.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 3)
+        self.alternates = OrderedDict()
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.alternates == other.alternates
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the alternate
+            substitution lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = self.build_subst_subtables(
+            self.alternates, buildAlternateSubstSubtable
+        )
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
+        return self.alternates
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.alternates[(self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_, location)] = self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_
+
+
+class ChainContextualRule(
+    namedtuple("ChainContextualRule", ["prefix", "glyphs", "suffix", "lookups"])
+):
+    @property
+    def is_subtable_break(self):
+        return self.prefix == LookupBuilder.SUBTABLE_BREAK_
+
+
+class ChainContextualRuleset:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.rules = []
+
+    def addRule(self, rule):
+        self.rules.append(rule)
+
+    @property
+    def hasPrefixOrSuffix(self):
+        # Do we have any prefixes/suffixes? If this is False for all
+        # rulesets, we can express the whole lookup as GPOS5/GSUB7.
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            if len(rule.prefix) > 0 or len(rule.suffix) > 0:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def hasAnyGlyphClasses(self):
+        # Do we use glyph classes anywhere in the rules? If this is False
+        # we can express this subtable as a Format 1.
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            for coverage in (rule.prefix, rule.glyphs, rule.suffix):
+                if any(len(x) > 1 for x in coverage):
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    def format2ClassDefs(self):
+        PREFIX, GLYPHS, SUFFIX = 0, 1, 2
+        classDefBuilders = []
+        for ix in [PREFIX, GLYPHS, SUFFIX]:
+            context = []
+            for r in self.rules:
+                context.append(r[ix])
+            classes = self._classBuilderForContext(context)
+            if not classes:
+                return None
+            classDefBuilders.append(classes)
+        return classDefBuilders
+
+    def _classBuilderForContext(self, context):
+        classdefbuilder = ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=False)
+        for position in context:
+            for glyphset in position:
+                glyphs = set(glyphset)
+                if not classdefbuilder.canAdd(glyphs):
+                    return None
+                classdefbuilder.add(glyphs)
+        return classdefbuilder
+
+
+class ChainContextualBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.rules == other.rules
+
+    def rulesets(self):
+        # Return a list of ChainContextRuleset objects, taking explicit
+        # subtable breaks into account
+        ruleset = [ChainContextualRuleset()]
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            if rule.is_subtable_break:
+                ruleset.append(ChainContextualRuleset())
+                continue
+            ruleset[-1].addRule(rule)
+        # Squish any empty subtables
+        return [x for x in ruleset if len(x.rules) > 0]
+
+    def getCompiledSize_(self, subtables):
+        if not subtables:
+            return 0
+        # We need to make a copy here because compiling
+        # modifies the subtable (finalizing formats etc.)
+        table = self.buildLookup_(copy.deepcopy(subtables))
+        w = OTTableWriter()
+        table.compile(w, self.font)
+        size = len(w.getAllData())
+        return size
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the chained
+            contextual positioning lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = []
+
+        rulesets = self.rulesets()
+        chaining = any(ruleset.hasPrefixOrSuffix for ruleset in rulesets)
+
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2539
+        #
+        # Unfortunately, as of 2022-03-07, Apple's CoreText renderer does not
+        # correctly process GPOS7 lookups, so for now we force contextual
+        # positioning lookups to be chaining (GPOS8).
+        #
+        # This seems to be fixed as of macOS 13.2, but we keep disabling this
+        # for now until we are no longer concerned about old macOS versions.
+        # But we allow people to opt-out of this with the config key below.
+        write_gpos7 = self.font.cfg.get("fontTools.otlLib.builder:WRITE_GPOS7")
+        # horrible separation of concerns breach
+        if not write_gpos7 and self.subtable_type == "Pos":
+            chaining = True
+
+        for ruleset in rulesets:
+            # Determine format strategy. We try to build formats 1, 2 and 3
+            # subtables and then work out which is best. candidates list holds
+            # the subtables in each format for this ruleset (including a dummy
+            # "format 0" to make the addressing match the format numbers).
+
+            # We can always build a format 3 lookup by accumulating each of
+            # the rules into a list, so start with that.
+            candidates = [None, None, None, []]
+            for rule in ruleset.rules:
+                candidates[3].append(self.buildFormat3Subtable(rule, chaining))
+
+            # Can we express the whole ruleset as a format 2 subtable?
+            classdefs = ruleset.format2ClassDefs()
+            if classdefs:
+                candidates[2] = [
+                    self.buildFormat2Subtable(ruleset, classdefs, chaining)
+                ]
+
+            if not ruleset.hasAnyGlyphClasses:
+                candidates[1] = [self.buildFormat1Subtable(ruleset, chaining)]
+
+            candidates_by_size = []
+            for i in [1, 2, 3]:
+                if candidates[i]:
+                    try:
+                        size = self.getCompiledSize_(candidates[i])
+                    except OTLOffsetOverflowError as e:
+                        log.warning(
+                            "Contextual format %i at %s overflowed (%s)"
+                            % (i, str(self.location), e)
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        candidates_by_size.append((size, candidates[i]))
+
+            if not candidates_by_size:
+                raise OpenTypeLibError("All candidates overflowed", self.location)
+
+            _min_size, winner = min(candidates_by_size, key=lambda x: x[0])
+            subtables.extend(winner)
+
+        # If we are not chaining, lookup type will be automatically fixed by
+        # buildLookup_
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def buildFormat1Subtable(self, ruleset, chaining=True):
+        st = self.newSubtable_(chaining=chaining)
+        st.Format = 1
+        st.populateDefaults()
+        coverage = set()
+        rulesetsByFirstGlyph = {}
+        ruleAttr = self.ruleAttr_(format=1, chaining=chaining)
+
+        for rule in ruleset.rules:
+            ruleAsSubtable = self.newRule_(format=1, chaining=chaining)
+
+            if chaining:
+                ruleAsSubtable.BacktrackGlyphCount = len(rule.prefix)
+                ruleAsSubtable.LookAheadGlyphCount = len(rule.suffix)
+                ruleAsSubtable.Backtrack = [list(x)[0] for x in reversed(rule.prefix)]
+                ruleAsSubtable.LookAhead = [list(x)[0] for x in rule.suffix]
+
+                ruleAsSubtable.InputGlyphCount = len(rule.glyphs)
+            else:
+                ruleAsSubtable.GlyphCount = len(rule.glyphs)
+
+            ruleAsSubtable.Input = [list(x)[0] for x in rule.glyphs[1:]]
+
+            self.buildLookupList(rule, ruleAsSubtable)
+
+            firstGlyph = list(rule.glyphs[0])[0]
+            if firstGlyph not in rulesetsByFirstGlyph:
+                coverage.add(firstGlyph)
+                rulesetsByFirstGlyph[firstGlyph] = []
+            rulesetsByFirstGlyph[firstGlyph].append(ruleAsSubtable)
+
+        st.Coverage = buildCoverage(coverage, self.glyphMap)
+        ruleSets = []
+        for g in st.Coverage.glyphs:
+            ruleSet = self.newRuleSet_(format=1, chaining=chaining)
+            setattr(ruleSet, ruleAttr, rulesetsByFirstGlyph[g])
+            setattr(ruleSet, f"{ruleAttr}Count", len(rulesetsByFirstGlyph[g]))
+            ruleSets.append(ruleSet)
+
+        setattr(st, self.ruleSetAttr_(format=1, chaining=chaining), ruleSets)
+        setattr(
+            st, self.ruleSetAttr_(format=1, chaining=chaining) + "Count", len(ruleSets)
+        )
+
+        return st
+
+    def buildFormat2Subtable(self, ruleset, classdefs, chaining=True):
+        st = self.newSubtable_(chaining=chaining)
+        st.Format = 2
+        st.populateDefaults()
+
+        if chaining:
+            (
+                st.BacktrackClassDef,
+                st.InputClassDef,
+                st.LookAheadClassDef,
+            ) = [c.build() for c in classdefs]
+        else:
+            st.ClassDef = classdefs[1].build()
+
+        inClasses = classdefs[1].classes()
+
+        classSets = []
+        for _ in inClasses:
+            classSet = self.newRuleSet_(format=2, chaining=chaining)
+            classSets.append(classSet)
+
+        coverage = set()
+        classRuleAttr = self.ruleAttr_(format=2, chaining=chaining)
+
+        for rule in ruleset.rules:
+            ruleAsSubtable = self.newRule_(format=2, chaining=chaining)
+            if chaining:
+                ruleAsSubtable.BacktrackGlyphCount = len(rule.prefix)
+                ruleAsSubtable.LookAheadGlyphCount = len(rule.suffix)
+                # The glyphs in the rule may be list, tuple, odict_keys...
+                # Order is not important anyway because they are guaranteed
+                # to be members of the same class.
+                ruleAsSubtable.Backtrack = [
+                    st.BacktrackClassDef.classDefs[list(x)[0]]
+                    for x in reversed(rule.prefix)
+                ]
+                ruleAsSubtable.LookAhead = [
+                    st.LookAheadClassDef.classDefs[list(x)[0]] for x in rule.suffix
+                ]
+
+                ruleAsSubtable.InputGlyphCount = len(rule.glyphs)
+                ruleAsSubtable.Input = [
+                    st.InputClassDef.classDefs[list(x)[0]] for x in rule.glyphs[1:]
+                ]
+                setForThisRule = classSets[
+                    st.InputClassDef.classDefs[list(rule.glyphs[0])[0]]
+                ]
+            else:
+                ruleAsSubtable.GlyphCount = len(rule.glyphs)
+                ruleAsSubtable.Class = [  # The spec calls this InputSequence
+                    st.ClassDef.classDefs[list(x)[0]] for x in rule.glyphs[1:]
+                ]
+                setForThisRule = classSets[
+                    st.ClassDef.classDefs[list(rule.glyphs[0])[0]]
+                ]
+
+            self.buildLookupList(rule, ruleAsSubtable)
+            coverage |= set(rule.glyphs[0])
+
+            getattr(setForThisRule, classRuleAttr).append(ruleAsSubtable)
+            setattr(
+                setForThisRule,
+                f"{classRuleAttr}Count",
+                getattr(setForThisRule, f"{classRuleAttr}Count") + 1,
+            )
+        for i, classSet in enumerate(classSets):
+            if not getattr(classSet, classRuleAttr):
+                # class sets can be null so replace nop sets with None
+                classSets[i] = None
+        setattr(st, self.ruleSetAttr_(format=2, chaining=chaining), classSets)
+        setattr(
+            st, self.ruleSetAttr_(format=2, chaining=chaining) + "Count", len(classSets)
+        )
+        st.Coverage = buildCoverage(coverage, self.glyphMap)
+        return st
+
+    def buildFormat3Subtable(self, rule, chaining=True):
+        st = self.newSubtable_(chaining=chaining)
+        st.Format = 3
+        if chaining:
+            self.setBacktrackCoverage_(rule.prefix, st)
+            self.setLookAheadCoverage_(rule.suffix, st)
+            self.setInputCoverage_(rule.glyphs, st)
+        else:
+            self.setCoverage_(rule.glyphs, st)
+        self.buildLookupList(rule, st)
+        return st
+
+    def buildLookupList(self, rule, st):
+        for sequenceIndex, lookupList in enumerate(rule.lookups):
+            if lookupList is not None:
+                if not isinstance(lookupList, list):
+                    # Can happen with synthesised lookups
+                    lookupList = [lookupList]
+                for l in lookupList:
+                    if l.lookup_index is None:
+                        if isinstance(self, ChainContextPosBuilder):
+                            other = "substitution"
+                        else:
+                            other = "positioning"
+                        raise OpenTypeLibError(
+                            "Missing index of the specified "
+                            f"lookup, might be a {other} lookup",
+                            self.location,
+                        )
+                    rec = self.newLookupRecord_(st)
+                    rec.SequenceIndex = sequenceIndex
+                    rec.LookupListIndex = l.lookup_index
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.rules.append(
+            ChainContextualRule(
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+                [self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_],
+            )
+        )
+
+    def newSubtable_(self, chaining=True):
+        subtablename = f"Context{self.subtable_type}"
+        if chaining:
+            subtablename = "Chain" + subtablename
+        st = getattr(ot, subtablename)()  # ot.ChainContextPos()/ot.ChainSubst()/etc.
+        setattr(st, f"{self.subtable_type}Count", 0)
+        setattr(st, f"{self.subtable_type}LookupRecord", [])
+        return st
+
+    # Format 1 and format 2 GSUB5/GSUB6/GPOS7/GPOS8 rulesets and rules form a family:
+    #
+    #       format 1 ruleset      format 1 rule      format 2 ruleset      format 2 rule
+    # GSUB5 SubRuleSet            SubRule            SubClassSet           SubClassRule
+    # GSUB6 ChainSubRuleSet       ChainSubRule       ChainSubClassSet      ChainSubClassRule
+    # GPOS7 PosRuleSet            PosRule            PosClassSet           PosClassRule
+    # GPOS8 ChainPosRuleSet       ChainPosRule       ChainPosClassSet      ChainPosClassRule
+    #
+    # The following functions generate the attribute names and subtables according
+    # to this naming convention.
+    def ruleSetAttr_(self, format=1, chaining=True):
+        if format == 1:
+            formatType = "Rule"
+        elif format == 2:
+            formatType = "Class"
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(formatType)
+        subtablename = f"{self.subtable_type[0:3]}{formatType}Set"  # Sub, not Subst.
+        if chaining:
+            subtablename = "Chain" + subtablename
+        return subtablename
+
+    def ruleAttr_(self, format=1, chaining=True):
+        if format == 1:
+            formatType = ""
+        elif format == 2:
+            formatType = "Class"
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(formatType)
+        subtablename = f"{self.subtable_type[0:3]}{formatType}Rule"  # Sub, not Subst.
+        if chaining:
+            subtablename = "Chain" + subtablename
+        return subtablename
+
+    def newRuleSet_(self, format=1, chaining=True):
+        st = getattr(
+            ot, self.ruleSetAttr_(format, chaining)
+        )()  # ot.ChainPosRuleSet()/ot.SubRuleSet()/etc.
+        st.populateDefaults()
+        return st
+
+    def newRule_(self, format=1, chaining=True):
+        st = getattr(
+            ot, self.ruleAttr_(format, chaining)
+        )()  # ot.ChainPosClassRule()/ot.SubClassRule()/etc.
+        st.populateDefaults()
+        return st
+
+    def attachSubtableWithCount_(
+        self, st, subtable_name, count_name, existing=None, index=None, chaining=False
+    ):
+        if chaining:
+            subtable_name = "Chain" + subtable_name
+            count_name = "Chain" + count_name
+
+        if not hasattr(st, count_name):
+            setattr(st, count_name, 0)
+            setattr(st, subtable_name, [])
+
+        if existing:
+            new_subtable = existing
+        else:
+            # Create a new, empty subtable from otTables
+            new_subtable = getattr(ot, subtable_name)()
+
+        setattr(st, count_name, getattr(st, count_name) + 1)
+
+        if index:
+            getattr(st, subtable_name).insert(index, new_subtable)
+        else:
+            getattr(st, subtable_name).append(new_subtable)
+
+        return new_subtable
+
+    def newLookupRecord_(self, st):
+        return self.attachSubtableWithCount_(
+            st,
+            f"{self.subtable_type}LookupRecord",
+            f"{self.subtable_type}Count",
+            chaining=False,
+        )  # Oddly, it isn't ChainSubstLookupRecord
+
+
+class ChainContextPosBuilder(ChainContextualBuilder):
+    """Builds a Chained Contextual Positioning (GPOS8) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add rules to the ``rules`` attribute after
+    the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # pos [A B] [C D] x' lookup lu1 y' z' lookup lu2 E;
+
+        prefix  = [ ["A", "B"], ["C", "D"] ]
+        suffix  = [ ["E"] ]
+        glyphs  = [ ["x"], ["y"], ["z"] ]
+        lookups = [ [lu1], None,  [lu2] ]
+        builder.rules.append( (prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups) )
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        rules: A list of tuples representing the rules in this lookup.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 8)
+        self.rules = []
+        self.subtable_type = "Pos"
+
+    def find_chainable_single_pos(self, lookups, glyphs, value):
+        """Helper for add_single_pos_chained_()"""
+        res = None
+        for lookup in lookups[::-1]:
+            if lookup == self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_:
+                return res
+            if isinstance(lookup, SinglePosBuilder) and all(
+                lookup.can_add(glyph, value) for glyph in glyphs
+            ):
+                res = lookup
+        return res
+
+
+class ChainContextSubstBuilder(ChainContextualBuilder):
+    """Builds a Chained Contextual Substitution (GSUB6) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add rules to the ``rules`` attribute after
+    the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # sub [A B] [C D] x' lookup lu1 y' z' lookup lu2 E;
+
+        prefix  = [ ["A", "B"], ["C", "D"] ]
+        suffix  = [ ["E"] ]
+        glyphs  = [ ["x"], ["y"], ["z"] ]
+        lookups = [ [lu1], None,  [lu2] ]
+        builder.rules.append( (prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups) )
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        rules: A list of tuples representing the rules in this lookup.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 6)
+        self.rules = []  # (prefix, input, suffix, lookups)
+        self.subtable_type = "Subst"
+
+    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
+        result = {}
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            if rule.is_subtable_break:
+                continue
+            for lookups in rule.lookups:
+                if not isinstance(lookups, list):
+                    lookups = [lookups]
+                for lookup in lookups:
+                    if lookup is not None:
+                        alts = lookup.getAlternateGlyphs()
+                        for glyph, replacements in alts.items():
+                            alts_for_glyph = result.setdefault(glyph, [])
+                            alts_for_glyph.extend(
+                                g for g in replacements if g not in alts_for_glyph
+                            )
+        return result
+
+    def find_chainable_subst(self, mapping, builder_class):
+        """Helper for add_{single,multi}_subst_chained_()"""
+        res = None
+        for rule in self.rules[::-1]:
+            if rule.is_subtable_break:
+                return res
+            for sub in rule.lookups:
+                if isinstance(sub, builder_class) and not any(
+                    g in mapping and mapping[g] != sub.mapping[g] for g in sub.mapping
+                ):
+                    res = sub
+        return res
+
+    def find_chainable_ligature_subst(self, glyphs, replacement):
+        """Helper for add_ligature_subst_chained_()"""
+        res = None
+        for rule in self.rules[::-1]:
+            if rule.is_subtable_break:
+                return res
+            for sub in rule.lookups:
+                if not isinstance(sub, LigatureSubstBuilder):
+                    continue
+                if all(
+                    sub.ligatures.get(seq, replacement) == replacement
+                    for seq in itertools.product(*glyphs)
+                ):
+                    res = sub
+        return res
+
+
+class LigatureSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Ligature Substitution (GSUB4) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add ligatures to the ``ligatures``
+    attribute after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # sub f i by f_i;
+        builder.ligatures[("f","f","i")] = "f_f_i"
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        ligatures: An ordered dictionary mapping a tuple of glyph names to the
+            ligature glyphname.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 4)
+        self.ligatures = OrderedDict()  # {('f','f','i'): 'f_f_i'}
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.ligatures == other.ligatures
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the ligature
+            substitution lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = self.build_subst_subtables(
+            self.ligatures, buildLigatureSubstSubtable
+        )
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/3845
+        return {
+            components[0]: [ligature]
+            for components, ligature in self.ligatures.items()
+            if len(components) == 1
+        }
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.ligatures[(self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_, location)] = self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_
+
+
+class MultipleSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Multiple Substitution (GSUB2) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add substitutions to the ``mapping``
+    attribute after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # sub uni06C0 by uni06D5.fina hamza.above;
+        builder.mapping["uni06C0"] = [ "uni06D5.fina", "hamza.above"]
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        mapping: An ordered dictionary mapping a glyph name to a list of
+            substituted glyph names.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 2)
+        self.mapping = OrderedDict()
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.mapping == other.mapping
+
+    def build(self):
+        subtables = self.build_subst_subtables(self.mapping, buildMultipleSubstSubtable)
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/3845
+        return {
+            glyph: replacements
+            for glyph, replacements in self.mapping.items()
+            if len(replacements) == 1
+        }
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.mapping[(self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_, location)] = self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_
+
+
+class CursivePosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Cursive Positioning (GPOS3) lookup.
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        attachments: An ordered dictionary mapping a glyph name to a two-element
+            tuple of ``otTables.Anchor`` objects.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 3)
+        self.attachments = {}
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return (
+            LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.attachments == other.attachments
+        )
+
+    def add_attachment(self, location, glyphs, entryAnchor, exitAnchor):
+        """Adds attachment information to the cursive positioning lookup.
+
+        Args:
+            location: A string or tuple representing the location in the
+                original source which produced this lookup. (Unused.)
+            glyphs: A list of glyph names sharing these entry and exit
+                anchor locations.
+            entryAnchor: A ``otTables.Anchor`` object representing the
+                entry anchor, or ``None`` if no entry anchor is present.
+            exitAnchor: A ``otTables.Anchor`` object representing the
+                exit anchor, or ``None`` if no exit anchor is present.
+        """
+        for glyph in glyphs:
+            self.attachments[glyph] = (entryAnchor, exitAnchor)
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the cursive
+            positioning lookup.
+        """
+        attachments = [{}]
+        for key in self.attachments:
+            if key[0] == self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_:
+                attachments.append({})
+            else:
+                attachments[-1][key] = self.attachments[key]
+        subtables = [buildCursivePosSubtable(s, self.glyphMap) for s in attachments]
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.attachments[(self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_, location)] = (
+            self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+            self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+        )
+
+
+class MarkBasePosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Mark-To-Base Positioning (GPOS4) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add marks and bases to the ``marks``
+    and ``bases`` attributes after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        builder.marks["acute"]   = (0, a1)
+        builder.marks["grave"]   = (0, a1)
+        builder.marks["cedilla"] = (1, a2)
+        builder.bases["a"] = {0: a3, 1: a5}
+        builder.bases["b"] = {0: a4, 1: a5}
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        marks: An dictionary mapping a glyph name to a two-element
+            tuple containing a mark class ID and ``otTables.Anchor`` object.
+        bases: An dictionary mapping a glyph name to a dictionary of
+            mark class IDs and ``otTables.Anchor`` object.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 4)
+        self.marks = {}  # glyphName -> (markClassName, anchor)
+        self.bases = {}  # glyphName -> {markClassName: anchor}
+        self.subtables_ = []
+
+    def get_subtables_(self):
+        subtables_ = self.subtables_
+        if self.bases or self.marks:
+            subtables_.append((self.marks, self.bases))
+        return subtables_
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return (
+            LookupBuilder.equals(self, other)
+            and self.get_subtables_() == other.get_subtables_()
+        )
+
+    def inferGlyphClasses(self):
+        result = {}
+        for marks, bases in self.get_subtables_():
+            result.update({glyph: 1 for glyph in bases})
+            result.update({glyph: 3 for glyph in marks})
+        return result
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the mark-to-base
+            positioning lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = []
+        for subtable in self.get_subtables_():
+            markClasses = self.buildMarkClasses_(subtable[0])
+            marks = {}
+            for mark, (mc, anchor) in subtable[0].items():
+                if mc not in markClasses:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Mark class %s not found for mark glyph %s" % (mc, mark)
+                    )
+                marks[mark] = (markClasses[mc], anchor)
+            bases = {}
+            for glyph, anchors in subtable[1].items():
+                bases[glyph] = {}
+                for mc, anchor in anchors.items():
+                    if mc not in markClasses:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "Mark class %s not found for base glyph %s" % (mc, glyph)
+                        )
+                    bases[glyph][markClasses[mc]] = anchor
+            subtables.append(buildMarkBasePosSubtable(marks, bases, self.glyphMap))
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.subtables_.append((self.marks, self.bases))
+        self.marks = {}
+        self.bases = {}
+
+
+class MarkLigPosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Mark-To-Ligature Positioning (GPOS5) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add marks and bases to the ``marks``
+    and ``ligatures`` attributes after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        builder.marks["acute"]   = (0, a1)
+        builder.marks["grave"]   = (0, a1)
+        builder.marks["cedilla"] = (1, a2)
+        builder.ligatures["f_i"] = [
+            { 0: a3, 1: a5 }, # f
+            { 0: a4, 1: a5 }  # i
+        ]
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        marks: An dictionary mapping a glyph name to a two-element
+            tuple containing a mark class ID and ``otTables.Anchor`` object.
+        ligatures: An dictionary mapping a glyph name to an array with one
+            element for each ligature component. Each array element should be
+            a dictionary mapping mark class IDs to ``otTables.Anchor`` objects.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 5)
+        self.marks = {}  # glyphName -> (markClassName, anchor)
+        self.ligatures = {}  # glyphName -> [{markClassName: anchor}, ...]
+        self.subtables_ = []
+
+    def get_subtables_(self):
+        subtables_ = self.subtables_
+        if self.ligatures or self.marks:
+            subtables_.append((self.marks, self.ligatures))
+        return subtables_
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return (
+            LookupBuilder.equals(self, other)
+            and self.get_subtables_() == other.get_subtables_()
+        )
+
+    def inferGlyphClasses(self):
+        result = {}
+        for marks, ligatures in self.get_subtables_():
+            result.update({glyph: 2 for glyph in ligatures})
+            result.update({glyph: 3 for glyph in marks})
+        return result
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the mark-to-ligature
+            positioning lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = []
+        for subtable in self.get_subtables_():
+            markClasses = self.buildMarkClasses_(subtable[0])
+            marks = {
+                mark: (markClasses[mc], anchor)
+                for mark, (mc, anchor) in subtable[0].items()
+            }
+            ligs = {}
+            for lig, components in subtable[1].items():
+                ligs[lig] = []
+                for c in components:
+                    ligs[lig].append({markClasses[mc]: a for mc, a in c.items()})
+            subtables.append(buildMarkLigPosSubtable(marks, ligs, self.glyphMap))
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.subtables_.append((self.marks, self.ligatures))
+        self.marks = {}
+        self.ligatures = {}
+
+
+class MarkMarkPosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Mark-To-Mark Positioning (GPOS6) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add marks and bases to the ``marks``
+    and ``baseMarks`` attributes after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        builder.marks["acute"]     = (0, a1)
+        builder.marks["grave"]     = (0, a1)
+        builder.marks["cedilla"]   = (1, a2)
+        builder.baseMarks["acute"] = {0: a3}
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        marks: An dictionary mapping a glyph name to a two-element
+            tuple containing a mark class ID and ``otTables.Anchor`` object.
+        baseMarks: An dictionary mapping a glyph name to a dictionary
+            containing one item: a mark class ID and a ``otTables.Anchor`` object.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 6)
+        self.marks = {}  # glyphName -> (markClassName, anchor)
+        self.baseMarks = {}  # glyphName -> {markClassName: anchor}
+        self.subtables_ = []
+
+    def get_subtables_(self):
+        subtables_ = self.subtables_
+        if self.baseMarks or self.marks:
+            subtables_.append((self.marks, self.baseMarks))
+        return subtables_
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return (
+            LookupBuilder.equals(self, other)
+            and self.get_subtables_() == other.get_subtables_()
+        )
+
+    def inferGlyphClasses(self):
+        result = {}
+        for marks, baseMarks in self.get_subtables_():
+            result.update({glyph: 3 for glyph in baseMarks})
+            result.update({glyph: 3 for glyph in marks})
+        return result
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the mark-to-mark
+            positioning lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = []
+        for subtable in self.get_subtables_():
+            markClasses = self.buildMarkClasses_(subtable[0])
+            markClassList = sorted(markClasses.keys(), key=markClasses.get)
+            marks = {
+                mark: (markClasses[mc], anchor)
+                for mark, (mc, anchor) in subtable[0].items()
+            }
+
+            st = ot.MarkMarkPos()
+            st.Format = 1
+            st.ClassCount = len(markClasses)
+            st.Mark1Coverage = buildCoverage(marks, self.glyphMap)
+            st.Mark2Coverage = buildCoverage(subtable[1], self.glyphMap)
+            st.Mark1Array = buildMarkArray(marks, self.glyphMap)
+            st.Mark2Array = ot.Mark2Array()
+            st.Mark2Array.Mark2Count = len(st.Mark2Coverage.glyphs)
+            st.Mark2Array.Mark2Record = []
+            for base in st.Mark2Coverage.glyphs:
+                anchors = [subtable[1][base].get(mc) for mc in markClassList]
+                st.Mark2Array.Mark2Record.append(buildMark2Record(anchors))
+            subtables.append(st)
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.subtables_.append((self.marks, self.baseMarks))
+        self.marks = {}
+        self.baseMarks = {}
+
+
+class ReverseChainSingleSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Reverse Chaining Contextual Single Substitution (GSUB8) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add substitutions to the ``substitutions``
+    attribute after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # reversesub [a e n] d' by d.alt;
+        prefix = [ ["a", "e", "n"] ]
+        suffix = []
+        mapping = { "d": "d.alt" }
+        builder.substitutions.append( (prefix, suffix, mapping) )
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        substitutions: A three-element tuple consisting of a prefix sequence,
+            a suffix sequence, and a dictionary of single substitutions.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 8)
+        self.rules = []  # (prefix, suffix, mapping)
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.rules == other.rules
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the chained
+            contextual substitution lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = []
+        for prefix, suffix, mapping in self.rules:
+            st = ot.ReverseChainSingleSubst()
+            st.Format = 1
+            self.setBacktrackCoverage_(prefix, st)
+            self.setLookAheadCoverage_(suffix, st)
+            st.Coverage = buildCoverage(mapping.keys(), self.glyphMap)
+            st.GlyphCount = len(mapping)
+            st.Substitute = [mapping[g] for g in st.Coverage.glyphs]
+            subtables.append(st)
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        # Nothing to do here, each substitution is in its own subtable.
+        pass
+
+
+class AnySubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """A temporary builder for Single, Multiple, or Ligature substitution lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add substitutions to the ``mapping``
+    attribute after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # sub x by y;
+        builder.mapping[("x",)] = ("y",)
+        # sub a by b c;
+        builder.mapping[("a",)] = ("b", "c")
+        # sub f i by f_i;
+        builder.mapping[("f", "i")] = ("f_i",)
+
+    Then call `promote_lookup_type()` to convert this builder into the
+    appropriate type of substitution lookup builder. This would promote single
+    substitutions to either multiple or ligature substitutions, depending on the
+    rest of the rules in the mapping.
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        mapping: An ordered dictionary mapping a tuple of glyph names to another
+            tuple of glyph names.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 0)
+        self.mapping = OrderedDict()
+
+    def _add_to_single_subst(self, builder, key, value):
+        if key[0] != self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_:
+            key = key[0]
+        builder.mapping[key] = value[0]
+
+    def _add_to_multiple_subst(self, builder, key, value):
+        if key[0] != self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_:
+            key = key[0]
+        builder.mapping[key] = value
+
+    def _add_to_ligature_subst(self, builder, key, value):
+        builder.ligatures[key] = value[0]
+
+    def promote_lookup_type(self, is_named_lookup):
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/612
+        # A multiple substitution may have a single destination, in which case
+        # it will look just like a single substitution. So if there are both
+        # multiple and single substitutions, upgrade all the single ones to
+        # multiple substitutions. Similarly, a ligature substitution may have a
+        # single source glyph, so if there are both ligature and single
+        # substitutions, upgrade all the single ones to ligature substitutions.
+        builder_classes = []
+        for key, value in self.mapping.items():
+            if key[0] == self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_:
+                builder_classes.append(None)
+            elif len(key) == 1 and len(value) == 1:
+                builder_classes.append(SingleSubstBuilder)
+            elif len(key) == 1 and len(value) != 1:
+                builder_classes.append(MultipleSubstBuilder)
+            elif len(key) > 1 and len(value) == 1:
+                builder_classes.append(LigatureSubstBuilder)
+            else:
+                assert False, "Should not happen"
+
+        has_multiple = any(b is MultipleSubstBuilder for b in builder_classes)
+        has_ligature = any(b is LigatureSubstBuilder for b in builder_classes)
+
+        # If we have mixed single and multiple substitutions,
+        # upgrade all single substitutions to multiple substitutions.
+        to_multiple = has_multiple and not has_ligature
+
+        # If we have mixed single and ligature substitutions,
+        # upgrade all single substitutions to ligature substitutions.
+        to_ligature = has_ligature and not has_multiple
+
+        # If we have only single substitutions, we can keep them as is.
+        to_single = not has_ligature and not has_multiple
+
+        ret = []
+        if to_single:
+            builder = SingleSubstBuilder(self.font, self.location)
+            for key, value in self.mapping.items():
+                self._add_to_single_subst(builder, key, value)
+            ret = [builder]
+        elif to_multiple:
+            builder = MultipleSubstBuilder(self.font, self.location)
+            for key, value in self.mapping.items():
+                self._add_to_multiple_subst(builder, key, value)
+            ret = [builder]
+        elif to_ligature:
+            builder = LigatureSubstBuilder(self.font, self.location)
+            for key, value in self.mapping.items():
+                self._add_to_ligature_subst(builder, key, value)
+            ret = [builder]
+        elif is_named_lookup:
+            # This is a named lookup with mixed substitutions that can’t be promoted,
+            # since we can’t split it into multiple lookups, we return None here to
+            # signal that to the caller
+            return None
+        else:
+            curr_builder = None
+            for builder_class, (key, value) in zip(
+                builder_classes, self.mapping.items()
+            ):
+                if curr_builder is None or type(curr_builder) is not builder_class:
+                    curr_builder = builder_class(self.font, self.location)
+                    ret.append(curr_builder)
+                if builder_class is SingleSubstBuilder:
+                    self._add_to_single_subst(curr_builder, key, value)
+                elif builder_class is MultipleSubstBuilder:
+                    self._add_to_multiple_subst(curr_builder, key, value)
+                elif builder_class is LigatureSubstBuilder:
+                    self._add_to_ligature_subst(curr_builder, key, value)
+                else:
+                    assert False, "Should not happen"
+
+        for builder in ret:
+            builder.extension = self.extension
+            builder.lookupflag = self.lookupflag
+            builder.markFilterSet = self.markFilterSet
+        return ret
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.mapping == other.mapping
+
+    def build(self):
+        assert False
+
+    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
+        return {
+            key[0]: value
+            for key, value in self.mapping.items()
+            if len(key) == 1 and len(value) == 1
+        }
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.mapping[(self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_, location)] = self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_
+
+
+class SingleSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Single Substitution (GSUB1) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add substitutions to the ``mapping``
+    attribute after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # sub x by y;
+        builder.mapping["x"] = "y"
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        mapping: A dictionary mapping a single glyph name to another glyph name.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 1)
+        self.mapping = OrderedDict()
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.mapping == other.mapping
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the multiple
+            substitution lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = self.build_subst_subtables(self.mapping, buildSingleSubstSubtable)
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
+        return {glyph: [repl] for glyph, repl in self.mapping.items()}
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.mapping[(self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_, location)] = self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_
+
+
+class ClassPairPosSubtableBuilder(object):
+    """Builds class-based Pair Positioning (GPOS2 format 2) subtables.
+
+    Note that this does *not* build a GPOS2 ``otTables.Lookup`` directly,
+    but builds a list of ``otTables.PairPos`` subtables. It is used by the
+    :class:`PairPosBuilder` below.
+
+    Attributes:
+        builder (PairPosBuilder): A pair positioning lookup builder.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, builder):
+        self.builder_ = builder
+        self.classDef1_, self.classDef2_ = None, None
+        self.values_ = {}  # (glyphclass1, glyphclass2) --> (value1, value2)
+        self.forceSubtableBreak_ = False
+        self.subtables_ = []
+
+    def addPair(self, gc1, value1, gc2, value2):
+        """Add a pair positioning rule.
+
+        Args:
+            gc1: A set of glyph names for the "left" glyph
+            value1: An ``otTables.ValueRecord`` object for the left glyph's
+                positioning.
+            gc2: A set of glyph names for the "right" glyph
+            value2: An ``otTables.ValueRecord`` object for the right glyph's
+                positioning.
+        """
+        mergeable = (
+            not self.forceSubtableBreak_
+            and self.classDef1_ is not None
+            and self.classDef1_.canAdd(gc1)
+            and self.classDef2_ is not None
+            and self.classDef2_.canAdd(gc2)
+        )
+        if not mergeable:
+            self.flush_()
+            self.classDef1_ = ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=True)
+            self.classDef2_ = ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=False)
+            self.values_ = {}
+        self.classDef1_.add(gc1)
+        self.classDef2_.add(gc2)
+        self.values_[(gc1, gc2)] = (value1, value2)
+
+    def addSubtableBreak(self):
+        """Add an explicit subtable break at this point."""
+        self.forceSubtableBreak_ = True
+
+    def subtables(self):
+        """Return the list of ``otTables.PairPos`` subtables constructed."""
+        self.flush_()
+        return self.subtables_
+
+    def flush_(self):
+        if self.classDef1_ is None or self.classDef2_ is None:
+            return
+        st = buildPairPosClassesSubtable(self.values_, self.builder_.glyphMap)
+        if st.Coverage is None:
+            return
+        self.subtables_.append(st)
+        self.forceSubtableBreak_ = False
+
+
+class PairPosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Pair Positioning (GPOS2) lookup.
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        pairs: An array of class-based pair positioning tuples. Usually
+            manipulated with the :meth:`addClassPair` method below.
+        glyphPairs: A dictionary mapping a tuple of glyph names to a tuple
+            of ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects. Usually manipulated with the
+            :meth:`addGlyphPair` method below.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 2)
+        self.pairs = []  # [(gc1, value1, gc2, value2)*]
+        self.glyphPairs = {}  # (glyph1, glyph2) --> (value1, value2)
+        self.locations = {}  # (gc1, gc2) --> (filepath, line, column)
+
+    def addClassPair(self, location, glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2):
+        """Add a class pair positioning rule to the current lookup.
+
+        Args:
+            location: A string or tuple representing the location in the
+                original source which produced this rule. Unused.
+            glyphclass1: A set of glyph names for the "left" glyph in the pair.
+            value1: A ``otTables.ValueRecord`` for positioning the left glyph.
+            glyphclass2: A set of glyph names for the "right" glyph in the pair.
+            value2: A ``otTables.ValueRecord`` for positioning the right glyph.
+        """
+        self.pairs.append((glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2))
+
+    def addGlyphPair(self, location, glyph1, value1, glyph2, value2):
+        """Add a glyph pair positioning rule to the current lookup.
+
+        Args:
+            location: A string or tuple representing the location in the
+                original source which produced this rule.
+            glyph1: A glyph name for the "left" glyph in the pair.
+            value1: A ``otTables.ValueRecord`` for positioning the left glyph.
+            glyph2: A glyph name for the "right" glyph in the pair.
+            value2: A ``otTables.ValueRecord`` for positioning the right glyph.
+        """
+        key = (glyph1, glyph2)
+        oldValue = self.glyphPairs.get(key, None)
+        if oldValue is not None:
+            # the Feature File spec explicitly allows specific pairs generated
+            # by an 'enum' rule to be overridden by preceding single pairs
+            otherLoc = self.locations[key]
+            log.debug(
+                "Already defined position for pair %s %s at %s; "
+                "choosing the first value",
+                glyph1,
+                glyph2,
+                otherLoc,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.glyphPairs[key] = (value1, value2)
+            self.locations[key] = location
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.pairs.append(
+            (
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return (
+            LookupBuilder.equals(self, other)
+            and self.glyphPairs == other.glyphPairs
+            and self.pairs == other.pairs
+        )
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the pair positioning
+            lookup.
+        """
+        builders = {}
+        builder = ClassPairPosSubtableBuilder(self)
+        for glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2 in self.pairs:
+            if glyphclass1 is self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_:
+                builder.addSubtableBreak()
+                continue
+            builder.addPair(glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2)
+        subtables = []
+        if self.glyphPairs:
+            subtables.extend(buildPairPosGlyphs(self.glyphPairs, self.glyphMap))
+        subtables.extend(builder.subtables())
+        lookup = self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+        # Compact the lookup
+        # This is a good moment to do it because the compaction should create
+        # smaller subtables, which may prevent overflows from happening.
+        # Keep reading the value from the ENV until ufo2ft switches to the config system
+        level = self.font.cfg.get(
+            "fontTools.otlLib.optimize.gpos:COMPRESSION_LEVEL",
+            default=_compression_level_from_env(),
+        )
+        if level != 0:
+            log.info("Compacting GPOS...")
+            compact_lookup(self.font, level, lookup)
+
+        return lookup
+
+
+class SinglePosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Single Positioning (GPOS1) lookup.
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        mapping: A dictionary mapping a glyph name to a ``otTables.ValueRecord``
+            objects. Usually manipulated with the :meth:`add_pos` method below.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 1)
+        self.locations = {}  # glyph -> (filename, line, column)
+        self.mapping = {}  # glyph -> ot.ValueRecord
+
+    def add_pos(self, location, glyph, otValueRecord):
+        """Add a single positioning rule.
+
+        Args:
+            location: A string or tuple representing the location in the
+                original source which produced this lookup.
+            glyph: A glyph name.
+            otValueRection: A ``otTables.ValueRecord`` used to position the
+                glyph.
+        """
+        if otValueRecord is None:
+            otValueRecord = ValueRecord()
+        if not self.can_add(glyph, otValueRecord):
+            otherLoc = self.locations[glyph]
+            raise OpenTypeLibError(
+                'Already defined different position for glyph "%s" at %s'
+                % (glyph, otherLoc),
+                location,
+            )
+        if otValueRecord:
+            self.mapping[glyph] = otValueRecord
+        self.locations[glyph] = location
+
+    def can_add(self, glyph, value):
+        assert isinstance(value, ValueRecord)
+        curValue = self.mapping.get(glyph)
+        return curValue is None or curValue == value
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.mapping == other.mapping
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the single positioning
+            lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = buildSinglePos(self.mapping, self.glyphMap)
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+
+# GSUB
+
+
+def buildSingleSubstSubtable(mapping):
+    """Builds a single substitution (GSUB1) subtable.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.SingleSubstBuilder` instead.
+
+    Args:
+        mapping: A dictionary mapping input glyph names to output glyph names.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.SingleSubst`` object, or ``None`` if the mapping dictionary
+        is empty.
+    """
+    if not mapping:
+        return None
+    self = ot.SingleSubst()
+    self.mapping = dict(mapping)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildMultipleSubstSubtable(mapping):
+    """Builds a multiple substitution (GSUB2) subtable.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.MultipleSubstBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # sub uni06C0 by uni06D5.fina hamza.above
+        # sub uni06C2 by uni06C1.fina hamza.above;
+
+        subtable = buildMultipleSubstSubtable({
+            "uni06C0": [ "uni06D5.fina", "hamza.above"],
+            "uni06C2": [ "uni06D1.fina", "hamza.above"]
+        })
+
+    Args:
+        mapping: A dictionary mapping input glyph names to a list of output
+            glyph names.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.MultipleSubst`` object or ``None`` if the mapping dictionary
+        is empty.
+    """
+    if not mapping:
+        return None
+    self = ot.MultipleSubst()
+    self.mapping = dict(mapping)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildAlternateSubstSubtable(mapping):
+    """Builds an alternate substitution (GSUB3) subtable.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.AlternateSubstBuilder` instead.
+
+    Args:
+        mapping: A dictionary mapping input glyph names to a list of output
+            glyph names.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.AlternateSubst`` object or ``None`` if the mapping dictionary
+        is empty.
+    """
+    if not mapping:
+        return None
+    self = ot.AlternateSubst()
+    self.alternates = dict(mapping)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildLigatureSubstSubtable(mapping):
+    """Builds a ligature substitution (GSUB4) subtable.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.LigatureSubstBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # sub f f i by f_f_i;
+        # sub f i by f_i;
+
+        subtable = buildLigatureSubstSubtable({
+            ("f", "f", "i"): "f_f_i",
+            ("f", "i"): "f_i",
+        })
+
+    Args:
+        mapping: A dictionary mapping tuples of glyph names to output
+            glyph names.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.LigatureSubst`` object or ``None`` if the mapping dictionary
+        is empty.
+    """
+
+    if not mapping:
+        return None
+    self = ot.LigatureSubst()
+    # The following single line can replace the rest of this function
+    # with fontTools >= 3.1:
+    # self.ligatures = dict(mapping)
+    self.ligatures = {}
+    for components in sorted(mapping.keys(), key=self._getLigatureSortKey):
+        ligature = ot.Ligature()
+        ligature.Component = components[1:]
+        ligature.CompCount = len(ligature.Component) + 1
+        ligature.LigGlyph = mapping[components]
+        firstGlyph = components[0]
+        self.ligatures.setdefault(firstGlyph, []).append(ligature)
+    return self
+
+
+# GPOS
+
+
+def buildAnchor(x, y, point=None, deviceX=None, deviceY=None):
+    """Builds an Anchor table.
+
+    This determines the appropriate anchor format based on the passed parameters.
+
+    Args:
+        x (int): X coordinate.
+        y (int): Y coordinate.
+        point (int): Index of glyph contour point, if provided.
+        deviceX (``otTables.Device``): X coordinate device table, if provided.
+        deviceY (``otTables.Device``): Y coordinate device table, if provided.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.Anchor`` object.
+    """
+    self = ot.Anchor()
+    self.XCoordinate, self.YCoordinate = x, y
+    self.Format = 1
+    if point is not None:
+        self.AnchorPoint = point
+        self.Format = 2
+    if deviceX is not None or deviceY is not None:
+        assert (
+            self.Format == 1
+        ), "Either point, or both of deviceX/deviceY, must be None."
+        self.XDeviceTable = deviceX
+        self.YDeviceTable = deviceY
+        self.Format = 3
+    return self
+
+
+def buildBaseArray(bases, numMarkClasses, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a base array record.
+
+    As part of building mark-to-base positioning rules, you will need to define
+    a ``BaseArray`` record, which "defines for each base glyph an array of
+    anchors, one for each mark class." This function builds the base array
+    subtable.
+
+    Example::
+
+        bases = {"a": {0: a3, 1: a5}, "b": {0: a4, 1: a5}}
+        basearray = buildBaseArray(bases, 2, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        bases (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being dictionaries mapping mark class ID
+            to the appropriate ``otTables.Anchor`` object used for attaching marks
+            of that class.
+        numMarkClasses (int): The total number of mark classes for which anchors
+            are defined.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.BaseArray`` object.
+    """
+    self = ot.BaseArray()
+    self.BaseRecord = []
+    for base in sorted(bases, key=glyphMap.__getitem__):
+        b = bases[base]
+        anchors = [b.get(markClass) for markClass in range(numMarkClasses)]
+        self.BaseRecord.append(buildBaseRecord(anchors))
+    self.BaseCount = len(self.BaseRecord)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildBaseRecord(anchors):
+    # [otTables.Anchor, otTables.Anchor, ...] --> otTables.BaseRecord
+    self = ot.BaseRecord()
+    self.BaseAnchor = anchors
+    return self
+
+
+def buildComponentRecord(anchors):
+    """Builds a component record.
+
+    As part of building mark-to-ligature positioning rules, you will need to
+    define ``ComponentRecord`` objects, which contain "an array of offsets...
+    to the Anchor tables that define all the attachment points used to attach
+    marks to the component." This function builds the component record.
+
+    Args:
+        anchors: A list of ``otTables.Anchor`` objects or ``None``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.ComponentRecord`` object or ``None`` if no anchors are
+        supplied.
+    """
+    if not anchors:
+        return None
+    self = ot.ComponentRecord()
+    self.LigatureAnchor = anchors
+    return self
+
+
+def buildCursivePosSubtable(attach, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a cursive positioning (GPOS3) subtable.
+
+    Cursive positioning lookups are made up of a coverage table of glyphs,
+    and a set of ``EntryExitRecord`` records containing the anchors for
+    each glyph. This function builds the cursive positioning subtable.
+
+    Example::
+
+        subtable = buildCursivePosSubtable({
+            "AlifIni": (None, buildAnchor(0, 50)),
+            "BehMed": (buildAnchor(500,250), buildAnchor(0,50)),
+            # ...
+        }, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        attach (dict): A mapping between glyph names and a tuple of two
+            ``otTables.Anchor`` objects representing entry and exit anchors.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.CursivePos`` object, or ``None`` if the attachment
+        dictionary was empty.
+    """
+    if not attach:
+        return None
+    self = ot.CursivePos()
+    self.Format = 1
+    self.Coverage = buildCoverage(attach.keys(), glyphMap)
+    self.EntryExitRecord = []
+    for glyph in self.Coverage.glyphs:
+        entryAnchor, exitAnchor = attach[glyph]
+        rec = ot.EntryExitRecord()
+        rec.EntryAnchor = entryAnchor
+        rec.ExitAnchor = exitAnchor
+        self.EntryExitRecord.append(rec)
+    self.EntryExitCount = len(self.EntryExitRecord)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildDevice(deltas):
+    """Builds a Device record as part of a ValueRecord or Anchor.
+
+    Device tables specify size-specific adjustments to value records
+    and anchors to reflect changes based on the resolution of the output.
+    For example, one could specify that an anchor's Y position should be
+    increased by 1 pixel when displayed at 8 pixels per em. This routine
+    builds device records.
+
+    Args:
+        deltas: A dictionary mapping pixels-per-em sizes to the delta
+            adjustment in pixels when the font is displayed at that size.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.Device`` object if any deltas were supplied, or
+        ``None`` otherwise.
+    """
+    if not deltas:
+        return None
+    self = ot.Device()
+    keys = deltas.keys()
+    self.StartSize = startSize = min(keys)
+    self.EndSize = endSize = max(keys)
+    assert 0 <= startSize <= endSize
+    self.DeltaValue = deltaValues = [
+        deltas.get(size, 0) for size in range(startSize, endSize + 1)
+    ]
+    maxDelta = max(deltaValues)
+    minDelta = min(deltaValues)
+    assert minDelta > -129 and maxDelta < 128
+    if minDelta > -3 and maxDelta < 2:
+        self.DeltaFormat = 1
+    elif minDelta > -9 and maxDelta < 8:
+        self.DeltaFormat = 2
+    else:
+        self.DeltaFormat = 3
+    return self
+
+
+def buildLigatureArray(ligs, numMarkClasses, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a LigatureArray subtable.
+
+    As part of building a mark-to-ligature lookup, you will need to define
+    the set of anchors (for each mark class) on each component of the ligature
+    where marks can be attached. For example, for an Arabic divine name ligature
+    (lam lam heh), you may want to specify mark attachment positioning for
+    superior marks (fatha, etc.) and inferior marks (kasra, etc.) on each glyph
+    of the ligature. This routine builds the ligature array record.
+
+    Example::
+
+        buildLigatureArray({
+            "lam-lam-heh": [
+                { 0: superiorAnchor1, 1: inferiorAnchor1 }, # attach points for lam1
+                { 0: superiorAnchor2, 1: inferiorAnchor2 }, # attach points for lam2
+                { 0: superiorAnchor3, 1: inferiorAnchor3 }, # attach points for heh
+            ]
+        }, 2, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        ligs (dict): A mapping of ligature names to an array of dictionaries:
+            for each component glyph in the ligature, an dictionary mapping
+            mark class IDs to anchors.
+        numMarkClasses (int): The number of mark classes.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.LigatureArray`` object if deltas were supplied.
+    """
+    self = ot.LigatureArray()
+    self.LigatureAttach = []
+    for lig in sorted(ligs, key=glyphMap.__getitem__):
+        anchors = []
+        for component in ligs[lig]:
+            anchors.append([component.get(mc) for mc in range(numMarkClasses)])
+        self.LigatureAttach.append(buildLigatureAttach(anchors))
+    self.LigatureCount = len(self.LigatureAttach)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildLigatureAttach(components):
+    # [[Anchor, Anchor], [Anchor, Anchor, Anchor]] --> LigatureAttach
+    self = ot.LigatureAttach()
+    self.ComponentRecord = [buildComponentRecord(c) for c in components]
+    self.ComponentCount = len(self.ComponentRecord)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildMarkArray(marks, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a mark array subtable.
+
+    As part of building mark-to-* positioning rules, you will need to define
+    a MarkArray subtable, which "defines the class and the anchor point
+    for a mark glyph." This function builds the mark array subtable.
+
+    Example::
+
+        mark = {
+            "acute": (0, buildAnchor(300,712)),
+            # ...
+        }
+        markarray = buildMarkArray(marks, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        marks (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being a tuple of mark class number and
+            an ``otTables.Anchor`` object representing the mark's attachment
+            point.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.MarkArray`` object.
+    """
+    self = ot.MarkArray()
+    self.MarkRecord = []
+    for mark in sorted(marks.keys(), key=glyphMap.__getitem__):
+        markClass, anchor = marks[mark]
+        markrec = buildMarkRecord(markClass, anchor)
+        self.MarkRecord.append(markrec)
+    self.MarkCount = len(self.MarkRecord)
+    return self
+
+
+@deprecateFunction(
+    "use buildMarkBasePosSubtable() instead", category=DeprecationWarning
+)
+def buildMarkBasePos(marks, bases, glyphMap):
+    """Build a list of MarkBasePos (GPOS4) subtables.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 4.58.0
+           Use :func:`buildMarkBasePosSubtable` instead.
+    """
+    return [buildMarkBasePosSubtable(marks, bases, glyphMap)]
+
+
+def buildMarkBasePosSubtable(marks, bases, glyphMap):
+    """Build a single MarkBasePos (GPOS4) subtable.
+
+    This builds a mark-to-base lookup subtable containing all of the referenced
+    marks and bases.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = buildAnchor(500, 100), ...
+
+        marks = {"acute": (0, a1), "grave": (0, a1), "cedilla": (1, a2)}
+        bases = {"a": {0: a3, 1: a5}, "b": {0: a4, 1: a5}}
+        markbaseposes = [buildMarkBasePosSubtable(marks, bases, font.getReverseGlyphMap())]
+
+    Args:
+        marks (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being a tuple of mark class number and
+            an ``otTables.Anchor`` object representing the mark's attachment
+            point. (See :func:`buildMarkArray`.)
+        bases (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being dictionaries mapping mark class ID
+            to the appropriate ``otTables.Anchor`` object used for attaching marks
+            of that class. (See :func:`buildBaseArray`.)
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.MarkBasePos`` object.
+    """
+    self = ot.MarkBasePos()
+    self.Format = 1
+    self.MarkCoverage = buildCoverage(marks, glyphMap)
+    self.MarkArray = buildMarkArray(marks, glyphMap)
+    self.ClassCount = max([mc for mc, _ in marks.values()]) + 1
+    self.BaseCoverage = buildCoverage(bases, glyphMap)
+    self.BaseArray = buildBaseArray(bases, self.ClassCount, glyphMap)
+    return self
+
+
+@deprecateFunction("use buildMarkLigPosSubtable() instead", category=DeprecationWarning)
+def buildMarkLigPos(marks, ligs, glyphMap):
+    """Build a list of MarkLigPos (GPOS5) subtables.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 4.58.0
+       Use :func:`buildMarkLigPosSubtable` instead.
+    """
+    return [buildMarkLigPosSubtable(marks, ligs, glyphMap)]
+
+
+def buildMarkLigPosSubtable(marks, ligs, glyphMap):
+    """Build a single MarkLigPos (GPOS5) subtable.
+
+    This builds a mark-to-base lookup subtable containing all of the referenced
+    marks and bases.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.MarkLigPosBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = buildAnchor(500, 100), ...
+        marks = {
+            "acute": (0, a1),
+            "grave": (0, a1),
+            "cedilla": (1, a2)
+        }
+        ligs = {
+            "f_i": [
+                { 0: a3, 1: a5 }, # f
+                { 0: a4, 1: a5 }  # i
+                ],
+        #   "c_t": [{...}, {...}]
+        }
+        markligpose = buildMarkLigPosSubtable(marks, ligs,
+            font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        marks (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being a tuple of mark class number and
+            an ``otTables.Anchor`` object representing the mark's attachment
+            point. (See :func:`buildMarkArray`.)
+        ligs (dict): A mapping of ligature names to an array of dictionaries:
+            for each component glyph in the ligature, an dictionary mapping
+            mark class IDs to anchors. (See :func:`buildLigatureArray`.)
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.MarkLigPos`` object.
+    """
+    self = ot.MarkLigPos()
+    self.Format = 1
+    self.MarkCoverage = buildCoverage(marks, glyphMap)
+    self.MarkArray = buildMarkArray(marks, glyphMap)
+    self.ClassCount = max([mc for mc, _ in marks.values()]) + 1
+    self.LigatureCoverage = buildCoverage(ligs, glyphMap)
+    self.LigatureArray = buildLigatureArray(ligs, self.ClassCount, glyphMap)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildMarkRecord(classID, anchor):
+    assert isinstance(classID, int)
+    assert isinstance(anchor, ot.Anchor)
+    self = ot.MarkRecord()
+    self.Class = classID
+    self.MarkAnchor = anchor
+    return self
+
+
+def buildMark2Record(anchors):
+    # [otTables.Anchor, otTables.Anchor, ...] --> otTables.Mark2Record
+    self = ot.Mark2Record()
+    self.Mark2Anchor = anchors
+    return self
+
+
+def _getValueFormat(f, values, i):
+    # Helper for buildPairPos{Glyphs|Classes}Subtable.
+    if f is not None:
+        return f
+    mask = 0
+    for value in values:
+        if value is not None and value[i] is not None:
+            mask |= value[i].getFormat()
+    return mask
+
+
+def buildPairPosClassesSubtable(pairs, glyphMap, valueFormat1=None, valueFormat2=None):
+    """Builds a class pair adjustment (GPOS2 format 2) subtable.
+
+    Kerning tables are generally expressed as pair positioning tables using
+    class-based pair adjustments. This routine builds format 2 PairPos
+    subtables.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.ClassPairPosSubtableBuilder`
+    instead, as this takes care of ensuring that the supplied pairs can be
+    formed into non-overlapping classes and emitting individual subtables
+    whenever the non-overlapping requirement means that a new subtable is
+    required.
+
+    Example::
+
+        pairs = {}
+
+        pairs[(
+            [ "K", "X" ],
+            [ "W", "V" ]
+        )] = ( buildValue(xAdvance=+5), buildValue() )
+        # pairs[(... , ...)] = (..., ...)
+
+        pairpos = buildPairPosClassesSubtable(pairs, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        pairs (dict): Pair positioning data; the keys being a two-element
+            tuple of lists of glyphnames, and the values being a two-element
+            tuple of ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+        valueFormat1: Force the "left" value records to the given format.
+        valueFormat2: Force the "right" value records to the given format.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.PairPos`` object.
+    """
+    coverage = set()
+    classDef1 = ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=True)
+    classDef2 = ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=False)
+    for gc1, gc2 in sorted(pairs):
+        coverage.update(gc1)
+        classDef1.add(gc1)
+        classDef2.add(gc2)
+    self = ot.PairPos()
+    self.Format = 2
+    valueFormat1 = self.ValueFormat1 = _getValueFormat(valueFormat1, pairs.values(), 0)
+    valueFormat2 = self.ValueFormat2 = _getValueFormat(valueFormat2, pairs.values(), 1)
+    self.Coverage = buildCoverage(coverage, glyphMap)
+    self.ClassDef1 = classDef1.build()
+    self.ClassDef2 = classDef2.build()
+    classes1 = classDef1.classes()
+    classes2 = classDef2.classes()
+    self.Class1Record = []
+    for c1 in classes1:
+        rec1 = ot.Class1Record()
+        rec1.Class2Record = []
+        self.Class1Record.append(rec1)
+        for c2 in classes2:
+            rec2 = ot.Class2Record()
+            val1, val2 = pairs.get((c1, c2), (None, None))
+            rec2.Value1 = (
+                ValueRecord(src=val1, valueFormat=valueFormat1)
+                if valueFormat1
+                else None
+            )
+            rec2.Value2 = (
+                ValueRecord(src=val2, valueFormat=valueFormat2)
+                if valueFormat2
+                else None
+            )
+            rec1.Class2Record.append(rec2)
+    self.Class1Count = len(self.Class1Record)
+    self.Class2Count = len(classes2)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildPairPosGlyphs(pairs, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a list of glyph-based pair adjustment (GPOS2 format 1) subtables.
+
+    This organises a list of pair positioning adjustments into subtables based
+    on common value record formats.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.PairPosBuilder`
+    instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        pairs = {
+            ("K", "W"): ( buildValue(xAdvance=+5), buildValue() ),
+            ("K", "V"): ( buildValue(xAdvance=+5), buildValue() ),
+            # ...
+        }
+
+        subtables = buildPairPosGlyphs(pairs, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        pairs (dict): Pair positioning data; the keys being a two-element
+            tuple of glyphnames, and the values being a two-element
+            tuple of ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of ``otTables.PairPos`` objects.
+    """
+
+    p = {}  # (formatA, formatB) --> {(glyphA, glyphB): (valA, valB)}
+    for (glyphA, glyphB), (valA, valB) in pairs.items():
+        formatA = valA.getFormat() if valA is not None else 0
+        formatB = valB.getFormat() if valB is not None else 0
+        pos = p.setdefault((formatA, formatB), {})
+        pos[(glyphA, glyphB)] = (valA, valB)
+    return [
+        buildPairPosGlyphsSubtable(pos, glyphMap, formatA, formatB)
+        for ((formatA, formatB), pos) in sorted(p.items())
+    ]
+
+
+def buildPairPosGlyphsSubtable(pairs, glyphMap, valueFormat1=None, valueFormat2=None):
+    """Builds a single glyph-based pair adjustment (GPOS2 format 1) subtable.
+
+    This builds a PairPos subtable from a dictionary of glyph pairs and
+    their positioning adjustments. See also :func:`buildPairPosGlyphs`.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.PairPosBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        pairs = {
+            ("K", "W"): ( buildValue(xAdvance=+5), buildValue() ),
+            ("K", "V"): ( buildValue(xAdvance=+5), buildValue() ),
+            # ...
+        }
+
+        pairpos = buildPairPosGlyphsSubtable(pairs, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        pairs (dict): Pair positioning data; the keys being a two-element
+            tuple of glyphnames, and the values being a two-element
+            tuple of ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+        valueFormat1: Force the "left" value records to the given format.
+        valueFormat2: Force the "right" value records to the given format.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.PairPos`` object.
+    """
+    self = ot.PairPos()
+    self.Format = 1
+    valueFormat1 = self.ValueFormat1 = _getValueFormat(valueFormat1, pairs.values(), 0)
+    valueFormat2 = self.ValueFormat2 = _getValueFormat(valueFormat2, pairs.values(), 1)
+    p = {}
+    for (glyphA, glyphB), (valA, valB) in pairs.items():
+        p.setdefault(glyphA, []).append((glyphB, valA, valB))
+    self.Coverage = buildCoverage({g for g, _ in pairs.keys()}, glyphMap)
+    self.PairSet = []
+    for glyph in self.Coverage.glyphs:
+        ps = ot.PairSet()
+        ps.PairValueRecord = []
+        self.PairSet.append(ps)
+        for glyph2, val1, val2 in sorted(p[glyph], key=lambda x: glyphMap[x[0]]):
+            pvr = ot.PairValueRecord()
+            pvr.SecondGlyph = glyph2
+            pvr.Value1 = (
+                ValueRecord(src=val1, valueFormat=valueFormat1)
+                if valueFormat1
+                else None
+            )
+            pvr.Value2 = (
+                ValueRecord(src=val2, valueFormat=valueFormat2)
+                if valueFormat2
+                else None
+            )
+            ps.PairValueRecord.append(pvr)
+        ps.PairValueCount = len(ps.PairValueRecord)
+    self.PairSetCount = len(self.PairSet)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildSinglePos(mapping, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a list of single adjustment (GPOS1) subtables.
+
+    This builds a list of SinglePos subtables from a dictionary of glyph
+    names and their positioning adjustments. The format of the subtables are
+    determined to optimize the size of the resulting subtables.
+    See also :func:`buildSinglePosSubtable`.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.SinglePosBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        mapping = {
+            "V": buildValue({ "xAdvance" : +5 }),
+            # ...
+        }
+
+        subtables = buildSinglePos(pairs, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        mapping (dict): A mapping between glyphnames and
+            ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of ``otTables.SinglePos`` objects.
+    """
+    result, handled = [], set()
+    # In SinglePos format 1, the covered glyphs all share the same ValueRecord.
+    # In format 2, each glyph has its own ValueRecord, but these records
+    # all have the same properties (eg., all have an X but no Y placement).
+    coverages, masks, values = {}, {}, {}
+    for glyph, value in mapping.items():
+        key = _getSinglePosValueKey(value)
+        coverages.setdefault(key, []).append(glyph)
+        masks.setdefault(key[0], []).append(key)
+        values[key] = value
+
+    # If a ValueRecord is shared between multiple glyphs, we generate
+    # a SinglePos format 1 subtable; that is the most compact form.
+    for key, glyphs in coverages.items():
+        # 5 ushorts is the length of introducing another sublookup
+        if len(glyphs) * _getSinglePosValueSize(key) > 5:
+            format1Mapping = {g: values[key] for g in glyphs}
+            result.append(buildSinglePosSubtable(format1Mapping, glyphMap))
+            handled.add(key)
+
+    # In the remaining ValueRecords, look for those whose valueFormat
+    # (the set of used properties) is shared between multiple records.
+    # These will get encoded in format 2.
+    for valueFormat, keys in masks.items():
+        f2 = [k for k in keys if k not in handled]
+        if len(f2) > 1:
+            format2Mapping = {}
+            for k in f2:
+                format2Mapping.update((g, values[k]) for g in coverages[k])
+            result.append(buildSinglePosSubtable(format2Mapping, glyphMap))
+            handled.update(f2)
+
+    # The remaining ValueRecords are only used by a few glyphs, normally
+    # one. We encode these in format 1 again.
+    for key, glyphs in coverages.items():
+        if key not in handled:
+            for g in glyphs:
+                st = buildSinglePosSubtable({g: values[key]}, glyphMap)
+            result.append(st)
+
+    # When the OpenType layout engine traverses the subtables, it will
+    # stop after the first matching subtable.  Therefore, we sort the
+    # resulting subtables by decreasing coverage size; this increases
+    # the chance that the layout engine can do an early exit. (Of course,
+    # this would only be true if all glyphs were equally frequent, which
+    # is not really the case; but we do not know their distribution).
+    # If two subtables cover the same number of glyphs, we sort them
+    # by glyph ID so that our output is deterministic.
+    result.sort(key=lambda t: _getSinglePosTableKey(t, glyphMap))
+    return result
+
+
+def buildSinglePosSubtable(values, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a single adjustment (GPOS1) subtable.
+
+    This builds a list of SinglePos subtables from a dictionary of glyph
+    names and their positioning adjustments. The format of the subtable is
+    determined to optimize the size of the output.
+    See also :func:`buildSinglePos`.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.SinglePosBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        mapping = {
+            "V": buildValue({ "xAdvance" : +5 }),
+            # ...
+        }
+
+        subtable = buildSinglePos(pairs, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        mapping (dict): A mapping between glyphnames and
+            ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.SinglePos`` object.
+    """
+    self = ot.SinglePos()
+    self.Coverage = buildCoverage(values.keys(), glyphMap)
+    valueFormat = self.ValueFormat = reduce(
+        int.__or__, [v.getFormat() for v in values.values()], 0
+    )
+    valueRecords = [
+        ValueRecord(src=values[g], valueFormat=valueFormat)
+        for g in self.Coverage.glyphs
+    ]
+    if all(v == valueRecords[0] for v in valueRecords):
+        self.Format = 1
+        if self.ValueFormat != 0:
+            self.Value = valueRecords[0]
+        else:
+            self.Value = None
+    else:
+        self.Format = 2
+        self.Value = valueRecords
+        self.ValueCount = len(self.Value)
+    return self
+
+
+def _getSinglePosTableKey(subtable, glyphMap):
+    assert isinstance(subtable, ot.SinglePos), subtable
+    glyphs = subtable.Coverage.glyphs
+    return (-len(glyphs), glyphMap[glyphs[0]])
+
+
+def _getSinglePosValueKey(valueRecord):
+    # otBase.ValueRecord --> (2, ("YPlacement": 12))
+    assert isinstance(valueRecord, ValueRecord), valueRecord
+    valueFormat, result = 0, []
+    for name, value in valueRecord.__dict__.items():
+        if isinstance(value, ot.Device):
+            result.append((name, _makeDeviceTuple(value)))
+        else:
+            result.append((name, value))
+        valueFormat |= valueRecordFormatDict[name][0]
+    result.sort()
+    result.insert(0, valueFormat)
+    return tuple(result)
+
+
+_DeviceTuple = namedtuple("_DeviceTuple", "DeltaFormat StartSize EndSize DeltaValue")
+
+
+def _makeDeviceTuple(device):
+    # otTables.Device --> tuple, for making device tables unique
+    return _DeviceTuple(
+        device.DeltaFormat,
+        device.StartSize,
+        device.EndSize,
+        () if device.DeltaFormat & 0x8000 else tuple(device.DeltaValue),
+    )
+
+
+def _getSinglePosValueSize(valueKey):
+    # Returns how many ushorts this valueKey (short form of ValueRecord) takes up
+    count = 0
+    for _, v in valueKey[1:]:
+        if isinstance(v, _DeviceTuple):
+            count += len(v.DeltaValue) + 3
+        else:
+            count += 1
+    return count
+
+
+def buildValue(value):
+    """Builds a positioning value record.
+
+    Value records are used to specify coordinates and adjustments for
+    positioning and attaching glyphs. Many of the positioning functions
+    in this library take ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects as arguments.
+    This function builds value records from dictionaries.
+
+    Args:
+        value (dict): A dictionary with zero or more of the following keys:
+            - ``xPlacement``
+            - ``yPlacement``
+            - ``xAdvance``
+            - ``yAdvance``
+            - ``xPlaDevice``
+            - ``yPlaDevice``
+            - ``xAdvDevice``
+            - ``yAdvDevice``
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.ValueRecord`` object.
+    """
+    self = ValueRecord()
+    for k, v in value.items():
+        setattr(self, k, v)
+    return self
+
+
+# GDEF
+
+
+def buildAttachList(attachPoints, glyphMap):
+    """Builds an AttachList subtable.
+
+    A GDEF table may contain an Attachment Point List table (AttachList)
+    which stores the contour indices of attachment points for glyphs with
+    attachment points. This routine builds AttachList subtables.
+
+    Args:
+        attachPoints (dict): A mapping between glyph names and a list of
+            contour indices.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.AttachList`` object if attachment points are supplied,
+            or ``None`` otherwise.
+    """
+    if not attachPoints:
+        return None
+    self = ot.AttachList()
+    self.Coverage = buildCoverage(attachPoints.keys(), glyphMap)
+    self.AttachPoint = [buildAttachPoint(attachPoints[g]) for g in self.Coverage.glyphs]
+    self.GlyphCount = len(self.AttachPoint)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildAttachPoint(points):
+    # [4, 23, 41] --> otTables.AttachPoint
+    # Only used by above.
+    if not points:
+        return None
+    self = ot.AttachPoint()
+    self.PointIndex = sorted(set(points))
+    self.PointCount = len(self.PointIndex)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildCaretValueForCoord(coord):
+    # 500 --> otTables.CaretValue, format 1
+    # (500, DeviceTable) --> otTables.CaretValue, format 3
+    self = ot.CaretValue()
+    if isinstance(coord, tuple):
+        self.Format = 3
+        self.Coordinate, self.DeviceTable = coord
+    else:
+        self.Format = 1
+        self.Coordinate = coord
+    return self
+
+
+def buildCaretValueForPoint(point):
+    # 4 --> otTables.CaretValue, format 2
+    self = ot.CaretValue()
+    self.Format = 2
+    self.CaretValuePoint = point
+    return self
+
+
+def buildLigCaretList(coords, points, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a ligature caret list table.
+
+    Ligatures appear as a single glyph representing multiple characters; however
+    when, for example, editing text containing a ``f_i`` ligature, the user may
+    want to place the cursor between the ``f`` and the ``i``. The ligature caret
+    list in the GDEF table specifies the position to display the "caret" (the
+    character insertion indicator, typically a flashing vertical bar) "inside"
+    the ligature to represent an insertion point. The insertion positions may
+    be specified either by coordinate or by contour point.
+
+    Example::
+
+        coords = {
+            "f_f_i": [300, 600] # f|fi cursor at 300 units, ff|i cursor at 600.
+        }
+        points = {
+            "c_t": [28] # c|t cursor appears at coordinate of contour point 28.
+        }
+        ligcaretlist = buildLigCaretList(coords, points, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        coords: A mapping between glyph names and a list of coordinates for
+            the insertion point of each ligature component after the first one.
+        points: A mapping between glyph names and a list of contour points for
+            the insertion point of each ligature component after the first one.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.LigCaretList`` object if any carets are present, or
+            ``None`` otherwise."""
+    glyphs = set(coords.keys()) if coords else set()
+    if points:
+        glyphs.update(points.keys())
+    carets = {g: buildLigGlyph(coords.get(g), points.get(g)) for g in glyphs}
+    carets = {g: c for g, c in carets.items() if c is not None}
+    if not carets:
+        return None
+    self = ot.LigCaretList()
+    self.Coverage = buildCoverage(carets.keys(), glyphMap)
+    self.LigGlyph = [carets[g] for g in self.Coverage.glyphs]
+    self.LigGlyphCount = len(self.LigGlyph)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildLigGlyph(coords, points):
+    # ([500], [4]) --> otTables.LigGlyph; None for empty coords/points
+    carets = []
+    if coords:
+        coords = sorted(coords, key=lambda c: c[0] if isinstance(c, tuple) else c)
+        carets.extend([buildCaretValueForCoord(c) for c in coords])
+    if points:
+        carets.extend([buildCaretValueForPoint(p) for p in sorted(points)])
+    if not carets:
+        return None
+    self = ot.LigGlyph()
+    self.CaretValue = carets
+    self.CaretCount = len(self.CaretValue)
+    return self
+
+
+def buildMarkGlyphSetsDef(markSets, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a mark glyph sets definition table.
+
+    OpenType Layout lookups may choose to use mark filtering sets to consider
+    or ignore particular combinations of marks. These sets are specified by
+    setting a flag on the lookup, but the mark filtering sets are defined in
+    the ``GDEF`` table. This routine builds the subtable containing the mark
+    glyph set definitions.
+
+    Example::
+
+        set0 = set("acute", "grave")
+        set1 = set("caron", "grave")
+
+        markglyphsets = buildMarkGlyphSetsDef([set0, set1], font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+
+        markSets: A list of sets of glyphnames.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns
+        An ``otTables.MarkGlyphSetsDef`` object.
+    """
+    if not markSets:
+        return None
+    self = ot.MarkGlyphSetsDef()
+    self.MarkSetTableFormat = 1
+    self.Coverage = [buildCoverage(m, glyphMap) for m in markSets]
+    self.MarkSetCount = len(self.Coverage)
+    return self
+
+
+class ClassDefBuilder(object):
+    """Helper for building ClassDef tables."""
+
+    def __init__(self, useClass0):
+        self.classes_ = set()
+        self.glyphs_ = {}
+        self.useClass0_ = useClass0
+
+    def canAdd(self, glyphs):
+        if isinstance(glyphs, (set, frozenset)):
+            glyphs = sorted(glyphs)
+        glyphs = tuple(glyphs)
+        if glyphs in self.classes_:
+            return True
+        for glyph in glyphs:
+            if glyph in self.glyphs_:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def add(self, glyphs):
+        if isinstance(glyphs, (set, frozenset)):
+            glyphs = sorted(glyphs)
+        glyphs = tuple(glyphs)
+        if glyphs in self.classes_:
+            return
+        self.classes_.add(glyphs)
+        for glyph in glyphs:
+            if glyph in self.glyphs_:
+                raise OpenTypeLibError(
+                    f"Glyph {glyph} is already present in class.", None
+                )
+            self.glyphs_[glyph] = glyphs
+
+    def classes(self):
+        # In ClassDef1 tables, class id #0 does not need to be encoded
+        # because zero is the default. Therefore, we use id #0 for the
+        # glyph class that has the largest number of members. However,
+        # in other tables than ClassDef1, 0 means "every other glyph"
+        # so we should not use that ID for any real glyph classes;
+        # we implement this by inserting an empty set at position 0.
+        #
+        # TODO: Instead of counting the number of glyphs in each class,
+        # we should determine the encoded size. If the glyphs in a large
+        # class form a contiguous range, the encoding is actually quite
+        # compact, whereas a non-contiguous set might need a lot of bytes
+        # in the output file. We don't get this right with the key below.
+        result = sorted(self.classes_, key=lambda s: (-len(s), s))
+        if not self.useClass0_:
+            result.insert(0, frozenset())
+        return result
+
+    def build(self):
+        glyphClasses = {}
+        for classID, glyphs in enumerate(self.classes()):
+            if classID == 0:
+                continue
+            for glyph in glyphs:
+                glyphClasses[glyph] = classID
+        classDef = ot.ClassDef()
+        classDef.classDefs = glyphClasses
+        return classDef
+
+
+AXIS_VALUE_NEGATIVE_INFINITY = fixedToFloat(-0x80000000, 16)
+AXIS_VALUE_POSITIVE_INFINITY = fixedToFloat(0x7FFFFFFF, 16)
+
+STATName = Union[int, str, Dict[str, str]]
+"""A raw name ID, English name, or multilingual name."""
+
+
+def buildStatTable(
+    ttFont: TTFont,
+    axes,
+    locations=None,
+    elidedFallbackName: Union[STATName, STATNameStatement] = 2,
+    windowsNames: bool = True,
+    macNames: bool = True,
+) -> None:
+    """Add a 'STAT' table to 'ttFont'.
+
+    'axes' is a list of dictionaries describing axes and their
+    values.
+
+    Example::
+
+        axes = [
+            dict(
+                tag="wght",
+                name="Weight",
+                ordering=0,  # optional
+                values=[
+                    dict(value=100, name='Thin'),
+                    dict(value=300, name='Light'),
+                    dict(value=400, name='Regular', flags=0x2),
+                    dict(value=900, name='Black'),
+                ],
+            )
+        ]
+
+    Each axis dict must have 'tag' and 'name' items. 'tag' maps
+    to the 'AxisTag' field. 'name' can be a name ID (int), a string,
+    or a dictionary containing multilingual names (see the
+    addMultilingualName() name table method), and will translate to
+    the AxisNameID field.
+
+    An axis dict may contain an 'ordering' item that maps to the
+    AxisOrdering field. If omitted, the order of the axes list is
+    used to calculate AxisOrdering fields.
+
+    The axis dict may contain a 'values' item, which is a list of
+    dictionaries describing AxisValue records belonging to this axis.
+
+    Each value dict must have a 'name' item, which can be a name ID
+    (int), a string, or a dictionary containing multilingual names,
+    like the axis name. It translates to the ValueNameID field.
+
+    Optionally the value dict can contain a 'flags' item. It maps to
+    the AxisValue Flags field, and will be 0 when omitted.
+
+    The format of the AxisValue is determined by the remaining contents
+    of the value dictionary:
+
+    If the value dict contains a 'value' item, an AxisValue record
+    Format 1 is created. If in addition to the 'value' item it contains
+    a 'linkedValue' item, an AxisValue record Format 3 is built.
+
+    If the value dict contains a 'nominalValue' item, an AxisValue
+    record Format 2 is built. Optionally it may contain 'rangeMinValue'
+    and 'rangeMaxValue' items. These map to -Infinity and +Infinity
+    respectively if omitted.
+
+    You cannot specify Format 4 AxisValue tables this way, as they are
+    not tied to a single axis, and specify a name for a location that
+    is defined by multiple axes values. Instead, you need to supply the
+    'locations' argument.
+
+    The optional 'locations' argument specifies AxisValue Format 4
+    tables. It should be a list of dicts, where each dict has a 'name'
+    item, which works just like the value dicts above, an optional
+    'flags' item (defaulting to 0x0), and a 'location' dict. A
+    location dict key is an axis tag, and the associated value is the
+    location on the specified axis. They map to the AxisIndex and Value
+    fields of the AxisValueRecord.
+
+    Example::
+
+        locations = [
+            dict(name='Regular ABCD', location=dict(wght=300, ABCD=100)),
+            dict(name='Bold ABCD XYZ', location=dict(wght=600, ABCD=200)),
+        ]
+
+    The optional 'elidedFallbackName' argument can be a name ID (int),
+    a string, a dictionary containing multilingual names, or a list of
+    STATNameStatements. It translates to the ElidedFallbackNameID field.
+
+    The 'ttFont' argument must be a TTFont instance that already has a
+    'name' table. If a 'STAT' table already exists, it will be
+    overwritten by the newly created one.
+    """
+    ttFont["STAT"] = ttLib.newTable("STAT")
+    statTable = ttFont["STAT"].table = ot.STAT()
+    statTable.ElidedFallbackNameID = _addName(
+        ttFont, elidedFallbackName, windows=windowsNames, mac=macNames
+    )
+
+    # 'locations' contains data for AxisValue Format 4
+    axisRecords, axisValues = _buildAxisRecords(
+        axes, ttFont, windowsNames=windowsNames, macNames=macNames
+    )
+    if not locations:
+        statTable.Version = 0x00010001
+    else:
+        # We'll be adding Format 4 AxisValue records, which
+        # requires a higher table version
+        statTable.Version = 0x00010002
+        multiAxisValues = _buildAxisValuesFormat4(
+            locations, axes, ttFont, windowsNames=windowsNames, macNames=macNames
+        )
+        axisValues = multiAxisValues + axisValues
+    ttFont["name"].names.sort()
+
+    # Store AxisRecords
+    axisRecordArray = ot.AxisRecordArray()
+    axisRecordArray.Axis = axisRecords
+    # XXX these should not be hard-coded but computed automatically
+    statTable.DesignAxisRecordSize = 8
+    statTable.DesignAxisRecord = axisRecordArray
+    statTable.DesignAxisCount = len(axisRecords)
+
+    statTable.AxisValueCount = 0
+    statTable.AxisValueArray = None
+    if axisValues:
+        # Store AxisValueRecords
+        axisValueArray = ot.AxisValueArray()
+        axisValueArray.AxisValue = axisValues
+        statTable.AxisValueArray = axisValueArray
+        statTable.AxisValueCount = len(axisValues)
+
+
+def _buildAxisRecords(axes, ttFont, windowsNames=True, macNames=True):
+    axisRecords = []
+    axisValues = []
+    for axisRecordIndex, axisDict in enumerate(axes):
+        axis = ot.AxisRecord()
+        axis.AxisTag = axisDict["tag"]
+        axis.AxisNameID = _addName(
+            ttFont, axisDict["name"], 256, windows=windowsNames, mac=macNames
+        )
+        axis.AxisOrdering = axisDict.get("ordering", axisRecordIndex)
+        axisRecords.append(axis)
+
+        for axisVal in axisDict.get("values", ()):
+            axisValRec = ot.AxisValue()
+            axisValRec.AxisIndex = axisRecordIndex
+            axisValRec.Flags = axisVal.get("flags", 0)
+            axisValRec.ValueNameID = _addName(
+                ttFont, axisVal["name"], windows=windowsNames, mac=macNames
+            )
+
+            if "value" in axisVal:
+                axisValRec.Value = axisVal["value"]
+                if "linkedValue" in axisVal:
+                    axisValRec.Format = 3
+                    axisValRec.LinkedValue = axisVal["linkedValue"]
+                else:
+                    axisValRec.Format = 1
+            elif "nominalValue" in axisVal:
+                axisValRec.Format = 2
+                axisValRec.NominalValue = axisVal["nominalValue"]
+                axisValRec.RangeMinValue = axisVal.get(
+                    "rangeMinValue", AXIS_VALUE_NEGATIVE_INFINITY
+                )
+                axisValRec.RangeMaxValue = axisVal.get(
+                    "rangeMaxValue", AXIS_VALUE_POSITIVE_INFINITY
+                )
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Can't determine format for AxisValue")
+
+            axisValues.append(axisValRec)
+    return axisRecords, axisValues
+
+
+def _buildAxisValuesFormat4(locations, axes, ttFont, windowsNames=True, macNames=True):
+    axisTagToIndex = {}
+    for axisRecordIndex, axisDict in enumerate(axes):
+        axisTagToIndex[axisDict["tag"]] = axisRecordIndex
+
+    axisValues = []
+    for axisLocationDict in locations:
+        axisValRec = ot.AxisValue()
+        axisValRec.Format = 4
+        axisValRec.ValueNameID = _addName(
+            ttFont, axisLocationDict["name"], windows=windowsNames, mac=macNames
+        )
+        axisValRec.Flags = axisLocationDict.get("flags", 0)
+        axisValueRecords = []
+        for tag, value in axisLocationDict["location"].items():
+            avr = ot.AxisValueRecord()
+            avr.AxisIndex = axisTagToIndex[tag]
+            avr.Value = value
+            axisValueRecords.append(avr)
+        axisValueRecords.sort(key=lambda avr: avr.AxisIndex)
+        axisValRec.AxisCount = len(axisValueRecords)
+        axisValRec.AxisValueRecord = axisValueRecords
+        axisValues.append(axisValRec)
+    return axisValues
+
+
+def _addName(
+    ttFont: TTFont,
+    value: Union[STATName, STATNameStatement],
+    minNameID: int = 0,
+    windows: bool = True,
+    mac: bool = True,
+) -> int:
+    nameTable = ttFont["name"]
+    if isinstance(value, int):
+        # Already a nameID
+        return value
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        names = dict(en=value)
+    elif isinstance(value, dict):
+        names = value
+    elif isinstance(value, list):
+        nameID = nameTable._findUnusedNameID()
+        for nameRecord in value:
+            if isinstance(nameRecord, STATNameStatement):
+                nameTable.setName(
+                    nameRecord.string,
+                    nameID,
+                    nameRecord.platformID,
+                    nameRecord.platEncID,
+                    nameRecord.langID,
+                )
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("value must be a list of STATNameStatements")
+        return nameID
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("value must be int, str, dict or list")
+    return nameTable.addMultilingualName(
+        names, ttFont=ttFont, windows=windows, mac=mac, minNameID=minNameID
+    )
+
+
+def buildMathTable(
+    ttFont,
+    constants=None,
+    italicsCorrections=None,
+    topAccentAttachments=None,
+    extendedShapes=None,
+    mathKerns=None,
+    minConnectorOverlap=0,
+    vertGlyphVariants=None,
+    horizGlyphVariants=None,
+    vertGlyphAssembly=None,
+    horizGlyphAssembly=None,
+):
+    """
+    Add a 'MATH' table to 'ttFont'.
+
+    'constants' is a dictionary of math constants. The keys are the constant
+    names from the MATH table specification (with capital first letter), and the
+    values are the constant values as numbers.
+
+    'italicsCorrections' is a dictionary of italic corrections. The keys are the
+    glyph names, and the values are the italic corrections as numbers.
+
+    'topAccentAttachments' is a dictionary of top accent attachments. The keys
+    are the glyph names, and the values are the top accent horizontal positions
+    as numbers.
+
+    'extendedShapes' is a set of extended shape glyphs.
+
+    'mathKerns' is a dictionary of math kerns. The keys are the glyph names, and
+    the values are dictionaries. The keys of these dictionaries are the side
+    names ('TopRight', 'TopLeft', 'BottomRight', 'BottomLeft'), and the values
+    are tuples of two lists. The first list contains the correction heights as
+    numbers, and the second list contains the kern values as numbers.
+
+    'minConnectorOverlap' is the minimum connector overlap as a number.
+
+    'vertGlyphVariants' is a dictionary of vertical glyph variants. The keys are
+    the glyph names, and the values are tuples of glyph name and full advance height.
+
+    'horizGlyphVariants' is a dictionary of horizontal glyph variants. The keys
+    are the glyph names, and the values are tuples of glyph name and full
+    advance width.
+
+    'vertGlyphAssembly' is a dictionary of vertical glyph assemblies. The keys
+    are the glyph names, and the values are tuples of assembly parts and italics
+    correction. The assembly parts are tuples of glyph name, flags, start
+    connector length, end connector length, and full advance height.
+
+    'horizGlyphAssembly' is a dictionary of horizontal glyph assemblies. The
+    keys are the glyph names, and the values are tuples of assembly parts
+    and italics correction. The assembly parts are tuples of glyph name, flags,
+    start connector length, end connector length, and full advance width.
+
+    Where a number is expected, an integer or a float can be used. The floats
+    will be rounded.
+
+    Example::
+
+        constants = {
+            "ScriptPercentScaleDown": 70,
+            "ScriptScriptPercentScaleDown": 50,
+            "DelimitedSubFormulaMinHeight": 24,
+            "DisplayOperatorMinHeight": 60,
+            ...
+        }
+        italicsCorrections = {
+            "fitalic-math": 100,
+            "fbolditalic-math": 120,
+            ...
+        }
+        topAccentAttachments = {
+            "circumflexcomb": 500,
+            "acutecomb": 400,
+            "A": 300,
+            "B": 340,
+            ...
+        }
+        extendedShapes = {"parenleft", "parenright", ...}
+        mathKerns = {
+            "A": {
+                "TopRight": ([-50, -100], [10, 20, 30]),
+                "TopLeft": ([50, 100], [10, 20, 30]),
+                ...
+            },
+            ...
+        }
+        vertGlyphVariants = {
+            "parenleft": [("parenleft", 700), ("parenleft.size1", 1000), ...],
+            "parenright": [("parenright", 700), ("parenright.size1", 1000), ...],
+            ...
+        }
+        vertGlyphAssembly = {
+            "braceleft": [
+                (
+                    ("braceleft.bottom", 0, 0, 200, 500),
+                    ("braceleft.extender", 1, 200, 200, 200)),
+                    ("braceleft.middle", 0, 100, 100, 700),
+                    ("braceleft.extender", 1, 200, 200, 200),
+                    ("braceleft.top", 0, 200, 0, 500),
+                ),
+                100,
+            ],
+            ...
+        }
+    """
+    glyphMap = ttFont.getReverseGlyphMap()
+
+    ttFont["MATH"] = math = ttLib.newTable("MATH")
+    math.table = table = ot.MATH()
+    table.Version = 0x00010000
+    table.populateDefaults()
+
+    table.MathConstants = _buildMathConstants(constants)
+    table.MathGlyphInfo = _buildMathGlyphInfo(
+        glyphMap,
+        italicsCorrections,
+        topAccentAttachments,
+        extendedShapes,
+        mathKerns,
+    )
+    table.MathVariants = _buildMathVariants(
+        glyphMap,
+        minConnectorOverlap,
+        vertGlyphVariants,
+        horizGlyphVariants,
+        vertGlyphAssembly,
+        horizGlyphAssembly,
+    )
+
+
+def _buildMathConstants(constants):
+    if not constants:
+        return None
+
+    mathConstants = ot.MathConstants()
+    for conv in mathConstants.getConverters():
+        value = otRound(constants.get(conv.name, 0))
+        if conv.tableClass:
+            assert issubclass(conv.tableClass, ot.MathValueRecord)
+            value = _mathValueRecord(value)
+        setattr(mathConstants, conv.name, value)
+    return mathConstants
+
+
+def _buildMathGlyphInfo(
+    glyphMap,
+    italicsCorrections,
+    topAccentAttachments,
+    extendedShapes,
+    mathKerns,
+):
+    if not any([extendedShapes, italicsCorrections, topAccentAttachments, mathKerns]):
+        return None
+
+    info = ot.MathGlyphInfo()
+    info.populateDefaults()
+
+    if italicsCorrections:
+        coverage = buildCoverage(italicsCorrections.keys(), glyphMap)
+        info.MathItalicsCorrectionInfo = ot.MathItalicsCorrectionInfo()
+        info.MathItalicsCorrectionInfo.Coverage = coverage
+        info.MathItalicsCorrectionInfo.ItalicsCorrectionCount = len(coverage.glyphs)
+        info.MathItalicsCorrectionInfo.ItalicsCorrection = [
+            _mathValueRecord(italicsCorrections[n]) for n in coverage.glyphs
+        ]
+
+    if topAccentAttachments:
+        coverage = buildCoverage(topAccentAttachments.keys(), glyphMap)
+        info.MathTopAccentAttachment = ot.MathTopAccentAttachment()
+        info.MathTopAccentAttachment.TopAccentCoverage = coverage
+        info.MathTopAccentAttachment.TopAccentAttachmentCount = len(coverage.glyphs)
+        info.MathTopAccentAttachment.TopAccentAttachment = [
+            _mathValueRecord(topAccentAttachments[n]) for n in coverage.glyphs
+        ]
+
+    if extendedShapes:
+        info.ExtendedShapeCoverage = buildCoverage(extendedShapes, glyphMap)
+
+    if mathKerns:
+        coverage = buildCoverage(mathKerns.keys(), glyphMap)
+        info.MathKernInfo = ot.MathKernInfo()
+        info.MathKernInfo.MathKernCoverage = coverage
+        info.MathKernInfo.MathKernCount = len(coverage.glyphs)
+        info.MathKernInfo.MathKernInfoRecords = []
+        for glyph in coverage.glyphs:
+            record = ot.MathKernInfoRecord()
+            for side in {"TopRight", "TopLeft", "BottomRight", "BottomLeft"}:
+                if side in mathKerns[glyph]:
+                    correctionHeights, kernValues = mathKerns[glyph][side]
+                    assert len(correctionHeights) == len(kernValues) - 1
+                    kern = ot.MathKern()
+                    kern.HeightCount = len(correctionHeights)
+                    kern.CorrectionHeight = [
+                        _mathValueRecord(h) for h in correctionHeights
+                    ]
+                    kern.KernValue = [_mathValueRecord(v) for v in kernValues]
+                    setattr(record, f"{side}MathKern", kern)
+            info.MathKernInfo.MathKernInfoRecords.append(record)
+
+    return info
+
+
+def _buildMathVariants(
+    glyphMap,
+    minConnectorOverlap,
+    vertGlyphVariants,
+    horizGlyphVariants,
+    vertGlyphAssembly,
+    horizGlyphAssembly,
+):
+    if not any(
+        [vertGlyphVariants, horizGlyphVariants, vertGlyphAssembly, horizGlyphAssembly]
+    ):
+        return None
+
+    variants = ot.MathVariants()
+    variants.populateDefaults()
+
+    variants.MinConnectorOverlap = minConnectorOverlap
+
+    if vertGlyphVariants or vertGlyphAssembly:
+        variants.VertGlyphCoverage, variants.VertGlyphConstruction = (
+            _buildMathGlyphConstruction(
+                glyphMap,
+                vertGlyphVariants,
+                vertGlyphAssembly,
+            )
+        )
+
+    if horizGlyphVariants or horizGlyphAssembly:
+        variants.HorizGlyphCoverage, variants.HorizGlyphConstruction = (
+            _buildMathGlyphConstruction(
+                glyphMap,
+                horizGlyphVariants,
+                horizGlyphAssembly,
+            )
+        )
+
+    return variants
+
+
+def _buildMathGlyphConstruction(glyphMap, variants, assemblies):
+    glyphs = set()
+    if variants:
+        glyphs.update(variants.keys())
+    if assemblies:
+        glyphs.update(assemblies.keys())
+    coverage = buildCoverage(glyphs, glyphMap)
+    constructions = []
+
+    for glyphName in coverage.glyphs:
+        construction = ot.MathGlyphConstruction()
+        construction.populateDefaults()
+
+        if variants and glyphName in variants:
+            construction.VariantCount = len(variants[glyphName])
+            construction.MathGlyphVariantRecord = []
+            for variantName, advance in variants[glyphName]:
+                record = ot.MathGlyphVariantRecord()
+                record.VariantGlyph = variantName
+                record.AdvanceMeasurement = otRound(advance)
+                construction.MathGlyphVariantRecord.append(record)
+
+        if assemblies and glyphName in assemblies:
+            parts, ic = assemblies[glyphName]
+            construction.GlyphAssembly = ot.GlyphAssembly()
+            construction.GlyphAssembly.ItalicsCorrection = _mathValueRecord(ic)
+            construction.GlyphAssembly.PartCount = len(parts)
+            construction.GlyphAssembly.PartRecords = []
+            for part in parts:
+                part_name, flags, start, end, advance = part
+                record = ot.GlyphPartRecord()
+                record.glyph = part_name
+                record.PartFlags = int(flags)
+                record.StartConnectorLength = otRound(start)
+                record.EndConnectorLength = otRound(end)
+                record.FullAdvance = otRound(advance)
+                construction.GlyphAssembly.PartRecords.append(record)
+
+        constructions.append(construction)
+
+    return coverage, constructions
+
+
+def _mathValueRecord(value):
+    value_record = ot.MathValueRecord()
+    value_record.Value = otRound(value)
+    return value_record