arelle-release 2.17.1__py3-none-any.whl → 2.37.71__py3-none-any.whl

arelle/webserver/bottle.py

@@ -1,4425 +1,6 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-"""
-Bottle is a fast and simple micro-framework for small web applications. It
-offers request dispatching (Routes) with URL parameter support, templates,
-a built-in HTTP Server and adapters for many third party WSGI/HTTP-server and
-template engines - all in a single file and with no dependencies other than the
-Python Standard Library.
+# This is a redirection module that re-exports all symbols from the pip-installed bottle module for backwards
+# compatibility from when Arelle commited this file directly instead of using the pip-installed version.
+# This is required because external plugin import this file directly.
 
-Homepage and documentation: http://bottlepy.org/
-
-Copyright (c) 2009-2018, Marcel Hellkamp.
-License: MIT (see LICENSE for details)
-"""
-
-from __future__ import print_function
-import sys
-
-__author__ = 'Marcel Hellkamp'
-__version__ = '0.13-dev'
-__license__ = 'MIT'
-
-###############################################################################
-# Command-line interface ######################################################
-###############################################################################
-# INFO: Some server adapters need to monkey-patch std-lib modules before they
-# are imported. This is why some of the command-line handling is done here, but
-# the actual call to _main() is at the end of the file.
-
-
-def _cli_parse(args):  # pragma: no coverage
-    from argparse import ArgumentParser
-
-    parser = ArgumentParser(prog=args[0], usage="%(prog)s [options] package.module:app")
-    opt = parser.add_argument
-    opt("--version", action="store_true", help="show version number.")
-    opt("-b", "--bind", metavar="ADDRESS", help="bind socket to ADDRESS.")
-    opt("-s", "--server", default='wsgiref', help="use SERVER as backend.")
-    opt("-p", "--plugin", action="append", help="install additional plugin/s.")
-    opt("-c", "--conf", action="append", metavar="FILE",
-        help="load config values from FILE.")
-    opt("-C", "--param", action="append", metavar="NAME=VALUE",
-        help="override config values.")
-    opt("--debug", action="store_true", help="start server in debug mode.")
-    opt("--reload", action="store_true", help="auto-reload on file changes.")
-    opt('app', help='WSGI app entry point.', nargs='?')
-
-    cli_args = parser.parse_args(args[1:])
-
-    return cli_args, parser
-
-
-def _cli_patch(cli_args):  # pragma: no coverage
-    parsed_args, _ = _cli_parse(cli_args)
-    opts = parsed_args
-    if opts.server:
-        if opts.server.startswith('gevent'):
-            import gevent.monkey
-            gevent.monkey.patch_all()
-        elif opts.server.startswith('eventlet'):
-            import eventlet
-            eventlet.monkey_patch()
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    _cli_patch(sys.argv)
-
-###############################################################################
-# Imports and Python 2/3 unification ##########################################
-###############################################################################
-
-import base64, calendar, cgi, email.utils, functools, hmac, imp, itertools,\
-       mimetypes, os, re, tempfile, threading, time, warnings, weakref, hashlib
-
-from types import FunctionType
-from datetime import date as datedate, datetime, timedelta
-from tempfile import TemporaryFile
-from traceback import format_exc, print_exc
-from unicodedata import normalize
-
-try:
-    from ujson import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
-except ImportError:
-    from json import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
-
-# inspect.getargspec was removed in Python 3.6, use
-# Signature-based version where we can (Python 3.3+)
-try:
-    from inspect import signature
-    def getargspec(func):
-        params = signature(func).parameters
-        args, varargs, keywords, defaults = [], None, None, []
-        for name, param in params.items():
-            if param.kind == param.VAR_POSITIONAL:
-                varargs = name
-            elif param.kind == param.VAR_KEYWORD:
-                keywords = name
-            else:
-                args.append(name)
-                if param.default is not param.empty:
-                    defaults.append(param.default)
-        return (args, varargs, keywords, tuple(defaults) or None)
-except ImportError:
-    try:
-        from inspect import getfullargspec
-        def getargspec(func):
-            spec = getfullargspec(func)
-            kwargs = makelist(spec[0]) + makelist(spec.kwonlyargs)
-            return kwargs, spec[1], spec[2], spec[3]
-    except ImportError:
-        from inspect import getargspec
-
-
-py = sys.version_info
-py3k = py.major > 2
-
-# Lots of stdlib and builtin differences.
-if py3k:
-    import http.client as httplib
-    import _thread as thread
-    from urllib.parse import urljoin, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult
-    from urllib.parse import urlencode, quote as urlquote, unquote as urlunquote
-    urlunquote = functools.partial(urlunquote, encoding='latin1')
-    from http.cookies import SimpleCookie, Morsel, CookieError
-    from collections.abc import MutableMapping as DictMixin
-    import pickle
-    from io import BytesIO
-    import configparser
-
-    basestring = str
-    unicode = str
-    json_loads = lambda s: json_lds(touni(s))
-    callable = lambda x: hasattr(x, '__call__')
-    imap = map
-
-    def _raise(*a):
-        raise a[0](a[1]).with_traceback(a[2])
-else:  # 2.x
-    import httplib
-    import thread
-    from urlparse import urljoin, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult
-    from urllib import urlencode, quote as urlquote, unquote as urlunquote
-    from Cookie import SimpleCookie, Morsel, CookieError
-    from itertools import imap
-    import cPickle as pickle
-    from StringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
-    import ConfigParser as configparser
-    from collections import MutableMapping as DictMixin
-    unicode = unicode
-    json_loads = json_lds
-    exec(compile('def _raise(*a): raise a[0], a[1], a[2]', '<py3fix>', 'exec'))
-
-# Some helpers for string/byte handling
-def tob(s, enc='utf8'):
-    if isinstance(s, unicode):
-        return s.encode(enc)
-    return b'' if s is None else bytes(s)
-
-
-def touni(s, enc='utf8', err='strict'):
-    if isinstance(s, bytes):
-        return s.decode(enc, err)
-    return unicode("" if s is None else s)
-
-
-tonat = touni if py3k else tob
-
-
-def _stderr(*args):
-    try:
-        print(*args, file=sys.stderr)
-    except (IOError, AttributeError):
-        pass # Some environments do not allow printing (mod_wsgi)
-
-
-# A bug in functools causes it to break if the wrapper is an instance method
-def update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka):
-    try:
-        functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka)
-    except AttributeError:
-        pass
-
-# These helpers are used at module level and need to be defined first.
-# And yes, I know PEP-8, but sometimes a lower-case classname makes more sense.
-
-
-def depr(major, minor, cause, fix):
-    text = "Warning: Use of deprecated feature or API. (Deprecated in Bottle-%d.%d)\n"\
-           "Cause: %s\n"\
-           "Fix: %s\n" % (major, minor, cause, fix)
-    if DEBUG == 'strict':
-        raise DeprecationWarning(text)
-    warnings.warn(text, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
-    return DeprecationWarning(text)
-
-
-def makelist(data):  # This is just too handy
-    if isinstance(data, (tuple, list, set, dict)):
-        return list(data)
-    elif data:
-        return [data]
-    else:
-        return []
-
-
-class DictProperty(object):
-    """ Property that maps to a key in a local dict-like attribute. """
-
-    def __init__(self, attr, key=None, read_only=False):
-        self.attr, self.key, self.read_only = attr, key, read_only
-
-    def __call__(self, func):
-        functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
-        self.getter, self.key = func, self.key or func.__name__
-        return self
-
-    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
-        if obj is None: return self
-        key, storage = self.key, getattr(obj, self.attr)
-        if key not in storage: storage[key] = self.getter(obj)
-        return storage[key]
-
-    def __set__(self, obj, value):
-        if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
-        getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key] = value
-
-    def __delete__(self, obj):
-        if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
-        del getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key]
-
-
-class cached_property(object):
-    """ A property that is only computed once per instance and then replaces
-        itself with an ordinary attribute. Deleting the attribute resets the
-        property. """
-
-    def __init__(self, func):
-        update_wrapper(self, func)
-        self.func = func
-
-    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
-        if obj is None: return self
-        value = obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = self.func(obj)
-        return value
-
-
-class lazy_attribute(object):
-    """ A property that caches itself to the class object. """
-
-    def __init__(self, func):
-        functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
-        self.getter = func
-
-    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
-        value = self.getter(cls)
-        setattr(cls, self.__name__, value)
-        return value
-
-###############################################################################
-# Exceptions and Events #######################################################
-###############################################################################
-
-
-class BottleException(Exception):
-    """ A base class for exceptions used by bottle. """
-    pass
-
-###############################################################################
-# Routing ######################################################################
-###############################################################################
-
-
-class RouteError(BottleException):
-    """ This is a base class for all routing related exceptions """
-
-
-class RouteReset(BottleException):
-    """ If raised by a plugin or request handler, the route is reset and all
-        plugins are re-applied. """
-
-
-class RouterUnknownModeError(RouteError):
-
-    pass
-
-
-class RouteSyntaxError(RouteError):
-    """ The route parser found something not supported by this router. """
-
-
-class RouteBuildError(RouteError):
-    """ The route could not be built. """
-
-
-def _re_flatten(p):
-    """ Turn all capturing groups in a regular expression pattern into
-        non-capturing groups. """
-    if '(' not in p:
-        return p
-    return re.sub(r'(\\*)(\(\?P<[^>]+>|\((?!\?))', lambda m: m.group(0) if
-                  len(m.group(1)) % 2 else m.group(1) + '(?:', p)
-
-
-class Router(object):
-    """ A Router is an ordered collection of route->target pairs. It is used to
-        efficiently match WSGI requests against a number of routes and return
-        the first target that satisfies the request. The target may be anything,
-        usually a string, ID or callable object. A route consists of a path-rule
-        and a HTTP method.
-
-        The path-rule is either a static path (e.g. `/contact`) or a dynamic
-        path that contains wildcards (e.g. `/wiki/<page>`). The wildcard syntax
-        and details on the matching order are described in docs:`routing`.
-    """
-
-    default_pattern = '[^/]+'
-    default_filter = 're'
-
-    #: The current CPython regexp implementation does not allow more
-    #: than 99 matching groups per regular expression.
-    _MAX_GROUPS_PER_PATTERN = 99
-
-    def __init__(self, strict=False):
-        self.rules = []  # All rules in order
-        self._groups = {}  # index of regexes to find them in dyna_routes
-        self.builder = {}  # Data structure for the url builder
-        self.static = {}  # Search structure for static routes
-        self.dyna_routes = {}
-        self.dyna_regexes = {}  # Search structure for dynamic routes
-        #: If true, static routes are no longer checked first.
-        self.strict_order = strict
-        self.filters = {
-            're': lambda conf: (_re_flatten(conf or self.default_pattern),
-                                None, None),
-            'int': lambda conf: (r'-?\d+', int, lambda x: str(int(x))),
-            'float': lambda conf: (r'-?[\d.]+', float, lambda x: str(float(x))),
-            'path': lambda conf: (r'.+?', None, None)
-        }
-
-    def add_filter(self, name, func):
-        """ Add a filter. The provided function is called with the configuration
-        string as parameter and must return a (regexp, to_python, to_url) tuple.
-        The first element is a string, the last two are callables or None. """
-        self.filters[name] = func
-
-    rule_syntax = re.compile('(\\\\*)'
-        '(?:(?::([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?()(?:#(.*?)#)?)'
-          '|(?:<([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?(?::([a-zA-Z_]*)'
-            '(?::((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\>])+)?)?)?>))')
-
-    def _itertokens(self, rule):
-        offset, prefix = 0, ''
-        for match in self.rule_syntax.finditer(rule):
-            prefix += rule[offset:match.start()]
-            g = match.groups()
-            if g[2] is not None:
-                depr(0, 13, "Use of old route syntax.",
-                            "Use <name> instead of :name in routes.")
-            if len(g[0]) % 2:  # Escaped wildcard
-                prefix += match.group(0)[len(g[0]):]
-                offset = match.end()
-                continue
-            if prefix:
-                yield prefix, None, None
-            name, filtr, conf = g[4:7] if g[2] is None else g[1:4]
-            yield name, filtr or 'default', conf or None
-            offset, prefix = match.end(), ''
-        if offset <= len(rule) or prefix:
-            yield prefix + rule[offset:], None, None
-
-    def add(self, rule, method, target, name=None):
-        """ Add a new rule or replace the target for an existing rule. """
-        anons = 0  # Number of anonymous wildcards found
-        keys = []  # Names of keys
-        pattern = ''  # Regular expression pattern with named groups
-        filters = []  # Lists of wildcard input filters
-        builder = []  # Data structure for the URL builder
-        is_static = True
-
-        for key, mode, conf in self._itertokens(rule):
-            if mode:
-                is_static = False
-                if mode == 'default': mode = self.default_filter
-                mask, in_filter, out_filter = self.filters[mode](conf)
-                if not key:
-                    pattern += '(?:%s)' % mask
-                    key = 'anon%d' % anons
-                    anons += 1
-                else:
-                    pattern += '(?P<%s>%s)' % (key, mask)
-                    keys.append(key)
-                if in_filter: filters.append((key, in_filter))
-                builder.append((key, out_filter or str))
-            elif key:
-                pattern += re.escape(key)
-                builder.append((None, key))
-
-        self.builder[rule] = builder
-        if name: self.builder[name] = builder
-
-        if is_static and not self.strict_order:
-            self.static.setdefault(method, {})
-            self.static[method][self.build(rule)] = (target, None)
-            return
-
-        try:
-            re_pattern = re.compile('^(%s)$' % pattern)
-            re_match = re_pattern.match
-        except re.error as e:
-            raise RouteSyntaxError("Could not add Route: %s (%s)" % (rule, e))
-
-        if filters:
-
-            def getargs(path):
-                url_args = re_match(path).groupdict()
-                for name, wildcard_filter in filters:
-                    try:
-                        url_args[name] = wildcard_filter(url_args[name])
-                    except ValueError:
-                        raise HTTPError(400, 'Path has wrong format.')
-                return url_args
-        elif re_pattern.groupindex:
-
-            def getargs(path):
-                return re_match(path).groupdict()
-        else:
-            getargs = None
-
-        flatpat = _re_flatten(pattern)
-        whole_rule = (rule, flatpat, target, getargs)
-
-        if (flatpat, method) in self._groups:
-            if DEBUG:
-                msg = 'Route <%s %s> overwrites a previously defined route'
-                warnings.warn(msg % (method, rule), RuntimeWarning)
-            self.dyna_routes[method][
-                self._groups[flatpat, method]] = whole_rule
-        else:
-            self.dyna_routes.setdefault(method, []).append(whole_rule)
-            self._groups[flatpat, method] = len(self.dyna_routes[method]) - 1
-
-        self._compile(method)
-
-    def _compile(self, method):
-        all_rules = self.dyna_routes[method]
-        comborules = self.dyna_regexes[method] = []
-        maxgroups = self._MAX_GROUPS_PER_PATTERN
-        for x in range(0, len(all_rules), maxgroups):
-            some = all_rules[x:x + maxgroups]
-            combined = (flatpat for (_, flatpat, _, _) in some)
-            combined = '|'.join('(^%s$)' % flatpat for flatpat in combined)
-            combined = re.compile(combined).match
-            rules = [(target, getargs) for (_, _, target, getargs) in some]
-            comborules.append((combined, rules))
-
-    def build(self, _name, *anons, **query):
-        """ Build an URL by filling the wildcards in a rule. """
-        builder = self.builder.get(_name)
-        if not builder:
-            raise RouteBuildError("No route with that name.", _name)
-        try:
-            for i, value in enumerate(anons):
-                query['anon%d' % i] = value
-            url = ''.join([f(query.pop(n)) if n else f for (n, f) in builder])
-            return url if not query else url + '?' + urlencode(query)
-        except KeyError as E:
-            raise RouteBuildError('Missing URL argument: %r' % E.args[0])
-
-    def match(self, environ):
-        """ Return a (target, url_args) tuple or raise HTTPError(400/404/405). """
-        verb = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'].upper()
-        path = environ['PATH_INFO'] or '/'
-
-        methods = ('PROXY', 'HEAD', 'GET', 'ANY') if verb == 'HEAD' else ('PROXY', verb, 'ANY')
-
-        for method in methods:
-            if method in self.static and path in self.static[method]:
-                target, getargs = self.static[method][path]
-                return target, getargs(path) if getargs else {}
-            elif method in self.dyna_regexes:
-                for combined, rules in self.dyna_regexes[method]:
-                    match = combined(path)
-                    if match:
-                        target, getargs = rules[match.lastindex - 1]
-                        return target, getargs(path) if getargs else {}
-
-        # No matching route found. Collect alternative methods for 405 response
-        allowed = set([])
-        nocheck = set(methods)
-        for method in set(self.static) - nocheck:
-            if path in self.static[method]:
-                allowed.add(method)
-        for method in set(self.dyna_regexes) - allowed - nocheck:
-            for combined, rules in self.dyna_regexes[method]:
-                match = combined(path)
-                if match:
-                    allowed.add(method)
-        if allowed:
-            allow_header = ",".join(sorted(allowed))
-            raise HTTPError(405, "Method not allowed.", Allow=allow_header)
-
-        # No matching route and no alternative method found. We give up
-        raise HTTPError(404, "Not found: " + repr(path))
-
-
-class Route(object):
-    """ This class wraps a route callback along with route specific metadata and
-        configuration and applies Plugins on demand. It is also responsible for
-        turning an URL path rule into a regular expression usable by the Router.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, app, rule, method, callback,
-                 name=None,
-                 plugins=None,
-                 skiplist=None, **config):
-        #: The application this route is installed to.
-        self.app = app
-        #: The path-rule string (e.g. ``/wiki/<page>``).
-        self.rule = rule
-        #: The HTTP method as a string (e.g. ``GET``).
-        self.method = method
-        #: The original callback with no plugins applied. Useful for introspection.
-        self.callback = callback
-        #: The name of the route (if specified) or ``None``.
-        self.name = name or None
-        #: A list of route-specific plugins (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
-        self.plugins = plugins or []
-        #: A list of plugins to not apply to this route (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
-        self.skiplist = skiplist or []
-        #: Additional keyword arguments passed to the :meth:`Bottle.route`
-        #: decorator are stored in this dictionary. Used for route-specific
-        #: plugin configuration and meta-data.
-        self.config = app.config._make_overlay()
-        self.config.load_dict(config)
-
-    @cached_property
-    def call(self):
-        """ The route callback with all plugins applied. This property is
-            created on demand and then cached to speed up subsequent requests."""
-        return self._make_callback()
-
-    def reset(self):
-        """ Forget any cached values. The next time :attr:`call` is accessed,
-            all plugins are re-applied. """
-        self.__dict__.pop('call', None)
-
-    def prepare(self):
-        """ Do all on-demand work immediately (useful for debugging)."""
-        self.call
-
-    def all_plugins(self):
-        """ Yield all Plugins affecting this route. """
-        unique = set()
-        for p in reversed(self.app.plugins + self.plugins):
-            if True in self.skiplist: break
-            name = getattr(p, 'name', False)
-            if name and (name in self.skiplist or name in unique): continue
-            if p in self.skiplist or type(p) in self.skiplist: continue
-            if name: unique.add(name)
-            yield p
-
-    def _make_callback(self):
-        callback = self.callback
-        for plugin in self.all_plugins():
-            try:
-                if hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
-                    callback = plugin.apply(callback, self)
-                else:
-                    callback = plugin(callback)
-            except RouteReset:  # Try again with changed configuration.
-                return self._make_callback()
-            if callback is not self.callback:
-                update_wrapper(callback, self.callback)
-        return callback
-
-    def get_undecorated_callback(self):
-        """ Return the callback. If the callback is a decorated function, try to
-            recover the original function. """
-        func = self.callback
-        func = getattr(func, '__func__' if py3k else 'im_func', func)
-        closure_attr = '__closure__' if py3k else 'func_closure'
-        while hasattr(func, closure_attr) and getattr(func, closure_attr):
-            attributes = getattr(func, closure_attr)
-            func = attributes[0].cell_contents
-
-            # in case of decorators with multiple arguments
-            if not isinstance(func, FunctionType):
-                # pick first FunctionType instance from multiple arguments
-                func = filter(lambda x: isinstance(x, FunctionType),
-                              map(lambda x: x.cell_contents, attributes))
-                func = list(func)[0]  # py3 support
-        return func
-
-    def get_callback_args(self):
-        """ Return a list of argument names the callback (most likely) accepts
-            as keyword arguments. If the callback is a decorated function, try
-            to recover the original function before inspection. """
-        return getargspec(self.get_undecorated_callback())[0]
-
-    def get_config(self, key, default=None):
-        """ Lookup a config field and return its value, first checking the
-            route.config, then route.app.config."""
-        depr(0, 13, "Route.get_config() is deprecated.",
-                    "The Route.config property already includes values from the"
-                    " application config for missing keys. Access it directly.")
-        return self.config.get(key, default)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        cb = self.get_undecorated_callback()
-        return '<%s %s -> %s:%s>' % (self.method, self.rule, cb.__module__, cb.__name__)
-
-###############################################################################
-# Application Object ###########################################################
-###############################################################################
-
-
-class Bottle(object):
-    """ Each Bottle object represents a single, distinct web application and
-        consists of routes, callbacks, plugins, resources and configuration.
-        Instances are callable WSGI applications.
-
-        :param catchall: If true (default), handle all exceptions. Turn off to
-                         let debugging middleware handle exceptions.
-    """
-
-    @lazy_attribute
-    def _global_config(cls):
-        cfg = ConfigDict()
-        cfg.meta_set('catchall', 'validate', bool)
-        return cfg
-
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        #: A :class:`ConfigDict` for app specific configuration.
-        self.config = self._global_config._make_overlay()
-        self.config._add_change_listener(
-            functools.partial(self.trigger_hook, 'config'))
-
-        self.config.update({
-            "catchall": True
-        })
-
-        if kwargs.get('catchall') is False:
-            depr(0, 13, "Bottle(catchall) keyword argument.",
-                        "The 'catchall' setting is now part of the app "
-                        "configuration. Fix: `app.config['catchall'] = False`")
-            self.config['catchall'] = False
-        if kwargs.get('autojson') is False:
-            depr(0, 13, "Bottle(autojson) keyword argument.",
-                 "The 'autojson' setting is now part of the app "
-                 "configuration. Fix: `app.config['json.enable'] = False`")
-            self.config['json.disable'] = True
-
-        self._mounts = []
-
-        #: A :class:`ResourceManager` for application files
-        self.resources = ResourceManager()
-
-        self.routes = []  # List of installed :class:`Route` instances.
-        self.router = Router()  # Maps requests to :class:`Route` instances.
-        self.error_handler = {}
-
-        # Core plugins
-        self.plugins = []  # List of installed plugins.
-        self.install(JSONPlugin())
-        self.install(TemplatePlugin())
-
-    #: If true, most exceptions are caught and returned as :exc:`HTTPError`
-    catchall = DictProperty('config', 'catchall')
-
-    __hook_names = 'before_request', 'after_request', 'app_reset', 'config'
-    __hook_reversed = {'after_request'}
-
-    @cached_property
-    def _hooks(self):
-        return dict((name, []) for name in self.__hook_names)
-
-    def add_hook(self, name, func):
-        """ Attach a callback to a hook. Three hooks are currently implemented:
-
-            before_request
-                Executed once before each request. The request context is
-                available, but no routing has happened yet.
-            after_request
-                Executed once after each request regardless of its outcome.
-            app_reset
-                Called whenever :meth:`Bottle.reset` is called.
-        """
-        if name in self.__hook_reversed:
-            self._hooks[name].insert(0, func)
-        else:
-            self._hooks[name].append(func)
-
-    def remove_hook(self, name, func):
-        """ Remove a callback from a hook. """
-        if name in self._hooks and func in self._hooks[name]:
-            self._hooks[name].remove(func)
-            return True
-
-    def trigger_hook(self, __name, *args, **kwargs):
-        """ Trigger a hook and return a list of results. """
-        return [hook(*args, **kwargs) for hook in self._hooks[__name][:]]
-
-    def hook(self, name):
-        """ Return a decorator that attaches a callback to a hook. See
-            :meth:`add_hook` for details."""
-
-        def decorator(func):
-            self.add_hook(name, func)
-            return func
-
-        return decorator
-
-    def _mount_wsgi(self, prefix, app, **options):
-        segments = [p for p in prefix.split('/') if p]
-        if not segments:
-            raise ValueError('WSGI applications cannot be mounted to "/".')
-        path_depth = len(segments)
-
-        def mountpoint_wrapper():
-            try:
-                request.path_shift(path_depth)
-                rs = HTTPResponse([])
-
-                def start_response(status, headerlist, exc_info=None):
-                    if exc_info:
-                        _raise(*exc_info)
-                    if py3k:
-                        # Errors here mean that the mounted WSGI app did not
-                        # follow PEP-3333 (which requires latin1) or used a
-                        # pre-encoding other than utf8 :/
-                        status = status.encode('latin1').decode('utf8')
-                        headerlist = [(k, v.encode('latin1').decode('utf8'))
-                                      for (k, v) in headerlist]
-                    rs.status = status
-                    for name, value in headerlist:
-                        rs.add_header(name, value)
-                    return rs.body.append
-
-                body = app(request.environ, start_response)
-                rs.body = itertools.chain(rs.body, body) if rs.body else body
-                return rs
-            finally:
-                request.path_shift(-path_depth)
-
-        options.setdefault('skip', True)
-        options.setdefault('method', 'PROXY')
-        options.setdefault('mountpoint', {'prefix': prefix, 'target': app})
-        options['callback'] = mountpoint_wrapper
-
-        self.route('/%s/<:re:.*>' % '/'.join(segments), **options)
-        if not prefix.endswith('/'):
-            self.route('/' + '/'.join(segments), **options)
-
-    def _mount_app(self, prefix, app, **options):
-        if app in self._mounts or '_mount.app' in app.config:
-            depr(0, 13, "Application mounted multiple times. Falling back to WSGI mount.",
-                 "Clone application before mounting to a different location.")
-            return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
-
-        if options:
-            depr(0, 13, "Unsupported mount options. Falling back to WSGI mount.",
-                 "Do not specify any route options when mounting bottle application.")
-            return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
-
-        if not prefix.endswith("/"):
-            depr(0, 13, "Prefix must end in '/'. Falling back to WSGI mount.",
-                 "Consider adding an explicit redirect from '/prefix' to '/prefix/' in the parent application.")
-            return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
-
-        self._mounts.append(app)
-        app.config['_mount.prefix'] = prefix
-        app.config['_mount.app'] = self
-        for route in app.routes:
-            route.rule = prefix + route.rule.lstrip('/')
-            self.add_route(route)
-
-    def mount(self, prefix, app, **options):
-        """ Mount an application (:class:`Bottle` or plain WSGI) to a specific
-            URL prefix. Example::
-
-                parent_app.mount('/prefix/', child_app)
-
-            :param prefix: path prefix or `mount-point`.
-            :param app: an instance of :class:`Bottle` or a WSGI application.
-
-            Plugins from the parent application are not applied to the routes
-            of the mounted child application. If you need plugins in the child
-            application, install them separately.
-
-            While it is possible to use path wildcards within the prefix path
-            (:class:`Bottle` childs only), it is highly discouraged.
-
-            The prefix path must end with a slash. If you want to access the
-            root of the child application via `/prefix` in addition to
-            `/prefix/`, consider adding a route with a 307 redirect to the
-            parent application.
-        """
-
-        if not prefix.startswith('/'):
-            raise ValueError("Prefix must start with '/'")
-
-        if isinstance(app, Bottle):
-            return self._mount_app(prefix, app, **options)
-        else:
-            return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
-
-    def merge(self, routes):
-        """ Merge the routes of another :class:`Bottle` application or a list of
-            :class:`Route` objects into this application. The routes keep their
-            'owner', meaning that the :data:`Route.app` attribute is not
-            changed. """
-        if isinstance(routes, Bottle):
-            routes = routes.routes
-        for route in routes:
-            self.add_route(route)
-
-    def install(self, plugin):
-        """ Add a plugin to the list of plugins and prepare it for being
-            applied to all routes of this application. A plugin may be a simple
-            decorator or an object that implements the :class:`Plugin` API.
-        """
-        if hasattr(plugin, 'setup'): plugin.setup(self)
-        if not callable(plugin) and not hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
-            raise TypeError("Plugins must be callable or implement .apply()")
-        self.plugins.append(plugin)
-        self.reset()
-        return plugin
-
-    def uninstall(self, plugin):
-        """ Uninstall plugins. Pass an instance to remove a specific plugin, a type
-            object to remove all plugins that match that type, a string to remove
-            all plugins with a matching ``name`` attribute or ``True`` to remove all
-            plugins. Return the list of removed plugins. """
-        removed, remove = [], plugin
-        for i, plugin in list(enumerate(self.plugins))[::-1]:
-            if remove is True or remove is plugin or remove is type(plugin) \
-            or getattr(plugin, 'name', True) == remove:
-                removed.append(plugin)
-                del self.plugins[i]
-                if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
-        if removed: self.reset()
-        return removed
-
-    def reset(self, route=None):
-        """ Reset all routes (force plugins to be re-applied) and clear all
-            caches. If an ID or route object is given, only that specific route
-            is affected. """
-        if route is None: routes = self.routes
-        elif isinstance(route, Route): routes = [route]
-        else: routes = [self.routes[route]]
-        for route in routes:
-            route.reset()
-        if DEBUG:
-            for route in routes:
-                route.prepare()
-        self.trigger_hook('app_reset')
-
-    def close(self):
-        """ Close the application and all installed plugins. """
-        for plugin in self.plugins:
-            if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
-
-    def run(self, **kwargs):
-        """ Calls :func:`run` with the same parameters. """
-        run(self, **kwargs)
-
-    def match(self, environ):
-        """ Search for a matching route and return a (:class:`Route`, urlargs)
-            tuple. The second value is a dictionary with parameters extracted
-            from the URL. Raise :exc:`HTTPError` (404/405) on a non-match."""
-        return self.router.match(environ)
-
-    def get_url(self, routename, **kargs):
-        """ Return a string that matches a named route """
-        scriptname = request.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/') + '/'
-        location = self.router.build(routename, **kargs).lstrip('/')
-        return urljoin(urljoin('/', scriptname), location)
-
-    def add_route(self, route):
-        """ Add a route object, but do not change the :data:`Route.app`
-            attribute."""
-        self.routes.append(route)
-        self.router.add(route.rule, route.method, route, name=route.name)
-        if DEBUG: route.prepare()
-
-    def route(self,
-              path=None,
-              method='GET',
-              callback=None,
-              name=None,
-              apply=None,
-              skip=None, **config):
-        """ A decorator to bind a function to a request URL. Example::
-
-                @app.route('/hello/<name>')
-                def hello(name):
-                    return 'Hello %s' % name
-
-            The ``<name>`` part is a wildcard. See :class:`Router` for syntax
-            details.
-
-            :param path: Request path or a list of paths to listen to. If no
-              path is specified, it is automatically generated from the
-              signature of the function.
-            :param method: HTTP method (`GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, ...) or a list of
-              methods to listen to. (default: `GET`)
-            :param callback: An optional shortcut to avoid the decorator
-              syntax. ``route(..., callback=func)`` equals ``route(...)(func)``
-            :param name: The name for this route. (default: None)
-            :param apply: A decorator or plugin or a list of plugins. These are
-              applied to the route callback in addition to installed plugins.
-            :param skip: A list of plugins, plugin classes or names. Matching
-              plugins are not installed to this route. ``True`` skips all.
-
-            Any additional keyword arguments are stored as route-specific
-            configuration and passed to plugins (see :meth:`Plugin.apply`).
-        """
-        if callable(path): path, callback = None, path
-        plugins = makelist(apply)
-        skiplist = makelist(skip)
-
-        def decorator(callback):
-            if isinstance(callback, basestring): callback = load(callback)
-            for rule in makelist(path) or yieldroutes(callback):
-                for verb in makelist(method):
-                    verb = verb.upper()
-                    route = Route(self, rule, verb, callback,
-                                  name=name,
-                                  plugins=plugins,
-                                  skiplist=skiplist, **config)
-                    self.add_route(route)
-            return callback
-
-        return decorator(callback) if callback else decorator
-
-    def get(self, path=None, method='GET', **options):
-        """ Equals :meth:`route`. """
-        return self.route(path, method, **options)
-
-    def post(self, path=None, method='POST', **options):
-        """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``POST`` method parameter. """
-        return self.route(path, method, **options)
-
-    def put(self, path=None, method='PUT', **options):
-        """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PUT`` method parameter. """
-        return self.route(path, method, **options)
-
-    def delete(self, path=None, method='DELETE', **options):
-        """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``DELETE`` method parameter. """
-        return self.route(path, method, **options)
-
-    def patch(self, path=None, method='PATCH', **options):
-        """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PATCH`` method parameter. """
-        return self.route(path, method, **options)
-
-    def error(self, code=500, callback=None):
-        """ Register an output handler for a HTTP error code. Can
-            be used as a decorator or called directly ::
-
-                def error_handler_500(error):
-                    return 'error_handler_500'
-
-                app.error(code=500, callback=error_handler_500)
-
-                @app.error(404)
-                def error_handler_404(error):
-                    return 'error_handler_404'
-
-        """
-
-        def decorator(callback):
-            if isinstance(callback, basestring): callback = load(callback)
-            self.error_handler[int(code)] = callback
-            return callback
-
-        return decorator(callback) if callback else decorator
-
-    def default_error_handler(self, res):
-        return tob(template(ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE, e=res, template_settings=dict(name='__ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE')))
-
-    def _handle(self, environ):
-        path = environ['bottle.raw_path'] = environ['PATH_INFO']
-        if py3k:
-            environ['PATH_INFO'] = path.encode('latin1').decode('utf8', 'ignore')
-
-        environ['bottle.app'] = self
-        request.bind(environ)
-        response.bind()
-
-        try:
-            while True: # Remove in 0.14 together with RouteReset
-                out = None
-                try:
-                    self.trigger_hook('before_request')
-                    route, args = self.router.match(environ)
-                    environ['route.handle'] = route
-                    environ['bottle.route'] = route
-                    environ['route.url_args'] = args
-                    out = route.call(**args)
-                    break
-                except HTTPResponse as E:
-                    out = E
-                    break
-                except RouteReset:
-                    depr(0, 13, "RouteReset exception deprecated",
-                                "Call route.call() after route.reset() and "
-                                "return the result.")
-                    route.reset()
-                    continue
-                finally:
-                    if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse):
-                        out.apply(response)
-                    try:
-                        self.trigger_hook('after_request')
-                    except HTTPResponse as E:
-                        out = E
-                        out.apply(response)
-        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
-            raise
-        except Exception as E:
-            if not self.catchall: raise
-            stacktrace = format_exc()
-            environ['wsgi.errors'].write(stacktrace)
-            environ['wsgi.errors'].flush()
-            environ['bottle.exc_info'] = sys.exc_info()
-            out = HTTPError(500, "Internal Server Error", E, stacktrace)
-            out.apply(response)
-
-        return out
-
-    def _cast(self, out, peek=None):
-        """ Try to convert the parameter into something WSGI compatible and set
-        correct HTTP headers when possible.
-        Support: False, str, unicode, dict, HTTPResponse, HTTPError, file-like,
-        iterable of strings and iterable of unicodes
-        """
-
-        # Empty output is done here
-        if not out:
-            if 'Content-Length' not in response:
-                response['Content-Length'] = 0
-            return []
-        # Join lists of byte or unicode strings. Mixed lists are NOT supported
-        if isinstance(out, (tuple, list))\
-        and isinstance(out[0], (bytes, unicode)):
-            out = out[0][0:0].join(out)  # b'abc'[0:0] -> b''
-        # Encode unicode strings
-        if isinstance(out, unicode):
-            out = out.encode(response.charset)
-        # Byte Strings are just returned
-        if isinstance(out, bytes):
-            if 'Content-Length' not in response:
-                response['Content-Length'] = len(out)
-            return [out]
-        # HTTPError or HTTPException (recursive, because they may wrap anything)
-        # TODO: Handle these explicitly in handle() or make them iterable.
-        if isinstance(out, HTTPError):
-            out.apply(response)
-            out = self.error_handler.get(out.status_code,
-                                         self.default_error_handler)(out)
-            return self._cast(out)
-        if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse):
-            out.apply(response)
-            return self._cast(out.body)
-
-        # File-like objects.
-        if hasattr(out, 'read'):
-            if 'wsgi.file_wrapper' in request.environ:
-                return request.environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'](out)
-            elif hasattr(out, 'close') or not hasattr(out, '__iter__'):
-                return WSGIFileWrapper(out)
-
-        # Handle Iterables. We peek into them to detect their inner type.
-        try:
-            iout = iter(out)
-            first = next(iout)
-            while not first:
-                first = next(iout)
-        except StopIteration:
-            return self._cast('')
-        except HTTPResponse as E:
-            first = E
-        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
-            raise
-        except Exception as error:
-            if not self.catchall: raise
-            first = HTTPError(500, 'Unhandled exception', error, format_exc())
-
-        # These are the inner types allowed in iterator or generator objects.
-        if isinstance(first, HTTPResponse):
-            return self._cast(first)
-        elif isinstance(first, bytes):
-            new_iter = itertools.chain([first], iout)
-        elif isinstance(first, unicode):
-            encoder = lambda x: x.encode(response.charset)
-            new_iter = imap(encoder, itertools.chain([first], iout))
-        else:
-            msg = 'Unsupported response type: %s' % type(first)
-            return self._cast(HTTPError(500, msg))
-        if hasattr(out, 'close'):
-            new_iter = _closeiter(new_iter, out.close)
-        return new_iter
-
-    def wsgi(self, environ, start_response):
-        """ The bottle WSGI-interface. """
-        try:
-            out = self._cast(self._handle(environ))
-            # rfc2616 section 4.3
-            if response._status_code in (100, 101, 204, 304)\
-            or environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD':
-                if hasattr(out, 'close'): out.close()
-                out = []
-            exc_info = environ.get('bottle.exc_info')
-            if exc_info is not None:
-                del environ['bottle.exc_info']
-            start_response(response._wsgi_status_line(), response.headerlist, exc_info)
-            return out
-        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
-            raise
-        except Exception as E:
-            if not self.catchall: raise
-            err = '<h1>Critical error while processing request: %s</h1>' \
-                  % html_escape(environ.get('PATH_INFO', '/'))
-            if DEBUG:
-                err += '<h2>Error:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
-                       '<h2>Traceback:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
-                       % (html_escape(repr(E)), html_escape(format_exc()))
-            environ['wsgi.errors'].write(err)
-            environ['wsgi.errors'].flush()
-            headers = [('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8')]
-            start_response('500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR', headers, sys.exc_info())
-            return [tob(err)]
-
-    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
-        """ Each instance of :class:'Bottle' is a WSGI application. """
-        return self.wsgi(environ, start_response)
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        """ Use this application as default for all module-level shortcuts. """
-        default_app.push(self)
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
-        default_app.pop()
-
-    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
-        if name in self.__dict__:
-            raise AttributeError("Attribute %s already defined. Plugin conflict?" % name)
-        self.__dict__[name] = value
-
-
-###############################################################################
-# HTTP and WSGI Tools ##########################################################
-###############################################################################
-
-
-class BaseRequest(object):
-    """ A wrapper for WSGI environment dictionaries that adds a lot of
-        convenient access methods and properties. Most of them are read-only.
-
-        Adding new attributes to a request actually adds them to the environ
-        dictionary (as 'bottle.request.ext.<name>'). This is the recommended
-        way to store and access request-specific data.
-    """
-
-    __slots__ = ('environ', )
-
-    #: Maximum size of memory buffer for :attr:`body` in bytes.
-    MEMFILE_MAX = 102400
-
-    def __init__(self, environ=None):
-        """ Wrap a WSGI environ dictionary. """
-        #: The wrapped WSGI environ dictionary. This is the only real attribute.
-        #: All other attributes actually are read-only properties.
-        self.environ = {} if environ is None else environ
-        self.environ['bottle.request'] = self
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.app', read_only=True)
-    def app(self):
-        """ Bottle application handling this request. """
-        raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to an application.')
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.route', read_only=True)
-    def route(self):
-        """ The bottle :class:`Route` object that matches this request. """
-        raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to a route.')
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'route.url_args', read_only=True)
-    def url_args(self):
-        """ The arguments extracted from the URL. """
-        raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to a route.')
-
-    @property
-    def path(self):
-        """ The value of ``PATH_INFO`` with exactly one prefixed slash (to fix
-            broken clients and avoid the "empty path" edge case). """
-        return '/' + self.environ.get('PATH_INFO', '').lstrip('/')
-
-    @property
-    def method(self):
-        """ The ``REQUEST_METHOD`` value as an uppercase string. """
-        return self.environ.get('REQUEST_METHOD', 'GET').upper()
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.headers', read_only=True)
-    def headers(self):
-        """ A :class:`WSGIHeaderDict` that provides case-insensitive access to
-            HTTP request headers. """
-        return WSGIHeaderDict(self.environ)
-
-    def get_header(self, name, default=None):
-        """ Return the value of a request header, or a given default value. """
-        return self.headers.get(name, default)
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.cookies', read_only=True)
-    def cookies(self):
-        """ Cookies parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. Signed cookies are NOT
-            decoded. Use :meth:`get_cookie` if you expect signed cookies. """
-        cookies = SimpleCookie(self.environ.get('HTTP_COOKIE', '')).values()
-        return FormsDict((c.key, c.value) for c in cookies)
-
-    def get_cookie(self, key, default=None, secret=None, digestmod=hashlib.sha256):
-        """ Return the content of a cookie. To read a `Signed Cookie`, the
-            `secret` must match the one used to create the cookie (see
-            :meth:`BaseResponse.set_cookie`). If anything goes wrong (missing
-            cookie or wrong signature), return a default value. """
-        value = self.cookies.get(key)
-        if secret:
-            # See BaseResponse.set_cookie for details on signed cookies.
-            if value and value.startswith('!') and '?' in value:
-                sig, msg = map(tob, value[1:].split('?', 1))
-                hash = hmac.new(tob(secret), msg, digestmod=digestmod).digest()
-                if _lscmp(sig, base64.b64encode(hash)):
-                    dst = pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(msg))
-                    if dst and dst[0] == key:
-                        return dst[1]
-            return default
-        return value or default
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.query', read_only=True)
-    def query(self):
-        """ The :attr:`query_string` parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. These
-            values are sometimes called "URL arguments" or "GET parameters", but
-            not to be confused with "URL wildcards" as they are provided by the
-            :class:`Router`. """
-        get = self.environ['bottle.get'] = FormsDict()
-        pairs = _parse_qsl(self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', ''))
-        for key, value in pairs:
-            get[key] = value
-        return get
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.forms', read_only=True)
-    def forms(self):
-        """ Form values parsed from an `url-encoded` or `multipart/form-data`
-            encoded POST or PUT request body. The result is returned as a
-            :class:`FormsDict`. All keys and values are strings. File uploads
-            are stored separately in :attr:`files`. """
-        forms = FormsDict()
-        forms.recode_unicode = self.POST.recode_unicode
-        for name, item in self.POST.allitems():
-            if not isinstance(item, FileUpload):
-                forms[name] = item
-        return forms
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.params', read_only=True)
-    def params(self):
-        """ A :class:`FormsDict` with the combined values of :attr:`query` and
-            :attr:`forms`. File uploads are stored in :attr:`files`. """
-        params = FormsDict()
-        for key, value in self.query.allitems():
-            params[key] = value
-        for key, value in self.forms.allitems():
-            params[key] = value
-        return params
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.files', read_only=True)
-    def files(self):
-        """ File uploads parsed from `multipart/form-data` encoded POST or PUT
-            request body. The values are instances of :class:`FileUpload`.
-
-        """
-        files = FormsDict()
-        files.recode_unicode = self.POST.recode_unicode
-        for name, item in self.POST.allitems():
-            if isinstance(item, FileUpload):
-                files[name] = item
-        return files
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.json', read_only=True)
-    def json(self):
-        """ If the ``Content-Type`` header is ``application/json`` or
-            ``application/json-rpc``, this property holds the parsed content
-            of the request body. Only requests smaller than :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX`
-            are processed to avoid memory exhaustion.
-            Invalid JSON raises a 400 error response.
-        """
-        ctype = self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '').lower().split(';')[0]
-        if ctype in ('application/json', 'application/json-rpc'):
-            b = self._get_body_string(self.MEMFILE_MAX)
-            if not b:
-                return None
-            try:
-                return json_loads(b)
-            except (ValueError, TypeError):
-                raise HTTPError(400, 'Invalid JSON')
-        return None
-
-    def _iter_body(self, read, bufsize):
-        maxread = max(0, self.content_length)
-        while maxread:
-            part = read(min(maxread, bufsize))
-            if not part: break
-            yield part
-            maxread -= len(part)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _iter_chunked(read, bufsize):
-        err = HTTPError(400, 'Error while parsing chunked transfer body.')
-        rn, sem, bs = tob('\r\n'), tob(';'), tob('')
-        while True:
-            header = read(1)
-            while header[-2:] != rn:
-                c = read(1)
-                header += c
-                if not c: raise err
-                if len(header) > bufsize: raise err
-            size, _, _ = header.partition(sem)
-            try:
-                maxread = int(tonat(size.strip()), 16)
-            except ValueError:
-                raise err
-            if maxread == 0: break
-            buff = bs
-            while maxread > 0:
-                if not buff:
-                    buff = read(min(maxread, bufsize))
-                part, buff = buff[:maxread], buff[maxread:]
-                if not part: raise err
-                yield part
-                maxread -= len(part)
-            if read(2) != rn:
-                raise err
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.body', read_only=True)
-    def _body(self):
-        try:
-            read_func = self.environ['wsgi.input'].read
-        except KeyError:
-            self.environ['wsgi.input'] = BytesIO()
-            return self.environ['wsgi.input']
-        body_iter = self._iter_chunked if self.chunked else self._iter_body
-        body, body_size, is_temp_file = BytesIO(), 0, False
-        for part in body_iter(read_func, self.MEMFILE_MAX):
-            body.write(part)
-            body_size += len(part)
-            if not is_temp_file and body_size > self.MEMFILE_MAX:
-                body, tmp = TemporaryFile(mode='w+b'), body
-                body.write(tmp.getvalue())
-                del tmp
-                is_temp_file = True
-        self.environ['wsgi.input'] = body
-        body.seek(0)
-        return body
-
-    def _get_body_string(self, maxread):
-        """ Read body into a string. Raise HTTPError(413) on requests that are
-            to large. """
-        if self.content_length > maxread:
-            raise HTTPError(413, 'Request entity too large')
-        data = self.body.read(maxread + 1)
-        if len(data) > maxread:
-            raise HTTPError(413, 'Request entity too large')
-        return data
-
-    @property
-    def body(self):
-        """ The HTTP request body as a seek-able file-like object. Depending on
-            :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX`, this is either a temporary file or a
-            :class:`io.BytesIO` instance. Accessing this property for the first
-            time reads and replaces the ``wsgi.input`` environ variable.
-            Subsequent accesses just do a `seek(0)` on the file object. """
-        self._body.seek(0)
-        return self._body
-
-    @property
-    def chunked(self):
-        """ True if Chunked transfer encoding was. """
-        return 'chunked' in self.environ.get(
-            'HTTP_TRANSFER_ENCODING', '').lower()
-
-    #: An alias for :attr:`query`.
-    GET = query
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.post', read_only=True)
-    def POST(self):
-        """ The values of :attr:`forms` and :attr:`files` combined into a single
-            :class:`FormsDict`. Values are either strings (form values) or
-            instances of :class:`cgi.FieldStorage` (file uploads).
-        """
-        post = FormsDict()
-        # We default to application/x-www-form-urlencoded for everything that
-        # is not multipart and take the fast path (also: 3.1 workaround)
-        if not self.content_type.startswith('multipart/'):
-            body = tonat(self._get_body_string(self.MEMFILE_MAX), 'latin1')
-            for key, value in _parse_qsl(body):
-                post[key] = value
-            return post
-
-        safe_env = {'QUERY_STRING': ''}  # Build a safe environment for cgi
-        for key in ('REQUEST_METHOD', 'CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH'):
-            if key in self.environ: safe_env[key] = self.environ[key]
-        args = dict(fp=self.body, environ=safe_env, keep_blank_values=True)
-
-        if py3k:
-            args['encoding'] = 'utf8'
-            post.recode_unicode = False
-        data = cgi.FieldStorage(**args)
-        self['_cgi.FieldStorage'] = data  #http://bugs.python.org/issue18394
-        data = data.list or []
-        for item in data:
-            if item.filename:
-                post[item.name] = FileUpload(item.file, item.name,
-                                             item.filename, item.headers)
-            else:
-                post[item.name] = item.value
-        return post
-
-    @property
-    def url(self):
-        """ The full request URI including hostname and scheme. If your app
-            lives behind a reverse proxy or load balancer and you get confusing
-            results, make sure that the ``X-Forwarded-Host`` header is set
-            correctly. """
-        return self.urlparts.geturl()
-
-    @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.urlparts', read_only=True)
-    def urlparts(self):
-        """ The :attr:`url` string as an :class:`urlparse.SplitResult` tuple.
-            The tuple contains (scheme, host, path, query_string and fragment),
-            but the fragment is always empty because it is not visible to the
-            server. """
-        env = self.environ
-        http = env.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO') \
-             or env.get('wsgi.url_scheme', 'http')
-        host = env.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST') or env.get('HTTP_HOST')
-        if not host:
-            # HTTP 1.1 requires a Host-header. This is for HTTP/1.0 clients.
-            host = env.get('SERVER_NAME', '127.0.0.1')
-            port = env.get('SERVER_PORT')
-            if port and port != ('80' if http == 'http' else '443'):
-                host += ':' + port
-        path = urlquote(self.fullpath)
-        return UrlSplitResult(http, host, path, env.get('QUERY_STRING'), '')
-
-    @property
-    def fullpath(self):
-        """ Request path including :attr:`script_name` (if present). """
-        return urljoin(self.script_name, self.path.lstrip('/'))
-
-    @property
-    def query_string(self):
-        """ The raw :attr:`query` part of the URL (everything in between ``?``
-            and ``#``) as a string. """
-        return self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', '')
-
-    @property
-    def script_name(self):
-        """ The initial portion of the URL's `path` that was removed by a higher
-            level (server or routing middleware) before the application was
-            called. This script path is returned with leading and tailing
-            slashes. """
-        script_name = self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/')
-        return '/' + script_name + '/' if script_name else '/'
-
-    def path_shift(self, shift=1):
-        """ Shift path segments from :attr:`path` to :attr:`script_name` and
-            vice versa.
-
-           :param shift: The number of path segments to shift. May be negative
-                         to change the shift direction. (default: 1)
-        """
-        script, path = path_shift(self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '/'), self.path, shift)
-        self['SCRIPT_NAME'], self['PATH_INFO'] = script, path
-
-    @property
-    def content_length(self):
-        """ The request body length as an integer. The client is responsible to
-            set this header. Otherwise, the real length of the body is unknown
-            and -1 is returned. In this case, :attr:`body` will be empty. """
-        return int(self.environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH') or -1)
-
-    @property
-    def content_type(self):
-        """ The Content-Type header as a lowercase-string (default: empty). """
-        return self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '').lower()
-
-    @property
-    def is_xhr(self):
-        """ True if the request was triggered by a XMLHttpRequest. This only
-            works with JavaScript libraries that support the `X-Requested-With`
-            header (most of the popular libraries do). """
-        requested_with = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH', '')
-        return requested_with.lower() == 'xmlhttprequest'
-
-    @property
-    def is_ajax(self):
-        """ Alias for :attr:`is_xhr`. "Ajax" is not the right term. """
-        return self.is_xhr
-
-    @property
-    def auth(self):
-        """ HTTP authentication data as a (user, password) tuple. This
-            implementation currently supports basic (not digest) authentication
-            only. If the authentication happened at a higher level (e.g. in the
-            front web-server or a middleware), the password field is None, but
-            the user field is looked up from the ``REMOTE_USER`` environ
-            variable. On any errors, None is returned. """
-        basic = parse_auth(self.environ.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', ''))
-        if basic: return basic
-        ruser = self.environ.get('REMOTE_USER')
-        if ruser: return (ruser, None)
-        return None
-
-    @property
-    def remote_route(self):
-        """ A list of all IPs that were involved in this request, starting with
-            the client IP and followed by zero or more proxies. This does only
-            work if all proxies support the ```X-Forwarded-For`` header. Note
-            that this information can be forged by malicious clients. """
-        proxy = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
-        if proxy: return [ip.strip() for ip in proxy.split(',')]
-        remote = self.environ.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
-        return [remote] if remote else []
-
-    @property
-    def remote_addr(self):
-        """ The client IP as a string. Note that this information can be forged
-            by malicious clients. """
-        route = self.remote_route
-        return route[0] if route else None
-
-    def copy(self):
-        """ Return a new :class:`Request` with a shallow :attr:`environ` copy. """
-        return Request(self.environ.copy())
-
-    def get(self, value, default=None):
-        return self.environ.get(value, default)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        return self.environ[key]
-
-    def __delitem__(self, key):
-        self[key] = ""
-        del (self.environ[key])
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return iter(self.environ)
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        return len(self.environ)
-
-    def keys(self):
-        return self.environ.keys()
-
-    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-        """ Change an environ value and clear all caches that depend on it. """
-
-        if self.environ.get('bottle.request.readonly'):
-            raise KeyError('The environ dictionary is read-only.')
-
-        self.environ[key] = value
-        todelete = ()
-
-        if key == 'wsgi.input':
-            todelete = ('body', 'forms', 'files', 'params', 'post', 'json')
-        elif key == 'QUERY_STRING':
-            todelete = ('query', 'params')
-        elif key.startswith('HTTP_'):
-            todelete = ('headers', 'cookies')
-
-        for key in todelete:
-            self.environ.pop('bottle.request.' + key, None)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: %s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.method, self.url)
-
-    def __getattr__(self, name):
-        """ Search in self.environ for additional user defined attributes. """
-        try:
-            var = self.environ['bottle.request.ext.%s' % name]
-            return var.__get__(self) if hasattr(var, '__get__') else var
-        except KeyError:
-            raise AttributeError('Attribute %r not defined.' % name)
-
-    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
-        if name == 'environ': return object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
-        key = 'bottle.request.ext.%s' % name
-        if key in self.environ:
-            raise AttributeError("Attribute already defined: %s" % name)
-        self.environ[key] = value
-
-    def __delattr__(self, name):
-        try:
-            del self.environ['bottle.request.ext.%s' % name]
-        except KeyError:
-            raise AttributeError("Attribute not defined: %s" % name)
-
-
-def _hkey(key):
-    if '\n' in key or '\r' in key or '\0' in key:
-        raise ValueError("Header names must not contain control characters: %r" % key)
-    return key.title().replace('_', '-')
-
-
-def _hval(value):
-    value = tonat(value)
-    if '\n' in value or '\r' in value or '\0' in value:
-        raise ValueError("Header value must not contain control characters: %r" % value)
-    return value
-
-
-class HeaderProperty(object):
-    def __init__(self, name, reader=None, writer=None, default=''):
-        self.name, self.default = name, default
-        self.reader, self.writer = reader, writer
-        self.__doc__ = 'Current value of the %r header.' % name.title()
-
-    def __get__(self, obj, _):
-        if obj is None: return self
-        value = obj.get_header(self.name, self.default)
-        return self.reader(value) if self.reader else value
-
-    def __set__(self, obj, value):
-        obj[self.name] = self.writer(value) if self.writer else value
-
-    def __delete__(self, obj):
-        del obj[self.name]
-
-
-class BaseResponse(object):
-    """ Storage class for a response body as well as headers and cookies.
-
-        This class does support dict-like case-insensitive item-access to
-        headers, but is NOT a dict. Most notably, iterating over a response
-        yields parts of the body and not the headers.
-
-        :param body: The response body as one of the supported types.
-        :param status: Either an HTTP status code (e.g. 200) or a status line
-                       including the reason phrase (e.g. '200 OK').
-        :param headers: A dictionary or a list of name-value pairs.
-
-        Additional keyword arguments are added to the list of headers.
-        Underscores in the header name are replaced with dashes.
-    """
-
-    default_status = 200
-    default_content_type = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
-
-    # Header blacklist for specific response codes
-    # (rfc2616 section 10.2.3 and 10.3.5)
-    bad_headers = {
-        204: frozenset(('Content-Type', 'Content-Length')),
-        304: frozenset(('Allow', 'Content-Encoding', 'Content-Language',
-                  'Content-Length', 'Content-Range', 'Content-Type',
-                  'Content-Md5', 'Last-Modified'))
-    }
-
-    def __init__(self, body='', status=None, headers=None, **more_headers):
-        self._cookies = None
-        self._headers = {}
-        self.body = body
-        self.status = status or self.default_status
-        if headers:
-            if isinstance(headers, dict):
-                headers = headers.items()
-            for name, value in headers:
-                self.add_header(name, value)
-        if more_headers:
-            for name, value in more_headers.items():
-                self.add_header(name, value)
-
-    def copy(self, cls=None):
-        """ Returns a copy of self. """
-        cls = cls or BaseResponse
-        assert issubclass(cls, BaseResponse)
-        copy = cls()
-        copy.status = self.status
-        copy._headers = dict((k, v[:]) for (k, v) in self._headers.items())
-        if self._cookies:
-            cookies = copy._cookies = SimpleCookie()
-            for k,v in self._cookies.items():
-                cookies[k] = v.value
-                cookies[k].update(v) # also copy cookie attributes
-        return copy
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return iter(self.body)
-
-    def close(self):
-        if hasattr(self.body, 'close'):
-            self.body.close()
-
-    @property
-    def status_line(self):
-        """ The HTTP status line as a string (e.g. ``404 Not Found``)."""
-        return self._status_line
-
-    @property
-    def status_code(self):
-        """ The HTTP status code as an integer (e.g. 404)."""
-        return self._status_code
-
-    def _set_status(self, status):
-        if isinstance(status, int):
-            code, status = status, _HTTP_STATUS_LINES.get(status)
-        elif ' ' in status:
-            if '\n' in status or '\r' in status or '\0' in status:
-                raise ValueError('Status line must not include control chars.')
-            status = status.strip()
-            code = int(status.split()[0])
-        else:
-            raise ValueError('String status line without a reason phrase.')
-        if not 100 <= code <= 999:
-            raise ValueError('Status code out of range.')
-        self._status_code = code
-        self._status_line = str(status or ('%d Unknown' % code))
-
-    def _get_status(self):
-        return self._status_line
-
-    status = property(
-        _get_status, _set_status, None,
-        ''' A writeable property to change the HTTP response status. It accepts
-            either a numeric code (100-999) or a string with a custom reason
-            phrase (e.g. "404 Brain not found"). Both :data:`status_line` and
-            :data:`status_code` are updated accordingly. The return value is
-            always a status string. ''')
-    del _get_status, _set_status
-
-    @property
-    def headers(self):
-        """ An instance of :class:`HeaderDict`, a case-insensitive dict-like
-            view on the response headers. """
-        hdict = HeaderDict()
-        hdict.dict = self._headers
-        return hdict
-
-    def __contains__(self, name):
-        return _hkey(name) in self._headers
-
-    def __delitem__(self, name):
-        del self._headers[_hkey(name)]
-
-    def __getitem__(self, name):
-        return self._headers[_hkey(name)][-1]
-
-    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
-        self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [_hval(value)]
-
-    def get_header(self, name, default=None):
-        """ Return the value of a previously defined header. If there is no
-            header with that name, return a default value. """
-        return self._headers.get(_hkey(name), [default])[-1]
-
-    def set_header(self, name, value):
-        """ Create a new response header, replacing any previously defined
-            headers with the same name. """
-        self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [_hval(value)]
-
-    def add_header(self, name, value):
-        """ Add an additional response header, not removing duplicates. """
-        self._headers.setdefault(_hkey(name), []).append(_hval(value))
-
-    def iter_headers(self):
-        """ Yield (header, value) tuples, skipping headers that are not
-            allowed with the current response status code. """
-        return self.headerlist
-
-    def _wsgi_status_line(self):
-        """ WSGI conform status line (latin1-encodeable) """
-        if py3k:
-            return self._status_line.encode('utf8').decode('latin1')
-        return self._status_line
-
-    @property
-    def headerlist(self):
-        """ WSGI conform list of (header, value) tuples. """
-        out = []
-        headers = list(self._headers.items())
-        if 'Content-Type' not in self._headers:
-            headers.append(('Content-Type', [self.default_content_type]))
-        if self._status_code in self.bad_headers:
-            bad_headers = self.bad_headers[self._status_code]
-            headers = [h for h in headers if h[0] not in bad_headers]
-        out += [(name, val) for (name, vals) in headers for val in vals]
-        if self._cookies:
-            for c in self._cookies.values():
-                out.append(('Set-Cookie', _hval(c.OutputString())))
-        if py3k:
-            out = [(k, v.encode('utf8').decode('latin1')) for (k, v) in out]
-        return out
-
-    content_type = HeaderProperty('Content-Type')
-    content_length = HeaderProperty('Content-Length', reader=int, default=-1)
-    expires = HeaderProperty(
-        'Expires',
-        reader=lambda x: datetime.utcfromtimestamp(parse_date(x)),
-        writer=lambda x: http_date(x))
-
-    @property
-    def charset(self, default='UTF-8'):
-        """ Return the charset specified in the content-type header (default: utf8). """
-        if 'charset=' in self.content_type:
-            return self.content_type.split('charset=')[-1].split(';')[0].strip()
-        return default
-
-    def set_cookie(self, name, value, secret=None, digestmod=hashlib.sha256, **options):
-        """ Create a new cookie or replace an old one. If the `secret` parameter is
-            set, create a `Signed Cookie` (described below).
-
-            :param name: the name of the cookie.
-            :param value: the value of the cookie.
-            :param secret: a signature key required for signed cookies.
-
-            Additionally, this method accepts all RFC 2109 attributes that are
-            supported by :class:`cookie.Morsel`, including:
-
-            :param maxage: maximum age in seconds. (default: None)
-            :param expires: a datetime object or UNIX timestamp. (default: None)
-            :param domain: the domain that is allowed to read the cookie.
-              (default: current domain)
-            :param path: limits the cookie to a given path (default: current path)
-            :param secure: limit the cookie to HTTPS connections (default: off).
-            :param httponly: prevents client-side javascript to read this cookie
-              (default: off, requires Python 2.6 or newer).
-            :param samesite: Control or disable third-party use for this cookie.
-              Possible values: `lax`, `strict` or `none` (default).
-
-            If neither `expires` nor `maxage` is set (default), the cookie will
-            expire at the end of the browser session (as soon as the browser
-            window is closed).
-
-            Signed cookies may store any pickle-able object and are
-            cryptographically signed to prevent manipulation. Keep in mind that
-            cookies are limited to 4kb in most browsers.
-
-            Warning: Pickle is a potentially dangerous format. If an attacker
-            gains access to the secret key, he could forge cookies that execute
-            code on server side if unpickled. Using pickle is discouraged and
-            support for it will be removed in later versions of bottle.
-
-            Warning: Signed cookies are not encrypted (the client can still see
-            the content) and not copy-protected (the client can restore an old
-            cookie). The main intention is to make pickling and unpickling
-            save, not to store secret information at client side.
-        """
-        if not self._cookies:
-            self._cookies = SimpleCookie()
-
-        # Monkey-patch Cookie lib to support 'SameSite' parameter
-        # https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-west-first-party-cookies-07#section-4.1
-        if py < (3, 8, 0):
-            Morsel._reserved.setdefault('samesite', 'SameSite')
-
-        if secret:
-            if not isinstance(value, basestring):
-                depr(0, 13, "Pickling of arbitrary objects into cookies is "
-                            "deprecated.", "Only store strings in cookies. "
-                            "JSON strings are fine, too.")
-            encoded = base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps([name, value], -1))
-            sig = base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(secret), encoded,
-                                            digestmod=digestmod).digest())
-            value = touni(tob('!') + sig + tob('?') + encoded)
-        elif not isinstance(value, basestring):
-            raise TypeError('Secret key required for non-string cookies.')
-
-        # Cookie size plus options must not exceed 4kb.
-        if len(name) + len(value) > 3800:
-            raise ValueError('Content does not fit into a cookie.')
-
-        self._cookies[name] = value
-
-        for key, value in options.items():
-            if key in ('max_age', 'maxage'): # 'maxage' variant added in 0.13
-                key = 'max-age'
-                if isinstance(value, timedelta):
-                    value = value.seconds + value.days * 24 * 3600
-            if key == 'expires':
-                value = http_date(value)
-            if key in ('same_site', 'samesite'): # 'samesite' variant added in 0.13
-                key, value = 'samesite', (value or "none").lower()
-                if value not in ('lax', 'strict', 'none'):
-                    raise CookieError("Invalid value for SameSite")
-            if key in ('secure', 'httponly') and not value:
-                continue
-            self._cookies[name][key] = value
-
-    def delete_cookie(self, key, **kwargs):
-        """ Delete a cookie. Be sure to use the same `domain` and `path`
-            settings as used to create the cookie. """
-        kwargs['max_age'] = -1
-        kwargs['expires'] = 0
-        self.set_cookie(key, '', **kwargs)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        out = ''
-        for name, value in self.headerlist:
-            out += '%s: %s\n' % (name.title(), value.strip())
-        return out
-
-
-def _local_property():
-    ls = threading.local()
-
-    def fget(_):
-        try:
-            return ls.var
-        except AttributeError:
-            raise RuntimeError("Request context not initialized.")
-
-    def fset(_, value):
-        ls.var = value
-
-    def fdel(_):
-        del ls.var
-
-    return property(fget, fset, fdel, 'Thread-local property')
-
-
-class LocalRequest(BaseRequest):
-    """ A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseRequest` with a different
-        set of attributes for each thread. There is usually only one global
-        instance of this class (:data:`request`). If accessed during a
-        request/response cycle, this instance always refers to the *current*
-        request (even on a multithreaded server). """
-    bind = BaseRequest.__init__
-    environ = _local_property()
-
-
-class LocalResponse(BaseResponse):
-    """ A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseResponse` with a different
-        set of attributes for each thread. There is usually only one global
-        instance of this class (:data:`response`). Its attributes are used
-        to build the HTTP response at the end of the request/response cycle.
-    """
-    bind = BaseResponse.__init__
-    _status_line = _local_property()
-    _status_code = _local_property()
-    _cookies = _local_property()
-    _headers = _local_property()
-    body = _local_property()
-
-
-Request = BaseRequest
-Response = BaseResponse
-
-
-class HTTPResponse(Response, BottleException):
-    def __init__(self, body='', status=None, headers=None, **more_headers):
-        super(HTTPResponse, self).__init__(body, status, headers, **more_headers)
-
-    def apply(self, other):
-        other._status_code = self._status_code
-        other._status_line = self._status_line
-        other._headers = self._headers
-        other._cookies = self._cookies
-        other.body = self.body
-
-
-class HTTPError(HTTPResponse):
-    default_status = 500
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 status=None,
-                 body=None,
-                 exception=None,
-                 traceback=None, **more_headers):
-        self.exception = exception
-        self.traceback = traceback
-        super(HTTPError, self).__init__(body, status, **more_headers)
-
-###############################################################################
-# Plugins ######################################################################
-###############################################################################
-
-
-class PluginError(BottleException):
-    pass
-
-
-class JSONPlugin(object):
-    name = 'json'
-    api = 2
-
-    def __init__(self, json_dumps=json_dumps):
-        self.json_dumps = json_dumps
-
-    def setup(self, app):
-        app.config._define('json.enable', default=True, validate=bool,
-                          help="Enable or disable automatic dict->json filter.")
-        app.config._define('json.ascii', default=False, validate=bool,
-                          help="Use only 7-bit ASCII characters in output.")
-        app.config._define('json.indent', default=True, validate=bool,
-                          help="Add whitespace to make json more readable.")
-        app.config._define('json.dump_func', default=None,
-                          help="If defined, use this function to transform"
-                               " dict into json. The other options no longer"
-                               " apply.")
-
-    def apply(self, callback, route):
-        dumps = self.json_dumps
-        if not self.json_dumps: return callback
-
-        def wrapper(*a, **ka):
-            try:
-                rv = callback(*a, **ka)
-            except HTTPResponse as resp:
-                rv = resp
-
-            if isinstance(rv, dict):
-                #Attempt to serialize, raises exception on failure
-                json_response = dumps(rv)
-                #Set content type only if serialization successful
-                response.content_type = 'application/json'
-                return json_response
-            elif isinstance(rv, HTTPResponse) and isinstance(rv.body, dict):
-                rv.body = dumps(rv.body)
-                rv.content_type = 'application/json'
-            return rv
-
-        return wrapper
-
-
-class TemplatePlugin(object):
-    """ This plugin applies the :func:`view` decorator to all routes with a
-        `template` config parameter. If the parameter is a tuple, the second
-        element must be a dict with additional options (e.g. `template_engine`)
-        or default variables for the template. """
-    name = 'template'
-    api = 2
-
-    def setup(self, app):
-        app.tpl = self
-
-    def apply(self, callback, route):
-        conf = route.config.get('template')
-        if isinstance(conf, (tuple, list)) and len(conf) == 2:
-            return view(conf[0], **conf[1])(callback)
-        elif isinstance(conf, str):
-            return view(conf)(callback)
-        else:
-            return callback
-
-
-#: Not a plugin, but part of the plugin API. TODO: Find a better place.
-class _ImportRedirect(object):
-    def __init__(self, name, impmask):
-        """ Create a virtual package that redirects imports (see PEP 302). """
-        self.name = name
-        self.impmask = impmask
-        self.module = sys.modules.setdefault(name, imp.new_module(name))
-        self.module.__dict__.update({
-            '__file__': __file__,
-            '__path__': [],
-            '__all__': [],
-            '__loader__': self
-        })
-        sys.meta_path.append(self)
-
-    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
-        if '.' not in fullname: return
-        packname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
-        if packname != self.name: return
-        return self
-
-    def load_module(self, fullname):
-        if fullname in sys.modules: return sys.modules[fullname]
-        modname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)[1]
-        realname = self.impmask % modname
-        __import__(realname)
-        module = sys.modules[fullname] = sys.modules[realname]
-        setattr(self.module, modname, module)
-        module.__loader__ = self
-        return module
-
-###############################################################################
-# Common Utilities #############################################################
-###############################################################################
-
-
-class MultiDict(DictMixin):
-    """ This dict stores multiple values per key, but behaves exactly like a
-        normal dict in that it returns only the newest value for any given key.
-        There are special methods available to access the full list of values.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, *a, **k):
-        self.dict = dict((k, [v]) for (k, v) in dict(*a, **k).items())
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        return len(self.dict)
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return iter(self.dict)
-
-    def __contains__(self, key):
-        return key in self.dict
-
-    def __delitem__(self, key):
-        del self.dict[key]
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        return self.dict[key][-1]
-
-    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-        self.append(key, value)
-
-    def keys(self):
-        return self.dict.keys()
-
-    if py3k:
-
-        def values(self):
-            return (v[-1] for v in self.dict.values())
-
-        def items(self):
-            return ((k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.items())
-
-        def allitems(self):
-            return ((k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.items() for v in vl)
-
-        iterkeys = keys
-        itervalues = values
-        iteritems = items
-        iterallitems = allitems
-
-    else:
-
-        def values(self):
-            return [v[-1] for v in self.dict.values()]
-
-        def items(self):
-            return [(k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.items()]
-
-        def iterkeys(self):
-            return self.dict.iterkeys()
-
-        def itervalues(self):
-            return (v[-1] for v in self.dict.itervalues())
-
-        def iteritems(self):
-            return ((k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.iteritems())
-
-        def iterallitems(self):
-            return ((k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.iteritems() for v in vl)
-
-        def allitems(self):
-            return [(k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.iteritems() for v in vl]
-
-    def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1, type=None):
-        """ Return the most recent value for a key.
-
-            :param default: The default value to be returned if the key is not
-                   present or the type conversion fails.
-            :param index: An index for the list of available values.
-            :param type: If defined, this callable is used to cast the value
-                    into a specific type. Exception are suppressed and result in
-                    the default value to be returned.
-        """
-        try:
-            val = self.dict[key][index]
-            return type(val) if type else val
-        except Exception:
-            pass
-        return default
-
-    def append(self, key, value):
-        """ Add a new value to the list of values for this key. """
-        self.dict.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
-
-    def replace(self, key, value):
-        """ Replace the list of values with a single value. """
-        self.dict[key] = [value]
-
-    def getall(self, key):
-        """ Return a (possibly empty) list of values for a key. """
-        return self.dict.get(key) or []
-
-    #: Aliases for WTForms to mimic other multi-dict APIs (Django)
-    getone = get
-    getlist = getall
-
-
-class FormsDict(MultiDict):
-    """ This :class:`MultiDict` subclass is used to store request form data.
-        Additionally to the normal dict-like item access methods (which return
-        unmodified data as native strings), this container also supports
-        attribute-like access to its values. Attributes are automatically de-
-        or recoded to match :attr:`input_encoding` (default: 'utf8'). Missing
-        attributes default to an empty string. """
-
-    #: Encoding used for attribute values.
-    input_encoding = 'utf8'
-    #: If true (default), unicode strings are first encoded with `latin1`
-    #: and then decoded to match :attr:`input_encoding`.
-    recode_unicode = True
-
-    def _fix(self, s, encoding=None):
-        if isinstance(s, unicode) and self.recode_unicode:  # Python 3 WSGI
-            return s.encode('latin1').decode(encoding or self.input_encoding)
-        elif isinstance(s, bytes):  # Python 2 WSGI
-            return s.decode(encoding or self.input_encoding)
-        else:
-            return s
-
-    def decode(self, encoding=None):
-        """ Returns a copy with all keys and values de- or recoded to match
-            :attr:`input_encoding`. Some libraries (e.g. WTForms) want a
-            unicode dictionary. """
-        copy = FormsDict()
-        enc = copy.input_encoding = encoding or self.input_encoding
-        copy.recode_unicode = False
-        for key, value in self.allitems():
-            copy.append(self._fix(key, enc), self._fix(value, enc))
-        return copy
-
-    def getunicode(self, name, default=None, encoding=None):
-        """ Return the value as a unicode string, or the default. """
-        try:
-            return self._fix(self[name], encoding)
-        except (UnicodeError, KeyError):
-            return default
-
-    def __getattr__(self, name, default=unicode()):
-        # Without this guard, pickle generates a cryptic TypeError:
-        if name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__'):
-            return super(FormsDict, self).__getattr__(name)
-        return self.getunicode(name, default=default)
-
-class HeaderDict(MultiDict):
-    """ A case-insensitive version of :class:`MultiDict` that defaults to
-        replace the old value instead of appending it. """
-
-    def __init__(self, *a, **ka):
-        self.dict = {}
-        if a or ka: self.update(*a, **ka)
-
-    def __contains__(self, key):
-        return _hkey(key) in self.dict
-
-    def __delitem__(self, key):
-        del self.dict[_hkey(key)]
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        return self.dict[_hkey(key)][-1]
-
-    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-        self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [_hval(value)]
-
-    def append(self, key, value):
-        self.dict.setdefault(_hkey(key), []).append(_hval(value))
-
-    def replace(self, key, value):
-        self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [_hval(value)]
-
-    def getall(self, key):
-        return self.dict.get(_hkey(key)) or []
-
-    def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1):
-        return MultiDict.get(self, _hkey(key), default, index)
-
-    def filter(self, names):
-        for name in (_hkey(n) for n in names):
-            if name in self.dict:
-                del self.dict[name]
-
-
-class WSGIHeaderDict(DictMixin):
-    """ This dict-like class wraps a WSGI environ dict and provides convenient
-        access to HTTP_* fields. Keys and values are native strings
-        (2.x bytes or 3.x unicode) and keys are case-insensitive. If the WSGI
-        environment contains non-native string values, these are de- or encoded
-        using a lossless 'latin1' character set.
-
-        The API will remain stable even on changes to the relevant PEPs.
-        Currently PEP 333, 444 and 3333 are supported. (PEP 444 is the only one
-        that uses non-native strings.)
-    """
-    #: List of keys that do not have a ``HTTP_`` prefix.
-    cgikeys = ('CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH')
-
-    def __init__(self, environ):
-        self.environ = environ
-
-    def _ekey(self, key):
-        """ Translate header field name to CGI/WSGI environ key. """
-        key = key.replace('-', '_').upper()
-        if key in self.cgikeys:
-            return key
-        return 'HTTP_' + key
-
-    def raw(self, key, default=None):
-        """ Return the header value as is (may be bytes or unicode). """
-        return self.environ.get(self._ekey(key), default)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        val = self.environ[self._ekey(key)]
-        if py3k:
-            if isinstance(val, unicode):
-                val = val.encode('latin1').decode('utf8')
-            else:
-                val = val.decode('utf8')
-        return val
-
-    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-        raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__)
-
-    def __delitem__(self, key):
-        raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__)
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        for key in self.environ:
-            if key[:5] == 'HTTP_':
-                yield _hkey(key[5:])
-            elif key in self.cgikeys:
-                yield _hkey(key)
-
-    def keys(self):
-        return [x for x in self]
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        return len(self.keys())
-
-    def __contains__(self, key):
-        return self._ekey(key) in self.environ
-
-_UNSET = object()
-
-class ConfigDict(dict):
-    """ A dict-like configuration storage with additional support for
-        namespaces, validators, meta-data, overlays and more.
-
-        This dict-like class is heavily optimized for read access. All read-only
-        methods as well as item access should be as fast as the built-in dict.
-    """
-
-    __slots__ = ('_meta', '_change_listener', '_overlays', '_virtual_keys', '_source', '__weakref__')
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self._meta = {}
-        self._change_listener = []
-        #: Weak references of overlays that need to be kept in sync.
-        self._overlays = []
-        #: Config that is the source for this overlay.
-        self._source = None
-        #: Keys of values copied from the source (values we do not own)
-        self._virtual_keys = set()
-
-    def load_module(self, path, squash=True):
-        """Load values from a Python module.
-
-           Example modue ``config.py``::
-
-                DEBUG = True
-                SQLITE = {
-                    "db": ":memory:"
-                }
-
-
-           >>> c = ConfigDict()
-           >>> c.load_module('config')
-           {DEBUG: True, 'SQLITE.DB': 'memory'}
-           >>> c.load_module("config", False)
-           {'DEBUG': True, 'SQLITE': {'DB': 'memory'}}
-
-           :param squash: If true (default), dictionary values are assumed to
-                          represent namespaces (see :meth:`load_dict`).
-        """
-        config_obj = load(path)
-        obj = {key: getattr(config_obj, key) for key in dir(config_obj)
-               if key.isupper()}
-
-        if squash:
-            self.load_dict(obj)
-        else:
-            self.update(obj)
-        return self
-
-    def load_config(self, filename, **options):
-        """ Load values from an ``*.ini`` style config file.
-
-            A configuration file consists of sections, each led by a
-            ``[section]`` header, followed by key/value entries separated by
-            either ``=`` or ``:``. Section names and keys are case-insensitive.
-            Leading and trailing whitespace is removed from keys and values.
-            Values can be omitted, in which case the key/value delimiter may
-            also be left out. Values can also span multiple lines, as long as
-            they are indented deeper than the first line of the value. Commands
-            are prefixed by ``#`` or ``;`` and may only appear on their own on
-            an otherwise empty line.
-
-            Both section and key names may contain dots (``.``) as namespace
-            separators. The actual configuration parameter name is constructed
-            by joining section name and key name together and converting to
-            lower case.
-
-            The special sections ``bottle`` and ``ROOT`` refer to the root
-            namespace and the ``DEFAULT`` section defines default values for all
-            other sections.
-
-            With Python 3, extended string interpolation is enabled.
-
-            :param filename: The path of a config file, or a list of paths.
-            :param options: All keyword parameters are passed to the underlying
-                :class:`python:configparser.ConfigParser` constructor call.
-
-        """
-        options.setdefault('allow_no_value', True)
-        if py3k:
-            options.setdefault('interpolation',
-                               configparser.ExtendedInterpolation())
-        conf = configparser.ConfigParser(**options)
-        conf.read(filename)
-        for section in conf.sections():
-            for key in conf.options(section):
-                value = conf.get(section, key)
-                if section not in ('bottle', 'ROOT'):
-                    key = section + '.' + key
-                self[key.lower()] = value
-        return self
-
-    def load_dict(self, source, namespace=''):
-        """ Load values from a dictionary structure. Nesting can be used to
-            represent namespaces.
-
-            >>> c = ConfigDict()
-            >>> c.load_dict({'some': {'namespace': {'key': 'value'} } })
-            {'some.namespace.key': 'value'}
-        """
-        for key, value in source.items():
-            if isinstance(key, basestring):
-                nskey = (namespace + '.' + key).strip('.')
-                if isinstance(value, dict):
-                    self.load_dict(value, namespace=nskey)
-                else:
-                    self[nskey] = value
-            else:
-                raise TypeError('Key has type %r (not a string)' % type(key))
-        return self
-
-    def update(self, *a, **ka):
-        """ If the first parameter is a string, all keys are prefixed with this
-            namespace. Apart from that it works just as the usual dict.update().
-
-            >>> c = ConfigDict()
-            >>> c.update('some.namespace', key='value')
-        """
-        prefix = ''
-        if a and isinstance(a[0], basestring):
-            prefix = a[0].strip('.') + '.'
-            a = a[1:]
-        for key, value in dict(*a, **ka).items():
-            self[prefix + key] = value
-
-    def setdefault(self, key, value):
-        if key not in self:
-            self[key] = value
-        return self[key]
-
-    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-        if not isinstance(key, basestring):
-            raise TypeError('Key has type %r (not a string)' % type(key))
-
-        self._virtual_keys.discard(key)
-
-        value = self.meta_get(key, 'filter', lambda x: x)(value)
-        if key in self and self[key] is value:
-            return
-
-        self._on_change(key, value)
-        dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
-
-        for overlay in self._iter_overlays():
-            overlay._set_virtual(key, value)
-
-    def __delitem__(self, key):
-        if key not in self:
-            raise KeyError(key)
-        if key in self._virtual_keys:
-            raise KeyError("Virtual keys cannot be deleted: %s" % key)
-
-        if self._source and key in self._source:
-            # Not virtual, but present in source -> Restore virtual value
-            dict.__delitem__(self, key)
-            self._set_virtual(key, self._source[key])
-        else:  # not virtual, not present in source. This is OUR value
-            self._on_change(key, None)
-            dict.__delitem__(self, key)
-            for overlay in self._iter_overlays():
-                overlay._delete_virtual(key)
-
-    def _set_virtual(self, key, value):
-        """ Recursively set or update virtual keys. Do nothing if non-virtual
-            value is present. """
-        if key in self and key not in self._virtual_keys:
-            return  # Do nothing for non-virtual keys.
-
-        self._virtual_keys.add(key)
-        if key in self and self[key] is not value:
-            self._on_change(key, value)
-        dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
-        for overlay in self._iter_overlays():
-            overlay._set_virtual(key, value)
-
-    def _delete_virtual(self, key):
-        """ Recursively delete virtual entry. Do nothing if key is not virtual.
-        """
-        if key not in self._virtual_keys:
-            return  # Do nothing for non-virtual keys.
-
-        if key in self:
-            self._on_change(key, None)
-        dict.__delitem__(self, key)
-        self._virtual_keys.discard(key)
-        for overlay in self._iter_overlays():
-            overlay._delete_virtual(key)
-
-    def _on_change(self, key, value):
-        for cb in self._change_listener:
-            if cb(self, key, value):
-                return True
-
-    def _add_change_listener(self, func):
-        self._change_listener.append(func)
-        return func
-
-    def meta_get(self, key, metafield, default=None):
-        """ Return the value of a meta field for a key. """
-        return self._meta.get(key, {}).get(metafield, default)
-
-    def meta_set(self, key, metafield, value):
-        """ Set the meta field for a key to a new value. """
-        self._meta.setdefault(key, {})[metafield] = value
-
-    def meta_list(self, key):
-        """ Return an iterable of meta field names defined for a key. """
-        return self._meta.get(key, {}).keys()
-
-    def _define(self, key, default=_UNSET, help=_UNSET, validate=_UNSET):
-        """ (Unstable) Shortcut for plugins to define own config parameters. """
-        if default is not _UNSET:
-            self.setdefault(key, default)
-        if help is not _UNSET:
-            self.meta_set(key, 'help', help)
-        if validate is not _UNSET:
-            self.meta_set(key, 'validate', validate)
-
-    def _iter_overlays(self):
-        for ref in self._overlays:
-            overlay = ref()
-            if overlay is not None:
-                yield overlay
-
-    def _make_overlay(self):
-        """ (Unstable) Create a new overlay that acts like a chained map: Values
-            missing in the overlay are copied from the source map. Both maps
-            share the same meta entries.
-
-            Entries that were copied from the source are called 'virtual'. You
-            can not delete virtual keys, but overwrite them, which turns them
-            into non-virtual entries. Setting keys on an overlay never affects
-            its source, but may affect any number of child overlays.
-
-            Other than collections.ChainMap or most other implementations, this
-            approach does not resolve missing keys on demand, but instead
-            actively copies all values from the source to the overlay and keeps
-            track of virtual and non-virtual keys internally. This removes any
-            lookup-overhead. Read-access is as fast as a build-in dict for both
-            virtual and non-virtual keys.
-
-            Changes are propagated recursively and depth-first. A failing
-            on-change handler in an overlay stops the propagation of virtual
-            values and may result in an partly updated tree. Take extra care
-            here and make sure that on-change handlers never fail.
-
-            Used by Route.config
-        """
-        # Cleanup dead references
-        self._overlays[:] = [ref for ref in self._overlays if ref() is not None]
-
-        overlay = ConfigDict()
-        overlay._meta = self._meta
-        overlay._source = self
-        self._overlays.append(weakref.ref(overlay))
-        for key in self:
-            overlay._set_virtual(key, self[key])
-        return overlay
-
-
-
-
-class AppStack(list):
-    """ A stack-like list. Calling it returns the head of the stack. """
-
-    def __call__(self):
-        """ Return the current default application. """
-        return self.default
-
-    def push(self, value=None):
-        """ Add a new :class:`Bottle` instance to the stack """
-        if not isinstance(value, Bottle):
-            value = Bottle()
-        self.append(value)
-        return value
-    new_app = push
-
-    @property
-    def default(self):
-        try:
-            return self[-1]
-        except IndexError:
-            return self.push()
-
-
-class WSGIFileWrapper(object):
-    def __init__(self, fp, buffer_size=1024 * 64):
-        self.fp, self.buffer_size = fp, buffer_size
-        for attr in 'fileno', 'close', 'read', 'readlines', 'tell', 'seek':
-            if hasattr(fp, attr): setattr(self, attr, getattr(fp, attr))
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        buff, read = self.buffer_size, self.read
-        part = read(buff)
-        while part:
-            yield part
-            part = read(buff)
-
-
-class _closeiter(object):
-    """ This only exists to be able to attach a .close method to iterators that
-        do not support attribute assignment (most of itertools). """
-
-    def __init__(self, iterator, close=None):
-        self.iterator = iterator
-        self.close_callbacks = makelist(close)
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return iter(self.iterator)
-
-    def close(self):
-        for func in self.close_callbacks:
-            func()
-
-
-class ResourceManager(object):
-    """ This class manages a list of search paths and helps to find and open
-        application-bound resources (files).
-
-        :param base: default value for :meth:`add_path` calls.
-        :param opener: callable used to open resources.
-        :param cachemode: controls which lookups are cached. One of 'all',
-                         'found' or 'none'.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, base='./', opener=open, cachemode='all'):
-        self.opener = opener
-        self.base = base
-        self.cachemode = cachemode
-
-        #: A list of search paths. See :meth:`add_path` for details.
-        self.path = []
-        #: A cache for resolved paths. ``res.cache.clear()`` clears the cache.
-        self.cache = {}
-
-    def add_path(self, path, base=None, index=None, create=False):
-        """ Add a new path to the list of search paths. Return False if the
-            path does not exist.
-
-            :param path: The new search path. Relative paths are turned into
-                an absolute and normalized form. If the path looks like a file
-                (not ending in `/`), the filename is stripped off.
-            :param base: Path used to absolutize relative search paths.
-                Defaults to :attr:`base` which defaults to ``os.getcwd()``.
-            :param index: Position within the list of search paths. Defaults
-                to last index (appends to the list).
-
-            The `base` parameter makes it easy to reference files installed
-            along with a python module or package::
-
-                res.add_path('./resources/', __file__)
-        """
-        base = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(base or self.base))
-        path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(base, os.path.dirname(path)))
-        path += os.sep
-        if path in self.path:
-            self.path.remove(path)
-        if create and not os.path.isdir(path):
-            os.makedirs(path)
-        if index is None:
-            self.path.append(path)
-        else:
-            self.path.insert(index, path)
-        self.cache.clear()
-        return os.path.exists(path)
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        """ Iterate over all existing files in all registered paths. """
-        search = self.path[:]
-        while search:
-            path = search.pop()
-            if not os.path.isdir(path): continue
-            for name in os.listdir(path):
-                full = os.path.join(path, name)
-                if os.path.isdir(full): search.append(full)
-                else: yield full
-
-    def lookup(self, name):
-        """ Search for a resource and return an absolute file path, or `None`.
-
-            The :attr:`path` list is searched in order. The first match is
-            returned. Symlinks are followed. The result is cached to speed up
-            future lookups. """
-        if name not in self.cache or DEBUG:
-            for path in self.path:
-                fpath = os.path.join(path, name)
-                if os.path.isfile(fpath):
-                    if self.cachemode in ('all', 'found'):
-                        self.cache[name] = fpath
-                    return fpath
-            if self.cachemode == 'all':
-                self.cache[name] = None
-        return self.cache[name]
-
-    def open(self, name, mode='r', *args, **kwargs):
-        """ Find a resource and return a file object, or raise IOError. """
-        fname = self.lookup(name)
-        if not fname: raise IOError("Resource %r not found." % name)
-        return self.opener(fname, mode=mode, *args, **kwargs)
-
-
-class FileUpload(object):
-    def __init__(self, fileobj, name, filename, headers=None):
-        """ Wrapper for file uploads. """
-        #: Open file(-like) object (BytesIO buffer or temporary file)
-        self.file = fileobj
-        #: Name of the upload form field
-        self.name = name
-        #: Raw filename as sent by the client (may contain unsafe characters)
-        self.raw_filename = filename
-        #: A :class:`HeaderDict` with additional headers (e.g. content-type)
-        self.headers = HeaderDict(headers) if headers else HeaderDict()
-
-    content_type = HeaderProperty('Content-Type')
-    content_length = HeaderProperty('Content-Length', reader=int, default=-1)
-
-    def get_header(self, name, default=None):
-        """ Return the value of a header within the multipart part. """
-        return self.headers.get(name, default)
-
-    @cached_property
-    def filename(self):
-        """ Name of the file on the client file system, but normalized to ensure
-            file system compatibility. An empty filename is returned as 'empty'.
-
-            Only ASCII letters, digits, dashes, underscores and dots are
-            allowed in the final filename. Accents are removed, if possible.
-            Whitespace is replaced by a single dash. Leading or tailing dots
-            or dashes are removed. The filename is limited to 255 characters.
-        """
-        fname = self.raw_filename
-        if not isinstance(fname, unicode):
-            fname = fname.decode('utf8', 'ignore')
-        fname = normalize('NFKD', fname)
-        fname = fname.encode('ASCII', 'ignore').decode('ASCII')
-        fname = os.path.basename(fname.replace('\\', os.path.sep))
-        fname = re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9-_.\s]', '', fname).strip()
-        fname = re.sub(r'[-\s]+', '-', fname).strip('.-')
-        return fname[:255] or 'empty'
-
-    def _copy_file(self, fp, chunk_size=2 ** 16):
-        read, write, offset = self.file.read, fp.write, self.file.tell()
-        while 1:
-            buf = read(chunk_size)
-            if not buf: break
-            write(buf)
-        self.file.seek(offset)
-
-    def save(self, destination, overwrite=False, chunk_size=2 ** 16):
-        """ Save file to disk or copy its content to an open file(-like) object.
-            If *destination* is a directory, :attr:`filename` is added to the
-            path. Existing files are not overwritten by default (IOError).
-
-            :param destination: File path, directory or file(-like) object.
-            :param overwrite: If True, replace existing files. (default: False)
-            :param chunk_size: Bytes to read at a time. (default: 64kb)
-        """
-        if isinstance(destination, basestring):  # Except file-likes here
-            if os.path.isdir(destination):
-                destination = os.path.join(destination, self.filename)
-            if not overwrite and os.path.exists(destination):
-                raise IOError('File exists.')
-            with open(destination, 'wb') as fp:
-                self._copy_file(fp, chunk_size)
-        else:
-            self._copy_file(destination, chunk_size)
-
-###############################################################################
-# Application Helper ###########################################################
-###############################################################################
-
-
-def abort(code=500, text='Unknown Error.'):
-    """ Aborts execution and causes a HTTP error. """
-    raise HTTPError(code, text)
-
-
-def redirect(url, code=None):
-    """ Aborts execution and causes a 303 or 302 redirect, depending on
-        the HTTP protocol version. """
-    if not code:
-        code = 303 if request.get('SERVER_PROTOCOL') == "HTTP/1.1" else 302
-    res = response.copy(cls=HTTPResponse)
-    res.status = code
-    res.body = ""
-    res.set_header('Location', urljoin(request.url, url))
-    raise res
-
-
-def _file_iter_range(fp, offset, bytes, maxread=1024 * 1024, close=False):
-    """ Yield chunks from a range in a file, optionally closing it at the end.
-        No chunk is bigger than maxread. """
-    fp.seek(offset)
-    while bytes > 0:
-        part = fp.read(min(bytes, maxread))
-        if not part:
-            break
-        bytes -= len(part)
-        yield part
-    if close:
-        fp.close()
-
-
-def static_file(filename, root,
-                mimetype=True,
-                download=False,
-                charset='UTF-8',
-                etag=None,
-                headers=None):
-    """ Open a file in a safe way and return an instance of :exc:`HTTPResponse`
-        that can be sent back to the client.
-
-        :param filename: Name or path of the file to send, relative to ``root``.
-        :param root: Root path for file lookups. Should be an absolute directory
-            path.
-        :param mimetype: Provide the content-type header (default: guess from
-            file extension)
-        :param download: If True, ask the browser to open a `Save as...` dialog
-            instead of opening the file with the associated program. You can
-            specify a custom filename as a string. If not specified, the
-            original filename is used (default: False).
-        :param charset: The charset for files with a ``text/*`` mime-type.
-            (default: UTF-8)
-        :param etag: Provide a pre-computed ETag header. If set to ``False``,
-            ETag handling is disabled. (default: auto-generate ETag header)
-        :param headers: Additional headers dict to add to the response.
-
-        While checking user input is always a good idea, this function provides
-        additional protection against malicious ``filename`` parameters from
-        breaking out of the ``root`` directory and leaking sensitive information
-        to an attacker.
-
-        Read-protected files or files outside of the ``root`` directory are
-        answered with ``403 Access Denied``. Missing files result in a
-        ``404 Not Found`` response. Conditional requests (``If-Modified-Since``,
-        ``If-None-Match``) are answered with ``304 Not Modified`` whenever
-        possible. ``HEAD`` and ``Range`` requests (used by download managers to
-        check or continue partial downloads) are also handled automatically.
-
-    """
-
-    root = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(root), '')
-    filename = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(root, filename.strip('/\\')))
-    headers = headers.copy() if headers else {}
-
-    if not filename.startswith(root):
-        return HTTPError(403, "Access denied.")
-    if not os.path.exists(filename) or not os.path.isfile(filename):
-        return HTTPError(404, "File does not exist.")
-    if not os.access(filename, os.R_OK):
-        return HTTPError(403, "You do not have permission to access this file.")
-
-    if mimetype is True:
-        if download and download is not True:
-            mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(download)
-        else:
-            mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)
-        if encoding:
-            headers['Content-Encoding'] = encoding
-
-    if mimetype:
-        if (mimetype[:5] == 'text/' or mimetype == 'application/javascript')\
-          and charset and 'charset' not in mimetype:
-            mimetype += '; charset=%s' % charset
-        headers['Content-Type'] = mimetype
-
-    if download:
-        download = os.path.basename(filename if download is True else download)
-        headers['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="%s"' % download
-
-    stats = os.stat(filename)
-    headers['Content-Length'] = clen = stats.st_size
-    headers['Last-Modified'] = email.utils.formatdate(stats.st_mtime,
-                                                      usegmt=True)
-    headers['Date'] = email.utils.formatdate(time.time(), usegmt=True)
-
-    getenv = request.environ.get
-
-    if etag is None:
-        etag = '%d:%d:%d:%d:%s' % (stats.st_dev, stats.st_ino, stats.st_mtime,
-                                   clen, filename)
-        etag = hashlib.sha1(tob(etag)).hexdigest()
-
-    if etag:
-        headers['ETag'] = etag
-        check = getenv('HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH')
-        if check and check == etag:
-            return HTTPResponse(status=304, **headers)
-
-    ims = getenv('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE')
-    if ims:
-        ims = parse_date(ims.split(";")[0].strip())
-    if ims is not None and ims >= int(stats.st_mtime):
-        return HTTPResponse(status=304, **headers)
-
-    body = '' if request.method == 'HEAD' else open(filename, 'rb')
-
-    headers["Accept-Ranges"] = "bytes"
-    range_header = getenv('HTTP_RANGE')
-    if range_header:
-        ranges = list(parse_range_header(range_header, clen))
-        if not ranges:
-            return HTTPError(416, "Requested Range Not Satisfiable")
-        offset, end = ranges[0]
-        headers["Content-Range"] = "bytes %d-%d/%d" % (offset, end - 1, clen)
-        headers["Content-Length"] = str(end - offset)
-        if body: body = _file_iter_range(body, offset, end - offset, close=True)
-        return HTTPResponse(body, status=206, **headers)
-    return HTTPResponse(body, **headers)
-
-###############################################################################
-# HTTP Utilities and MISC (TODO) ###############################################
-###############################################################################
-
-
-def debug(mode=True):
-    """ Change the debug level.
-    There is only one debug level supported at the moment."""
-    global DEBUG
-    if mode: warnings.simplefilter('default')
-    DEBUG = bool(mode)
-
-
-def http_date(value):
-    if isinstance(value, basestring):
-        return value
-    if isinstance(value, datetime):
-        # aware datetime.datetime is converted to UTC time
-        # naive datetime.datetime is treated as UTC time
-        value = value.utctimetuple()
-    elif isinstance(value, datedate):
-        # datetime.date is naive, and is treated as UTC time
-        value = value.timetuple()
-    if not isinstance(value, (int, float)):
-        # convert struct_time in UTC to UNIX timestamp
-        value = calendar.timegm(value)
-    return email.utils.formatdate(value, usegmt=True)
-
-
-def parse_date(ims):
-    """ Parse rfc1123, rfc850 and asctime timestamps and return UTC epoch. """
-    try:
-        ts = email.utils.parsedate_tz(ims)
-        return calendar.timegm(ts[:8] + (0, )) - (ts[9] or 0)
-    except (TypeError, ValueError, IndexError, OverflowError):
-        return None
-
-
-def parse_auth(header):
-    """ Parse rfc2617 HTTP authentication header string (basic) and return (user,pass) tuple or None"""
-    try:
-        method, data = header.split(None, 1)
-        if method.lower() == 'basic':
-            user, pwd = touni(base64.b64decode(tob(data))).split(':', 1)
-            return user, pwd
-    except (KeyError, ValueError):
-        return None
-
-
-def parse_range_header(header, maxlen=0):
-    """ Yield (start, end) ranges parsed from a HTTP Range header. Skip
-        unsatisfiable ranges. The end index is non-inclusive."""
-    if not header or header[:6] != 'bytes=': return
-    ranges = [r.split('-', 1) for r in header[6:].split(',') if '-' in r]
-    for start, end in ranges:
-        try:
-            if not start:  # bytes=-100    -> last 100 bytes
-                start, end = max(0, maxlen - int(end)), maxlen
-            elif not end:  # bytes=100-    -> all but the first 99 bytes
-                start, end = int(start), maxlen
-            else:  # bytes=100-200 -> bytes 100-200 (inclusive)
-                start, end = int(start), min(int(end) + 1, maxlen)
-            if 0 <= start < end <= maxlen:
-                yield start, end
-        except ValueError:
-            pass
-
-
-#: Header tokenizer used by _parse_http_header()
-_hsplit = re.compile('(?:(?:"((?:[^"\\\\]|\\\\.)*)")|([^;,=]+))([;,=]?)').findall
-
-def _parse_http_header(h):
-    """ Parses a typical multi-valued and parametrised HTTP header (e.g. Accept headers) and returns a list of values
-        and parameters. For non-standard or broken input, this implementation may return partial results.
-    :param h: A header string (e.g. ``text/html,text/plain;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8``)
-    :return: List of (value, params) tuples. The second element is a (possibly empty) dict.
-    """
-    values = []
-    if '"' not in h:  # INFO: Fast path without regexp (~2x faster)
-        for value in h.split(','):
-            parts = value.split(';')
-            values.append((parts[0].strip(), {}))
-            for attr in parts[1:]:
-                name, value = attr.split('=', 1)
-                values[-1][1][name.strip()] = value.strip()
-    else:
-        lop, key, attrs = ',', None, {}
-        for quoted, plain, tok in _hsplit(h):
-            value = plain.strip() if plain else quoted.replace('\\"', '"')
-            if lop == ',':
-                attrs = {}
-                values.append((value, attrs))
-            elif lop == ';':
-                if tok == '=':
-                    key = value
-                else:
-                    attrs[value] = ''
-            elif lop == '=' and key:
-                attrs[key] = value
-                key = None
-            lop = tok
-    return values
-
-
-def _parse_qsl(qs):
-    r = []
-    for pair in qs.split('&'):
-        if not pair: continue
-        nv = pair.split('=', 1)
-        if len(nv) != 2: nv.append('')
-        key = urlunquote(nv[0].replace('+', ' '))
-        value = urlunquote(nv[1].replace('+', ' '))
-        r.append((key, value))
-    return r
-
-
-def _lscmp(a, b):
-    """ Compares two strings in a cryptographically safe way:
-        Runtime is not affected by length of common prefix. """
-    return not sum(0 if x == y else 1
-                   for x, y in zip(a, b)) and len(a) == len(b)
-
-
-def cookie_encode(data, key, digestmod=None):
-    """ Encode and sign a pickle-able object. Return a (byte) string """
-    depr(0, 13, "cookie_encode() will be removed soon.",
-                "Do not use this API directly.")
-    digestmod = digestmod or hashlib.sha256
-    msg = base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(data, -1))
-    sig = base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(key), msg, digestmod=digestmod).digest())
-    return tob('!') + sig + tob('?') + msg
-
-
-def cookie_decode(data, key, digestmod=None):
-    """ Verify and decode an encoded string. Return an object or None."""
-    depr(0, 13, "cookie_decode() will be removed soon.",
-                "Do not use this API directly.")
-    data = tob(data)
-    if cookie_is_encoded(data):
-        sig, msg = data.split(tob('?'), 1)
-        digestmod = digestmod or hashlib.sha256
-        hashed = hmac.new(tob(key), msg, digestmod=digestmod).digest()
-        if _lscmp(sig[1:], base64.b64encode(hashed)):
-            return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(msg))
-    return None
-
-
-def cookie_is_encoded(data):
-    """ Return True if the argument looks like a encoded cookie."""
-    depr(0, 13, "cookie_is_encoded() will be removed soon.",
-                "Do not use this API directly.")
-    return bool(data.startswith(tob('!')) and tob('?') in data)
-
-
-def html_escape(string):
-    """ Escape HTML special characters ``&<>`` and quotes ``'"``. """
-    return string.replace('&', '&amp;').replace('<', '&lt;').replace('>', '&gt;')\
-                 .replace('"', '&quot;').replace("'", '&#039;')
-
-
-def html_quote(string):
-    """ Escape and quote a string to be used as an HTTP attribute."""
-    return '"%s"' % html_escape(string).replace('\n', '&#10;')\
-                    .replace('\r', '&#13;').replace('\t', '&#9;')
-
-
-def yieldroutes(func):
-    """ Return a generator for routes that match the signature (name, args)
-    of the func parameter. This may yield more than one route if the function
-    takes optional keyword arguments. The output is best described by example::
-
-        a()         -> '/a'
-        b(x, y)     -> '/b/<x>/<y>'
-        c(x, y=5)   -> '/c/<x>' and '/c/<x>/<y>'
-        d(x=5, y=6) -> '/d' and '/d/<x>' and '/d/<x>/<y>'
-    """
-    path = '/' + func.__name__.replace('__', '/').lstrip('/')
-    spec = getargspec(func)
-    argc = len(spec[0]) - len(spec[3] or [])
-    path += ('/<%s>' * argc) % tuple(spec[0][:argc])
-    yield path
-    for arg in spec[0][argc:]:
-        path += '/<%s>' % arg
-        yield path
-
-
-def path_shift(script_name, path_info, shift=1):
-    """ Shift path fragments from PATH_INFO to SCRIPT_NAME and vice versa.
-
-        :return: The modified paths.
-        :param script_name: The SCRIPT_NAME path.
-        :param script_name: The PATH_INFO path.
-        :param shift: The number of path fragments to shift. May be negative to
-          change the shift direction. (default: 1)
-    """
-    if shift == 0: return script_name, path_info
-    pathlist = path_info.strip('/').split('/')
-    scriptlist = script_name.strip('/').split('/')
-    if pathlist and pathlist[0] == '': pathlist = []
-    if scriptlist and scriptlist[0] == '': scriptlist = []
-    if 0 < shift <= len(pathlist):
-        moved = pathlist[:shift]
-        scriptlist = scriptlist + moved
-        pathlist = pathlist[shift:]
-    elif 0 > shift >= -len(scriptlist):
-        moved = scriptlist[shift:]
-        pathlist = moved + pathlist
-        scriptlist = scriptlist[:shift]
-    else:
-        empty = 'SCRIPT_NAME' if shift < 0 else 'PATH_INFO'
-        raise AssertionError("Cannot shift. Nothing left from %s" % empty)
-    new_script_name = '/' + '/'.join(scriptlist)
-    new_path_info = '/' + '/'.join(pathlist)
-    if path_info.endswith('/') and pathlist: new_path_info += '/'
-    return new_script_name, new_path_info
-
-
-def auth_basic(check, realm="private", text="Access denied"):
-    """ Callback decorator to require HTTP auth (basic).
-        TODO: Add route(check_auth=...) parameter. """
-
-    def decorator(func):
-
-        @functools.wraps(func)
-        def wrapper(*a, **ka):
-            user, password = request.auth or (None, None)
-            if user is None or not check(user, password):
-                err = HTTPError(401, text)
-                err.add_header('WWW-Authenticate', 'Basic realm="%s"' % realm)
-                return err
-            return func(*a, **ka)
-
-        return wrapper
-
-    return decorator
-
-# Shortcuts for common Bottle methods.
-# They all refer to the current default application.
-
-
-def make_default_app_wrapper(name):
-    """ Return a callable that relays calls to the current default app. """
-
-    @functools.wraps(getattr(Bottle, name))
-    def wrapper(*a, **ka):
-        return getattr(app(), name)(*a, **ka)
-
-    return wrapper
-
-
-route     = make_default_app_wrapper('route')
-get       = make_default_app_wrapper('get')
-post      = make_default_app_wrapper('post')
-put       = make_default_app_wrapper('put')
-delete    = make_default_app_wrapper('delete')
-patch     = make_default_app_wrapper('patch')
-error     = make_default_app_wrapper('error')
-mount     = make_default_app_wrapper('mount')
-hook      = make_default_app_wrapper('hook')
-install   = make_default_app_wrapper('install')
-uninstall = make_default_app_wrapper('uninstall')
-url       = make_default_app_wrapper('get_url')
-
-###############################################################################
-# Server Adapter ###############################################################
-###############################################################################
-
-# Before you edit or add a server adapter, please read:
-# - https://github.com/bottlepy/bottle/pull/647#issuecomment-60152870
-# - https://github.com/bottlepy/bottle/pull/865#issuecomment-242795341
-
-class ServerAdapter(object):
-    quiet = False
-
-    def __init__(self, host='127.0.0.1', port=8080, **options):
-        self.options = options
-        self.host = host
-        self.port = int(port)
-
-    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
-        pass
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        args = ', '.join('%s=%s' % (k, repr(v))
-                          for k, v in self.options.items())
-        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, args)
-
-
-class CGIServer(ServerAdapter):
-    quiet = True
-
-    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
-        from wsgiref.handlers import CGIHandler
-
-        def fixed_environ(environ, start_response):
-            environ.setdefault('PATH_INFO', '')
-            return handler(environ, start_response)
-
-        CGIHandler().run(fixed_environ)
-
-
-class FlupFCGIServer(ServerAdapter):
-    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
-        import flup.server.fcgi
-        self.options.setdefault('bindAddress', (self.host, self.port))
-        flup.server.fcgi.WSGIServer(handler, **self.options).run()
-
-
-class WSGIRefServer(ServerAdapter):
-    def run(self, app):  # pragma: no cover
-        from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
-        from wsgiref.simple_server import WSGIRequestHandler, WSGIServer
-        import socket
-
-        class FixedHandler(WSGIRequestHandler):
-            def address_string(self):  # Prevent reverse DNS lookups please.
-                return self.client_address[0]
-
-            def log_request(*args, **kw):
-                if not self.quiet:
-                    return WSGIRequestHandler.log_request(*args, **kw)
-
-        handler_cls = self.options.get('handler_class', FixedHandler)
-        server_cls = self.options.get('server_class', WSGIServer)
-
-        if ':' in self.host:  # Fix wsgiref for IPv6 addresses.
-            if getattr(server_cls, 'address_family') == socket.AF_INET:
-
-                class server_cls(server_cls):
-                    address_family = socket.AF_INET6
-
-        self.srv = make_server(self.host, self.port, app, server_cls,
-                               handler_cls)
-        self.port = self.srv.server_port  # update port actual port (0 means random)
-        try:
-            self.srv.serve_forever()
-        except KeyboardInterrupt:
-            self.srv.server_close()  # Prevent ResourceWarning: unclosed socket
-            raise
-
-
-class CherryPyServer(ServerAdapter):
-    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
-        depr(0, 13, "The wsgi server part of cherrypy was split into a new "
-                    "project called 'cheroot'.", "Use the 'cheroot' server "
-                    "adapter instead of cherrypy.")
-        from cherrypy import wsgiserver # This will fail for CherryPy >= 9
-
-        self.options['bind_addr'] = (self.host, self.port)
-        self.options['wsgi_app'] = handler
-
-        certfile = self.options.get('certfile')
-        if certfile:
-            del self.options['certfile']
-        keyfile = self.options.get('keyfile')
-        if keyfile:
-            del self.options['keyfile']
-
-        server = wsgiserver.CherryPyWSGIServer(**self.options)
-        if certfile:
-            server.ssl_certificate = certfile
-        if keyfile:
-            server.ssl_private_key = keyfile
-
-        try:
-            server.start()
-        finally:
-            server.stop()
-
-
-class CherootServer(ServerAdapter):
-    def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
-        from cheroot import wsgi
-        from cheroot.ssl import builtin
-        self.options['bind_addr'] = (self.host, self.port)
-        self.options['wsgi_app'] = handler
-        certfile = self.options.pop('certfile', None)
-        keyfile = self.options.pop('keyfile', None)
-        chainfile = self.options.pop('chainfile', None)
-        server = wsgi.Server(**self.options)
-        if certfile and keyfile:
-            server.ssl_adapter = builtin.BuiltinSSLAdapter(
-                    certfile, keyfile, chainfile)
-        try:
-            server.start()
-        finally:
-            server.stop()
-
-
-class WaitressServer(ServerAdapter):
-    def run(self, handler):
-        from waitress import serve
-        serve(handler, host=self.host, port=self.port, _quiet=self.quiet, **self.options)
-
-
-class PasteServer(ServerAdapter):
-    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
-        from paste import httpserver
-        from paste.translogger import TransLogger
-        handler = TransLogger(handler, setup_console_handler=(not self.quiet))
-        httpserver.serve(handler,
-                         host=self.host,
-                         port=str(self.port), **self.options)
-
-
-class MeinheldServer(ServerAdapter):
-    def run(self, handler):
-        from meinheld import server
-        server.listen((self.host, self.port))
-        server.run(handler)
-
-
-class FapwsServer(ServerAdapter):
-    """ Extremely fast webserver using libev. See http://www.fapws.org/ """
-
-    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
-        depr(0, 13, "fapws3 is not maintained and support will be dropped.")
-        import fapws._evwsgi as evwsgi
-        from fapws import base, config
-        port = self.port
-        if float(config.SERVER_IDENT[-2:]) > 0.4:
-            # fapws3 silently changed its API in 0.5
-            port = str(port)
-        evwsgi.start(self.host, port)
-        # fapws3 never releases the GIL. Complain upstream. I tried. No luck.
-        if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ and not self.quiet:
-            _stderr("WARNING: Auto-reloading does not work with Fapws3.")
-            _stderr("         (Fapws3 breaks python thread support)")
-        evwsgi.set_base_module(base)
-
-        def app(environ, start_response):
-            environ['wsgi.multiprocess'] = False
-            return handler(environ, start_response)
-
-        evwsgi.wsgi_cb(('', app))
-        evwsgi.run()
-
-
-class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter):
-    """ The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """
-
-    def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
-        import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop
-        container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler)
-        server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container)
-        server.listen(port=self.port, address=self.host)
-        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
-
-
-class AppEngineServer(ServerAdapter):
-    """ Adapter for Google App Engine. """
-    quiet = True
-
-    def run(self, handler):
-        depr(0, 13, "AppEngineServer no longer required",
-             "Configure your application directly in your app.yaml")
-        from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util
-        # A main() function in the handler script enables 'App Caching'.
-        # Lets makes sure it is there. This _really_ improves performance.
-        module = sys.modules.get('__main__')
-        if module and not hasattr(module, 'main'):
-            module.main = lambda: util.run_wsgi_app(handler)
-        util.run_wsgi_app(handler)
-
-
-class TwistedServer(ServerAdapter):
-    """ Untested. """
-
-    def run(self, handler):
-        from twisted.web import server, wsgi
-        from twisted.python.threadpool import ThreadPool
-        from twisted.internet import reactor
-        thread_pool = ThreadPool()
-        thread_pool.start()
-        reactor.addSystemEventTrigger('after', 'shutdown', thread_pool.stop)
-        factory = server.Site(wsgi.WSGIResource(reactor, thread_pool, handler))
-        reactor.listenTCP(self.port, factory, interface=self.host)
-        if not reactor.running:
-            reactor.run()
-
-
-class DieselServer(ServerAdapter):
-    """ Untested. """
-
-    def run(self, handler):
-        depr(0, 13, "Diesel is not tested or supported and will be removed.")
-        from diesel.protocols.wsgi import WSGIApplication
-        app = WSGIApplication(handler, port=self.port)
-        app.run()
-
-
-class GeventServer(ServerAdapter):
-    """ Untested. Options:
-
-        * See gevent.wsgi.WSGIServer() documentation for more options.
-    """
-
-    def run(self, handler):
-        from gevent import pywsgi, local
-        if not isinstance(threading.local(), local.local):
-            msg = "Bottle requires gevent.monkey.patch_all() (before import)"
-            raise RuntimeError(msg)
-        if self.quiet:
-            self.options['log'] = None
-        address = (self.host, self.port)
-        server = pywsgi.WSGIServer(address, handler, **self.options)
-        if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ:
-            import signal
-            signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, lambda s, f: server.stop())
-        server.serve_forever()
-
-
-class GunicornServer(ServerAdapter):
-    """ Untested. See http://gunicorn.org/configure.html for options. """
-
-    def run(self, handler):
-        from gunicorn.app.base import BaseApplication
-
-        if self.host.startswith("unix:"):
-            config = {'bind': self.host}
-        else:
-            config = {'bind': "%s:%d" % (self.host, self.port)}
-
-        config.update(self.options)
-
-        class GunicornApplication(BaseApplication):
-            def load_config(self):
-                for key, value in config.items():
-                    self.cfg.set(key, value)
-
-            def load(self):
-                return handler
-
-        GunicornApplication().run()
-
-
-class EventletServer(ServerAdapter):
-    """ Untested. Options:
-
-        * `backlog` adjust the eventlet backlog parameter which is the maximum
-          number of queued connections. Should be at least 1; the maximum
-          value is system-dependent.
-        * `family`: (default is 2) socket family, optional. See socket
-          documentation for available families.
-    """
-
-    def run(self, handler):
-        from eventlet import wsgi, listen, patcher
-        if not patcher.is_monkey_patched(os):
-            msg = "Bottle requires eventlet.monkey_patch() (before import)"
-            raise RuntimeError(msg)
-        socket_args = {}
-        for arg in ('backlog', 'family'):
-            try:
-                socket_args[arg] = self.options.pop(arg)
-            except KeyError:
-                pass
-        address = (self.host, self.port)
-        try:
-            wsgi.server(listen(address, **socket_args), handler,
-                        log_output=(not self.quiet))
-        except TypeError:
-            # Fallback, if we have old version of eventlet
-            wsgi.server(listen(address), handler)
-
-
-class BjoernServer(ServerAdapter):
-    """ Fast server written in C: https://github.com/jonashaag/bjoern """
-
-    def run(self, handler):
-        from bjoern import run
-        run(handler, self.host, self.port, reuse_port=True)
-
-class AsyncioServerAdapter(ServerAdapter):
-    """ Extend ServerAdapter for adding custom event loop """
-    def get_event_loop(self):
-        pass
-
-class AiohttpServer(AsyncioServerAdapter):
-    """ Asynchronous HTTP client/server framework for asyncio
-        https://pypi.python.org/pypi/aiohttp/
-        https://pypi.org/project/aiohttp-wsgi/
-    """
-
-    def get_event_loop(self):
-        import asyncio
-        return asyncio.new_event_loop()
-
-    def run(self, handler):
-        import asyncio
-        from aiohttp_wsgi.wsgi import serve
-        self.loop = self.get_event_loop()
-        asyncio.set_event_loop(self.loop)
-
-        if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ:
-            import signal
-            signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, lambda s, f: self.loop.stop())
-
-        serve(handler, host=self.host, port=self.port)
-
-
-class AiohttpUVLoopServer(AiohttpServer):
-    """uvloop
-       https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
-    """
-    def get_event_loop(self):
-        import uvloop
-        return uvloop.new_event_loop()
-
-class AutoServer(ServerAdapter):
-    """ Untested. """
-    adapters = [WaitressServer, PasteServer, TwistedServer, CherryPyServer,
-                CherootServer, WSGIRefServer]
-
-    def run(self, handler):
-        for sa in self.adapters:
-            try:
-                return sa(self.host, self.port, **self.options).run(handler)
-            except ImportError:
-                pass
-
-
-server_names = {
-    'cgi': CGIServer,
-    'flup': FlupFCGIServer,
-    'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,
-    'waitress': WaitressServer,
-    'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,
-    'cheroot': CherootServer,
-    'paste': PasteServer,
-    'fapws3': FapwsServer,
-    'tornado': TornadoServer,
-    'gae': AppEngineServer,
-    'twisted': TwistedServer,
-    'diesel': DieselServer,
-    'meinheld': MeinheldServer,
-    'gunicorn': GunicornServer,
-    'eventlet': EventletServer,
-    'gevent': GeventServer,
-    'bjoern': BjoernServer,
-    'aiohttp': AiohttpServer,
-    'uvloop': AiohttpUVLoopServer,
-    'auto': AutoServer,
-}
-
-###############################################################################
-# Application Control ##########################################################
-###############################################################################
-
-
-def load(target, **namespace):
-    """ Import a module or fetch an object from a module.
-
-        * ``package.module`` returns `module` as a module object.
-        * ``pack.mod:name`` returns the module variable `name` from `pack.mod`.
-        * ``pack.mod:func()`` calls `pack.mod.func()` and returns the result.
-
-        The last form accepts not only function calls, but any type of
-        expression. Keyword arguments passed to this function are available as
-        local variables. Example: ``import_string('re:compile(x)', x='[a-z]')``
-    """
-    module, target = target.split(":", 1) if ':' in target else (target, None)
-    if module not in sys.modules: __import__(module)
-    if not target: return sys.modules[module]
-    if target.isalnum(): return getattr(sys.modules[module], target)
-    package_name = module.split('.')[0]
-    namespace[package_name] = sys.modules[package_name]
-    return eval('%s.%s' % (module, target), namespace)
-
-
-def load_app(target):
-    """ Load a bottle application from a module and make sure that the import
-        does not affect the current default application, but returns a separate
-        application object. See :func:`load` for the target parameter. """
-    global NORUN
-    NORUN, nr_old = True, NORUN
-    tmp = default_app.push()  # Create a new "default application"
-    try:
-        rv = load(target)  # Import the target module
-        return rv if callable(rv) else tmp
-    finally:
-        default_app.remove(tmp)  # Remove the temporary added default application
-        NORUN = nr_old
-
-
-_debug = debug
-
-
-def run(app=None,
-        server='wsgiref',
-        host='127.0.0.1',
-        port=8080,
-        interval=1,
-        reloader=False,
-        quiet=False,
-        plugins=None,
-        debug=None,
-        config=None, **kargs):
-    """ Start a server instance. This method blocks until the server terminates.
-
-        :param app: WSGI application or target string supported by
-               :func:`load_app`. (default: :func:`default_app`)
-        :param server: Server adapter to use. See :data:`server_names` keys
-               for valid names or pass a :class:`ServerAdapter` subclass.
-               (default: `wsgiref`)
-        :param host: Server address to bind to. Pass ``0.0.0.0`` to listens on
-               all interfaces including the external one. (default: 127.0.0.1)
-        :param port: Server port to bind to. Values below 1024 require root
-               privileges. (default: 8080)
-        :param reloader: Start auto-reloading server? (default: False)
-        :param interval: Auto-reloader interval in seconds (default: 1)
-        :param quiet: Suppress output to stdout and stderr? (default: False)
-        :param options: Options passed to the server adapter.
-     """
-    if NORUN: return
-    if reloader and not os.environ.get('BOTTLE_CHILD'):
-        import subprocess
-        lockfile = None
-        try:
-            fd, lockfile = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='bottle.', suffix='.lock')
-            os.close(fd)  # We only need this file to exist. We never write to it
-            while os.path.exists(lockfile):
-                args = [sys.executable] + sys.argv
-                environ = os.environ.copy()
-                environ['BOTTLE_CHILD'] = 'true'
-                environ['BOTTLE_LOCKFILE'] = lockfile
-                p = subprocess.Popen(args, env=environ)
-                while p.poll() is None:  # Busy wait...
-                    os.utime(lockfile, None)  # I am alive!
-                    time.sleep(interval)
-                if p.poll() != 3:
-                    if os.path.exists(lockfile): os.unlink(lockfile)
-                    sys.exit(p.poll())
-        except KeyboardInterrupt:
-            pass
-        finally:
-            if os.path.exists(lockfile):
-                os.unlink(lockfile)
-        return
-
-    try:
-        if debug is not None: _debug(debug)
-        app = app or default_app()
-        if isinstance(app, basestring):
-            app = load_app(app)
-        if not callable(app):
-            raise ValueError("Application is not callable: %r" % app)
-
-        for plugin in plugins or []:
-            if isinstance(plugin, basestring):
-                plugin = load(plugin)
-            app.install(plugin)
-
-        if config:
-            app.config.update(config)
-
-        if server in server_names:
-            server = server_names.get(server)
-        if isinstance(server, basestring):
-            server = load(server)
-        if isinstance(server, type):
-            server = server(host=host, port=port, **kargs)
-        if not isinstance(server, ServerAdapter):
-            raise ValueError("Unknown or unsupported server: %r" % server)
-
-        server.quiet = server.quiet or quiet
-        if not server.quiet:
-            _stderr("Bottle v%s server starting up (using %s)..." %
-                    (__version__, repr(server)))
-            if server.host.startswith("unix:"):
-                _stderr("Listening on %s" % server.host)
-            else:
-                _stderr("Listening on http://%s:%d/" %
-                        (server.host, server.port))
-            _stderr("Hit Ctrl-C to quit.\n")
-
-        if reloader:
-            lockfile = os.environ.get('BOTTLE_LOCKFILE')
-            bgcheck = FileCheckerThread(lockfile, interval)
-            with bgcheck:
-                server.run(app)
-            if bgcheck.status == 'reload':
-                sys.exit(3)
-        else:
-            server.run(app)
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        pass
-    except (SystemExit, MemoryError):
-        raise
-    except:
-        if not reloader: raise
-        if not getattr(server, 'quiet', quiet):
-            print_exc()
-        time.sleep(interval)
-        sys.exit(3)
-
-
-class FileCheckerThread(threading.Thread):
-    """ Interrupt main-thread as soon as a changed module file is detected,
-        the lockfile gets deleted or gets too old. """
-
-    def __init__(self, lockfile, interval):
-        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
-        self.daemon = True
-        self.lockfile, self.interval = lockfile, interval
-        #: Is one of 'reload', 'error' or 'exit'
-        self.status = None
-
-    def run(self):
-        exists = os.path.exists
-        mtime = lambda p: os.stat(p).st_mtime
-        files = dict()
-
-        for module in list(sys.modules.values()):
-            path = getattr(module, '__file__', '') or ''
-            if path[-4:] in ('.pyo', '.pyc'): path = path[:-1]
-            if path and exists(path): files[path] = mtime(path)
-
-        while not self.status:
-            if not exists(self.lockfile)\
-            or mtime(self.lockfile) < time.time() - self.interval - 5:
-                self.status = 'error'
-                thread.interrupt_main()
-            for path, lmtime in list(files.items()):
-                if not exists(path) or mtime(path) > lmtime:
-                    self.status = 'reload'
-                    thread.interrupt_main()
-                    break
-            time.sleep(self.interval)
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        self.start()
-
-    def __exit__(self, exc_type, *_):
-        if not self.status: self.status = 'exit'  # silent exit
-        self.join()
-        return exc_type is not None and issubclass(exc_type, KeyboardInterrupt)
-
-###############################################################################
-# Template Adapters ############################################################
-###############################################################################
-
-
-class TemplateError(BottleException):
-    pass
-
-
-class BaseTemplate(object):
-    """ Base class and minimal API for template adapters """
-    extensions = ['tpl', 'html', 'thtml', 'stpl']
-    settings = {}  #used in prepare()
-    defaults = {}  #used in render()
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 source=None,
-                 name=None,
-                 lookup=None,
-                 encoding='utf8', **settings):
-        """ Create a new template.
-        If the source parameter (str or buffer) is missing, the name argument
-        is used to guess a template filename. Subclasses can assume that
-        self.source and/or self.filename are set. Both are strings.
-        The lookup, encoding and settings parameters are stored as instance
-        variables.
-        The lookup parameter stores a list containing directory paths.
-        The encoding parameter should be used to decode byte strings or files.
-        The settings parameter contains a dict for engine-specific settings.
-        """
-        self.name = name
-        self.source = source.read() if hasattr(source, 'read') else source
-        self.filename = source.filename if hasattr(source, 'filename') else None
-        self.lookup = [os.path.abspath(x) for x in lookup] if lookup else []
-        self.encoding = encoding
-        self.settings = self.settings.copy()  # Copy from class variable
-        self.settings.update(settings)  # Apply
-        if not self.source and self.name:
-            self.filename = self.search(self.name, self.lookup)
-            if not self.filename:
-                raise TemplateError('Template %s not found.' % repr(name))
-        if not self.source and not self.filename:
-            raise TemplateError('No template specified.')
-        self.prepare(**self.settings)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def search(cls, name, lookup=None):
-        """ Search name in all directories specified in lookup.
-        First without, then with common extensions. Return first hit. """
-        if not lookup:
-            raise depr(0, 12, "Empty template lookup path.", "Configure a template lookup path.")
-
-        if os.path.isabs(name):
-            raise depr(0, 12, "Use of absolute path for template name.",
-                       "Refer to templates with names or paths relative to the lookup path.")
-
-        for spath in lookup:
-            spath = os.path.abspath(spath) + os.sep
-            fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(spath, name))
-            if not fname.startswith(spath): continue
-            if os.path.isfile(fname): return fname
-            for ext in cls.extensions:
-                if os.path.isfile('%s.%s' % (fname, ext)):
-                    return '%s.%s' % (fname, ext)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def global_config(cls, key, *args):
-        """ This reads or sets the global settings stored in class.settings. """
-        if args:
-            cls.settings = cls.settings.copy()  # Make settings local to class
-            cls.settings[key] = args[0]
-        else:
-            return cls.settings[key]
-
-    def prepare(self, **options):
-        """ Run preparations (parsing, caching, ...).
-        It should be possible to call this again to refresh a template or to
-        update settings.
-        """
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        """ Render the template with the specified local variables and return
-        a single byte or unicode string. If it is a byte string, the encoding
-        must match self.encoding. This method must be thread-safe!
-        Local variables may be provided in dictionaries (args)
-        or directly, as keywords (kwargs).
-        """
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-
-class MakoTemplate(BaseTemplate):
-    def prepare(self, **options):
-        from mako.template import Template
-        from mako.lookup import TemplateLookup
-        options.update({'input_encoding': self.encoding})
-        options.setdefault('format_exceptions', bool(DEBUG))
-        lookup = TemplateLookup(directories=self.lookup, **options)
-        if self.source:
-            self.tpl = Template(self.source, lookup=lookup, **options)
-        else:
-            self.tpl = Template(uri=self.name,
-                                filename=self.filename,
-                                lookup=lookup, **options)
-
-    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        for dictarg in args:
-            kwargs.update(dictarg)
-        _defaults = self.defaults.copy()
-        _defaults.update(kwargs)
-        return self.tpl.render(**_defaults)
-
-
-class CheetahTemplate(BaseTemplate):
-    def prepare(self, **options):
-        from Cheetah.Template import Template
-        self.context = threading.local()
-        self.context.vars = {}
-        options['searchList'] = [self.context.vars]
-        if self.source:
-            self.tpl = Template(source=self.source, **options)
-        else:
-            self.tpl = Template(file=self.filename, **options)
-
-    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        for dictarg in args:
-            kwargs.update(dictarg)
-        self.context.vars.update(self.defaults)
-        self.context.vars.update(kwargs)
-        out = str(self.tpl)
-        self.context.vars.clear()
-        return out
-
-
-class Jinja2Template(BaseTemplate):
-    def prepare(self, filters=None, tests=None, globals={}, **kwargs):
-        from jinja2 import Environment, FunctionLoader
-        self.env = Environment(loader=FunctionLoader(self.loader), **kwargs)
-        if filters: self.env.filters.update(filters)
-        if tests: self.env.tests.update(tests)
-        if globals: self.env.globals.update(globals)
-        if self.source:
-            self.tpl = self.env.from_string(self.source)
-        else:
-            self.tpl = self.env.get_template(self.name)
-
-    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        for dictarg in args:
-            kwargs.update(dictarg)
-        _defaults = self.defaults.copy()
-        _defaults.update(kwargs)
-        return self.tpl.render(**_defaults)
-
-    def loader(self, name):
-        if name == self.filename:
-            fname = name
-        else:
-            fname = self.search(name, self.lookup)
-        if not fname: return
-        with open(fname, "rb") as f:
-            return (f.read().decode(self.encoding), fname, lambda: False)
-
-
-class SimpleTemplate(BaseTemplate):
-    def prepare(self,
-                escape_func=html_escape,
-                noescape=False,
-                syntax=None, **ka):
-        self.cache = {}
-        enc = self.encoding
-        self._str = lambda x: touni(x, enc)
-        self._escape = lambda x: escape_func(touni(x, enc))
-        self.syntax = syntax
-        if noescape:
-            self._str, self._escape = self._escape, self._str
-
-    @cached_property
-    def co(self):
-        return compile(self.code, self.filename or '<string>', 'exec')
-
-    @cached_property
-    def code(self):
-        source = self.source
-        if not source:
-            with open(self.filename, 'rb') as f:
-                source = f.read()
-        try:
-            source, encoding = touni(source), 'utf8'
-        except UnicodeError:
-            raise depr(0, 11, 'Unsupported template encodings.', 'Use utf-8 for templates.')
-        parser = StplParser(source, encoding=encoding, syntax=self.syntax)
-        code = parser.translate()
-        self.encoding = parser.encoding
-        return code
-
-    def _rebase(self, _env, _name=None, **kwargs):
-        _env['_rebase'] = (_name, kwargs)
-
-    def _include(self, _env, _name=None, **kwargs):
-        env = _env.copy()
-        env.update(kwargs)
-        if _name not in self.cache:
-            self.cache[_name] = self.__class__(name=_name, lookup=self.lookup, syntax=self.syntax)
-        return self.cache[_name].execute(env['_stdout'], env)
-
-    def execute(self, _stdout, kwargs):
-        env = self.defaults.copy()
-        env.update(kwargs)
-        env.update({
-            '_stdout': _stdout,
-            '_printlist': _stdout.extend,
-            'include': functools.partial(self._include, env),
-            'rebase': functools.partial(self._rebase, env),
-            '_rebase': None,
-            '_str': self._str,
-            '_escape': self._escape,
-            'get': env.get,
-            'setdefault': env.setdefault,
-            'defined': env.__contains__
-        })
-        exec(self.co, env)
-        if env.get('_rebase'):
-            subtpl, rargs = env.pop('_rebase')
-            rargs['base'] = ''.join(_stdout)  #copy stdout
-            del _stdout[:]  # clear stdout
-            return self._include(env, subtpl, **rargs)
-        return env
-
-    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        """ Render the template using keyword arguments as local variables. """
-        env = {}
-        stdout = []
-        for dictarg in args:
-            env.update(dictarg)
-        env.update(kwargs)
-        self.execute(stdout, env)
-        return ''.join(stdout)
-
-
-class StplSyntaxError(TemplateError):
-    pass
-
-
-class StplParser(object):
-    """ Parser for stpl templates. """
-    _re_cache = {}  #: Cache for compiled re patterns
-
-    # This huge pile of voodoo magic splits python code into 8 different tokens.
-    # We use the verbose (?x) regex mode to make this more manageable
-
-    _re_tok = r'''(
-        [urbURB]*
-        (?:  ''(?!')
-            |""(?!")
-            |'{6}
-            |"{6}
-            |'(?:[^\\']|\\.)+?'
-            |"(?:[^\\"]|\\.)+?"
-            |'{3}(?:[^\\]|\\.|\n)+?'{3}
-            |"{3}(?:[^\\]|\\.|\n)+?"{3}
-        )
-    )'''
-
-    _re_inl = _re_tok.replace(r'|\n', '')  # We re-use this string pattern later
-
-    _re_tok += r'''
-        # 2: Comments (until end of line, but not the newline itself)
-        |(\#.*)
-
-        # 3: Open and close (4) grouping tokens
-        |([\[\{\(])
-        |([\]\}\)])
-
-        # 5,6: Keywords that start or continue a python block (only start of line)
-        |^([\ \t]*(?:if|for|while|with|try|def|class)\b)
-        |^([\ \t]*(?:elif|else|except|finally)\b)
-
-        # 7: Our special 'end' keyword (but only if it stands alone)
-        |((?:^|;)[\ \t]*end[\ \t]*(?=(?:%(block_close)s[\ \t]*)?\r?$|;|\#))
-
-        # 8: A customizable end-of-code-block template token (only end of line)
-        |(%(block_close)s[\ \t]*(?=\r?$))
-
-        # 9: And finally, a single newline. The 10th token is 'everything else'
-        |(\r?\n)
-    '''
-
-    # Match the start tokens of code areas in a template
-    _re_split = r'''(?m)^[ \t]*(\\?)((%(line_start)s)|(%(block_start)s))'''
-    # Match inline statements (may contain python strings)
-    _re_inl = r'''%%(inline_start)s((?:%s|[^'"\n])*?)%%(inline_end)s''' % _re_inl
-
-    # add the flag in front of the regexp to avoid Deprecation warning (see Issue #949)
-    # verbose and dot-matches-newline mode
-    _re_tok = '(?mx)' + _re_tok
-    _re_inl = '(?mx)' + _re_inl
-
-
-    default_syntax = '<% %> % {{ }}'
-
-    def __init__(self, source, syntax=None, encoding='utf8'):
-        self.source, self.encoding = touni(source, encoding), encoding
-        self.set_syntax(syntax or self.default_syntax)
-        self.code_buffer, self.text_buffer = [], []
-        self.lineno, self.offset = 1, 0
-        self.indent, self.indent_mod = 0, 0
-        self.paren_depth = 0
-
-    def get_syntax(self):
-        """ Tokens as a space separated string (default: <% %> % {{ }}) """
-        return self._syntax
-
-    def set_syntax(self, syntax):
-        self._syntax = syntax
-        self._tokens = syntax.split()
-        if syntax not in self._re_cache:
-            names = 'block_start block_close line_start inline_start inline_end'
-            etokens = map(re.escape, self._tokens)
-            pattern_vars = dict(zip(names.split(), etokens))
-            patterns = (self._re_split, self._re_tok, self._re_inl)
-            patterns = [re.compile(p % pattern_vars) for p in patterns]
-            self._re_cache[syntax] = patterns
-        self.re_split, self.re_tok, self.re_inl = self._re_cache[syntax]
-
-    syntax = property(get_syntax, set_syntax)
-
-    def translate(self):
-        if self.offset: raise RuntimeError('Parser is a one time instance.')
-        while True:
-            m = self.re_split.search(self.source, pos=self.offset)
-            if m:
-                text = self.source[self.offset:m.start()]
-                self.text_buffer.append(text)
-                self.offset = m.end()
-                if m.group(1):  # Escape syntax
-                    line, sep, _ = self.source[self.offset:].partition('\n')
-                    self.text_buffer.append(self.source[m.start():m.start(1)] +
-                                            m.group(2) + line + sep)
-                    self.offset += len(line + sep)
-                    continue
-                self.flush_text()
-                self.offset += self.read_code(self.source[self.offset:],
-                                              multiline=bool(m.group(4)))
-            else:
-                break
-        self.text_buffer.append(self.source[self.offset:])
-        self.flush_text()
-        return ''.join(self.code_buffer)
-
-    def read_code(self, pysource, multiline):
-        code_line, comment = '', ''
-        offset = 0
-        while True:
-            m = self.re_tok.search(pysource, pos=offset)
-            if not m:
-                code_line += pysource[offset:]
-                offset = len(pysource)
-                self.write_code(code_line.strip(), comment)
-                break
-            code_line += pysource[offset:m.start()]
-            offset = m.end()
-            _str, _com, _po, _pc, _blk1, _blk2, _end, _cend, _nl = m.groups()
-            if self.paren_depth > 0 and (_blk1 or _blk2):  # a if b else c
-                code_line += _blk1 or _blk2
-                continue
-            if _str:  # Python string
-                code_line += _str
-            elif _com:  # Python comment (up to EOL)
-                comment = _com
-                if multiline and _com.strip().endswith(self._tokens[1]):
-                    multiline = False  # Allow end-of-block in comments
-            elif _po:  # open parenthesis
-                self.paren_depth += 1
-                code_line += _po
-            elif _pc:  # close parenthesis
-                if self.paren_depth > 0:
-                    # we could check for matching parentheses here, but it's
-                    # easier to leave that to python - just check counts
-                    self.paren_depth -= 1
-                code_line += _pc
-            elif _blk1:  # Start-block keyword (if/for/while/def/try/...)
-                code_line = _blk1
-                self.indent += 1
-                self.indent_mod -= 1
-            elif _blk2:  # Continue-block keyword (else/elif/except/...)
-                code_line = _blk2
-                self.indent_mod -= 1
-            elif _cend:  # The end-code-block template token (usually '%>')
-                if multiline: multiline = False
-                else: code_line += _cend
-            elif _end:
-                self.indent -= 1
-                self.indent_mod += 1
-            else:  # \n
-                self.write_code(code_line.strip(), comment)
-                self.lineno += 1
-                code_line, comment, self.indent_mod = '', '', 0
-                if not multiline:
-                    break
-
-        return offset
-
-    def flush_text(self):
-        text = ''.join(self.text_buffer)
-        del self.text_buffer[:]
-        if not text: return
-        parts, pos, nl = [], 0, '\\\n' + '  ' * self.indent
-        for m in self.re_inl.finditer(text):
-            prefix, pos = text[pos:m.start()], m.end()
-            if prefix:
-                parts.append(nl.join(map(repr, prefix.splitlines(True))))
-            if prefix.endswith('\n'): parts[-1] += nl
-            parts.append(self.process_inline(m.group(1).strip()))
-        if pos < len(text):
-            prefix = text[pos:]
-            lines = prefix.splitlines(True)
-            if lines[-1].endswith('\\\\\n'): lines[-1] = lines[-1][:-3]
-            elif lines[-1].endswith('\\\\\r\n'): lines[-1] = lines[-1][:-4]
-            parts.append(nl.join(map(repr, lines)))
-        code = '_printlist((%s,))' % ', '.join(parts)
-        self.lineno += code.count('\n') + 1
-        self.write_code(code)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def process_inline(chunk):
-        if chunk[0] == '!': return '_str(%s)' % chunk[1:]
-        return '_escape(%s)' % chunk
-
-    def write_code(self, line, comment=''):
-        code = '  ' * (self.indent + self.indent_mod)
-        code += line.lstrip() + comment + '\n'
-        self.code_buffer.append(code)
-
-
-def template(*args, **kwargs):
-    """
-    Get a rendered template as a string iterator.
-    You can use a name, a filename or a template string as first parameter.
-    Template rendering arguments can be passed as dictionaries
-    or directly (as keyword arguments).
-    """
-    tpl = args[0] if args else None
-    for dictarg in args[1:]:
-        kwargs.update(dictarg)
-    adapter = kwargs.pop('template_adapter', SimpleTemplate)
-    lookup = kwargs.pop('template_lookup', TEMPLATE_PATH)
-    tplid = (id(lookup), tpl)
-    if tplid not in TEMPLATES or DEBUG:
-        settings = kwargs.pop('template_settings', {})
-        if isinstance(tpl, adapter):
-            TEMPLATES[tplid] = tpl
-            if settings: TEMPLATES[tplid].prepare(**settings)
-        elif "\n" in tpl or "{" in tpl or "%" in tpl or '$' in tpl:
-            TEMPLATES[tplid] = adapter(source=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings)
-        else:
-            TEMPLATES[tplid] = adapter(name=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings)
-    if not TEMPLATES[tplid]:
-        abort(500, 'Template (%s) not found' % tpl)
-    return TEMPLATES[tplid].render(kwargs)
-
-
-mako_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=MakoTemplate)
-cheetah_template = functools.partial(template,
-                                     template_adapter=CheetahTemplate)
-jinja2_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=Jinja2Template)
-
-
-def view(tpl_name, **defaults):
-    """ Decorator: renders a template for a handler.
-        The handler can control its behavior like that:
-
-          - return a dict of template vars to fill out the template
-          - return something other than a dict and the view decorator will not
-            process the template, but return the handler result as is.
-            This includes returning a HTTPResponse(dict) to get,
-            for instance, JSON with autojson or other castfilters.
-    """
-
-    def decorator(func):
-
-        @functools.wraps(func)
-        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
-            result = func(*args, **kwargs)
-            if isinstance(result, (dict, DictMixin)):
-                tplvars = defaults.copy()
-                tplvars.update(result)
-                return template(tpl_name, **tplvars)
-            elif result is None:
-                return template(tpl_name, defaults)
-            return result
-
-        return wrapper
-
-    return decorator
-
-
-mako_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=MakoTemplate)
-cheetah_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=CheetahTemplate)
-jinja2_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=Jinja2Template)
-
-###############################################################################
-# Constants and Globals ########################################################
-###############################################################################
-
-TEMPLATE_PATH = ['./', './views/']
-TEMPLATES = {}
-DEBUG = False
-NORUN = False  # If set, run() does nothing. Used by load_app()
-
-#: A dict to map HTTP status codes (e.g. 404) to phrases (e.g. 'Not Found')
-HTTP_CODES = httplib.responses.copy()
-HTTP_CODES[418] = "I'm a teapot"  # RFC 2324
-HTTP_CODES[428] = "Precondition Required"
-HTTP_CODES[429] = "Too Many Requests"
-HTTP_CODES[431] = "Request Header Fields Too Large"
-HTTP_CODES[451] = "Unavailable For Legal Reasons" # RFC 7725
-HTTP_CODES[511] = "Network Authentication Required"
-_HTTP_STATUS_LINES = dict((k, '%d %s' % (k, v))
-                          for (k, v) in HTTP_CODES.items())
-
-#: The default template used for error pages. Override with @error()
-ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE = """
-%%try:
-    %%from %s import DEBUG, request
-    <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
-    <html>
-        <head>
-            <title>Error: {{e.status}}</title>
-            <style type="text/css">
-              html {background-color: #eee; font-family: sans-serif;}
-              body {background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #ddd;
-                    padding: 15px; margin: 15px;}
-              pre {background-color: #eee; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 5px;}
-            </style>
-        </head>
-        <body>
-            <h1>Error: {{e.status}}</h1>
-            <p>Sorry, the requested URL <tt>{{repr(request.url)}}</tt>
-               caused an error:</p>
-            <pre>{{e.body}}</pre>
-            %%if DEBUG and e.exception:
-              <h2>Exception:</h2>
-              %%try:
-                %%exc = repr(e.exception)
-              %%except:
-                %%exc = '<unprintable %%s object>' %% type(e.exception).__name__
-              %%end
-              <pre>{{exc}}</pre>
-            %%end
-            %%if DEBUG and e.traceback:
-              <h2>Traceback:</h2>
-              <pre>{{e.traceback}}</pre>
-            %%end
-        </body>
-    </html>
-%%except ImportError:
-    <b>ImportError:</b> Could not generate the error page. Please add bottle to
-    the import path.
-%%end
-""" % __name__
-
-#: A thread-safe instance of :class:`LocalRequest`. If accessed from within a
-#: request callback, this instance always refers to the *current* request
-#: (even on a multi-threaded server).
-request = LocalRequest()
-
-#: A thread-safe instance of :class:`LocalResponse`. It is used to change the
-#: HTTP response for the *current* request.
-response = LocalResponse()
-
-#: A thread-safe namespace. Not used by Bottle.
-local = threading.local()
-
-# Initialize app stack (create first empty Bottle app now deferred until needed)
-# BC: 0.6.4 and needed for run()
-apps = app = default_app = AppStack()
-
-#: A virtual package that redirects import statements.
-#: Example: ``import bottle.ext.sqlite`` actually imports `bottle_sqlite`.
-ext = _ImportRedirect('bottle.ext' if __name__ == '__main__' else
-                      __name__ + ".ext", 'bottle_%s').module
-
-
-def _main(argv):  # pragma: no coverage
-    args, parser = _cli_parse(argv)
-
-    def _cli_error(cli_msg):
-        parser.print_help()
-        _stderr('\nError: %s\n' % cli_msg)
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    if args.version:
-        print('Bottle %s' % __version__)
-        sys.exit(0)
-    if not args.app:
-        _cli_error("No application entry point specified.")
-
-    sys.path.insert(0, '.')
-    sys.modules.setdefault('bottle', sys.modules['__main__'])
-
-    host, port = (args.bind or 'localhost'), 8080
-    if ':' in host and host.rfind(']') < host.rfind(':'):
-        host, port = host.rsplit(':', 1)
-    host = host.strip('[]')
-
-    config = ConfigDict()
-
-    for cfile in args.conf or []:
-        try:
-            if cfile.endswith('.json'):
-                with open(cfile, 'rb') as fp:
-                    config.load_dict(json_loads(fp.read()))
-            else:
-                config.load_config(cfile)
-        except configparser.Error as parse_error:
-            _cli_error(parse_error)
-        except IOError:
-            _cli_error("Unable to read config file %r" % cfile)
-        except (UnicodeError, TypeError, ValueError) as error:
-            _cli_error("Unable to parse config file %r: %s" % (cfile, error))
-
-    for cval in args.param or []:
-        if '=' in cval:
-            config.update((cval.split('=', 1),))
-        else:
-            config[cval] = True
-
-    run(args.app,
-        host=host,
-        port=int(port),
-        server=args.server,
-        reloader=args.reload,
-        plugins=args.plugin,
-        debug=args.debug,
-        config=config)
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':  # pragma: no coverage
-    _main(sys.argv)
+# Rexport all public symbols from pip-installed bottle
+from bottle import *