diff-diff 2.1.0__cp39-cp39-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl

diff_diff/visualization.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1627 @@
+"""
+Visualization functions for difference-in-differences analysis.
+
+Provides event study plots and other diagnostic visualizations.
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from diff_diff.bacon import BaconDecompositionResults
+    from diff_diff.honest_did import HonestDiDResults, SensitivityResults
+    from diff_diff.power import PowerResults, SimulationPowerResults
+    from diff_diff.pretrends import PreTrendsPowerCurve, PreTrendsPowerResults
+    from diff_diff.results import MultiPeriodDiDResults
+    from diff_diff.staggered import CallawaySantAnnaResults
+    from diff_diff.sun_abraham import SunAbrahamResults
+
+# Type alias for results that can be plotted
+PlottableResults = Union[
+    "MultiPeriodDiDResults",
+    "CallawaySantAnnaResults",
+    "SunAbrahamResults",
+    pd.DataFrame,
+]
+
+
+def plot_event_study(
+    results: Optional[PlottableResults] = None,
+    *,
+    effects: Optional[Dict[Any, float]] = None,
+    se: Optional[Dict[Any, float]] = None,
+    periods: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+    reference_period: Optional[Any] = None,
+    pre_periods: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+    post_periods: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+    alpha: float = 0.05,
+    figsize: Tuple[float, float] = (10, 6),
+    title: str = "Event Study",
+    xlabel: str = "Period Relative to Treatment",
+    ylabel: str = "Treatment Effect",
+    color: str = "#2563eb",
+    marker: str = "o",
+    markersize: int = 8,
+    linewidth: float = 1.5,
+    capsize: int = 4,
+    show_zero_line: bool = True,
+    show_reference_line: bool = True,
+    shade_pre: bool = True,
+    shade_color: str = "#f0f0f0",
+    ax: Optional[Any] = None,
+    show: bool = True,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Create an event study plot showing treatment effects over time.
+
+    This function creates a coefficient plot with point estimates and
+    confidence intervals for each time period, commonly used to visualize
+    dynamic treatment effects and assess pre-trends.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    results : MultiPeriodDiDResults, CallawaySantAnnaResults, or DataFrame, optional
+        Results object from MultiPeriodDiD, CallawaySantAnna, or a DataFrame
+        with columns 'period', 'effect', 'se' (and optionally 'conf_int_lower',
+        'conf_int_upper'). If None, must provide effects and se directly.
+    effects : dict, optional
+        Dictionary mapping periods to effect estimates. Used if results is None.
+    se : dict, optional
+        Dictionary mapping periods to standard errors. Used if results is None.
+    periods : list, optional
+        List of periods to plot. If None, uses all periods from results.
+    reference_period : any, optional
+        The reference period (normalized to effect=0). Will be shown as a
+        hollow marker. If None, tries to infer from results.
+    pre_periods : list, optional
+        List of pre-treatment periods. Used for shading.
+    post_periods : list, optional
+        List of post-treatment periods. Used for shading.
+    alpha : float, default=0.05
+        Significance level for confidence intervals.
+    figsize : tuple, default=(10, 6)
+        Figure size (width, height) in inches.
+    title : str, default="Event Study"
+        Plot title.
+    xlabel : str, default="Period Relative to Treatment"
+        X-axis label.
+    ylabel : str, default="Treatment Effect"
+        Y-axis label.
+    color : str, default="#2563eb"
+        Color for points and error bars.
+    marker : str, default="o"
+        Marker style for point estimates.
+    markersize : int, default=8
+        Size of markers.
+    linewidth : float, default=1.5
+        Width of error bar lines.
+    capsize : int, default=4
+        Size of error bar caps.
+    show_zero_line : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show a horizontal line at y=0.
+    show_reference_line : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show a vertical line at the reference period.
+    shade_pre : bool, default=True
+        Whether to shade the pre-treatment region.
+    shade_color : str, default="#f0f0f0"
+        Color for pre-treatment shading.
+    ax : matplotlib.axes.Axes, optional
+        Axes to plot on. If None, creates new figure.
+    show : bool, default=True
+        Whether to call plt.show() at the end.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    matplotlib.axes.Axes
+        The axes object containing the plot.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Using with MultiPeriodDiD results:
+
+    >>> from diff_diff import MultiPeriodDiD, plot_event_study
+    >>> did = MultiPeriodDiD()
+    >>> results = did.fit(data, outcome='y', treatment='treated',
+    ...                   time='period', post_periods=[3, 4, 5])
+    >>> plot_event_study(results)
+
+    Using with a DataFrame:
+
+    >>> df = pd.DataFrame({
+    ...     'period': [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2],
+    ...     'effect': [0.1, 0.05, 0.0, 0.5, 0.6],
+    ...     'se': [0.1, 0.1, 0.0, 0.15, 0.15]
+    ... })
+    >>> plot_event_study(df, reference_period=0)
+
+    Using with manual effects:
+
+    >>> effects = {-2: 0.1, -1: 0.05, 0: 0.0, 1: 0.5, 2: 0.6}
+    >>> se = {-2: 0.1, -1: 0.1, 0: 0.0, 1: 0.15, 2: 0.15}
+    >>> plot_event_study(effects=effects, se=se, reference_period=0)
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Event study plots are a standard visualization in difference-in-differences
+    analysis. They show:
+
+    1. **Pre-treatment periods**: Effects should be close to zero if parallel
+       trends holds. Large pre-treatment effects suggest the assumption may
+       be violated.
+
+    2. **Reference period**: Usually the last pre-treatment period (t=-1),
+       normalized to zero. This is the omitted category.
+
+    3. **Post-treatment periods**: The treatment effects of interest. These
+       show how the outcome evolved after treatment.
+
+    The confidence intervals help assess statistical significance. Effects
+    whose CIs don't include zero are typically considered significant.
+    """
+    try:
+        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "matplotlib is required for plotting. "
+            "Install it with: pip install matplotlib"
+        )
+
+    from scipy import stats as scipy_stats
+
+    # Extract data from results if provided
+    if results is not None:
+        effects, se, periods, pre_periods, post_periods, reference_period = \
+            _extract_plot_data(results, periods, pre_periods, post_periods, reference_period)
+    elif effects is None or se is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Must provide either 'results' or both 'effects' and 'se'"
+        )
+
+    # Ensure effects and se are dicts
+    if not isinstance(effects, dict):
+        raise TypeError("effects must be a dictionary mapping periods to values")
+    if not isinstance(se, dict):
+        raise TypeError("se must be a dictionary mapping periods to values")
+
+    # Get periods to plot
+    if periods is None:
+        periods = sorted(effects.keys())
+
+    # Compute confidence intervals
+    critical_value = scipy_stats.norm.ppf(1 - alpha / 2)
+
+    plot_data = []
+    for period in periods:
+        effect = effects.get(period, np.nan)
+        std_err = se.get(period, np.nan)
+
+        if np.isnan(effect) or np.isnan(std_err):
+            continue
+
+        ci_lower = effect - critical_value * std_err
+        ci_upper = effect + critical_value * std_err
+
+        plot_data.append({
+            'period': period,
+            'effect': effect,
+            'se': std_err,
+            'ci_lower': ci_lower,
+            'ci_upper': ci_upper,
+            'is_reference': period == reference_period,
+        })
+
+    if not plot_data:
+        raise ValueError("No valid data to plot")
+
+    df = pd.DataFrame(plot_data)
+
+    # Create figure if needed
+    if ax is None:
+        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=figsize)
+    else:
+        fig = ax.get_figure()
+
+    # Convert periods to numeric for plotting
+    period_to_x = {p: i for i, p in enumerate(df['period'])}
+    x_vals = [period_to_x[p] for p in df['period']]
+
+    # Shade pre-treatment region
+    if shade_pre and pre_periods is not None:
+        pre_x = [period_to_x[p] for p in pre_periods if p in period_to_x]
+        if pre_x:
+            ax.axvspan(min(pre_x) - 0.5, max(pre_x) + 0.5,
+                       color=shade_color, alpha=0.5, zorder=0)
+
+    # Draw horizontal zero line
+    if show_zero_line:
+        ax.axhline(y=0, color='gray', linestyle='--', linewidth=1, zorder=1)
+
+    # Draw vertical reference line
+    if show_reference_line and reference_period is not None:
+        if reference_period in period_to_x:
+            ref_x = period_to_x[reference_period]
+            ax.axvline(x=ref_x, color='gray', linestyle=':', linewidth=1, zorder=1)
+
+    # Plot error bars
+    yerr = [df['effect'] - df['ci_lower'], df['ci_upper'] - df['effect']]
+    ax.errorbar(
+        x_vals, df['effect'], yerr=yerr,
+        fmt='none', color=color, capsize=capsize, linewidth=linewidth,
+        capthick=linewidth, zorder=2
+    )
+
+    # Plot point estimates
+    for i, row in df.iterrows():
+        x = period_to_x[row['period']]
+        if row['is_reference']:
+            # Hollow marker for reference period
+            ax.plot(x, row['effect'], marker=marker, markersize=markersize,
+                    markerfacecolor='white', markeredgecolor=color,
+                    markeredgewidth=2, zorder=3)
+        else:
+            ax.plot(x, row['effect'], marker=marker, markersize=markersize,
+                    color=color, zorder=3)
+
+    # Set labels and title
+    ax.set_xlabel(xlabel)
+    ax.set_ylabel(ylabel)
+    ax.set_title(title)
+
+    # Set x-axis ticks
+    ax.set_xticks(x_vals)
+    ax.set_xticklabels([str(p) for p in df['period']])
+
+    # Add grid
+    ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3, axis='y')
+
+    # Tight layout
+    fig.tight_layout()
+
+    if show:
+        plt.show()
+
+    return ax
+
+
+def _extract_plot_data(
+    results: PlottableResults,
+    periods: Optional[List[Any]],
+    pre_periods: Optional[List[Any]],
+    post_periods: Optional[List[Any]],
+    reference_period: Optional[Any],
+) -> Tuple[Dict, Dict, List, List, List, Any]:
+    """
+    Extract plotting data from various result types.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    tuple
+        (effects, se, periods, pre_periods, post_periods, reference_period)
+    """
+    # Handle DataFrame input
+    if isinstance(results, pd.DataFrame):
+        if 'period' not in results.columns:
+            raise ValueError("DataFrame must have 'period' column")
+        if 'effect' not in results.columns:
+            raise ValueError("DataFrame must have 'effect' column")
+        if 'se' not in results.columns:
+            raise ValueError("DataFrame must have 'se' column")
+
+        effects = dict(zip(results['period'], results['effect']))
+        se = dict(zip(results['period'], results['se']))
+
+        if periods is None:
+            periods = list(results['period'])
+
+        return effects, se, periods, pre_periods, post_periods, reference_period
+
+    # Handle MultiPeriodDiDResults
+    if hasattr(results, 'period_effects'):
+        effects = {}
+        se = {}
+
+        for period, pe in results.period_effects.items():
+            effects[period] = pe.effect
+            se[period] = pe.se
+
+        if pre_periods is None and hasattr(results, 'pre_periods'):
+            pre_periods = results.pre_periods
+
+        if post_periods is None and hasattr(results, 'post_periods'):
+            post_periods = results.post_periods
+
+        if periods is None:
+            periods = post_periods
+
+        return effects, se, periods, pre_periods, post_periods, reference_period
+
+    # Handle CallawaySantAnnaResults (event study aggregation)
+    if hasattr(results, 'event_study_effects') and results.event_study_effects is not None:
+        effects = {}
+        se = {}
+
+        for rel_period, effect_data in results.event_study_effects.items():
+            effects[rel_period] = effect_data['effect']
+            se[rel_period] = effect_data['se']
+
+        if periods is None:
+            periods = sorted(effects.keys())
+
+        # Reference period is typically -1 for event study
+        if reference_period is None:
+            reference_period = -1
+
+        if pre_periods is None:
+            pre_periods = [p for p in periods if p < 0]
+
+        if post_periods is None:
+            post_periods = [p for p in periods if p >= 0]
+
+        return effects, se, periods, pre_periods, post_periods, reference_period
+
+    raise TypeError(
+        f"Cannot extract plot data from {type(results).__name__}. "
+        "Expected MultiPeriodDiDResults, CallawaySantAnnaResults, "
+        "SunAbrahamResults, or DataFrame."
+    )
+
+
+def plot_group_effects(
+    results: "CallawaySantAnnaResults",
+    *,
+    groups: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+    figsize: Tuple[float, float] = (10, 6),
+    title: str = "Treatment Effects by Cohort",
+    xlabel: str = "Time Period",
+    ylabel: str = "Treatment Effect",
+    alpha: float = 0.05,
+    show: bool = True,
+    ax: Optional[Any] = None,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Plot treatment effects by treatment cohort (group).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    results : CallawaySantAnnaResults
+        Results from CallawaySantAnna estimator.
+    groups : list, optional
+        List of groups (cohorts) to plot. If None, plots all groups.
+    figsize : tuple, default=(10, 6)
+        Figure size.
+    title : str
+        Plot title.
+    xlabel : str
+        X-axis label.
+    ylabel : str
+        Y-axis label.
+    alpha : float, default=0.05
+        Significance level for confidence intervals.
+    show : bool, default=True
+        Whether to call plt.show().
+    ax : matplotlib.axes.Axes, optional
+        Axes to plot on.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    matplotlib.axes.Axes
+        The axes object.
+    """
+    try:
+        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "matplotlib is required for plotting. "
+            "Install it with: pip install matplotlib"
+        )
+
+    from scipy import stats as scipy_stats
+
+    if not hasattr(results, 'group_time_effects'):
+        raise TypeError("results must be a CallawaySantAnnaResults object")
+
+    # Get groups to plot
+    if groups is None:
+        groups = sorted(set(g for g, t in results.group_time_effects.keys()))
+
+    # Create figure
+    if ax is None:
+        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=figsize)
+    else:
+        fig = ax.get_figure()
+
+    # Color palette
+    colors = plt.cm.tab10(np.linspace(0, 1, len(groups)))
+
+    critical_value = scipy_stats.norm.ppf(1 - alpha / 2)
+
+    for i, group in enumerate(groups):
+        # Get effects for this group
+        group_effects = [
+            (t, data) for (g, t), data in results.group_time_effects.items()
+            if g == group
+        ]
+        group_effects.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+
+        if not group_effects:
+            continue
+
+        times = [t for t, _ in group_effects]
+        effects = [data['effect'] for _, data in group_effects]
+        ses = [data['se'] for _, data in group_effects]
+
+        yerr = [
+            [e - (e - critical_value * s) for e, s in zip(effects, ses)],
+            [(e + critical_value * s) - e for e, s in zip(effects, ses)]
+        ]
+
+        ax.errorbar(
+            times, effects, yerr=yerr,
+            label=f'Cohort {group}', color=colors[i],
+            marker='o', capsize=3, linewidth=1.5
+        )
+
+    ax.axhline(y=0, color='gray', linestyle='--', linewidth=1)
+    ax.set_xlabel(xlabel)
+    ax.set_ylabel(ylabel)
+    ax.set_title(title)
+    ax.legend(loc='best')
+    ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3, axis='y')
+
+    fig.tight_layout()
+
+    if show:
+        plt.show()
+
+    return ax
+
+
+def plot_sensitivity(
+    sensitivity_results: "SensitivityResults",
+    *,
+    show_bounds: bool = True,
+    show_ci: bool = True,
+    breakdown_line: bool = True,
+    figsize: Tuple[float, float] = (10, 6),
+    title: str = "Honest DiD Sensitivity Analysis",
+    xlabel: str = "M (restriction parameter)",
+    ylabel: str = "Treatment Effect",
+    bounds_color: str = "#2563eb",
+    bounds_alpha: float = 0.3,
+    ci_color: str = "#2563eb",
+    ci_linewidth: float = 1.5,
+    breakdown_color: str = "#dc2626",
+    original_color: str = "#1f2937",
+    ax: Optional[Any] = None,
+    show: bool = True,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Plot sensitivity analysis results from Honest DiD.
+
+    Shows how treatment effect bounds and confidence intervals
+    change as the restriction parameter M varies.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    sensitivity_results : SensitivityResults
+        Results from HonestDiD.sensitivity_analysis().
+    show_bounds : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show the identified set bounds as shaded region.
+    show_ci : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show robust confidence interval lines.
+    breakdown_line : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show vertical line at breakdown value.
+    figsize : tuple, default=(10, 6)
+        Figure size (width, height) in inches.
+    title : str
+        Plot title.
+    xlabel : str
+        X-axis label.
+    ylabel : str
+        Y-axis label.
+    bounds_color : str
+        Color for identified set shading.
+    bounds_alpha : float
+        Transparency for identified set shading.
+    ci_color : str
+        Color for confidence interval lines.
+    ci_linewidth : float
+        Line width for CI lines.
+    breakdown_color : str
+        Color for breakdown value line.
+    original_color : str
+        Color for original estimate line.
+    ax : matplotlib.axes.Axes, optional
+        Axes to plot on. If None, creates new figure.
+    show : bool, default=True
+        Whether to call plt.show().
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    matplotlib.axes.Axes
+        The axes object containing the plot.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from diff_diff import MultiPeriodDiD
+    >>> from diff_diff.honest_did import HonestDiD
+    >>> from diff_diff.visualization import plot_sensitivity
+    >>>
+    >>> # Fit event study and run sensitivity analysis
+    >>> results = MultiPeriodDiD().fit(data, ...)
+    >>> honest = HonestDiD(method='relative_magnitude')
+    >>> sensitivity = honest.sensitivity_analysis(results)
+    >>>
+    >>> # Create sensitivity plot
+    >>> plot_sensitivity(sensitivity)
+    """
+    try:
+        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "matplotlib is required for plotting. "
+            "Install it with: pip install matplotlib"
+        )
+
+    # Create figure if needed
+    if ax is None:
+        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=figsize)
+    else:
+        fig = ax.get_figure()
+
+    M = sensitivity_results.M_values
+    bounds_arr = np.array(sensitivity_results.bounds)
+    ci_arr = np.array(sensitivity_results.robust_cis)
+
+    # Plot original estimate
+    ax.axhline(
+        y=sensitivity_results.original_estimate,
+        color=original_color,
+        linestyle='-',
+        linewidth=1.5,
+        label='Original estimate',
+        alpha=0.7
+    )
+
+    # Plot zero line
+    ax.axhline(y=0, color='gray', linestyle='--', linewidth=1, alpha=0.5)
+
+    # Plot identified set bounds
+    if show_bounds:
+        ax.fill_between(
+            M, bounds_arr[:, 0], bounds_arr[:, 1],
+            alpha=bounds_alpha,
+            color=bounds_color,
+            label='Identified set'
+        )
+
+    # Plot confidence intervals
+    if show_ci:
+        ax.plot(
+            M, ci_arr[:, 0],
+            color=ci_color,
+            linewidth=ci_linewidth,
+            label='Robust CI'
+        )
+        ax.plot(
+            M, ci_arr[:, 1],
+            color=ci_color,
+            linewidth=ci_linewidth
+        )
+
+    # Plot breakdown line
+    if breakdown_line and sensitivity_results.breakdown_M is not None:
+        ax.axvline(
+            x=sensitivity_results.breakdown_M,
+            color=breakdown_color,
+            linestyle=':',
+            linewidth=2,
+            label=f'Breakdown (M={sensitivity_results.breakdown_M:.2f})'
+        )
+
+    ax.set_xlabel(xlabel)
+    ax.set_ylabel(ylabel)
+    ax.set_title(title)
+    ax.legend(loc='best')
+    ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
+
+    fig.tight_layout()
+
+    if show:
+        plt.show()
+
+    return ax
+
+
+def plot_honest_event_study(
+    honest_results: "HonestDiDResults",
+    *,
+    periods: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+    reference_period: Optional[Any] = None,
+    figsize: Tuple[float, float] = (10, 6),
+    title: str = "Event Study with Honest Confidence Intervals",
+    xlabel: str = "Period Relative to Treatment",
+    ylabel: str = "Treatment Effect",
+    original_color: str = "#6b7280",
+    honest_color: str = "#2563eb",
+    marker: str = "o",
+    markersize: int = 8,
+    capsize: int = 4,
+    ax: Optional[Any] = None,
+    show: bool = True,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Create event study plot with Honest DiD confidence intervals.
+
+    Shows both the original confidence intervals (assuming parallel trends)
+    and the robust confidence intervals that allow for bounded violations.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    honest_results : HonestDiDResults
+        Results from HonestDiD.fit() that include event_study_bounds.
+    periods : list, optional
+        Periods to plot. If None, uses all available periods.
+    reference_period : any, optional
+        Reference period to show as hollow marker.
+    figsize : tuple, default=(10, 6)
+        Figure size.
+    title : str
+        Plot title.
+    xlabel : str
+        X-axis label.
+    ylabel : str
+        Y-axis label.
+    original_color : str
+        Color for original (standard) confidence intervals.
+    honest_color : str
+        Color for honest (robust) confidence intervals.
+    marker : str
+        Marker style.
+    markersize : int
+        Marker size.
+    capsize : int
+        Error bar cap size.
+    ax : matplotlib.axes.Axes, optional
+        Axes to plot on.
+    show : bool, default=True
+        Whether to call plt.show().
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    matplotlib.axes.Axes
+        The axes object.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function requires the HonestDiDResults to have been computed
+    with event_study_bounds. If only a scalar bound was computed,
+    use plot_sensitivity() instead.
+    """
+    try:
+        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "matplotlib is required for plotting. "
+            "Install it with: pip install matplotlib"
+        )
+
+    from scipy import stats as scipy_stats
+
+    # Get original results for standard CIs
+    original_results = honest_results.original_results
+    if original_results is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "HonestDiDResults must have original_results to plot event study"
+        )
+
+    # Extract data from original results
+    if hasattr(original_results, 'period_effects'):
+        # MultiPeriodDiDResults
+        effects_dict = {
+            p: pe.effect for p, pe in original_results.period_effects.items()
+        }
+        se_dict = {
+            p: pe.se for p, pe in original_results.period_effects.items()
+        }
+        if periods is None:
+            periods = list(original_results.period_effects.keys())
+    elif hasattr(original_results, 'event_study_effects'):
+        # CallawaySantAnnaResults
+        effects_dict = {
+            t: data['effect']
+            for t, data in original_results.event_study_effects.items()
+        }
+        se_dict = {
+            t: data['se']
+            for t, data in original_results.event_study_effects.items()
+        }
+        if periods is None:
+            periods = sorted(original_results.event_study_effects.keys())
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Cannot extract event study data from original_results")
+
+    # Create figure
+    if ax is None:
+        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=figsize)
+    else:
+        fig = ax.get_figure()
+
+    # Compute CIs
+    alpha = honest_results.alpha
+    z = scipy_stats.norm.ppf(1 - alpha / 2)
+
+    x_vals = list(range(len(periods)))
+
+    effects = [effects_dict[p] for p in periods]
+    original_ci_lower = [effects_dict[p] - z * se_dict[p] for p in periods]
+    original_ci_upper = [effects_dict[p] + z * se_dict[p] for p in periods]
+
+    # Get honest bounds if available for each period
+    if honest_results.event_study_bounds:
+        honest_ci_lower = [
+            honest_results.event_study_bounds[p]['ci_lb']
+            for p in periods
+        ]
+        honest_ci_upper = [
+            honest_results.event_study_bounds[p]['ci_ub']
+            for p in periods
+        ]
+    else:
+        # Use scalar bounds applied to all periods
+        honest_ci_lower = [honest_results.ci_lb] * len(periods)
+        honest_ci_upper = [honest_results.ci_ub] * len(periods)
+
+    # Zero line
+    ax.axhline(y=0, color='gray', linestyle='--', linewidth=1, alpha=0.5)
+
+    # Plot original CIs (thinner, background)
+    yerr_orig = [
+        [e - lower for e, lower in zip(effects, original_ci_lower)],
+        [u - e for e, u in zip(effects, original_ci_upper)]
+    ]
+    ax.errorbar(
+        x_vals, effects, yerr=yerr_orig,
+        fmt='none', color=original_color, capsize=capsize - 1,
+        linewidth=1, alpha=0.6, label='Standard CI'
+    )
+
+    # Plot honest CIs (thicker, foreground)
+    yerr_honest = [
+        [e - lower for e, lower in zip(effects, honest_ci_lower)],
+        [u - e for e, u in zip(effects, honest_ci_upper)]
+    ]
+    ax.errorbar(
+        x_vals, effects, yerr=yerr_honest,
+        fmt='none', color=honest_color, capsize=capsize,
+        linewidth=2, label=f'Honest CI (M={honest_results.M:.2f})'
+    )
+
+    # Plot point estimates
+    for i, (x, effect, period) in enumerate(zip(x_vals, effects, periods)):
+        is_ref = period == reference_period
+        if is_ref:
+            ax.plot(x, effect, marker=marker, markersize=markersize,
+                    markerfacecolor='white', markeredgecolor=honest_color,
+                    markeredgewidth=2, zorder=3)
+        else:
+            ax.plot(x, effect, marker=marker, markersize=markersize,
+                    color=honest_color, zorder=3)
+
+    ax.set_xlabel(xlabel)
+    ax.set_ylabel(ylabel)
+    ax.set_title(title)
+    ax.set_xticks(x_vals)
+    ax.set_xticklabels([str(p) for p in periods])
+    ax.legend(loc='best')
+    ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3, axis='y')
+
+    fig.tight_layout()
+
+    if show:
+        plt.show()
+
+    return ax
+
+
+def plot_bacon(
+    results: "BaconDecompositionResults",
+    *,
+    plot_type: str = "scatter",
+    figsize: Tuple[float, float] = (10, 6),
+    title: Optional[str] = None,
+    xlabel: str = "2x2 DiD Estimate",
+    ylabel: str = "Weight",
+    colors: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    marker: str = "o",
+    markersize: int = 80,
+    alpha: float = 0.7,
+    show_weighted_avg: bool = True,
+    show_twfe_line: bool = True,
+    ax: Optional[Any] = None,
+    show: bool = True,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Visualize Goodman-Bacon decomposition results.
+
+    Creates either a scatter plot showing the weight and estimate for each
+    2x2 comparison, or a stacked bar chart showing total weight by comparison
+    type.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    results : BaconDecompositionResults
+        Results from BaconDecomposition.fit() or bacon_decompose().
+    plot_type : str, default="scatter"
+        Type of plot to create:
+        - "scatter": Scatter plot with estimates on x-axis, weights on y-axis
+        - "bar": Stacked bar chart of weights by comparison type
+    figsize : tuple, default=(10, 6)
+        Figure size (width, height) in inches.
+    title : str, optional
+        Plot title. If None, uses a default based on plot_type.
+    xlabel : str, default="2x2 DiD Estimate"
+        X-axis label (scatter plot only).
+    ylabel : str, default="Weight"
+        Y-axis label.
+    colors : dict, optional
+        Dictionary mapping comparison types to colors. Keys are:
+        "treated_vs_never", "earlier_vs_later", "later_vs_earlier".
+        If None, uses default colors.
+    marker : str, default="o"
+        Marker style for scatter plot.
+    markersize : int, default=80
+        Marker size for scatter plot.
+    alpha : float, default=0.7
+        Transparency for markers/bars.
+    show_weighted_avg : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show weighted average lines for each comparison type
+        (scatter plot only).
+    show_twfe_line : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show a vertical line at the TWFE estimate (scatter plot only).
+    ax : matplotlib.axes.Axes, optional
+        Axes to plot on. If None, creates new figure.
+    show : bool, default=True
+        Whether to call plt.show() at the end.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    matplotlib.axes.Axes
+        The axes object containing the plot.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Scatter plot (default):
+
+    >>> from diff_diff import bacon_decompose, plot_bacon
+    >>> results = bacon_decompose(data, outcome='y', unit='id',
+    ...                           time='t', first_treat='first_treat')
+    >>> plot_bacon(results)
+
+    Bar chart of weights by type:
+
+    >>> plot_bacon(results, plot_type='bar')
+
+    Customized scatter plot:
+
+    >>> plot_bacon(results,
+    ...            colors={'treated_vs_never': 'green',
+    ...                    'earlier_vs_later': 'blue',
+    ...                    'later_vs_earlier': 'red'},
+    ...            title='My Bacon Decomposition')
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The scatter plot is particularly useful for understanding:
+
+    1. **Distribution of estimates**: Are 2x2 estimates clustered or spread?
+       Wide spread suggests heterogeneous treatment effects.
+
+    2. **Weight concentration**: Do a few comparisons dominate the TWFE?
+       Points with high weights have more influence.
+
+    3. **Forbidden comparison problem**: Red points (later_vs_earlier) show
+       comparisons using already-treated units as controls. If these have
+       different estimates than clean comparisons, TWFE may be biased.
+
+    The bar chart provides a quick summary of how much weight falls on
+    each comparison type, which is useful for assessing the severity
+    of potential TWFE bias.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    bacon_decompose : Perform the decomposition
+    BaconDecomposition : Class-based interface
+    """
+    try:
+        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "matplotlib is required for plotting. "
+            "Install it with: pip install matplotlib"
+        )
+
+    # Default colors
+    if colors is None:
+        colors = {
+            "treated_vs_never": "#22c55e",    # Green - clean comparison
+            "earlier_vs_later": "#3b82f6",    # Blue - valid comparison
+            "later_vs_earlier": "#ef4444",    # Red - forbidden comparison
+        }
+
+    # Default titles
+    if title is None:
+        if plot_type == "scatter":
+            title = "Goodman-Bacon Decomposition"
+        else:
+            title = "TWFE Weight by Comparison Type"
+
+    # Create figure if needed
+    if ax is None:
+        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=figsize)
+    else:
+        fig = ax.get_figure()
+
+    if plot_type == "scatter":
+        _plot_bacon_scatter(
+            ax, results, colors, marker, markersize, alpha,
+            show_weighted_avg, show_twfe_line, xlabel, ylabel, title
+        )
+    elif plot_type == "bar":
+        _plot_bacon_bar(ax, results, colors, alpha, ylabel, title)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown plot_type: {plot_type}. Use 'scatter' or 'bar'.")
+
+    fig.tight_layout()
+
+    if show:
+        plt.show()
+
+    return ax
+
+
+def _plot_bacon_scatter(
+    ax: Any,
+    results: "BaconDecompositionResults",
+    colors: Dict[str, str],
+    marker: str,
+    markersize: int,
+    alpha: float,
+    show_weighted_avg: bool,
+    show_twfe_line: bool,
+    xlabel: str,
+    ylabel: str,
+    title: str,
+) -> None:
+    """Create scatter plot of Bacon decomposition."""
+    # Separate comparisons by type
+    by_type: Dict[str, List[Tuple[float, float]]] = {
+        "treated_vs_never": [],
+        "earlier_vs_later": [],
+        "later_vs_earlier": [],
+    }
+
+    for comp in results.comparisons:
+        by_type[comp.comparison_type].append((comp.estimate, comp.weight))
+
+    # Plot each type
+    labels = {
+        "treated_vs_never": "Treated vs Never-treated",
+        "earlier_vs_later": "Earlier vs Later treated",
+        "later_vs_earlier": "Later vs Earlier (forbidden)",
+    }
+
+    for ctype, points in by_type.items():
+        if not points:
+            continue
+        estimates = [p[0] for p in points]
+        weights = [p[1] for p in points]
+        ax.scatter(
+            estimates, weights,
+            c=colors[ctype],
+            label=labels[ctype],
+            marker=marker,
+            s=markersize,
+            alpha=alpha,
+            edgecolors='white',
+            linewidths=0.5,
+        )
+
+    # Show weighted average lines
+    if show_weighted_avg:
+        effect_by_type = results.effect_by_type()
+        for ctype, avg_effect in effect_by_type.items():
+            if avg_effect is not None and by_type[ctype]:
+                ax.axvline(
+                    x=avg_effect,
+                    color=colors[ctype],
+                    linestyle='--',
+                    alpha=0.5,
+                    linewidth=1.5,
+                )
+
+    # Show TWFE estimate line
+    if show_twfe_line:
+        ax.axvline(
+            x=results.twfe_estimate,
+            color='black',
+            linestyle='-',
+            linewidth=2,
+            label=f'TWFE = {results.twfe_estimate:.4f}',
+        )
+
+    ax.set_xlabel(xlabel)
+    ax.set_ylabel(ylabel)
+    ax.set_title(title)
+    ax.legend(loc='best')
+    ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
+
+    # Add zero line
+    ax.axvline(x=0, color='gray', linestyle=':', alpha=0.5)
+
+
+def _plot_bacon_bar(
+    ax: Any,
+    results: "BaconDecompositionResults",
+    colors: Dict[str, str],
+    alpha: float,
+    ylabel: str,
+    title: str,
+) -> None:
+    """Create stacked bar chart of weights by comparison type."""
+    # Get weights
+    weights = results.weight_by_type()
+
+    # Labels and colors
+    type_order = ["treated_vs_never", "earlier_vs_later", "later_vs_earlier"]
+    labels = {
+        "treated_vs_never": "Treated vs Never-treated",
+        "earlier_vs_later": "Earlier vs Later",
+        "later_vs_earlier": "Later vs Earlier\n(forbidden)",
+    }
+
+    # Create bar data
+    bar_labels = [labels[t] for t in type_order]
+    bar_weights = [weights[t] for t in type_order]
+    bar_colors = [colors[t] for t in type_order]
+
+    # Create bars
+    bars = ax.bar(
+        bar_labels,
+        bar_weights,
+        color=bar_colors,
+        alpha=alpha,
+        edgecolor='white',
+        linewidth=1,
+    )
+
+    # Add percentage labels on bars
+    for bar, weight in zip(bars, bar_weights):
+        if weight > 0.01:  # Only label if > 1%
+            height = bar.get_height()
+            ax.annotate(
+                f'{weight:.1%}',
+                xy=(bar.get_x() + bar.get_width() / 2, height),
+                xytext=(0, 3),
+                textcoords="offset points",
+                ha='center',
+                va='bottom',
+                fontsize=10,
+                fontweight='bold',
+            )
+
+    # Add weighted average effect annotations
+    effects = results.effect_by_type()
+    for bar, ctype in zip(bars, type_order):
+        effect = effects[ctype]
+        if effect is not None and weights[ctype] > 0.01:
+            ax.annotate(
+                f'β = {effect:.3f}',
+                xy=(bar.get_x() + bar.get_width() / 2, bar.get_height() / 2),
+                ha='center',
+                va='center',
+                fontsize=9,
+                color='white',
+                fontweight='bold',
+            )
+
+    ax.set_ylabel(ylabel)
+    ax.set_title(title)
+    ax.set_ylim(0, 1.1)
+
+    # Add horizontal line at total weight = 1
+    ax.axhline(y=1.0, color='gray', linestyle='--', alpha=0.5)
+
+    # Add TWFE estimate as text
+    ax.text(
+        0.98, 0.98,
+        f'TWFE = {results.twfe_estimate:.4f}',
+        transform=ax.transAxes,
+        ha='right',
+        va='top',
+        fontsize=10,
+        bbox=dict(boxstyle='round', facecolor='white', alpha=0.8),
+    )
+
+
+def plot_power_curve(
+    results: Optional[Union["PowerResults", "SimulationPowerResults", pd.DataFrame]] = None,
+    *,
+    effect_sizes: Optional[List[float]] = None,
+    powers: Optional[List[float]] = None,
+    mde: Optional[float] = None,
+    target_power: float = 0.80,
+    plot_type: str = "effect",
+    figsize: Tuple[float, float] = (10, 6),
+    title: Optional[str] = None,
+    xlabel: Optional[str] = None,
+    ylabel: str = "Power",
+    color: str = "#2563eb",
+    mde_color: str = "#dc2626",
+    target_color: str = "#22c55e",
+    linewidth: float = 2.0,
+    show_mde_line: bool = True,
+    show_target_line: bool = True,
+    show_grid: bool = True,
+    ax: Optional[Any] = None,
+    show: bool = True,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Create a power curve visualization.
+
+    Shows how statistical power changes with effect size or sample size,
+    helping researchers understand the trade-offs in study design.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    results : PowerResults, SimulationPowerResults, or DataFrame, optional
+        Results object from PowerAnalysis or simulate_power(), or a DataFrame
+        with columns 'effect_size' and 'power' (or 'sample_size' and 'power').
+        If None, must provide effect_sizes and powers directly.
+    effect_sizes : list of float, optional
+        Effect sizes (x-axis values). Required if results is None.
+    powers : list of float, optional
+        Power values (y-axis values). Required if results is None.
+    mde : float, optional
+        Minimum detectable effect to mark on the plot.
+    target_power : float, default=0.80
+        Target power level to show as horizontal line.
+    plot_type : str, default="effect"
+        Type of power curve: "effect" (power vs effect size) or
+        "sample" (power vs sample size).
+    figsize : tuple, default=(10, 6)
+        Figure size (width, height) in inches.
+    title : str, optional
+        Plot title. If None, uses a sensible default.
+    xlabel : str, optional
+        X-axis label. If None, uses a sensible default.
+    ylabel : str, default="Power"
+        Y-axis label.
+    color : str, default="#2563eb"
+        Color for the power curve line.
+    mde_color : str, default="#dc2626"
+        Color for the MDE vertical line.
+    target_color : str, default="#22c55e"
+        Color for the target power horizontal line.
+    linewidth : float, default=2.0
+        Line width for the power curve.
+    show_mde_line : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show vertical line at MDE.
+    show_target_line : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show horizontal line at target power.
+    show_grid : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show grid lines.
+    ax : matplotlib.axes.Axes, optional
+        Axes to plot on. If None, creates new figure.
+    show : bool, default=True
+        Whether to call plt.show() at the end.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    matplotlib.axes.Axes
+        The axes object containing the plot.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    From PowerAnalysis results:
+
+    >>> from diff_diff import PowerAnalysis, plot_power_curve
+    >>> pa = PowerAnalysis(power=0.80)
+    >>> curve_df = pa.power_curve(n_treated=50, n_control=50, sigma=5.0)
+    >>> mde_result = pa.mde(n_treated=50, n_control=50, sigma=5.0)
+    >>> plot_power_curve(curve_df, mde=mde_result.mde)
+
+    From simulation results:
+
+    >>> from diff_diff import simulate_power, DifferenceInDifferences
+    >>> results = simulate_power(
+    ...     DifferenceInDifferences(),
+    ...     effect_sizes=[1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10],
+    ...     n_simulations=200
+    ... )
+    >>> plot_power_curve(results)
+
+    Manual data:
+
+    >>> plot_power_curve(
+    ...     effect_sizes=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+    ...     powers=[0.2, 0.5, 0.75, 0.90, 0.97],
+    ...     mde=2.5,
+    ...     target_power=0.80
+    ... )
+    """
+    try:
+        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "matplotlib is required for plotting. "
+            "Install it with: pip install matplotlib"
+        )
+
+    # Extract data from results if provided
+    if results is not None:
+        if isinstance(results, pd.DataFrame):
+            # DataFrame input
+            if "effect_size" in results.columns:
+                effect_sizes = results["effect_size"].tolist()
+                plot_type = "effect"
+            elif "sample_size" in results.columns:
+                effect_sizes = results["sample_size"].tolist()
+                plot_type = "sample"
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "DataFrame must have 'effect_size' or 'sample_size' column"
+                )
+            powers = results["power"].tolist()
+        elif hasattr(results, "effect_sizes") and hasattr(results, "powers"):
+            # SimulationPowerResults
+            effect_sizes = results.effect_sizes
+            powers = results.powers
+            if mde is None and hasattr(results, "true_effect"):
+                # Mark true effect on plot
+                mde = results.true_effect
+        elif hasattr(results, "mde"):
+            # PowerResults - create curve data
+            raise ValueError(
+                "PowerResults should be used to get mde value, not as direct input. "
+                "Use PowerAnalysis.power_curve() to generate curve data."
+            )
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Cannot extract power curve data from {type(results).__name__}"
+            )
+    elif effect_sizes is None or powers is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Must provide either 'results' or both 'effect_sizes' and 'powers'"
+        )
+
+    # Default titles and labels
+    if title is None:
+        if plot_type == "effect":
+            title = "Power Curve"
+        else:
+            title = "Power vs Sample Size"
+
+    if xlabel is None:
+        if plot_type == "effect":
+            xlabel = "Effect Size"
+        else:
+            xlabel = "Sample Size"
+
+    # Create figure if needed
+    if ax is None:
+        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=figsize)
+    else:
+        fig = ax.get_figure()
+
+    # Plot power curve
+    ax.plot(
+        effect_sizes, powers,
+        color=color,
+        linewidth=linewidth,
+        label="Power"
+    )
+
+    # Add target power line
+    if show_target_line:
+        ax.axhline(
+            y=target_power,
+            color=target_color,
+            linestyle="--",
+            linewidth=1.5,
+            alpha=0.7,
+            label=f"Target power ({target_power:.0%})"
+        )
+
+    # Add MDE line
+    if show_mde_line and mde is not None:
+        ax.axvline(
+            x=mde,
+            color=mde_color,
+            linestyle=":",
+            linewidth=1.5,
+            alpha=0.7,
+            label=f"MDE = {mde:.3f}"
+        )
+
+        # Mark intersection point
+        # Find power at MDE
+        if mde in effect_sizes:
+            idx = effect_sizes.index(mde)
+            power_at_mde = powers[idx]
+        else:
+            # Interpolate
+            effect_arr = np.array(effect_sizes)
+            power_arr = np.array(powers)
+            if effect_arr.min() <= mde <= effect_arr.max():
+                power_at_mde = np.interp(mde, effect_arr, power_arr)
+            else:
+                power_at_mde = None
+
+        if power_at_mde is not None:
+            ax.scatter(
+                [mde], [power_at_mde],
+                color=mde_color,
+                s=50,
+                zorder=5
+            )
+
+    # Configure axes
+    ax.set_xlabel(xlabel)
+    ax.set_ylabel(ylabel)
+    ax.set_title(title)
+
+    # Y-axis from 0 to 1
+    ax.set_ylim(0, 1.05)
+
+    # Format y-axis as percentage
+    ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.FuncFormatter(lambda y, _: f'{y:.0%}'))
+
+    if show_grid:
+        ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
+
+    ax.legend(loc="lower right")
+
+    fig.tight_layout()
+
+    if show:
+        plt.show()
+
+    return ax
+
+
+def plot_pretrends_power(
+    results: Optional[Union["PreTrendsPowerResults", "PreTrendsPowerCurve", pd.DataFrame]] = None,
+    *,
+    M_values: Optional[List[float]] = None,
+    powers: Optional[List[float]] = None,
+    mdv: Optional[float] = None,
+    target_power: float = 0.80,
+    figsize: Tuple[float, float] = (10, 6),
+    title: str = "Pre-Trends Test Power Curve",
+    xlabel: str = "Violation Magnitude (M)",
+    ylabel: str = "Power",
+    color: str = "#2563eb",
+    mdv_color: str = "#dc2626",
+    target_color: str = "#22c55e",
+    linewidth: float = 2.0,
+    show_mdv_line: bool = True,
+    show_target_line: bool = True,
+    show_grid: bool = True,
+    ax: Optional[Any] = None,
+    show: bool = True,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Plot pre-trends test power curve.
+
+    Visualizes how the power to detect parallel trends violations changes
+    with the violation magnitude (M). This helps understand what violations
+    your pre-trends test is capable of detecting.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    results : PreTrendsPowerResults, PreTrendsPowerCurve, or DataFrame, optional
+        Results from PreTrendsPower.fit() or power_curve(), or a DataFrame
+        with columns 'M' and 'power'. If None, must provide M_values and powers.
+    M_values : list of float, optional
+        Violation magnitudes (x-axis). Required if results is None.
+    powers : list of float, optional
+        Power values (y-axis). Required if results is None.
+    mdv : float, optional
+        Minimum detectable violation to mark on the plot.
+    target_power : float, default=0.80
+        Target power level to show as horizontal line.
+    figsize : tuple, default=(10, 6)
+        Figure size (width, height) in inches.
+    title : str
+        Plot title.
+    xlabel : str
+        X-axis label.
+    ylabel : str
+        Y-axis label.
+    color : str, default="#2563eb"
+        Color for the power curve line.
+    mdv_color : str, default="#dc2626"
+        Color for the MDV vertical line.
+    target_color : str, default="#22c55e"
+        Color for the target power horizontal line.
+    linewidth : float, default=2.0
+        Line width for the power curve.
+    show_mdv_line : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show vertical line at MDV.
+    show_target_line : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show horizontal line at target power.
+    show_grid : bool, default=True
+        Whether to show grid lines.
+    ax : matplotlib.axes.Axes, optional
+        Axes to plot on. If None, creates new figure.
+    show : bool, default=True
+        Whether to call plt.show() at the end.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    matplotlib.axes.Axes
+        The axes object containing the plot.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    From PreTrendsPower results:
+
+    >>> from diff_diff import MultiPeriodDiD
+    >>> from diff_diff.pretrends import PreTrendsPower
+    >>> from diff_diff.visualization import plot_pretrends_power
+    >>>
+    >>> mp_did = MultiPeriodDiD()
+    >>> event_results = mp_did.fit(data, outcome='y', treatment='treated',
+    ...                            time='period', post_periods=[4, 5, 6, 7])
+    >>>
+    >>> pt = PreTrendsPower()
+    >>> curve = pt.power_curve(event_results)
+    >>> plot_pretrends_power(curve)
+
+    From manual data:
+
+    >>> plot_pretrends_power(
+    ...     M_values=[0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2],
+    ...     powers=[0.05, 0.3, 0.6, 0.85, 0.95],
+    ...     mdv=1.2,
+    ...     target_power=0.80
+    ... )
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The power curve shows how likely you are to reject the null hypothesis
+    of parallel trends given a true violation of magnitude M. Key points:
+
+    1. **At M=0**: Power equals alpha (size of the test).
+    2. **At MDV**: Power equals target power (default 80%).
+    3. **Beyond MDV**: Power increases toward 100%.
+
+    A steep power curve indicates a sensitive pre-trends test. A flat curve
+    indicates the test has limited ability to detect violations, suggesting
+    you should use HonestDiD sensitivity analysis for robust inference.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    PreTrendsPower : Main class for pre-trends power analysis
+    plot_sensitivity : Plot HonestDiD sensitivity analysis
+    """
+    try:
+        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "matplotlib is required for plotting. "
+            "Install it with: pip install matplotlib"
+        )
+
+    # Extract data from results if provided
+    if results is not None:
+        if isinstance(results, pd.DataFrame):
+            if "M" not in results.columns or "power" not in results.columns:
+                raise ValueError("DataFrame must have 'M' and 'power' columns")
+            M_values = results["M"].tolist()
+            powers = results["power"].tolist()
+        elif hasattr(results, "M_values") and hasattr(results, "powers"):
+            # PreTrendsPowerCurve
+            M_values = results.M_values.tolist()
+            powers = results.powers.tolist()
+            if mdv is None:
+                mdv = results.mdv
+            if target_power is None:
+                target_power = results.target_power
+        elif hasattr(results, "mdv") and hasattr(results, "power"):
+            # Single PreTrendsPowerResults - create a simple plot
+            if mdv is None:
+                mdv = results.mdv
+            # Create minimal curve around MDV
+            if np.isfinite(mdv):
+                M_values = [0, mdv * 0.5, mdv, mdv * 1.5, mdv * 2]
+            else:
+                M_values = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+            # We don't have the actual powers, so we need to create a placeholder
+            # Just show MDV marker
+            powers = None
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Cannot extract power curve data from {type(results).__name__}"
+            )
+    elif M_values is None or powers is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Must provide either 'results' or both 'M_values' and 'powers'"
+        )
+
+    # Create figure if needed
+    if ax is None:
+        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=figsize)
+    else:
+        fig = ax.get_figure()
+
+    # Plot power curve if we have powers
+    if powers is not None:
+        ax.plot(
+            M_values, powers,
+            color=color,
+            linewidth=linewidth,
+            label="Power"
+        )
+
+    # Add target power line
+    if show_target_line:
+        ax.axhline(
+            y=target_power,
+            color=target_color,
+            linestyle="--",
+            linewidth=1.5,
+            alpha=0.7,
+            label=f"Target power ({target_power:.0%})"
+        )
+
+    # Add MDV line
+    if show_mdv_line and mdv is not None and np.isfinite(mdv):
+        ax.axvline(
+            x=mdv,
+            color=mdv_color,
+            linestyle=":",
+            linewidth=1.5,
+            alpha=0.7,
+            label=f"MDV = {mdv:.3f}"
+        )
+
+        # Mark intersection point if we have powers
+        if powers is not None:
+            # Find power at MDV (interpolate)
+            M_arr = np.array(M_values)
+            power_arr = np.array(powers)
+            if M_arr.min() <= mdv <= M_arr.max():
+                power_at_mdv = np.interp(mdv, M_arr, power_arr)
+                ax.scatter(
+                    [mdv], [power_at_mdv],
+                    color=mdv_color,
+                    s=50,
+                    zorder=5
+                )
+
+    # Configure axes
+    ax.set_xlabel(xlabel)
+    ax.set_ylabel(ylabel)
+    ax.set_title(title)
+
+    # Y-axis from 0 to 1
+    ax.set_ylim(0, 1.05)
+
+    # Format y-axis as percentage
+    ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.FuncFormatter(lambda y, _: f'{y:.0%}'))
+
+    if show_grid:
+        ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
+
+    ax.legend(loc="lower right")
+
+    fig.tight_layout()
+
+    if show:
+        plt.show()
+
+    return ax