edsl 0.1.39.dev2__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.39.dev3__py3-none-any.whl

edsl/results/DatasetExportMixin.py

@@ -1,653 +1,731 @@
-"""Mixin class for exporting results."""
-
-import base64
-import csv
-import io
-import warnings
-import textwrap
-from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union, List
-
-
-class DatasetExportMixin:
-    """Mixin class for exporting Dataset objects."""
-
-    def relevant_columns(
-        self, data_type: Optional[str] = None, remove_prefix=False
-    ) -> list:
-        """Return the set of keys that are present in the dataset.
-
-        :param data_type: The data type to filter by.
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
-        >>> d = Dataset([{'a.b':[1,2,3,4]}])
-        >>> d.relevant_columns()
-        ['a.b']
-
-        >>> d.relevant_columns(remove_prefix=True)
-        ['b']
-
-        >>> d = Dataset([{'a':[1,2,3,4]}, {'b':[5,6,7,8]}])
-        >>> d.relevant_columns()
-        ['a', 'b']
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results; Results.example().select('how_feeling', 'how_feeling_yesterday').relevant_columns()
-        ['answer.how_feeling', 'answer.how_feeling_yesterday']
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> sorted(Results.example().select().relevant_columns(data_type = "model"))
-        ['model.frequency_penalty', ...]
-
-        >>> Results.example().relevant_columns(data_type = "flimflam")
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        ValueError: No columns found for data type: flimflam. Available data types are: ...
-        """
-        columns = [list(x.keys())[0] for x in self]
-        if remove_prefix:
-            columns = [column.split(".")[-1] for column in columns]
-
-        def get_data_type(column):
-            if "." in column:
-                return column.split(".")[0]
-            else:
-                return None
-
-        if data_type:
-            all_columns = columns[:]
-            columns = [
-                column for column in columns if get_data_type(column) == data_type
-            ]
-            if len(columns) == 0:
-                all_data_types = sorted(
-                    list(set(get_data_type(column) for column in all_columns))
-                )
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"No columns found for data type: {data_type}. Available data types are: {all_data_types}."
-                )
-
-        return columns
-
-    def num_observations(self):
-        """Return the number of observations in the dataset.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results.Results import Results
-        >>> Results.example().num_observations()
-        4
-        """
-        _num_observations = None
-        for entry in self:
-            key, values = list(entry.items())[0]
-            if _num_observations is None:
-                _num_observations = len(values)
-            else:
-                if len(values) != _num_observations:
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        "The number of observations is not consistent across columns."
-                    )
-
-        return _num_observations
-
-    def _make_tabular(
-        self, remove_prefix: bool, pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None
-    ) -> tuple[list, List[list]]:
-        """Turn the results into a tabular format.
-
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling')._make_tabular(remove_prefix = True)
-        (['how_feeling'], [['OK'], ['Great'], ['Terrible'], ['OK']])
-
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling')._make_tabular(remove_prefix = True, pretty_labels = {'how_feeling': "How are you feeling"})
-        (['How are you feeling'], [['OK'], ['Great'], ['Terrible'], ['OK']])
-        """
-
-        def create_dict_from_list_of_dicts(list_of_dicts):
-            for entry in list_of_dicts:
-                key, list_of_values = list(entry.items())[0]
-                yield key, list_of_values
-
-        tabular_repr = dict(create_dict_from_list_of_dicts(self.data))
-
-        full_header = [list(x.keys())[0] for x in self]
-
-        rows = []
-        for i in range(self.num_observations()):
-            row = [tabular_repr[h][i] for h in full_header]
-            rows.append(row)
-
-        if remove_prefix:
-            header = [h.split(".")[-1] for h in full_header]
-        else:
-            header = full_header
-
-        if pretty_labels is not None:
-            header = [pretty_labels.get(h, h) for h in header]
-
-        return header, rows
-
-    def print_long(self):
-        """Print the results in a long format.
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print_long()
-        answer.how_feeling: OK
-        answer.how_feeling: Great
-        answer.how_feeling: Terrible
-        answer.how_feeling: OK
-        """
-        for entry in self:
-            key, list_of_values = list(entry.items())[0]
-            for value in list_of_values:
-                print(f"{key}: {value}")
-
-    def _get_tabular_data(
-        self,
-        remove_prefix: bool = False,
-        pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None,
-    ) -> Tuple[List[str], List[List]]:
-        """Internal method to get tabular data in a standard format.
-
-        Args:
-            remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from column names
-            pretty_labels: Dictionary mapping original column names to pretty labels
-
-        Returns:
-            Tuple containing (header_row, data_rows)
-        """
-        if pretty_labels is None:
-            pretty_labels = {}
-
-        return self._make_tabular(
-            remove_prefix=remove_prefix, pretty_labels=pretty_labels
-        )
-
-    def to_jsonl(self, filename: Optional[str] = None) -> "FileStore":
-        """Export the results to a FileStore instance containing JSONL data.
-
-        Args:
-            filename: Optional filename for the JSONL file (defaults to "results.jsonl")
-
-        Returns:
-            FileStore: Instance containing the JSONL data
-        """
-        if filename is None:
-            filename = "results.jsonl"
-
-        # Write to string buffer
-        output = io.StringIO()
-        for entry in self:
-            key, values = list(entry.items())[0]
-            output.write(f'{{"{key}": {values}}}\n')
-
-        # Get the CSV string and encode to base64
-        jsonl_string = output.getvalue()
-        base64_string = base64.b64encode(jsonl_string.encode()).decode()
-        from edsl.scenarios.FileStore import FileStore
-
-        return FileStore(
-            path=filename,
-            mime_type="application/jsonl",
-            binary=False,
-            suffix="jsonl",
-            base64_string=base64_string,
-        )
-
-    def to_csv(
-        self,
-        filename: Optional[str] = None,
-        remove_prefix: bool = False,
-        pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None,
-    ) -> "FileStore":
-        """Export the results to a FileStore instance containing CSV data.
-
-        Args:
-            filename: Optional filename for the CSV (defaults to "results.csv")
-            remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from column names
-            pretty_labels: Dictionary mapping original column names to pretty labels
-
-        Returns:
-            FileStore: Instance containing the CSV data
-        """
-        if filename is None:
-            filename = "results.csv"
-
-        # Get the tabular data
-        header, rows = self._get_tabular_data(
-            remove_prefix=remove_prefix, pretty_labels=pretty_labels
-        )
-
-        # Write to string buffer
-        output = io.StringIO()
-        writer = csv.writer(output)
-        writer.writerow(header)
-        writer.writerows(rows)
-
-        # Get the CSV string and encode to base64
-        csv_string = output.getvalue()
-        base64_string = base64.b64encode(csv_string.encode()).decode()
-        from edsl.scenarios.FileStore import FileStore
-
-        return FileStore(
-            path=filename,
-            mime_type="text/csv",
-            binary=False,
-            suffix="csv",
-            base64_string=base64_string,
-        )
-
-    def to_excel(
-        self,
-        filename: Optional[str] = None,
-        remove_prefix: bool = False,
-        pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None,
-        sheet_name: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> "FileStore":
-        """Export the results to a FileStore instance containing Excel data.
-
-        Args:
-            filename: Optional filename for the Excel file (defaults to "results.xlsx")
-            remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from column names
-            pretty_labels: Dictionary mapping original column names to pretty labels
-            sheet_name: Name of the worksheet (defaults to "Results")
-
-        Returns:
-            FileStore: Instance containing the Excel data
-        """
-        from openpyxl import Workbook
-
-        if filename is None:
-            filename = "results.xlsx"
-        if sheet_name is None:
-            sheet_name = "Results"
-
-        # Get the tabular data
-        header, rows = self._get_tabular_data(
-            remove_prefix=remove_prefix, pretty_labels=pretty_labels
-        )
-
-        # Create Excel workbook in memory
-        wb = Workbook()
-        ws = wb.active
-        ws.title = sheet_name
-
-        # Write header
-        for col, value in enumerate(header, 1):
-            ws.cell(row=1, column=col, value=value)
-
-        # Write data rows
-        for row_idx, row_data in enumerate(rows, 2):
-            for col, value in enumerate(row_data, 1):
-                ws.cell(row=row_idx, column=col, value=value)
-
-        # Save to bytes buffer
-        buffer = io.BytesIO()
-        wb.save(buffer)
-        buffer.seek(0)
-
-        # Convert to base64
-        base64_string = base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode()
-        from edsl.scenarios.FileStore import FileStore
-
-        return FileStore(
-            path=filename,
-            mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
-            binary=True,
-            suffix="xlsx",
-            base64_string=base64_string,
-        )
-
-    def _db(self, remove_prefix: bool = True):
-        """Create a SQLite database in memory and return the connection.
-
-        Args:
-            shape: The shape of the data in the database (wide or long)
-            remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names
-
-        Returns:
-            A database connection
-        """
-        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
-
-        engine = create_engine("sqlite:///:memory:")
-        if remove_prefix:
-            df = self.remove_prefix().to_pandas(lists_as_strings=True)
-        else:
-            df = self.to_pandas(lists_as_strings=True)
-        df.to_sql(
-            "self",
-            engine,
-            index=False,
-            if_exists="replace",
-        )
-        return engine.connect()
-
-    def sql(
-        self,
-        query: str,
-        transpose: bool = None,
-        transpose_by: str = None,
-        remove_prefix: bool = True,
-    ) -> Union["pd.DataFrame", str]:
-        """Execute a SQL query and return the results as a DataFrame.
-
-        Args:
-            query: The SQL query to execute
-            shape: The shape of the data in the database (wide or long)
-            remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names
-            transpose: Whether to transpose the DataFrame
-            transpose_by: The column to use as the index when transposing
-            csv: Whether to return the DataFrame as a CSV string
-            to_list: Whether to return the results as a list
-            to_latex: Whether to return the results as LaTeX
-            filename: Optional filename to save the results to
-
-        Returns:
-            DataFrame, CSV string, list, or LaTeX string depending on parameters
-
-        """
-        import pandas as pd
-
-        conn = self._db(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
-        df = pd.read_sql_query(query, conn)
-
-        # Transpose the DataFrame if transpose is True
-        if transpose or transpose_by:
-            df = pd.DataFrame(df)
-            if transpose_by:
-                df = df.set_index(transpose_by)
-            else:
-                df = df.set_index(df.columns[0])
-            df = df.transpose()
-        from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
-
-        return Dataset.from_pandas_dataframe(df)
-
-    def to_pandas(
-        self, remove_prefix: bool = False, lists_as_strings=False
-    ) -> "DataFrame":
-        """Convert the results to a pandas DataFrame, ensuring that lists remain as lists.
-
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        """
-        return self._to_pandas_strings(remove_prefix)
-
-    def _to_pandas_strings(self, remove_prefix: bool = False) -> "pd.DataFrame":
-        """Convert the results to a pandas DataFrame.
-
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_pandas()
-          answer.how_feeling
-        0                 OK
-        1              Great
-        2           Terrible
-        3                 OK
-        """
-
-        import pandas as pd
-
-        csv_string = self.to_csv(remove_prefix=remove_prefix).text
-        csv_buffer = io.StringIO(csv_string)
-        df = pd.read_csv(csv_buffer)
-        # df_sorted = df.sort_index(axis=1)  # Sort columns alphabetically
-        return df
-
-    def to_scenario_list(self, remove_prefix: bool = True) -> list[dict]:
-        """Convert the results to a list of dictionaries, one per scenario.
-
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_scenario_list()
-        ScenarioList([Scenario({'how_feeling': 'OK'}), Scenario({'how_feeling': 'Great'}), Scenario({'how_feeling': 'Terrible'}), Scenario({'how_feeling': 'OK'})])
-        """
-        from edsl.scenarios.ScenarioList import ScenarioList
-        from edsl.scenarios.Scenario import Scenario
-
-        list_of_dicts = self.to_dicts(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
-        scenarios = []
-        for d in list_of_dicts:
-            scenarios.append(Scenario(d))
-        return ScenarioList(scenarios)
-
-    def to_agent_list(self, remove_prefix: bool = True):
-        """Convert the results to a list of dictionaries, one per agent.
-
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_agent_list()
-        AgentList([Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'OK'}), Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'Great'}), Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'Terrible'}), Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'OK'})])
-        """
-        from edsl.agents import Agent
-        from edsl.agents.AgentList import AgentList
-
-        list_of_dicts = self.to_dicts(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
-        agents = []
-        for d in list_of_dicts:
-            if "name" in d:
-                d["agent_name"] = d.pop("name")
-                agents.append(Agent(d, name=d["agent_name"]))
-            if "agent_parameters" in d:
-                agent_parameters = d.pop("agent_parameters")
-                agent_name = agent_parameters.get("name", None)
-                instruction = agent_parameters.get("instruction", None)
-                agents.append(Agent(d, name=agent_name, instruction=instruction))
-            else:
-                agents.append(Agent(d))
-        return AgentList(agents)
-
-    def to_dicts(self, remove_prefix: bool = True) -> list[dict]:
-        """Convert the results to a list of dictionaries.
-
-        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_dicts()
-        [{'how_feeling': 'OK'}, {'how_feeling': 'Great'}, {'how_feeling': 'Terrible'}, {'how_feeling': 'OK'}]
-
-        """
-        list_of_keys = []
-        list_of_values = []
-        for entry in self:
-            key, values = list(entry.items())[0]
-            list_of_keys.append(key)
-            list_of_values.append(values)
-
-        if remove_prefix:
-            list_of_keys = [key.split(".")[-1] for key in list_of_keys]
-
-        list_of_dicts = []
-        for entries in zip(*list_of_values):
-            list_of_dicts.append(dict(zip(list_of_keys, entries)))
-
-        return list_of_dicts
-
-    def to_list(self, flatten=False, remove_none=False, unzipped=False) -> list[list]:
-        """Convert the results to a list of lists.
-
-        :param flatten: Whether to flatten the list of lists.
-        :param remove_none: Whether to remove None values from the list.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> Results.example().select('how_feeling', 'how_feeling_yesterday')
-        Dataset([{'answer.how_feeling': ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible', 'OK']}, {'answer.how_feeling_yesterday': ['Great', 'Good', 'OK', 'Terrible']}])
-
-        >>> Results.example().select('how_feeling', 'how_feeling_yesterday').to_list()
-        [('OK', 'Great'), ('Great', 'Good'), ('Terrible', 'OK'), ('OK', 'Terrible')]
-
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_list()
-        ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible', 'OK']
-
-        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
-        >>> Dataset([{'a.b': [[1, 9], 2, 3, 4]}]).select('a.b').to_list(flatten = True)
-        [1, 9, 2, 3, 4]
-
-        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
-        >>> Dataset([{'a.b': [[1, 9], 2, 3, 4]}, {'c': [6, 2, 3, 4]}]).select('a.b', 'c').to_list(flatten = True)
-        Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-        ValueError: Cannot flatten a list of lists when there are multiple columns selected.
-
-
-        """
-        if len(self.relevant_columns()) > 1 and flatten:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Cannot flatten a list of lists when there are multiple columns selected."
-            )
-
-        if len(self.relevant_columns()) == 1:
-            # if only one 'column' is selected (which is typical for this method
-            list_to_return = list(self[0].values())[0]
-        else:
-            keys = self.relevant_columns()
-            data = self.to_dicts(remove_prefix=False)
-            list_to_return = []
-            for d in data:
-                list_to_return.append(tuple([d[key] for key in keys]))
-
-        if remove_none:
-            list_to_return = [item for item in list_to_return if item is not None]
-
-        if flatten:
-            new_list = []
-            for item in list_to_return:
-                if isinstance(item, list):
-                    new_list.extend(item)
-                else:
-                    new_list.append(item)
-            list_to_return = new_list
-
-        from edsl.utilities.PrettyList import PrettyList
-
-        return PrettyList(list_to_return)
-
-    def html(
-        self,
-        filename: Optional[str] = None,
-        cta: str = "Open in browser",
-        return_link: bool = False,
-    ):
-        import os
-        import tempfile
-        from edsl.utilities.utilities import is_notebook
-        from IPython.display import HTML, display
-        from edsl.utilities.utilities import is_notebook
-
-        df = self.to_pandas()
-
-        if filename is None:
-            current_directory = os.getcwd()
-            filename = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
-                "w", delete=False, suffix=".html", dir=current_directory
-            ).name
-
-        with open(filename, "w") as f:
-            f.write(df.to_html())
-
-        if is_notebook():
-            html_url = f"/files/{filename}"
-            html_link = f'<a href="{html_url}" target="_blank">{cta}</a>'
-            display(HTML(html_link))
-        else:
-            print(f"Saved to {filename}")
-            import webbrowser
-            import os
-
-            webbrowser.open(f"file://{os.path.abspath(filename)}")
-
-        if return_link:
-            return filename
-
-    def tally(
-        self, *fields: Optional[str], top_n: Optional[int] = None, output="Dataset"
-    ) -> Union[dict, "Dataset"]:
-        """Tally the values of a field or perform a cross-tab of multiple fields.
-
-        :param fields: The field(s) to tally, multiple fields for cross-tabulation.
-
-        >>> from edsl.results import Results
-        >>> r = Results.example()
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').tally('answer.how_feeling', output = "dict")
-        {'OK': 2, 'Great': 1, 'Terrible': 1}
-        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
-        >>> expected = Dataset([{'answer.how_feeling': ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible']}, {'count': [2, 1, 1]}])
-        >>> r.select('how_feeling').tally('answer.how_feeling', output = "Dataset") == expected
-        True
-        """
-        from collections import Counter
-
-        if len(fields) == 0:
-            fields = self.relevant_columns()
-
-        relevant_columns_without_prefix = [
-            column.split(".")[-1] for column in self.relevant_columns()
-        ]
-
-        if not all(
-            f in self.relevant_columns() or f in relevant_columns_without_prefix
-            for f in fields
-        ):
-            raise ValueError("One or more specified fields are not in the dataset.")
-
-        if len(fields) == 1:
-            field = fields[0]
-            values = self._key_to_value(field)
-        else:
-            values = list(zip(*(self._key_to_value(field) for field in fields)))
-
-        for value in values:
-            if isinstance(value, list):
-                value = tuple(value)
-
-        tally = dict(Counter(values))
-        sorted_tally = dict(sorted(tally.items(), key=lambda item: -item[1]))
-        if top_n is not None:
-            sorted_tally = dict(list(sorted_tally.items())[:top_n])
-
-        from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
-
-        if output == "dict":
-            # why did I do this?
-            warnings.warn(
-                textwrap.dedent(
-                    """\
-                        The default output from tally will change to Dataset in the future.
-                        Use output='Dataset' to get the Dataset object for now.
-                        """
-                )
-            )
-            return sorted_tally
-        elif output == "Dataset":
-            dataset = Dataset(
-                [
-                    {"value": list(sorted_tally.keys())},
-                    {"count": list(sorted_tally.values())},
-                ]
-            )
-            # return dataset
-            sl = dataset.to_scenario_list().unpack(
-                "value",
-                new_names=[fields] if isinstance(fields, str) else fields,
-                keep_original=False,
-            )
-            keys = list(sl[0].keys())
-            keys.remove("count")
-            keys.append("count")
-            return sl.reorder_keys(keys).to_dataset()
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    import doctest
-
-    doctest.testmod(optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS)
+"""Mixin class for exporting results."""
+
+import base64
+import csv
+import io
+import html
+from typing import Optional
+
+from typing import Literal, Optional, Union, List
+
+
+class DatasetExportMixin:
+    """Mixin class for exporting Dataset objects."""
+
+    def relevant_columns(
+        self, data_type: Optional[str] = None, remove_prefix=False
+    ) -> list:
+        """Return the set of keys that are present in the dataset.
+
+        :param data_type: The data type to filter by.
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
+        >>> d = Dataset([{'a.b':[1,2,3,4]}])
+        >>> d.relevant_columns()
+        ['a.b']
+
+        >>> d.relevant_columns(remove_prefix=True)
+        ['b']
+
+        >>> d = Dataset([{'a':[1,2,3,4]}, {'b':[5,6,7,8]}])
+        >>> d.relevant_columns()
+        ['a', 'b']
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results; Results.example().select('how_feeling', 'how_feeling_yesterday').relevant_columns()
+        ['answer.how_feeling', 'answer.how_feeling_yesterday']
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> sorted(Results.example().select().relevant_columns(data_type = "model"))
+        ['model.frequency_penalty', 'model.logprobs', 'model.max_tokens', 'model.model', 'model.presence_penalty', 'model.temperature', 'model.top_logprobs', 'model.top_p']
+
+        >>> Results.example().relevant_columns(data_type = "flimflam")
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: No columns found for data type: flimflam. Available data types are: ...
+        """
+        columns = [list(x.keys())[0] for x in self]
+        if remove_prefix:
+            columns = [column.split(".")[-1] for column in columns]
+
+        def get_data_type(column):
+            if "." in column:
+                return column.split(".")[0]
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        if data_type:
+            all_columns = columns[:]
+            columns = [
+                column for column in columns if get_data_type(column) == data_type
+            ]
+            if len(columns) == 0:
+                all_data_types = sorted(
+                    list(set(get_data_type(column) for column in all_columns))
+                )
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"No columns found for data type: {data_type}. Available data types are: {all_data_types}."
+                )
+
+        return columns
+
+    def num_observations(self):
+        """Return the number of observations in the dataset.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> Results.example().num_observations()
+        4
+        """
+        _num_observations = None
+        for entry in self:
+            key, values = list(entry.items())[0]
+            if _num_observations is None:
+                _num_observations = len(values)
+            else:
+                if len(values) != _num_observations:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "The number of observations is not consistent across columns."
+                    )
+
+        return _num_observations
+
+    def _make_tabular(
+        self, remove_prefix: bool, pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None
+    ) -> tuple[list, List[list]]:
+        """Turn the results into a tabular format.
+
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling')._make_tabular(remove_prefix = True)
+        (['how_feeling'], [['OK'], ['Great'], ['Terrible'], ['OK']])
+
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling')._make_tabular(remove_prefix = True, pretty_labels = {'how_feeling': "How are you feeling"})
+        (['How are you feeling'], [['OK'], ['Great'], ['Terrible'], ['OK']])
+        """
+
+        def create_dict_from_list_of_dicts(list_of_dicts):
+            for entry in list_of_dicts:
+                key, list_of_values = list(entry.items())[0]
+                yield key, list_of_values
+
+        tabular_repr = dict(create_dict_from_list_of_dicts(self.data))
+
+        full_header = [list(x.keys())[0] for x in self]
+
+        rows = []
+        for i in range(self.num_observations()):
+            row = [tabular_repr[h][i] for h in full_header]
+            rows.append(row)
+
+        if remove_prefix:
+            header = [h.split(".")[-1] for h in full_header]
+        else:
+            header = full_header
+
+        if pretty_labels is not None:
+            header = [pretty_labels.get(h, h) for h in header]
+
+        return header, rows
+
+    def print_long(self):
+        """Print the results in a long format.
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').print_long()
+        answer.how_feeling: OK
+        answer.how_feeling: Great
+        answer.how_feeling: Terrible
+        answer.how_feeling: OK
+        """
+        for entry in self:
+            key, list_of_values = list(entry.items())[0]
+            for value in list_of_values:
+                print(f"{key}: {value}")
+
+    # def print(
+    #     self,
+    #     pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None,
+    #     filename: Optional[str] = None,
+    #     format: Optional[Literal["rich", "html", "markdown", "latex"]] = None,
+    #     interactive: bool = False,
+    #     split_at_dot: bool = True,
+    #     max_rows=None,
+    #     tee=False,
+    #     iframe=False,
+    #     iframe_height: int = 200,
+    #     iframe_width: int = 600,
+    #     web=False,
+    #     return_string: bool = False,
+    # ) -> Union[None, str, "Results"]:
+    #     """Print the results in a pretty format.
+
+    #     :param pretty_labels: A dictionary of pretty labels for the columns.
+    #     :param filename: The filename to save the results to.
+    #     :param format: The format to print the results in. Options are 'rich', 'html', 'markdown', or 'latex'.
+    #     :param interactive: Whether to print the results interactively in a Jupyter notebook.
+    #     :param split_at_dot: Whether to split the column names at the last dot w/ a newline.
+    #     :param max_rows: The maximum number of rows to print.
+    #     :param tee: Whether to return the dataset.
+    #     :param iframe: Whether to display the table in an iframe.
+    #     :param iframe_height: The height of the iframe.
+    #     :param iframe_width: The width of the iframe.
+    #     :param web: Whether to display the table in a web browser.
+    #     :param return_string: Whether to return the output as a string instead of printing.
+
+    #     :return: None if tee is False and return_string is False, the dataset if tee is True, or a string if return_string is True.
+
+    #     Example: Print in rich format at the terminal
+
+    #     >>> from edsl.results import Results
+    #     >>> r = Results.example()
+    #     >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format = "rich")
+    #     ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+    #     ┃ answer       ┃
+    #     ┃ .how_feeling ┃
+    #     ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+    #     │ OK           │
+    #     ├──────────────┤
+    #     │ Great        │
+    #     ├──────────────┤
+    #     │ Terrible     │
+    #     ├──────────────┤
+    #     │ OK           │
+    #     └──────────────┘
+
+    #     >>> r = Results.example()
+    #     >>> r2 = r.select("how_feeling").print(format = "rich", tee = True, max_rows = 2)
+    #     ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+    #     ┃ answer       ┃
+    #     ┃ .how_feeling ┃
+    #     ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+    #     │ OK           │
+    #     ├──────────────┤
+    #     │ Great        │
+    #     └──────────────┘
+    #     >>> r2
+    #     Dataset([{'answer.how_feeling': ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible', 'OK']}])
+
+    #     >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format = "rich", max_rows = 2)
+    #     ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+    #     ┃ answer       ┃
+    #     ┃ .how_feeling ┃
+    #     ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+    #     │ OK           │
+    #     ├──────────────┤
+    #     │ Great        │
+    #     └──────────────┘
+
+    #     >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format = "rich", split_at_dot = False)
+    #     ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+    #     ┃ answer.how_feeling ┃
+    #     ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+    #     │ OK                 │
+    #     ├────────────────────┤
+    #     │ Great              │
+    #     ├────────────────────┤
+    #     │ Terrible           │
+    #     ├────────────────────┤
+    #     │ OK                 │
+    #     └────────────────────┘
+
+    #     Example: using the pretty_labels parameter
+
+    #     >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format="rich", pretty_labels = {'answer.how_feeling': "How are you feeling"})
+    #     ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+    #     ┃ How are you feeling ┃
+    #     ┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+    #     │ OK                  │
+    #     ├─────────────────────┤
+    #     │ Great               │
+    #     ├─────────────────────┤
+    #     │ Terrible            │
+    #     ├─────────────────────┤
+    #     │ OK                  │
+    #     └─────────────────────┘
+
+    #     Example: printing in markdown format
+
+    #     >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format='markdown')
+    #     | answer.how_feeling |
+    #     |--|
+    #     | OK |
+    #     | Great |
+    #     | Terrible |
+    #     | OK |
+    #     ...
+
+    #     >>> r.select('how_feeling').print(format='latex')
+    #     \\begin{tabular}{l}
+    #     ...
+    #     \\end{tabular}
+    #     <BLANKLINE>
+    #     """
+    #     from IPython.display import HTML, display
+    #     from edsl.utilities.utilities import is_notebook
+    #     import io
+    #     import sys
+
+    #     def _determine_format(format):
+    #         if format is None:
+    #             if is_notebook():
+    #                 format = "html"
+    #             else:
+    #                 format = "rich"
+    #         if format not in ["rich", "html", "markdown", "latex"]:
+    #             raise ValueError(
+    #                 "format must be one of 'rich', 'html', 'markdown', or 'latex'."
+    #             )
+
+    #         return format
+
+    #     format = _determine_format(format)
+
+    #     if pretty_labels is None:
+    #         pretty_labels = {}
+
+    #     if pretty_labels != {}:  # only split at dot if there are no pretty labels
+    #         split_at_dot = False
+
+    #     def _create_data():
+    #         for index, entry in enumerate(self):
+    #             key, list_of_values = list(entry.items())[0]
+    #             yield {pretty_labels.get(key, key): list_of_values[:max_rows]}
+
+    #     new_data = list(_create_data())
+
+    #     # Capture output if return_string is True
+    #     if return_string:
+    #         old_stdout = sys.stdout
+    #         sys.stdout = io.StringIO()
+
+    #     output = None
+
+    #     if format == "rich":
+    #         from edsl.utilities.interface import print_dataset_with_rich
+
+    #         output = print_dataset_with_rich(
+    #             new_data, filename=filename, split_at_dot=split_at_dot
+    #         )
+    #     elif format == "markdown":
+    #         from edsl.utilities.interface import print_list_of_dicts_as_markdown_table
+
+    #         output = print_list_of_dicts_as_markdown_table(new_data, filename=filename)
+    #     elif format == "latex":
+    #         df = self.to_pandas()
+    #         df.columns = [col.replace("_", " ") for col in df.columns]
+    #         latex_string = df.to_latex(index=False)
+
+    #         if filename is not None:
+    #             with open(filename, "w") as f:
+    #                 f.write(latex_string)
+    #         else:
+    #             print(latex_string)
+    #             output = latex_string
+    #     elif format == "html":
+    #         from edsl.utilities.interface import print_list_of_dicts_as_html_table
+
+    #         html_source = print_list_of_dicts_as_html_table(
+    #             new_data, interactive=interactive
+    #         )
+
+    #         if iframe:
+    #             iframe = f""""
+    #             <iframe srcdoc="{ html.escape(html_source) }" style="width: {iframe_width}px; height: {iframe_height}px;"></iframe>
+    #             """
+    #             display(HTML(iframe))
+    #         elif is_notebook():
+    #             display(HTML(html_source))
+    #         else:
+    #             from edsl.utilities.interface import view_html
+
+    #             view_html(html_source)
+
+    #         output = html_source
+
+    #     # Restore stdout and get captured output if return_string is True
+    #     if return_string:
+    #         captured_output = sys.stdout.getvalue()
+    #         sys.stdout = old_stdout
+    #         return captured_output or output
+
+    #     if tee:
+    #         return self
+
+    #     return None
+
+    def to_csv(
+        self,
+        filename: Optional[str] = None,
+        remove_prefix: bool = False,
+        download_link: bool = False,
+        pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ):
+        """Export the results to a CSV file.
+
+        :param filename: The filename to save the CSV file to.
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+        :param download_link: Whether to display a download link in a Jupyter notebook.
+
+        Example:
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_csv()
+        'answer.how_feeling\\r\\nOK\\r\\nGreat\\r\\nTerrible\\r\\nOK\\r\\n'
+
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_csv(pretty_labels = {'answer.how_feeling': "How are you feeling"})
+        'How are you feeling\\r\\nOK\\r\\nGreat\\r\\nTerrible\\r\\nOK\\r\\n'
+
+        >>> import tempfile
+        >>> filename = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False).name
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_csv(filename = filename)
+        >>> import os
+        >>> import csv
+        >>> with open(filename, newline='') as f:
+        ...     reader = csv.reader(f)
+        ...     for row in reader:
+        ...         print(row)
+        ['answer.how_feeling']
+        ['OK']
+        ['Great']
+        ['Terrible']
+        ['OK']
+
+        """
+        if pretty_labels is None:
+            pretty_labels = {}
+        header, rows = self._make_tabular(
+            remove_prefix=remove_prefix, pretty_labels=pretty_labels
+        )
+
+        if filename is not None:
+            with open(filename, "w") as f:
+                writer = csv.writer(f)
+                writer.writerow(header)
+                writer.writerows(rows)
+            # print(f"Saved to {filename}")
+        else:
+            output = io.StringIO()
+            writer = csv.writer(output)
+            writer.writerow(header)
+            writer.writerows(rows)
+
+            if download_link:
+                from IPython.display import HTML, display
+
+                csv_file = output.getvalue()
+                b64 = base64.b64encode(csv_file.encode()).decode()
+                download_link = f'<a href="data:file/csv;base64,{b64}" download="my_data.csv">Download CSV file</a>'
+                display(HTML(download_link))
+            else:
+                return output.getvalue()
+
+    def download_link(self, pretty_labels: Optional[dict] = None) -> str:
+        """Return a download link for the results.
+
+        :param pretty_labels: A dictionary of pretty labels for the columns.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').download_link()
+        '<a href="data:file/csv;base64,YW5zd2VyLmhvd19mZWVsaW5nDQpPSw0KR3JlYXQNClRlcnJpYmxlDQpPSw0K" download="my_data.csv">Download CSV file</a>'
+        """
+        import base64
+
+        csv_string = self.to_csv(pretty_labels=pretty_labels)
+        b64 = base64.b64encode(csv_string.encode()).decode()
+        return f'<a href="data:file/csv;base64,{b64}" download="my_data.csv">Download CSV file</a>'
+
+    def to_pandas(
+        self, remove_prefix: bool = False, lists_as_strings=False
+    ) -> "DataFrame":
+        """Convert the results to a pandas DataFrame, ensuring that lists remain as lists.
+
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        """
+        return self._to_pandas_strings(remove_prefix)
+        # if lists_as_strings:
+        #     return self._to_pandas_strings(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
+
+        # import pandas as pd
+
+        # df = pd.DataFrame(self.data)
+
+        # if remove_prefix:
+        #     # Optionally remove prefixes from column names
+        #     df.columns = [col.split(".")[-1] for col in df.columns]
+
+        # df_sorted = df.sort_index(axis=1)  # Sort columns alphabetically
+        # return df_sorted
+
+    def _to_pandas_strings(self, remove_prefix: bool = False) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+        """Convert the results to a pandas DataFrame.
+
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_pandas()
+          answer.how_feeling
+        0                 OK
+        1              Great
+        2           Terrible
+        3                 OK
+        """
+
+        import pandas as pd
+
+        csv_string = self.to_csv(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
+        csv_buffer = io.StringIO(csv_string)
+        df = pd.read_csv(csv_buffer)
+        # df_sorted = df.sort_index(axis=1)  # Sort columns alphabetically
+        return df
+
+    def to_scenario_list(self, remove_prefix: bool = True) -> list[dict]:
+        """Convert the results to a list of dictionaries, one per scenario.
+
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_scenario_list()
+        ScenarioList([Scenario({'how_feeling': 'OK'}), Scenario({'how_feeling': 'Great'}), Scenario({'how_feeling': 'Terrible'}), Scenario({'how_feeling': 'OK'})])
+        """
+        from edsl import ScenarioList, Scenario
+
+        list_of_dicts = self.to_dicts(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
+        scenarios = []
+        for d in list_of_dicts:
+            scenarios.append(Scenario(d))
+        return ScenarioList(scenarios)
+        # return ScenarioList([Scenario(d) for d in list_of_dicts])
+
+    def to_agent_list(self, remove_prefix: bool = True):
+        """Convert the results to a list of dictionaries, one per agent.
+
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_agent_list()
+        AgentList([Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'OK'}), Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'Great'}), Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'Terrible'}), Agent(traits = {'how_feeling': 'OK'})])
+        """
+        from edsl import AgentList, Agent
+
+        list_of_dicts = self.to_dicts(remove_prefix=remove_prefix)
+        agents = []
+        for d in list_of_dicts:
+            if "name" in d:
+                d["agent_name"] = d.pop("name")
+                agents.append(Agent(d, name=d["agent_name"]))
+            else:
+                agents.append(Agent(d))
+        return AgentList(agents)
+
+    def to_dicts(self, remove_prefix: bool = True) -> list[dict]:
+        """Convert the results to a list of dictionaries.
+
+        :param remove_prefix: Whether to remove the prefix from the column names.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_dicts()
+        [{'how_feeling': 'OK'}, {'how_feeling': 'Great'}, {'how_feeling': 'Terrible'}, {'how_feeling': 'OK'}]
+
+        """
+        list_of_keys = []
+        list_of_values = []
+        for entry in self:
+            key, values = list(entry.items())[0]
+            list_of_keys.append(key)
+            list_of_values.append(values)
+
+        if remove_prefix:
+            list_of_keys = [key.split(".")[-1] for key in list_of_keys]
+
+        list_of_dicts = []
+        for entries in zip(*list_of_values):
+            list_of_dicts.append(dict(zip(list_of_keys, entries)))
+
+        return list_of_dicts
+
+    def to_list(self, flatten=False, remove_none=False, unzipped=False) -> list[list]:
+        """Convert the results to a list of lists.
+
+        :param flatten: Whether to flatten the list of lists.
+        :param remove_none: Whether to remove None values from the list.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> Results.example().select('how_feeling', 'how_feeling_yesterday')
+        Dataset([{'answer.how_feeling': ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible', 'OK']}, {'answer.how_feeling_yesterday': ['Great', 'Good', 'OK', 'Terrible']}])
+
+        >>> Results.example().select('how_feeling', 'how_feeling_yesterday').to_list()
+        [('OK', 'Great'), ('Great', 'Good'), ('Terrible', 'OK'), ('OK', 'Terrible')]
+
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').to_list()
+        ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible', 'OK']
+
+        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
+        >>> Dataset([{'a.b': [[1, 9], 2, 3, 4]}]).select('a.b').to_list(flatten = True)
+        [1, 9, 2, 3, 4]
+
+        >>> from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
+        >>> Dataset([{'a.b': [[1, 9], 2, 3, 4]}, {'c': [6, 2, 3, 4]}]).select('a.b', 'c').to_list(flatten = True)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Cannot flatten a list of lists when there are multiple columns selected.
+
+
+        """
+        if len(self.relevant_columns()) > 1 and flatten:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot flatten a list of lists when there are multiple columns selected."
+            )
+
+        if len(self.relevant_columns()) == 1:
+            # if only one 'column' is selected (which is typical for this method
+            list_to_return = list(self[0].values())[0]
+        else:
+            keys = self.relevant_columns()
+            data = self.to_dicts(remove_prefix=False)
+            list_to_return = []
+            for d in data:
+                list_to_return.append(tuple([d[key] for key in keys]))
+
+        if remove_none:
+            list_to_return = [item for item in list_to_return if item is not None]
+
+        if flatten:
+            new_list = []
+            for item in list_to_return:
+                if isinstance(item, list):
+                    new_list.extend(item)
+                else:
+                    new_list.append(item)
+            list_to_return = new_list
+
+        return list_to_return
+
+    def html(
+        self,
+        filename: Optional[str] = None,
+        cta: str = "Open in browser",
+        return_link: bool = False,
+    ):
+        import os
+        import tempfile
+        from edsl.utilities.utilities import is_notebook
+        from IPython.display import HTML, display
+        from edsl.utilities.utilities import is_notebook
+
+        df = self.to_pandas()
+
+        if filename is None:
+            current_directory = os.getcwd()
+            filename = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+                "w", delete=False, suffix=".html", dir=current_directory
+            ).name
+
+        with open(filename, "w") as f:
+            f.write(df.to_html())
+
+        if is_notebook():
+            html_url = f"/files/{filename}"
+            html_link = f'<a href="{html_url}" target="_blank">{cta}</a>'
+            display(HTML(html_link))
+        else:
+            print(f"Saved to {filename}")
+            import webbrowser
+            import os
+
+            webbrowser.open(f"file://{os.path.abspath(filename)}")
+
+        if return_link:
+            return filename
+
+    def tally(
+        self, *fields: Optional[str], top_n: Optional[int] = None, output="Dataset"
+    ) -> Union[dict, "Dataset"]:
+        """Tally the values of a field or perform a cross-tab of multiple fields.
+
+        :param fields: The field(s) to tally, multiple fields for cross-tabulation.
+
+        >>> from edsl.results import Results
+        >>> r = Results.example()
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').tally('answer.how_feeling', output = "dict")
+        {'OK': 2, 'Great': 1, 'Terrible': 1}
+        >>> r.select('how_feeling').tally('answer.how_feeling', output = "Dataset")
+        Dataset([{'answer.how_feeling': ['OK', 'Great', 'Terrible']}, {'count': [2, 1, 1]}])
+        """
+        from collections import Counter
+
+        if len(fields) == 0:
+            fields = self.relevant_columns()
+
+        relevant_columns_without_prefix = [
+            column.split(".")[-1] for column in self.relevant_columns()
+        ]
+
+        if not all(
+            f in self.relevant_columns() or f in relevant_columns_without_prefix
+            for f in fields
+        ):
+            raise ValueError("One or more specified fields are not in the dataset.")
+
+        if len(fields) == 1:
+            field = fields[0]
+            values = self._key_to_value(field)
+        else:
+            values = list(zip(*(self._key_to_value(field) for field in fields)))
+
+        for value in values:
+            if isinstance(value, list):
+                value = tuple(value)
+
+        tally = dict(Counter(values))
+        sorted_tally = dict(sorted(tally.items(), key=lambda item: -item[1]))
+        if top_n is not None:
+            sorted_tally = dict(list(sorted_tally.items())[:top_n])
+
+        import warnings
+        import textwrap
+        from edsl.results.Dataset import Dataset
+
+        if output == "dict":
+            # why did I do this?
+            warnings.warn(
+                textwrap.dedent(
+                    """\
+                        The default output from tally will change to Dataset in the future.
+                        Use output='Dataset' to get the Dataset object for now.
+                        """
+                )
+            )
+            return sorted_tally
+        elif output == "Dataset":
+            dataset = Dataset(
+                [
+                    {"value": list(sorted_tally.keys())},
+                    {"count": list(sorted_tally.values())},
+                ]
+            )
+            # return dataset
+            sl = dataset.to_scenario_list().unpack(
+                "value",
+                new_names=[fields] if isinstance(fields, str) else fields,
+                keep_original=False,
+            )
+            keys = list(sl[0].keys())
+            keys.remove("count")
+            keys.append("count")
+            return sl.reorder_keys(keys).to_dataset()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod(optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS)