edsl 0.1.39.dev1__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.39.dev3__py3-none-any.whl

edsl/language_models/LanguageModel.py

@@ -1,668 +1,668 @@
-"""This module contains the LanguageModel class, which is an abstract base class for all language models.
-
-Terminology:
-
-raw_response: The JSON response from the model. This has all the model meta-data about the call. 
-
-edsl_augmented_response: The JSON response from model, but augmented with EDSL-specific information, 
-such as the cache key, token usage, etc. 
-
-generated_tokens: The actual tokens generated by the model. This is the output that is used by the user.
-edsl_answer_dict: The parsed JSON response from the model either {'answer': ...} or {'answer': ..., 'comment': ...}
-
-"""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-import warnings
-from functools import wraps
-import asyncio
-import json
-import os
-from typing import (
-    Coroutine,
-    Any,
-    Callable,
-    Type,
-    Union,
-    List,
-    get_type_hints,
-    TypedDict,
-    Optional,
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
-)
-from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-
-from json_repair import repair_json
-
-from edsl.data_transfer_models import (
-    ModelResponse,
-    ModelInputs,
-    EDSLOutput,
-    AgentResponseDict,
-)
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from edsl.data.Cache import Cache
-    from edsl.scenarios.FileStore import FileStore
-    from edsl.questions.QuestionBase import QuestionBase
-
-from edsl.config import CONFIG
-from edsl.utilities.decorators import sync_wrapper, jupyter_nb_handler
-from edsl.utilities.decorators import remove_edsl_version
-
-from edsl.Base import PersistenceMixin
-from edsl.language_models.RegisterLanguageModelsMeta import RegisterLanguageModelsMeta
-from edsl.language_models.KeyLookup import KeyLookup
-from edsl.exceptions.language_models import LanguageModelBadResponseError
-
-TIMEOUT = float(CONFIG.get("EDSL_API_TIMEOUT"))
-
-
-# you might be tempated to move this to be a static method of LanguageModel, but this doesn't work
-# for reasons I don't understand. So leave it here.
-def extract_item_from_raw_response(data, key_sequence):
-    if isinstance(data, str):
-        try:
-            data = json.loads(data)
-        except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-            return data
-    current_data = data
-    for i, key in enumerate(key_sequence):
-        try:
-            if isinstance(current_data, (list, tuple)):
-                if not isinstance(key, int):
-                    raise TypeError(
-                        f"Expected integer index for sequence at position {i}, got {type(key).__name__}"
-                    )
-                if key < 0 or key >= len(current_data):
-                    raise IndexError(
-                        f"Index {key} out of range for sequence of length {len(current_data)} at position {i}"
-                    )
-            elif isinstance(current_data, dict):
-                if key not in current_data:
-                    raise KeyError(
-                        f"Key '{key}' not found in dictionary at position {i}"
-                    )
-            else:
-                raise TypeError(
-                    f"Cannot index into {type(current_data).__name__} at position {i}. Full response is: {data} of type {type(data)}. Key sequence is: {key_sequence}"
-                )
-
-            current_data = current_data[key]
-        except Exception as e:
-            path = " -> ".join(map(str, key_sequence[: i + 1]))
-            if "error" in data:
-                msg = data["error"]
-            else:
-                msg = f"Error accessing path: {path}. {str(e)}. Full response is: '{data}'"
-            raise LanguageModelBadResponseError(message=msg, response_json=data)
-    if isinstance(current_data, str):
-        return current_data.strip()
-    else:
-        return current_data
-
-
-def handle_key_error(func):
-    """Handle KeyError exceptions."""
-
-    @wraps(func)
-    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
-        try:
-            return func(*args, **kwargs)
-            assert True == False
-        except KeyError as e:
-            return f"""KeyError occurred: {e}. This is most likely because the model you are using 
-            returned a JSON object we were not expecting."""
-
-    return wrapper
-
-
-class LanguageModel(
-    PersistenceMixin,
-    ABC,
-    metaclass=RegisterLanguageModelsMeta,
-):
-    """ABC for Language Models."""
-
-    _model_ = None
-    key_sequence = (
-        None  # This should be something like ["choices", 0, "message", "content"]
-    )
-    __rate_limits = None
-    _safety_factor = 0.8
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        tpm: float = None,
-        rpm: float = None,
-        omit_system_prompt_if_empty_string: bool = True,
-        key_lookup: Optional[KeyLookup] = None,
-        **kwargs,
-    ):
-        """Initialize the LanguageModel."""
-        self.model = getattr(self, "_model_", None)
-        default_parameters = getattr(self, "_parameters_", None)
-        parameters = self._overide_default_parameters(kwargs, default_parameters)
-        self.parameters = parameters
-        self.remote = False
-        self.omit_system_prompt_if_empty = omit_system_prompt_if_empty_string
-
-        # self._rpm / _tpm comes from the class
-        if rpm is not None:
-            self._rpm = rpm
-
-        if tpm is not None:
-            self._tpm = tpm
-
-        for key, value in parameters.items():
-            setattr(self, key, value)
-
-        for key, value in kwargs.items():
-            if key not in parameters:
-                setattr(self, key, value)
-
-        if "use_cache" in kwargs:
-            warnings.warn(
-                "The use_cache parameter is deprecated. Use the Cache class instead."
-            )
-
-        if skip_api_key_check := kwargs.get("skip_api_key_check", False):
-            # Skip the API key check. Sometimes this is useful for testing.
-            self._api_token = None
-
-        if key_lookup is not None:
-            self.key_lookup = key_lookup
-        else:
-            self.key_lookup = KeyLookup.from_os_environ()
-
-    def ask_question(self, question):
-        user_prompt = question.get_instructions().render(question.data).text
-        system_prompt = "You are a helpful agent pretending to be a human."
-        return self.execute_model_call(user_prompt, system_prompt)
-
-    def set_key_lookup(self, key_lookup: KeyLookup) -> None:
-        del self._api_token
-        self.key_lookup = key_lookup
-
-    @property
-    def api_token(self) -> str:
-        if not hasattr(self, "_api_token"):
-            self._api_token = self.key_lookup.get_api_token(
-                self._inference_service_, self.remote
-            )
-        return self._api_token
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        return getattr(self, key)
-
-    def _repr_html_(self) -> str:
-        d = {"model": self.model}
-        d.update(self.parameters)
-        data = [[k, v] for k, v in d.items()]
-        from tabulate import tabulate
-
-        table = str(tabulate(data, headers=["keys", "values"], tablefmt="html"))
-        return f"<pre>{table}</pre>"
-
-    def hello(self, verbose=False):
-        """Runs a simple test to check if the model is working."""
-        token = self.api_token
-        masked = token[: min(8, len(token))] + "..."
-        if verbose:
-            print(f"Current key is {masked}")
-        return self.execute_model_call(
-            user_prompt="Hello, model!", system_prompt="You are a helpful agent."
-        )
-
-    def has_valid_api_key(self) -> bool:
-        """Check if the model has a valid API key.
-
-        >>> LanguageModel.example().has_valid_api_key() : # doctest: +SKIP
-        True
-
-        This method is used to check if the model has a valid API key.
-        """
-        from edsl.enums import service_to_api_keyname
-
-        if self._model_ == "test":
-            return True
-
-        key_name = service_to_api_keyname.get(self._inference_service_, "NOT FOUND")
-        key_value = os.getenv(key_name)
-        return key_value is not None
-
-    def __hash__(self) -> str:
-        """Allow the model to be used as a key in a dictionary."""
-        from edsl.utilities.utilities import dict_hash
-
-        return dict_hash(self.to_dict(add_edsl_version=False))
-
-    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
-        """Check is two models are the same.
-
-        >>> m1 = LanguageModel.example()
-        >>> m2 = LanguageModel.example()
-        >>> m1 == m2
-        True
-
-        """
-        return self.model == other.model and self.parameters == other.parameters
-
-    def set_rate_limits(self, rpm=None, tpm=None) -> None:
-        """Set the rate limits for the model.
-
-        >>> m = LanguageModel.example()
-        >>> m.set_rate_limits(rpm=100, tpm=1000)
-        >>> m.RPM
-        100
-        """
-        if rpm is not None:
-            self._rpm = rpm
-        if tpm is not None:
-            self._tpm = tpm
-        return None
-
-    @property
-    def RPM(self):
-        """Model's requests-per-minute limit."""
-        return self._rpm
-
-    @property
-    def TPM(self):
-        """Model's tokens-per-minute limit."""
-        return self._tpm
-
-    @property
-    def rpm(self):
-        return self._rpm
-
-    @rpm.setter
-    def rpm(self, value):
-        self._rpm = value
-
-    @property
-    def tpm(self):
-        return self._tpm
-
-    @tpm.setter
-    def tpm(self, value):
-        self._tpm = value
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _overide_default_parameters(passed_parameter_dict, default_parameter_dict):
-        """Return a dictionary of parameters, with passed parameters taking precedence over defaults.
-
-        >>> LanguageModel._overide_default_parameters(passed_parameter_dict={"temperature": 0.5}, default_parameter_dict={"temperature":0.9})
-        {'temperature': 0.5}
-        >>> LanguageModel._overide_default_parameters(passed_parameter_dict={"temperature": 0.5}, default_parameter_dict={"temperature":0.9, "max_tokens": 1000})
-        {'temperature': 0.5, 'max_tokens': 1000}
-        """
-        # this is the case when data is loaded from a dict after serialization
-        if "parameters" in passed_parameter_dict:
-            passed_parameter_dict = passed_parameter_dict["parameters"]
-        return {
-            parameter_name: passed_parameter_dict.get(parameter_name, default_value)
-            for parameter_name, default_value in default_parameter_dict.items()
-        }
-
-    def __call__(self, user_prompt: str, system_prompt: str):
-        return self.execute_model_call(user_prompt, system_prompt)
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    async def async_execute_model_call(user_prompt: str, system_prompt: str):
-        """Execute the model call and returns a coroutine.
-
-        >>> m = LanguageModel.example(test_model = True)
-        >>> async def test(): return await m.async_execute_model_call("Hello, model!", "You are a helpful agent.")
-        >>> asyncio.run(test())
-        {'message': [{'text': 'Hello world'}], ...}
-
-        >>> m.execute_model_call("Hello, model!", "You are a helpful agent.")
-        {'message': [{'text': 'Hello world'}], ...}
-        """
-        pass
-
-    async def remote_async_execute_model_call(
-        self, user_prompt: str, system_prompt: str
-    ):
-        """Execute the model call and returns the result as a coroutine, using Coop."""
-        from edsl.coop import Coop
-
-        client = Coop()
-        response_data = await client.remote_async_execute_model_call(
-            self.to_dict(), user_prompt, system_prompt
-        )
-        return response_data
-
-    @jupyter_nb_handler
-    def execute_model_call(self, *args, **kwargs) -> Coroutine:
-        """Execute the model call and returns the result as a coroutine.
-
-        >>> m = LanguageModel.example(test_model = True)
-        >>> m.execute_model_call(user_prompt = "Hello, model!", system_prompt = "You are a helpful agent.")
-
-        """
-
-        async def main():
-            results = await asyncio.gather(
-                self.async_execute_model_call(*args, **kwargs)
-            )
-            return results[0]  # Since there's only one task, return its result
-
-        return main()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def get_generated_token_string(cls, raw_response: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
-        """Return the generated token string from the raw response."""
-        return extract_item_from_raw_response(raw_response, cls.key_sequence)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def get_usage_dict(cls, raw_response: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """Return the usage dictionary from the raw response."""
-        if not hasattr(cls, "usage_sequence"):
-            raise NotImplementedError(
-                "This inference service does not have a usage_sequence."
-            )
-        return extract_item_from_raw_response(raw_response, cls.usage_sequence)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def convert_answer(response_part):
-        import json
-
-        response_part = response_part.strip()
-
-        if response_part == "None":
-            return None
-
-        repaired = repair_json(response_part)
-        if repaired == '""':
-            # it was a literal string
-            return response_part
-
-        try:
-            return json.loads(repaired)
-        except json.JSONDecodeError as j:
-            # last resort
-            return response_part
-
-    @classmethod
-    def parse_response(cls, raw_response: dict[str, Any]) -> EDSLOutput:
-        """Parses the API response and returns the response text."""
-        generated_token_string = cls.get_generated_token_string(raw_response)
-        last_newline = generated_token_string.rfind("\n")
-
-        if last_newline == -1:
-            # There is no comment
-            edsl_dict = {
-                "answer": cls.convert_answer(generated_token_string),
-                "generated_tokens": generated_token_string,
-                "comment": None,
-            }
-        else:
-            edsl_dict = {
-                "answer": cls.convert_answer(generated_token_string[:last_newline]),
-                "comment": generated_token_string[last_newline + 1 :].strip(),
-                "generated_tokens": generated_token_string,
-            }
-        return EDSLOutput(**edsl_dict)
-
-    async def _async_get_intended_model_call_outcome(
-        self,
-        user_prompt: str,
-        system_prompt: str,
-        cache: Cache,
-        iteration: int = 0,
-        files_list: Optional[List[FileStore]] = None,
-        invigilator=None,
-    ) -> ModelResponse:
-        """Handle caching of responses.
-
-        :param user_prompt: The user's prompt.
-        :param system_prompt: The system's prompt.
-        :param iteration: The iteration number.
-        :param cache: The cache to use.
-
-        If the cache isn't being used, it just returns a 'fresh' call to the LLM.
-        But if cache is being used, it first checks the database to see if the response is already there.
-        If it is, it returns the cached response, but again appends some tracking information.
-        If it isn't, it calls the LLM, saves the response to the database, and returns the response with tracking information.
-
-        If self.use_cache is True, then attempts to retrieve the response from the database;
-        if not in the DB, calls the LLM and writes the response to the DB.
-
-        >>> from edsl import Cache
-        >>> m = LanguageModel.example(test_model = True)
-        >>> m._get_intended_model_call_outcome(user_prompt = "Hello", system_prompt = "hello", cache = Cache())
-        ModelResponse(...)"""
-
-        if files_list:
-            files_hash = "+".join([str(hash(file)) for file in files_list])
-            user_prompt_with_hashes = user_prompt + f" {files_hash}"
-        else:
-            user_prompt_with_hashes = user_prompt
-
-        cache_call_params = {
-            "model": str(self.model),
-            "parameters": self.parameters,
-            "system_prompt": system_prompt,
-            "user_prompt": user_prompt_with_hashes,
-            "iteration": iteration,
-        }
-        cached_response, cache_key = cache.fetch(**cache_call_params)
-
-        if cache_used := cached_response is not None:
-            response = json.loads(cached_response)
-        else:
-            f = (
-                self.remote_async_execute_model_call
-                if hasattr(self, "remote") and self.remote
-                else self.async_execute_model_call
-            )
-            params = {
-                "user_prompt": user_prompt,
-                "system_prompt": system_prompt,
-                "files_list": files_list,
-            }
-            response = await asyncio.wait_for(f(**params), timeout=TIMEOUT)
-            new_cache_key = cache.store(
-                **cache_call_params, response=response
-            )  # store the response in the cache
-            assert new_cache_key == cache_key  # should be the same
-
-        cost = self.cost(response)
-
-        return ModelResponse(
-            response=response,
-            cache_used=cache_used,
-            cache_key=cache_key,
-            cached_response=cached_response,
-            cost=cost,
-        )
-
-    _get_intended_model_call_outcome = sync_wrapper(
-        _async_get_intended_model_call_outcome
-    )
-
-    def simple_ask(
-        self,
-        question: QuestionBase,
-        system_prompt="You are a helpful agent pretending to be a human.",
-        top_logprobs=2,
-    ):
-        """Ask a question and return the response."""
-        self.logprobs = True
-        self.top_logprobs = top_logprobs
-        return self.execute_model_call(
-            user_prompt=question.human_readable(), system_prompt=system_prompt
-        )
-
-    async def async_get_response(
-        self,
-        user_prompt: str,
-        system_prompt: str,
-        cache: Cache,
-        iteration: int = 1,
-        files_list: Optional[List[FileStore]] = None,
-        **kwargs,
-    ) -> dict:
-        """Get response, parse, and return as string.
-
-        :param user_prompt: The user's prompt.
-        :param system_prompt: The system's prompt.
-        :param iteration: The iteration number.
-        :param cache: The cache to use.
-        :param encoded_image: The encoded image to use.
-
-        """
-        params = {
-            "user_prompt": user_prompt,
-            "system_prompt": system_prompt,
-            "iteration": iteration,
-            "cache": cache,
-            "files_list": files_list,
-        }
-        if "invigilator" in kwargs:
-            params.update({"invigilator": kwargs["invigilator"]})
-
-        model_inputs = ModelInputs(user_prompt=user_prompt, system_prompt=system_prompt)
-        model_outputs = await self._async_get_intended_model_call_outcome(**params)
-        edsl_dict = self.parse_response(model_outputs.response)
-        agent_response_dict = AgentResponseDict(
-            model_inputs=model_inputs,
-            model_outputs=model_outputs,
-            edsl_dict=edsl_dict,
-        )
-        return agent_response_dict
-
-    get_response = sync_wrapper(async_get_response)
-
-    def cost(self, raw_response: dict[str, Any]) -> Union[float, str]:
-        """Return the dollar cost of a raw response."""
-
-        usage = self.get_usage_dict(raw_response)
-        from edsl.coop import Coop
-
-        c = Coop()
-        price_lookup = c.fetch_prices()
-        key = (self._inference_service_, self.model)
-        if key not in price_lookup:
-            return f"Could not find price for model {self.model} in the price lookup."
-
-        relevant_prices = price_lookup[key]
-        try:
-            input_tokens = int(usage[self.input_token_name])
-            output_tokens = int(usage[self.output_token_name])
-        except Exception as e:
-            return f"Could not fetch tokens from model response: {e}"
-
-        try:
-            inverse_output_price = relevant_prices["output"]["one_usd_buys"]
-            inverse_input_price = relevant_prices["input"]["one_usd_buys"]
-        except Exception as e:
-            if "output" not in relevant_prices:
-                return f"Could not fetch prices from {relevant_prices} - {e}; Missing 'output' key."
-            if "input" not in relevant_prices:
-                return f"Could not fetch prices from {relevant_prices} - {e}; Missing 'input' key."
-            return f"Could not fetch prices from {relevant_prices} - {e}"
-
-        if inverse_input_price == "infinity":
-            input_cost = 0
-        else:
-            try:
-                input_cost = input_tokens / float(inverse_input_price)
-            except Exception as e:
-                return f"Could not compute input price - {e}."
-
-        if inverse_output_price == "infinity":
-            output_cost = 0
-        else:
-            try:
-                output_cost = output_tokens / float(inverse_output_price)
-            except Exception as e:
-                return f"Could not compute output price - {e}"
-
-        return input_cost + output_cost
-
-    def to_dict(self, add_edsl_version: bool = True) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """Convert instance to a dictionary
-
-        >>> m = LanguageModel.example()
-        >>> m.to_dict()
-        {'model': '...', 'parameters': {'temperature': ..., 'max_tokens': ..., 'top_p': ..., 'frequency_penalty': ..., 'presence_penalty': ..., 'logprobs': False, 'top_logprobs': ...}, 'edsl_version': '...', 'edsl_class_name': 'LanguageModel'}
-        """
-        d = {"model": self.model, "parameters": self.parameters}
-        if add_edsl_version:
-            from edsl import __version__
-
-            d["edsl_version"] = __version__
-            d["edsl_class_name"] = self.__class__.__name__
-        return d
-
-    @classmethod
-    @remove_edsl_version
-    def from_dict(cls, data: dict) -> Type[LanguageModel]:
-        """Convert dictionary to a LanguageModel child instance."""
-        from edsl.language_models.registry import get_model_class
-
-        model_class = get_model_class(data["model"])
-        return model_class(**data)
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        """Return a string representation of the object."""
-        param_string = ", ".join(
-            f"{key} = {value}" for key, value in self.parameters.items()
-        )
-        return (
-            f"Model(model_name = '{self.model}'"
-            + (f", {param_string}" if param_string else "")
-            + ")"
-        )
-
-    def __add__(self, other_model: Type[LanguageModel]) -> Type[LanguageModel]:
-        """Combine two models into a single model (other_model takes precedence over self)."""
-        import warnings
-
-        warnings.warn(
-            f"""Warning: one model is replacing another. If you want to run both models, use a single `by` e.g., 
-              by(m1, m2, m3) not by(m1).by(m2).by(m3)."""
-        )
-        return other_model or self
-
-    @classmethod
-    def example(
-        cls,
-        test_model: bool = False,
-        canned_response: str = "Hello world",
-        throw_exception: bool = False,
-    ) -> LanguageModel:
-        """Return a default instance of the class.
-
-        >>> from edsl.language_models import LanguageModel
-        >>> m = LanguageModel.example(test_model = True, canned_response = "WOWZA!")
-        >>> isinstance(m, LanguageModel)
-        True
-        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
-        >>> q = QuestionFreeText(question_text = "What is your name?", question_name = 'example')
-        >>> q.by(m).run(cache = False, disable_remote_cache = True, disable_remote_inference = True).select('example').first()
-        'WOWZA!'
-        >>> m = LanguageModel.example(test_model = True, canned_response = "WOWZA!", throw_exception = True)
-        >>> r = q.by(m).run(cache = False, disable_remote_cache = True, disable_remote_inference = True, print_exceptions = True)
-        Exception report saved to ...
-        Also see: ...
-        """
-        from edsl import Model
-
-        if test_model:
-            m = Model(
-                "test", canned_response=canned_response, throw_exception=throw_exception
-            )
-            return m
-        else:
-            return Model(skip_api_key_check=True)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    """Run the module's test suite."""
-    import doctest
-
-    doctest.testmod(optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS)
+"""This module contains the LanguageModel class, which is an abstract base class for all language models.
+
+Terminology:
+
+raw_response: The JSON response from the model. This has all the model meta-data about the call. 
+
+edsl_augmented_response: The JSON response from model, but augmented with EDSL-specific information, 
+such as the cache key, token usage, etc. 
+
+generated_tokens: The actual tokens generated by the model. This is the output that is used by the user.
+edsl_answer_dict: The parsed JSON response from the model either {'answer': ...} or {'answer': ..., 'comment': ...}
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+import warnings
+from functools import wraps
+import asyncio
+import json
+import os
+from typing import (
+    Coroutine,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+    List,
+    get_type_hints,
+    TypedDict,
+    Optional,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+)
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+from json_repair import repair_json
+
+from edsl.data_transfer_models import (
+    ModelResponse,
+    ModelInputs,
+    EDSLOutput,
+    AgentResponseDict,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from edsl.data.Cache import Cache
+    from edsl.scenarios.FileStore import FileStore
+    from edsl.questions.QuestionBase import QuestionBase
+
+from edsl.config import CONFIG
+from edsl.utilities.decorators import sync_wrapper, jupyter_nb_handler
+from edsl.utilities.decorators import remove_edsl_version
+
+from edsl.Base import PersistenceMixin
+from edsl.language_models.RegisterLanguageModelsMeta import RegisterLanguageModelsMeta
+from edsl.language_models.KeyLookup import KeyLookup
+from edsl.exceptions.language_models import LanguageModelBadResponseError
+
+TIMEOUT = float(CONFIG.get("EDSL_API_TIMEOUT"))
+
+
+# you might be tempated to move this to be a static method of LanguageModel, but this doesn't work
+# for reasons I don't understand. So leave it here.
+def extract_item_from_raw_response(data, key_sequence):
+    if isinstance(data, str):
+        try:
+            data = json.loads(data)
+        except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+            return data
+    current_data = data
+    for i, key in enumerate(key_sequence):
+        try:
+            if isinstance(current_data, (list, tuple)):
+                if not isinstance(key, int):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Expected integer index for sequence at position {i}, got {type(key).__name__}"
+                    )
+                if key < 0 or key >= len(current_data):
+                    raise IndexError(
+                        f"Index {key} out of range for sequence of length {len(current_data)} at position {i}"
+                    )
+            elif isinstance(current_data, dict):
+                if key not in current_data:
+                    raise KeyError(
+                        f"Key '{key}' not found in dictionary at position {i}"
+                    )
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Cannot index into {type(current_data).__name__} at position {i}. Full response is: {data} of type {type(data)}. Key sequence is: {key_sequence}"
+                )
+
+            current_data = current_data[key]
+        except Exception as e:
+            path = " -> ".join(map(str, key_sequence[: i + 1]))
+            if "error" in data:
+                msg = data["error"]
+            else:
+                msg = f"Error accessing path: {path}. {str(e)}. Full response is: '{data}'"
+            raise LanguageModelBadResponseError(message=msg, response_json=data)
+    if isinstance(current_data, str):
+        return current_data.strip()
+    else:
+        return current_data
+
+
+def handle_key_error(func):
+    """Handle KeyError exceptions."""
+
+    @wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+            assert True == False
+        except KeyError as e:
+            return f"""KeyError occurred: {e}. This is most likely because the model you are using 
+            returned a JSON object we were not expecting."""
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class LanguageModel(
+    PersistenceMixin,
+    ABC,
+    metaclass=RegisterLanguageModelsMeta,
+):
+    """ABC for Language Models."""
+
+    _model_ = None
+    key_sequence = (
+        None  # This should be something like ["choices", 0, "message", "content"]
+    )
+    __rate_limits = None
+    _safety_factor = 0.8
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        tpm: float = None,
+        rpm: float = None,
+        omit_system_prompt_if_empty_string: bool = True,
+        key_lookup: Optional[KeyLookup] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """Initialize the LanguageModel."""
+        self.model = getattr(self, "_model_", None)
+        default_parameters = getattr(self, "_parameters_", None)
+        parameters = self._overide_default_parameters(kwargs, default_parameters)
+        self.parameters = parameters
+        self.remote = False
+        self.omit_system_prompt_if_empty = omit_system_prompt_if_empty_string
+
+        # self._rpm / _tpm comes from the class
+        if rpm is not None:
+            self._rpm = rpm
+
+        if tpm is not None:
+            self._tpm = tpm
+
+        for key, value in parameters.items():
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            if key not in parameters:
+                setattr(self, key, value)
+
+        if "use_cache" in kwargs:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The use_cache parameter is deprecated. Use the Cache class instead."
+            )
+
+        if skip_api_key_check := kwargs.get("skip_api_key_check", False):
+            # Skip the API key check. Sometimes this is useful for testing.
+            self._api_token = None
+
+        if key_lookup is not None:
+            self.key_lookup = key_lookup
+        else:
+            self.key_lookup = KeyLookup.from_os_environ()
+
+    def ask_question(self, question):
+        user_prompt = question.get_instructions().render(question.data).text
+        system_prompt = "You are a helpful agent pretending to be a human."
+        return self.execute_model_call(user_prompt, system_prompt)
+
+    def set_key_lookup(self, key_lookup: KeyLookup) -> None:
+        del self._api_token
+        self.key_lookup = key_lookup
+
+    @property
+    def api_token(self) -> str:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_api_token"):
+            self._api_token = self.key_lookup.get_api_token(
+                self._inference_service_, self.remote
+            )
+        return self._api_token
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self, key)
+
+    def _repr_html_(self) -> str:
+        d = {"model": self.model}
+        d.update(self.parameters)
+        data = [[k, v] for k, v in d.items()]
+        from tabulate import tabulate
+
+        table = str(tabulate(data, headers=["keys", "values"], tablefmt="html"))
+        return f"<pre>{table}</pre>"
+
+    def hello(self, verbose=False):
+        """Runs a simple test to check if the model is working."""
+        token = self.api_token
+        masked = token[: min(8, len(token))] + "..."
+        if verbose:
+            print(f"Current key is {masked}")
+        return self.execute_model_call(
+            user_prompt="Hello, model!", system_prompt="You are a helpful agent."
+        )
+
+    def has_valid_api_key(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the model has a valid API key.
+
+        >>> LanguageModel.example().has_valid_api_key() : # doctest: +SKIP
+        True
+
+        This method is used to check if the model has a valid API key.
+        """
+        from edsl.enums import service_to_api_keyname
+
+        if self._model_ == "test":
+            return True
+
+        key_name = service_to_api_keyname.get(self._inference_service_, "NOT FOUND")
+        key_value = os.getenv(key_name)
+        return key_value is not None
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> str:
+        """Allow the model to be used as a key in a dictionary."""
+        from edsl.utilities.utilities import dict_hash
+
+        return dict_hash(self.to_dict(add_edsl_version=False))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
+        """Check is two models are the same.
+
+        >>> m1 = LanguageModel.example()
+        >>> m2 = LanguageModel.example()
+        >>> m1 == m2
+        True
+
+        """
+        return self.model == other.model and self.parameters == other.parameters
+
+    def set_rate_limits(self, rpm=None, tpm=None) -> None:
+        """Set the rate limits for the model.
+
+        >>> m = LanguageModel.example()
+        >>> m.set_rate_limits(rpm=100, tpm=1000)
+        >>> m.RPM
+        100
+        """
+        if rpm is not None:
+            self._rpm = rpm
+        if tpm is not None:
+            self._tpm = tpm
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def RPM(self):
+        """Model's requests-per-minute limit."""
+        return self._rpm
+
+    @property
+    def TPM(self):
+        """Model's tokens-per-minute limit."""
+        return self._tpm
+
+    @property
+    def rpm(self):
+        return self._rpm
+
+    @rpm.setter
+    def rpm(self, value):
+        self._rpm = value
+
+    @property
+    def tpm(self):
+        return self._tpm
+
+    @tpm.setter
+    def tpm(self, value):
+        self._tpm = value
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _overide_default_parameters(passed_parameter_dict, default_parameter_dict):
+        """Return a dictionary of parameters, with passed parameters taking precedence over defaults.
+
+        >>> LanguageModel._overide_default_parameters(passed_parameter_dict={"temperature": 0.5}, default_parameter_dict={"temperature":0.9})
+        {'temperature': 0.5}
+        >>> LanguageModel._overide_default_parameters(passed_parameter_dict={"temperature": 0.5}, default_parameter_dict={"temperature":0.9, "max_tokens": 1000})
+        {'temperature': 0.5, 'max_tokens': 1000}
+        """
+        # this is the case when data is loaded from a dict after serialization
+        if "parameters" in passed_parameter_dict:
+            passed_parameter_dict = passed_parameter_dict["parameters"]
+        return {
+            parameter_name: passed_parameter_dict.get(parameter_name, default_value)
+            for parameter_name, default_value in default_parameter_dict.items()
+        }
+
+    def __call__(self, user_prompt: str, system_prompt: str):
+        return self.execute_model_call(user_prompt, system_prompt)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def async_execute_model_call(user_prompt: str, system_prompt: str):
+        """Execute the model call and returns a coroutine.
+
+        >>> m = LanguageModel.example(test_model = True)
+        >>> async def test(): return await m.async_execute_model_call("Hello, model!", "You are a helpful agent.")
+        >>> asyncio.run(test())
+        {'message': [{'text': 'Hello world'}], ...}
+
+        >>> m.execute_model_call("Hello, model!", "You are a helpful agent.")
+        {'message': [{'text': 'Hello world'}], ...}
+        """
+        pass
+
+    async def remote_async_execute_model_call(
+        self, user_prompt: str, system_prompt: str
+    ):
+        """Execute the model call and returns the result as a coroutine, using Coop."""
+        from edsl.coop import Coop
+
+        client = Coop()
+        response_data = await client.remote_async_execute_model_call(
+            self.to_dict(), user_prompt, system_prompt
+        )
+        return response_data
+
+    @jupyter_nb_handler
+    def execute_model_call(self, *args, **kwargs) -> Coroutine:
+        """Execute the model call and returns the result as a coroutine.
+
+        >>> m = LanguageModel.example(test_model = True)
+        >>> m.execute_model_call(user_prompt = "Hello, model!", system_prompt = "You are a helpful agent.")
+
+        """
+
+        async def main():
+            results = await asyncio.gather(
+                self.async_execute_model_call(*args, **kwargs)
+            )
+            return results[0]  # Since there's only one task, return its result
+
+        return main()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_generated_token_string(cls, raw_response: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+        """Return the generated token string from the raw response."""
+        return extract_item_from_raw_response(raw_response, cls.key_sequence)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_usage_dict(cls, raw_response: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return the usage dictionary from the raw response."""
+        if not hasattr(cls, "usage_sequence"):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "This inference service does not have a usage_sequence."
+            )
+        return extract_item_from_raw_response(raw_response, cls.usage_sequence)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def convert_answer(response_part):
+        import json
+
+        response_part = response_part.strip()
+
+        if response_part == "None":
+            return None
+
+        repaired = repair_json(response_part)
+        if repaired == '""':
+            # it was a literal string
+            return response_part
+
+        try:
+            return json.loads(repaired)
+        except json.JSONDecodeError as j:
+            # last resort
+            return response_part
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_response(cls, raw_response: dict[str, Any]) -> EDSLOutput:
+        """Parses the API response and returns the response text."""
+        generated_token_string = cls.get_generated_token_string(raw_response)
+        last_newline = generated_token_string.rfind("\n")
+
+        if last_newline == -1:
+            # There is no comment
+            edsl_dict = {
+                "answer": cls.convert_answer(generated_token_string),
+                "generated_tokens": generated_token_string,
+                "comment": None,
+            }
+        else:
+            edsl_dict = {
+                "answer": cls.convert_answer(generated_token_string[:last_newline]),
+                "comment": generated_token_string[last_newline + 1 :].strip(),
+                "generated_tokens": generated_token_string,
+            }
+        return EDSLOutput(**edsl_dict)
+
+    async def _async_get_intended_model_call_outcome(
+        self,
+        user_prompt: str,
+        system_prompt: str,
+        cache: Cache,
+        iteration: int = 0,
+        files_list: Optional[List[FileStore]] = None,
+        invigilator=None,
+    ) -> ModelResponse:
+        """Handle caching of responses.
+
+        :param user_prompt: The user's prompt.
+        :param system_prompt: The system's prompt.
+        :param iteration: The iteration number.
+        :param cache: The cache to use.
+
+        If the cache isn't being used, it just returns a 'fresh' call to the LLM.
+        But if cache is being used, it first checks the database to see if the response is already there.
+        If it is, it returns the cached response, but again appends some tracking information.
+        If it isn't, it calls the LLM, saves the response to the database, and returns the response with tracking information.
+
+        If self.use_cache is True, then attempts to retrieve the response from the database;
+        if not in the DB, calls the LLM and writes the response to the DB.
+
+        >>> from edsl import Cache
+        >>> m = LanguageModel.example(test_model = True)
+        >>> m._get_intended_model_call_outcome(user_prompt = "Hello", system_prompt = "hello", cache = Cache())
+        ModelResponse(...)"""
+
+        if files_list:
+            files_hash = "+".join([str(hash(file)) for file in files_list])
+            user_prompt_with_hashes = user_prompt + f" {files_hash}"
+        else:
+            user_prompt_with_hashes = user_prompt
+
+        cache_call_params = {
+            "model": str(self.model),
+            "parameters": self.parameters,
+            "system_prompt": system_prompt,
+            "user_prompt": user_prompt_with_hashes,
+            "iteration": iteration,
+        }
+        cached_response, cache_key = cache.fetch(**cache_call_params)
+
+        if cache_used := cached_response is not None:
+            response = json.loads(cached_response)
+        else:
+            f = (
+                self.remote_async_execute_model_call
+                if hasattr(self, "remote") and self.remote
+                else self.async_execute_model_call
+            )
+            params = {
+                "user_prompt": user_prompt,
+                "system_prompt": system_prompt,
+                "files_list": files_list,
+            }
+            response = await asyncio.wait_for(f(**params), timeout=TIMEOUT)
+            new_cache_key = cache.store(
+                **cache_call_params, response=response
+            )  # store the response in the cache
+            assert new_cache_key == cache_key  # should be the same
+
+        cost = self.cost(response)
+
+        return ModelResponse(
+            response=response,
+            cache_used=cache_used,
+            cache_key=cache_key,
+            cached_response=cached_response,
+            cost=cost,
+        )
+
+    _get_intended_model_call_outcome = sync_wrapper(
+        _async_get_intended_model_call_outcome
+    )
+
+    def simple_ask(
+        self,
+        question: QuestionBase,
+        system_prompt="You are a helpful agent pretending to be a human.",
+        top_logprobs=2,
+    ):
+        """Ask a question and return the response."""
+        self.logprobs = True
+        self.top_logprobs = top_logprobs
+        return self.execute_model_call(
+            user_prompt=question.human_readable(), system_prompt=system_prompt
+        )
+
+    async def async_get_response(
+        self,
+        user_prompt: str,
+        system_prompt: str,
+        cache: Cache,
+        iteration: int = 1,
+        files_list: Optional[List[FileStore]] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Get response, parse, and return as string.
+
+        :param user_prompt: The user's prompt.
+        :param system_prompt: The system's prompt.
+        :param iteration: The iteration number.
+        :param cache: The cache to use.
+        :param encoded_image: The encoded image to use.
+
+        """
+        params = {
+            "user_prompt": user_prompt,
+            "system_prompt": system_prompt,
+            "iteration": iteration,
+            "cache": cache,
+            "files_list": files_list,
+        }
+        if "invigilator" in kwargs:
+            params.update({"invigilator": kwargs["invigilator"]})
+
+        model_inputs = ModelInputs(user_prompt=user_prompt, system_prompt=system_prompt)
+        model_outputs = await self._async_get_intended_model_call_outcome(**params)
+        edsl_dict = self.parse_response(model_outputs.response)
+        agent_response_dict = AgentResponseDict(
+            model_inputs=model_inputs,
+            model_outputs=model_outputs,
+            edsl_dict=edsl_dict,
+        )
+        return agent_response_dict
+
+    get_response = sync_wrapper(async_get_response)
+
+    def cost(self, raw_response: dict[str, Any]) -> Union[float, str]:
+        """Return the dollar cost of a raw response."""
+
+        usage = self.get_usage_dict(raw_response)
+        from edsl.coop import Coop
+
+        c = Coop()
+        price_lookup = c.fetch_prices()
+        key = (self._inference_service_, self.model)
+        if key not in price_lookup:
+            return f"Could not find price for model {self.model} in the price lookup."
+
+        relevant_prices = price_lookup[key]
+        try:
+            input_tokens = int(usage[self.input_token_name])
+            output_tokens = int(usage[self.output_token_name])
+        except Exception as e:
+            return f"Could not fetch tokens from model response: {e}"
+
+        try:
+            inverse_output_price = relevant_prices["output"]["one_usd_buys"]
+            inverse_input_price = relevant_prices["input"]["one_usd_buys"]
+        except Exception as e:
+            if "output" not in relevant_prices:
+                return f"Could not fetch prices from {relevant_prices} - {e}; Missing 'output' key."
+            if "input" not in relevant_prices:
+                return f"Could not fetch prices from {relevant_prices} - {e}; Missing 'input' key."
+            return f"Could not fetch prices from {relevant_prices} - {e}"
+
+        if inverse_input_price == "infinity":
+            input_cost = 0
+        else:
+            try:
+                input_cost = input_tokens / float(inverse_input_price)
+            except Exception as e:
+                return f"Could not compute input price - {e}."
+
+        if inverse_output_price == "infinity":
+            output_cost = 0
+        else:
+            try:
+                output_cost = output_tokens / float(inverse_output_price)
+            except Exception as e:
+                return f"Could not compute output price - {e}"
+
+        return input_cost + output_cost
+
+    def to_dict(self, add_edsl_version: bool = True) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Convert instance to a dictionary
+
+        >>> m = LanguageModel.example()
+        >>> m.to_dict()
+        {'model': '...', 'parameters': {'temperature': ..., 'max_tokens': ..., 'top_p': ..., 'frequency_penalty': ..., 'presence_penalty': ..., 'logprobs': False, 'top_logprobs': ...}, 'edsl_version': '...', 'edsl_class_name': 'LanguageModel'}
+        """
+        d = {"model": self.model, "parameters": self.parameters}
+        if add_edsl_version:
+            from edsl import __version__
+
+            d["edsl_version"] = __version__
+            d["edsl_class_name"] = self.__class__.__name__
+        return d
+
+    @classmethod
+    @remove_edsl_version
+    def from_dict(cls, data: dict) -> Type[LanguageModel]:
+        """Convert dictionary to a LanguageModel child instance."""
+        from edsl.language_models.registry import get_model_class
+
+        model_class = get_model_class(data["model"])
+        return model_class(**data)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """Return a string representation of the object."""
+        param_string = ", ".join(
+            f"{key} = {value}" for key, value in self.parameters.items()
+        )
+        return (
+            f"Model(model_name = '{self.model}'"
+            + (f", {param_string}" if param_string else "")
+            + ")"
+        )
+
+    def __add__(self, other_model: Type[LanguageModel]) -> Type[LanguageModel]:
+        """Combine two models into a single model (other_model takes precedence over self)."""
+        import warnings
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"""Warning: one model is replacing another. If you want to run both models, use a single `by` e.g., 
+              by(m1, m2, m3) not by(m1).by(m2).by(m3)."""
+        )
+        return other_model or self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def example(
+        cls,
+        test_model: bool = False,
+        canned_response: str = "Hello world",
+        throw_exception: bool = False,
+    ) -> LanguageModel:
+        """Return a default instance of the class.
+
+        >>> from edsl.language_models import LanguageModel
+        >>> m = LanguageModel.example(test_model = True, canned_response = "WOWZA!")
+        >>> isinstance(m, LanguageModel)
+        True
+        >>> from edsl import QuestionFreeText
+        >>> q = QuestionFreeText(question_text = "What is your name?", question_name = 'example')
+        >>> q.by(m).run(cache = False, disable_remote_cache = True, disable_remote_inference = True).select('example').first()
+        'WOWZA!'
+        >>> m = LanguageModel.example(test_model = True, canned_response = "WOWZA!", throw_exception = True)
+        >>> r = q.by(m).run(cache = False, disable_remote_cache = True, disable_remote_inference = True, print_exceptions = True)
+        Exception report saved to ...
+        Also see: ...
+        """
+        from edsl import Model
+
+        if test_model:
+            m = Model(
+                "test", canned_response=canned_response, throw_exception=throw_exception
+            )
+            return m
+        else:
+            return Model(skip_api_key_check=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    """Run the module's test suite."""
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod(optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS)