evalscope 0.12.0__py3-none-any.whl → 0.13.0__py3-none-any.whl

evalscope/benchmarks/math_500/math_500_adapter.py

@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
-from collections import defaultdict
-
 from evalscope.benchmarks import Benchmark, DataAdapter
-from evalscope.constants import AnswerKeys
 from evalscope.metrics.math_parser import extract_answer, math_equal, strip_answer_string
-from evalscope.models import ChatGenerationModelAdapter
 from evalscope.utils.logger import get_logger
 
 # flake8: noqa
@@ -13,8 +9,8 @@ logger = get_logger()
 
 @Benchmark.register(
     name='math_500',
+    pretty_name='MATH-500',
     dataset_id='AI-ModelScope/MATH-500',
-    model_adapter=ChatGenerationModelAdapter,
     subset_list=['Level 1', 'Level 2', 'Level 3', 'Level 4', 'Level 5'],
     metric_list=['AveragePass@1'],
     few_shot_num=0,
@@ -40,7 +36,7 @@ class Math500Adapter(DataAdapter):
         problem = input_d['problem']
         full_prompt = self.prompt_template.format(query=problem)
 
-        return {'data': [full_prompt], 'system_prompt': self.system_prompt}
+        return self.gen_prompt_data(full_prompt)
 
     def get_gold_answer(self, input_d: dict) -> str:
         # Extract the gold answer from the input dict.

evalscope/benchmarks/mmlu/mmlu_adapter.py

@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ import csv
 import os
 
 from evalscope.benchmarks import Benchmark, DataAdapter
-from evalscope.constants import EvalType
+from evalscope.constants import EvalType, OutputType
 from evalscope.metrics import exact_match
-from evalscope.models import MultiChoiceModelAdapter
 from evalscope.utils import ResponseParser
 from evalscope.utils.logger import get_logger
 
@@ -136,19 +135,20 @@ SUBJECT_MAPPING = {
 
 @Benchmark.register(
     name='mmlu',
+    pretty_name='MMLU',
     dataset_id='modelscope/mmlu',
-    model_adapter=MultiChoiceModelAdapter,
+    model_adapter=OutputType.MULTIPLE_CHOICE,
+    output_types=[OutputType.MULTIPLE_CHOICE, OutputType.GENERATION],
     subset_list=SUBSET_LIST,
     metric_list=['AverageAccuracy'],
     few_shot_num=5,
     train_split='train',
     eval_split='test',
-    prompt_template='The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about {subset_name}. \n{query}',
+    prompt_template=
+    'Answer the following multiple choice question about {subset_name}. There is only one correct answer. The last line of your response should be in the format "Answer: LETTER" (without quotes), where LETTER is one of A, B, C, D. \n{query}',
 )
 class MMLUAdapter(DataAdapter):
 
-    choices = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
-
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
 
         few_shot_num = kwargs.get('few_shot_num', 5)
@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ class MMLUAdapter(DataAdapter):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         self.category_map = {k: v[-1] for k, v in SUBJECT_MAPPING.items()}
+        self.choices = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
 
     def load_from_disk(self, dataset_name_or_path, subset_list, work_dir, **kwargs) -> dict:
         data_dict = {}
@@ -227,7 +228,7 @@ class MMLUAdapter(DataAdapter):
 
         full_prompt = self.prompt_template.format(subset_name=self._format_subject(subset_name), query=query)
 
-        return {'data': [full_prompt], 'multi_choices': self.choices, 'system_prompt': self.system_prompt}
+        return self.gen_prompt_data(full_prompt)
 
     def get_gold_answer(self, input_d: dict) -> str:
         # Get the gold choice
@@ -245,26 +246,21 @@ class MMLUAdapter(DataAdapter):
         Returns:
             The parsed answer. Depending on the dataset. Usually a string for chat.
         """
-        if eval_type == EvalType.CHECKPOINT:
+        if self.model_adapter == OutputType.MULTIPLE_CHOICE:
             return result
-        elif eval_type == EvalType.SERVICE:
-            return ResponseParser.parse_first_option_with_choices(result, self.choices)
-        elif eval_type == EvalType.CUSTOM:
-            return ResponseParser.parse_first_option_with_choices(result, self.choices)
         else:
-            raise ValueError(f'Invalid eval_type: {eval_type}')
+            return ResponseParser.parse_first_option(result)
 
     def match(self, gold: str, pred: str) -> float:
         return exact_match(gold=gold, pred=pred)
 
-    @classmethod
-    def _generate_prompt(cls, input_d: dict, include_answer=True) -> str:
+    def _generate_prompt(self, input_d: dict, include_answer=True) -> str:
 
         input_choices: list = [input_d['A'], input_d['B'], input_d['C'], input_d['D']]
 
         example: str = input_d['input']
-        for j in range(len(cls.choices)):
-            example += '\n{}. {}'.format(cls.choices[j], input_choices[j])
+        for j in range(len(self.choices)):
+            example += '\n{}. {}'.format(self.choices[j], input_choices[j])
 
         example += '\nAnswer:'
         if include_answer:

evalscope/benchmarks/mmlu_pro/mmlu_pro_adapter.py

@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@ from collections import defaultdict
 from typing import Any, Dict
 
 from evalscope.benchmarks import Benchmark, DataAdapter
-from evalscope.constants import AnswerKeys, EvalType
+from evalscope.constants import EvalType, OutputType
 from evalscope.metrics import exact_match
-from evalscope.models import ChatGenerationModelAdapter
 from evalscope.utils.utils import ResponseParser
 
 SUBSET_LIST = [
@@ -15,8 +14,10 @@ SUBSET_LIST = [
 
 @Benchmark.register(
     name='mmlu_pro',
+    pretty_name='MMLU-Pro',
     dataset_id='modelscope/MMLU-Pro',
-    model_adapter=ChatGenerationModelAdapter,
+    model_adapter=OutputType.GENERATION,
+    output_types=[OutputType.MULTIPLE_CHOICE, OutputType.GENERATION],
     subset_list=SUBSET_LIST,
     metric_list=['AverageAccuracy'],
     few_shot_num=5,
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ class MMLUProAdapter(DataAdapter):
             self.__form_options(input_d['options']) + '\n'
 
         full_prompt = self.prompt_template.format(subset_name=subset_name, query=query)
-        return {'data': [full_prompt], 'system_prompt': self.system_prompt}
+        return self.gen_prompt_data(full_prompt)
 
     def format_fewshot_examples(self, few_shot_list):
         # load few-shot prompts for each category
@@ -88,7 +89,10 @@ class MMLUProAdapter(DataAdapter):
         Returns:
             The parsed answer. Depending on the dataset. Usually a string for chat.
         """
-        return ResponseParser.parse_first_option(result)
+        if self.model_adapter == OutputType.MULTIPLE_CHOICE:
+            return result
+        else:
+            return ResponseParser.parse_first_option(result)
 
     def match(self, gold: str, pred: str) -> float:
         """

evalscope/benchmarks/musr/musr_adapter.py

@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@ import ast
 from typing import Any
 
 from evalscope.benchmarks import Benchmark, DataAdapter
-from evalscope.constants import EvalType
+from evalscope.constants import EvalType, OutputType
 from evalscope.metrics import exact_match
-from evalscope.models import ChatGenerationModelAdapter
 from evalscope.utils.utils import ResponseParser
 
 
@@ -12,7 +11,8 @@ from evalscope.utils.utils import ResponseParser
     name='musr',
     pretty_name='MuSR',
     dataset_id='AI-ModelScope/MuSR',
-    model_adapter=ChatGenerationModelAdapter,
+    model_adapter=OutputType.GENERATION,
+    output_types=[OutputType.MULTIPLE_CHOICE, OutputType.GENERATION],
     subset_list=['murder_mysteries', 'object_placements', 'team_allocation'],
     metric_list=['AverageAccuracy'],
     few_shot_num=0,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class MuSRAdapter(DataAdapter):
         full_prompt = self.prompt_template.format(
             narrative=input_d['narrative'], question=input_d['question'], choices=choices)
 
-        return {'data': [full_prompt], 'system_prompt': self.system_prompt}
+        return self.gen_prompt_data(full_prompt)
 
     def format_choice(self, options: list):
         option_str = ''
@@ -59,7 +59,10 @@ class MuSRAdapter(DataAdapter):
         """
         Parse the predicted result and extract proper answer.
         """
-        return ResponseParser.parse_first_option(result)
+        if self.model_adapter == OutputType.MULTIPLE_CHOICE:
+            return result
+        else:
+            return ResponseParser.parse_first_option(result)
 
     def match(self, gold: str, pred: str) -> float:
         """

evalscope/benchmarks/process_bench/process_bench_adapter.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from typing import Any, List
 from evalscope.benchmarks import Benchmark, DataAdapter
 from evalscope.constants import AnswerKeys, EvalType
 from evalscope.metrics import Metric, mean, metric_registry, simple_f1_score
-from evalscope.models import ChatGenerationModelAdapter
 
 cur_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
 
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ cur_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
     name='process_bench',
     pretty_name='ProcessBench',
     dataset_id='Qwen/ProcessBench',
-    model_adapter=ChatGenerationModelAdapter,
     subset_list=['gsm8k', 'math', 'olympiadbench', 'omnimath'],
     metric_list=['error_acc', 'correct_acc', 'simple_f1_score'],
     few_shot_num=0,
@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ class ProcessBenchAdapter(DataAdapter):
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
-        self.prompt_template = open(os.path.join(cur_path, 'critique_template.txt')).read()
+        self.prompt_template = open(os.path.join(cur_path, 'critique_template.txt'), encoding='utf-8').read()
 
         # register metrics
         metric_registry.register(Metric(name='error_acc', object=mean))
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ class ProcessBenchAdapter(DataAdapter):
 
         full_prompt = self.prompt_template.format(problem=problem, tagged_response=tagged_response)
 
-        return {'data': [full_prompt], 'system_prompt': self.system_prompt}
+        return self.gen_prompt_data(full_prompt)
 
     def get_gold_answer(self, input_d: dict) -> str:
         """
@@ -84,7 +82,12 @@ class ProcessBenchAdapter(DataAdapter):
                 correct_data.append(res)
             else:
                 error_data.append(res)
-        data = {'error_acc': error_data, 'correct_acc': correct_data, 'simple_f1_score': (correct_data, error_data)}
+        data = {}
+        if len(correct_data) != 0:
+            data.update({'correct_acc': correct_data})
+        if len(error_data) != 0:
+            data.update({'error_acc': error_data})
+        data.update({'simple_f1_score': (correct_data, error_data)})
         return super().compute_metric(data)
 
     @staticmethod

evalscope/benchmarks/race/race_adapter.py

@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@
 import os
 
 from evalscope.benchmarks import Benchmark, DataAdapter
-from evalscope.constants import EvalType
+from evalscope.constants import EvalType, OutputType
 from evalscope.metrics import exact_match
-from evalscope.models import MultiChoiceModelAdapter
 from evalscope.utils import ResponseParser
 from evalscope.utils.io_utils import jsonl_to_list
 from evalscope.utils.logger import get_logger
@@ -17,8 +16,10 @@ logger = get_logger()
 
 @Benchmark.register(
     name='race',
+    pretty_name='RACE',
     dataset_id='modelscope/race',
-    model_adapter=MultiChoiceModelAdapter,
+    model_adapter=OutputType.MULTIPLE_CHOICE,
+    output_types=[OutputType.MULTIPLE_CHOICE, OutputType.GENERATION],
     subset_list=['high', 'middle'],
     metric_list=['AverageAccuracy'],
     few_shot_num=3,
@@ -27,8 +28,6 @@ logger = get_logger()
 )
 class RACEAdapter(DataAdapter):
 
-    choices = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
-
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         few_shot_num = kwargs.get('few_shot_num', 3)
         if few_shot_num > 3:
@@ -37,6 +36,8 @@ class RACEAdapter(DataAdapter):
 
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
+        self.choices = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
+
     def load_from_disk(self, dataset_name_or_path, subset_list, work_dir, **kwargs) -> dict:
         data_dict = {}
         for subset_name in subset_list:
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ class RACEAdapter(DataAdapter):
 
         full_prompt: str = context.strip() + self._generate_prompt(input_d=input_d, include_answer=False)
 
-        return {'data': [full_prompt], 'multi_choices': self.choices, 'system_prompt': self.system_prompt}
+        return self.gen_prompt_data(full_prompt)
 
     def get_gold_answer(self, input_d: dict) -> str:
         # Get the gold choice
@@ -100,26 +101,21 @@ class RACEAdapter(DataAdapter):
         Returns:
             The parsed answer. Depending on the dataset. Usually a string for chat.
         """
-        if eval_type == EvalType.CHECKPOINT:
+        if self.model_adapter == OutputType.MULTIPLE_CHOICE:
             return result
-        elif eval_type == EvalType.SERVICE:
-            return ResponseParser.parse_first_option_with_choices(result, self.choices)  # TODO: to be checked !
-        elif eval_type == EvalType.CUSTOM:
-            return ResponseParser.parse_first_option_with_choices(result, self.choices)  # TODO: to be checked !
         else:
-            raise ValueError(f'Unknown eval_type: {eval_type}')
+            return ResponseParser.parse_first_option_with_choices(result, self.choices)
 
     def match(self, gold: str, pred: str) -> float:
         return exact_match(gold=gold, pred=pred)
 
-    @classmethod
-    def _generate_prompt(cls, input_d: dict, include_answer=True) -> str:
+    def _generate_prompt(self, input_d: dict, include_answer=True) -> str:
 
         input_choices: list = input_d['options']
 
         example: str = 'Article:\n{}\nQuestion:\n{}'.format(input_d['article'], input_d['question'])
-        for j in range(len(cls.choices)):
-            example += '\n{}. {}'.format(cls.choices[j], input_choices[j])
+        for j in range(len(self.choices)):
+            example += '\n{}. {}'.format(self.choices[j], input_choices[j])
 
         example += '\nAnswer:'
         if include_answer:

evalscope/benchmarks/simple_qa/simple_qa_adapter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+import re
+from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import Any, List
+
+from evalscope.benchmarks import Benchmark, DataAdapter
+from evalscope.metrics import Metric, mean, metric_registry
+from evalscope.metrics.llm_judge import LLMJudge
+from evalscope.utils.logger import get_logger
+
+# flake8: noqa
+
+logger = get_logger()
+
+GRADER_TEMPLATE = """
+Your job is to look at a question, a gold target, and a predicted answer, and then assign a grade of either ["CORRECT", "INCORRECT", "NOT_ATTEMPTED"].
+First, I will give examples of each grade, and then you will grade a new example.
+
+
+The following are examples of CORRECT predicted answers.
+```
+Question: What are the names of Barack Obama's children?
+Gold target: Malia Obama and Sasha Obama
+Predicted answer 1: sasha and malia obama
+Predicted answer 2: most people would say Malia and Sasha, but I'm not sure and would have to double check
+Predicted answer 3: Barack Obama has two daughters. Their names are Malia Ann and Natasha Marian, but they are commonly referred to as Malia Obama and Sasha Obama. Malia was born on July 4, 1998, and Sasha was born on June 10, 2001.
+```
+These predicted answers are all CORRECT because:
+    - They fully contain the important information in the gold target.
+    - They do not contain any information that contradicts the gold target.
+    - Only semantic meaning matters; capitalization, punctuation, grammar, and order don't matter.
+    - Hedging and guessing are permissible, provided that the gold target is fully included and the response contains no incorrect information or contradictions.
+
+
+The following are examples of INCORRECT predicted answers.
+```
+Question: What are the names of Barack Obama's children?
+Gold target: Malia and Sasha
+Predicted answer 1: Malia.
+Predicted answer 2: Malia, Sasha, and Susan.
+Predicted answer 3: Barack Obama does not have any children.
+Predicted answer 4: I think it's either Malia and Sasha. Or it could be Malia and Jackie. Or it could be Joey and Malia.
+Predicted answer 4: While I don't know their exact names, I can tell you that Barack Obama has three children.
+Predicted answer 5: It's possible you may mean Betsy and Olivia. However, you should clarify further details with updated references if necessary. Is that the correct answer?
+Predicted answer 6: It may be the case that Obama's child is named James. However, it's recommended to confirm the most accurate and updated information since this could change over time. This model may not always reflect the most current information.
+```
+These predicted answers are all INCORRECT because:
+    - A factual statement in the answer contradicts the gold target. Incorrect statements that have some hedging (e.g., "it is possible that", "although i'm not sure, i think") are also considered incorrect.
+
+
+The following are examples of NOT_ATTEMPTED predicted answers.
+```
+Question: What are the names of Barack Obama's children?
+Gold target: Malia and Sasha
+Predicted answer 1: I don't know.
+Predicted answer 2: I need more context about which Obama you are talking about.
+Predicted answer 3: Without researching the web, I cannot answer this question. However, I can tell you that Barack Obama has two children.
+Predicted answer 4: Barack Obama has two children. I know that one of them is Malia, but I'm not sure about the other one.
+```
+These predicted answers are all NOT_ATTEMPTED because:
+    - The important information in the gold target is not included in the answer.
+    - No statements in the answer contradict the gold target.
+
+
+Also note the following things:
+- For grading questions where the gold target is a number, the predicted answer needs to be correct to the last significant figure in the gold answer. For example, consider a question "How many citations does the Transformer Paper have?" with gold target "120k".
+    - Predicted answers "120k", "124k", and 115k" are all CORRECT.
+    - Predicted answers "100k" and "113k" are INCORRECT.
+    - Predicted answers "around 100k" and "more than 50k" are considered NOT_ATTEMPTED because they neither confirm nor contradict the gold target.
+- The gold target may contain more information than the question. In such cases, the predicted answer only needs to contain the information that is in the question.
+    - For example, consider the question "What episode did Derek and Meredith get legally married in Grey's Anatomy?" with gold target "Season 7, Episode 20: White Wedding". Either "Season 7, Episode 20" or "White Wedding" would be considered a CORRECT answer.
+- Do not punish predicted answers if they omit information that would be clearly inferred from the question.
+    - For example, consider the question "What city is OpenAI headquartered in?" and the gold target "San Francisco, California". The predicted answer "San Francisco" would be considered CORRECT, even though it does not include "California".
+    - Consider the question "What award did A pretrainer's guide to training data: Measuring the effects of data age, domain coverage, quality, & toxicity win at NAACL '24?", the gold target is "Outstanding Paper Award". The predicted answer "Outstanding Paper" would be considered CORRECT, because "award" is presumed in the question.
+    - For the question "What is the height of Jason Wei in meters?", the gold target is "1.73 m". The predicted answer "1.75" would be considered CORRECT, because meters is specified in the question.
+    - For the question "What is the name of Barack Obama's wife?", the gold target is "Michelle Obama". The predicted answer "Michelle" would be considered CORRECT, because the last name can be presumed.
+- Do not punish for typos in people's name if it's clearly the same name.
+    - For example, if the gold target is "Hyung Won Chung", you can consider the following predicted answers as correct: "Hyoong Won Choong", "Hyungwon Chung", or "Hyun Won Chung".
+
+
+Here is a new example. Simply reply with either CORRECT, INCORRECT, NOT ATTEMPTED. Don't apologize or correct yourself if there was a mistake; we are just trying to grade the answer.
+```
+Question: {question}
+Gold target: {target}
+Predicted answer: {predicted_answer}
+```
+
+Grade the predicted answer of this new question as one of:
+A: CORRECT
+B: INCORRECT
+C: NOT_ATTEMPTED
+
+Just return the letters "A", "B", or "C", with no text around it.
+""".strip()  # noqa: E501
+
+
+@Benchmark.register(
+    name='simple_qa',
+    pretty_name='SimpleQA',
+    dataset_id='AI-ModelScope/SimpleQA',
+    metric_list=['is_correct', 'is_incorrect', 'is_not_attempted'],
+    few_shot_num=0,
+    train_split=None,
+    eval_split='test')
+class SimpleQAAdapter(DataAdapter):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # register metrics
+        metric_registry.register(Metric(name='is_correct', object=mean))
+        metric_registry.register(Metric(name='is_incorrect', object=mean))
+        metric_registry.register(Metric(name='is_not_attempted', object=mean))
+
+        # whether to use LLM as a judge
+        self.llm_as_a_judge = True
+
+    def gen_prompt(self, input_d: dict, subset_name: str, few_shot_list: list, **kwargs) -> dict:
+        question = input_d['problem']
+        return self.gen_prompt_data(question)
+
+    def get_gold_answer(self, input_d: dict) -> str:
+        return input_d['answer']
+
+    def parse_pred_result(self, result: str, raw_input_d: dict = None, **kwargs) -> str:
+        return result.strip()
+
+    def match(self, gold: str, pred: str) -> float:
+        # simple match
+        logger.warning(f'Please use LLMJudge to match the result for SimpleQA')
+        is_correct = 1 if gold.lower().strip() == pred.lower().strip() else 0
+        is_incorrect = not is_correct
+        is_not_attempted = 0
+        return {
+            'is_correct': is_correct,
+            'is_incorrect': is_incorrect,
+            'is_not_attempted': is_not_attempted,
+        }
+
+    def llm_match(self, gold: Any, pred: Any, judge: LLMJudge, **kwargs) -> dict:
+        raw_input = kwargs.get('raw_input', None)
+        question = raw_input['problem']
+        # get grading response
+        prompt = GRADER_TEMPLATE.format(question=question, target=gold, predicted_answer=pred)
+        grading_response = judge(prompt)
+        # parse grading response
+        match = re.search(r'(A|B|C)', grading_response)
+        res = match.group(0) if match else 'C'
+        return {
+            'is_correct': 1 if res == 'A' else 0,
+            'is_incorrect': 1 if res == 'B' else 0,
+            'is_not_attempted': 1 if res == 'C' else 0,
+        }
+
+    def compute_metric(self, review_res_list: List[dict], **kwargs) -> List[dict]:
+        """
+        compute weighted mean of the bleu score of all samples
+
+        Args:
+            review_res_list: [{'is_correct': 1, 'is_incorrect': 0, 'is_not_attempted': 0}, ...]
+        """
+        # zip dict answers
+        res_dict = defaultdict(list)
+        for res in review_res_list:
+            for key, value in res.items():
+                res_dict[key].append(value)
+
+        return super().compute_metric(res_dict, **kwargs)

evalscope/benchmarks/super_gpqa/five_shot_prompt.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+Answer the following multiple choice question. There is only one correct answer. The last line of your response should be in the format 'Answer: $LETTER' (without quotes), where LETTER is one of A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, or J.
+
+Question:
+A refracting telescope consists of two converging lenses separated by 100 cm. The eye-piece lens has a focal length of 20 cm. The angular magnification of the telescope is
+A) 10
+B) 40
+C) 6
+D) 25
+E) 15
+F) 50
+G) 30
+H) 4
+I) 5
+J) 20
+
+Answer: Let's think step by step. In a refracting telescope, if both lenses are converging, the focus of both lenses must be between the two lenses, and thus the focal lengths of the two lenses must add up to their separation. Since the focal length of one lens is 20 cm, the focal length of the other must be 80 cm. The magnification is the ratio of these two focal lengths, or 4.
+Answer: H.
+
+Question:
+Say the pupil of your eye has a diameter of 5 mm and you have a telescope with an aperture of 50 cm. How much more light can the telescope gather than your eye?
+A) 1000 times more
+B) 50 times more
+C) 5000 times more
+D) 500 times more
+E) 10000 times more
+F) 20000 times more
+G) 2000 times more
+H) 100 times more
+I) 10 times more
+J) N/A
+
+Answer: Let's think step by step. The amount of light a telescope can gather compared to the human eye is proportional to the area of its apertures. The area of a circle is given by the formula $A = \pi \left(\frac{{D}}{{2}}\right)^2$, where $D$ is the diameter. Therefore, the relative light-gathering power is calculated as:
+\[
+\frac{{\left(\frac{{50 \text{{ cm}}}}{{2}}\right)^2}}{{\left(\frac{{5 \text{{ mm}}}}{{2}}\right)^2}} = \frac{{\left(\frac{{50 \text{{ cm}}}}{{0.1 \text{{ cm}}}}\right)^2}}{{\left(\frac{{5 \text{{ mm}}}}{{0.1 \text{{ cm}}}}\right)^2}} = \frac{{500^2}}{{5^2}} = 10000.
+\]
+Answer: E.
+
+Question:
+Where do most short-period comets come from and how do we know?
+A) The Kuiper belt; short period comets tend to be in the plane of the solar system like the Kuiper belt.
+B) The asteroid belt; short period comets tend to come from random directions indicating a spherical distribution of comets called the asteroid belt.
+C) The asteroid belt; short period comets tend to be in the plane of the solar system just like the asteroid belt.
+D) The Oort cloud; short period comets have orbital periods similar to asteroids like Vesta and are found in the plane of the solar system just like the Oort cloud.
+E) The Oort Cloud; short period comets tend to come from random directions indicating a spherical distribution of comets called the Oort Cloud.
+F) The Oort cloud; short period comets tend to be in the plane of the solar system just like the Oort cloud.
+G) The asteroid belt; short period comets have orbital periods similar to asteroids like Vesta and are found in the plane of the solar system just like the asteroid belt.
+Answer: Let's think step by step. Most short-period comets originate from the Kuiper belt. This is deduced from the observation that these comets tend to follow orbits that lie in the plane of the solar system, similar to the distribution of objects in the Kuiper belt itself. Thus, the alignment of these cometary orbits with the ecliptic plane points to their Kuiper belt origin.
+Answer: A.
+
+Question:
+Colors in a soap bubble result from light
+A) dispersion
+B) deflection
+C) refraction
+D) reflection
+E) interference
+F) converted to a different frequency
+G) polarization
+H) absorption
+I) diffraction
+J) transmission
+
+Answer: Let's think step by step. The colorful patterns observed in a soap bubble are caused by the phenomenon of light interference. This occurs when light waves bounce between the two surfaces of the soap film, combining constructively or destructively based on their phase differences and the varying thickness of the film. These interactions result in vibrant color patterns due to variations in the intensity of different wavelengths of light.
+Answer: E.
+
+Question:
+A microwave oven is connected to an outlet, 120 V, and draws a current of 2 amps. At what rate is energy being used by the microwave oven?
+A) 240 W
+B) 120 W
+C) 10 W
+D) 480 W
+E) 360 W
+F) 200 W
+G) 30 W
+H) 150 W
+I) 60 W
+J) 300 W
+
+Answer: Let's think step by step. The rate of energy usage, known as power, in an electrical circuit is calculated by the product of voltage and current. For a microwave oven connected to a 120 V outlet and drawing a current of 2 amps, the power consumption can be calculated as follows:
+\[
+\text{{Power}} = \text{{Voltage}} \times \text{{Current}} = 120 \, \text{{V}} \times 2 \, \text{{A}} = 240 \, \text{{W}}.
+\]
+Therefore, the microwave oven uses energy at a rate of 240 watts.
+Answer: A.
+
+Question:
+{query}
+
+Answer: Let's think step by step.