winter-super-cli 2026.5.31 → 2026.6.5

package/resources/local/ecc/docs/zh-CN/skills/django-tdd/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: django-tdd
+description: Django 测试策略，包括 pytest-django、TDD 方法、factory_boy、模拟、覆盖率以及测试 Django REST Framework API。
+origin: ECC
+---
+
+# 使用 TDD 进行 Django 测试
+
+使用 pytest、factory\_boy 和 Django REST Framework 进行 Django 应用程序的测试驱动开发。
+
+## 何时激活
+
+* 编写新的 Django 应用程序时
+* 实现 Django REST Framework API 时
+* 测试 Django 模型、视图和序列化器时
+* 为 Django 项目设置测试基础设施时
+
+## Django 的 TDD 工作流
+
+### 红-绿-重构循环
+
+```python
+# Step 1: RED - Write failing test
+def test_user_creation():
+    user = User.objects.create_user(email='test@example.com', password='testpass123')
+    assert user.email == 'test@example.com'
+    assert user.check_password('testpass123')
+    assert not user.is_staff
+
+# Step 2: GREEN - Make test pass
+# Create User model or factory
+
+# Step 3: REFACTOR - Improve while keeping tests green
+```
+
+## 设置
+
+### pytest 配置
+
+```ini
+# pytest.ini
+[pytest]
+DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = config.settings.test
+testpaths = tests
+python_files = test_*.py
+python_classes = Test*
+python_functions = test_*
+addopts =
+    --reuse-db
+    --nomigrations
+    --cov=apps
+    --cov-report=html
+    --cov-report=term-missing
+    --strict-markers
+markers =
+    slow: marks tests as slow
+    integration: marks tests as integration tests
+```
+
+### 测试设置
+
+```python
+# config/settings/test.py
+from .base import *
+
+DEBUG = True
+DATABASES = {
+    'default': {
+        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
+        'NAME': ':memory:',
+    }
+}
+
+# Disable migrations for speed
+class DisableMigrations:
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return True
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        return None
+
+MIGRATION_MODULES = DisableMigrations()
+
+# Faster password hashing
+PASSWORD_HASHERS = [
+    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
+]
+
+# Email backend
+EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'
+
+# Celery always eager
+CELERY_TASK_ALWAYS_EAGER = True
+CELERY_TASK_EAGER_PROPAGATES = True
+```
+
+### conftest.py
+
+```python
+# tests/conftest.py
+import pytest
+from django.utils import timezone
+from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
+
+User = get_user_model()
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def timezone_settings(settings):
+    """Ensure consistent timezone."""
+    settings.TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def user(db):
+    """Create a test user."""
+    return User.objects.create_user(
+        email='test@example.com',
+        password='testpass123',
+        username='testuser'
+    )
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def admin_user(db):
+    """Create an admin user."""
+    return User.objects.create_superuser(
+        email='admin@example.com',
+        password='adminpass123',
+        username='admin'
+    )
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def authenticated_client(client, user):
+    """Return authenticated client."""
+    client.force_login(user)
+    return client
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def api_client():
+    """Return DRF API client."""
+    from rest_framework.test import APIClient
+    return APIClient()
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def authenticated_api_client(api_client, user):
+    """Return authenticated API client."""
+    api_client.force_authenticate(user=user)
+    return api_client
+```
+
+## Factory Boy
+
+### 工厂设置
+
+```python
+# tests/factories.py
+import factory
+from factory import fuzzy
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
+from apps.products.models import Product, Category
+
+User = get_user_model()
+
+class UserFactory(factory.django.DjangoModelFactory):
+    """Factory for User model."""
+
+    class Meta:
+        model = User
+
+    email = factory.Sequence(lambda n: f"user{n}@example.com")
+    username = factory.Sequence(lambda n: f"user{n}")
+    password = factory.PostGenerationMethodCall('set_password', 'testpass123')
+    first_name = factory.Faker('first_name')
+    last_name = factory.Faker('last_name')
+    is_active = True
+
+class CategoryFactory(factory.django.DjangoModelFactory):
+    """Factory for Category model."""
+
+    class Meta:
+        model = Category
+
+    name = factory.Faker('word')
+    slug = factory.LazyAttribute(lambda obj: obj.name.lower())
+    description = factory.Faker('text')
+
+class ProductFactory(factory.django.DjangoModelFactory):
+    """Factory for Product model."""
+
+    class Meta:
+        model = Product
+
+    name = factory.Faker('sentence', nb_words=3)
+    slug = factory.LazyAttribute(lambda obj: obj.name.lower().replace(' ', '-'))
+    description = factory.Faker('text')
+    price = fuzzy.FuzzyDecimal(10.00, 1000.00, 2)
+    stock = fuzzy.FuzzyInteger(0, 100)
+    is_active = True
+    category = factory.SubFactory(CategoryFactory)
+    created_by = factory.SubFactory(UserFactory)
+
+    @factory.post_generation
+    def tags(self, create, extracted, **kwargs):
+        """Add tags to product."""
+        if not create:
+            return
+        if extracted:
+            for tag in extracted:
+                self.tags.add(tag)
+```
+
+### 使用工厂
+
+```python
+# tests/test_models.py
+import pytest
+from tests.factories import ProductFactory, UserFactory
+
+def test_product_creation():
+    """Test product creation using factory."""
+    product = ProductFactory(price=100.00, stock=50)
+    assert product.price == 100.00
+    assert product.stock == 50
+    assert product.is_active is True
+
+def test_product_with_tags():
+    """Test product with tags."""
+    tags = [TagFactory(name='electronics'), TagFactory(name='new')]
+    product = ProductFactory(tags=tags)
+    assert product.tags.count() == 2
+
+def test_multiple_products():
+    """Test creating multiple products."""
+    products = ProductFactory.create_batch(10)
+    assert len(products) == 10
+```
+
+## 模型测试
+
+### 模型测试
+
+```python
+# tests/test_models.py
+import pytest
+from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
+from tests.factories import UserFactory, ProductFactory
+
+class TestUserModel:
+    """Test User model."""
+
+    def test_create_user(self, db):
+        """Test creating a regular user."""
+        user = UserFactory(email='test@example.com')
+        assert user.email == 'test@example.com'
+        assert user.check_password('testpass123')
+        assert not user.is_staff
+        assert not user.is_superuser
+
+    def test_create_superuser(self, db):
+        """Test creating a superuser."""
+        user = UserFactory(
+            email='admin@example.com',
+            is_staff=True,
+            is_superuser=True
+        )
+        assert user.is_staff
+        assert user.is_superuser
+
+    def test_user_str(self, db):
+        """Test user string representation."""
+        user = UserFactory(email='test@example.com')
+        assert str(user) == 'test@example.com'
+
+class TestProductModel:
+    """Test Product model."""
+
+    def test_product_creation(self, db):
+        """Test creating a product."""
+        product = ProductFactory()
+        assert product.id is not None
+        assert product.is_active is True
+        assert product.created_at is not None
+
+    def test_product_slug_generation(self, db):
+        """Test automatic slug generation."""
+        product = ProductFactory(name='Test Product')
+        assert product.slug == 'test-product'
+
+    def test_product_price_validation(self, db):
+        """Test price cannot be negative."""
+        product = ProductFactory(price=-10)
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError):
+            product.full_clean()
+
+    def test_product_manager_active(self, db):
+        """Test active manager method."""
+        ProductFactory.create_batch(5, is_active=True)
+        ProductFactory.create_batch(3, is_active=False)
+
+        active_count = Product.objects.active().count()
+        assert active_count == 5
+
+    def test_product_stock_management(self, db):
+        """Test stock management."""
+        product = ProductFactory(stock=10)
+        product.reduce_stock(5)
+        product.refresh_from_db()
+        assert product.stock == 5
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            product.reduce_stock(10)  # Not enough stock
+```
+
+## 视图测试
+
+### Django 视图测试
+
+```python
+# tests/test_views.py
+import pytest
+from django.urls import reverse
+from tests.factories import ProductFactory, UserFactory
+
+class TestProductViews:
+    """Test product views."""
+
+    def test_product_list(self, client, db):
+        """Test product list view."""
+        ProductFactory.create_batch(10)
+
+        response = client.get(reverse('products:list'))
+
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+        assert len(response.context['products']) == 10
+
+    def test_product_detail(self, client, db):
+        """Test product detail view."""
+        product = ProductFactory()
+
+        response = client.get(reverse('products:detail', kwargs={'slug': product.slug}))
+
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+        assert response.context['product'] == product
+
+    def test_product_create_requires_login(self, client, db):
+        """Test product creation requires authentication."""
+        response = client.get(reverse('products:create'))
+
+        assert response.status_code == 302
+        assert response.url.startswith('/accounts/login/')
+
+    def test_product_create_authenticated(self, authenticated_client, db):
+        """Test product creation as authenticated user."""
+        response = authenticated_client.get(reverse('products:create'))
+
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_product_create_post(self, authenticated_client, db, category):
+        """Test creating a product via POST."""
+        data = {
+            'name': 'Test Product',
+            'description': 'A test product',
+            'price': '99.99',
+            'stock': 10,
+            'category': category.id,
+        }
+
+        response = authenticated_client.post(reverse('products:create'), data)
+
+        assert response.status_code == 302
+        assert Product.objects.filter(name='Test Product').exists()
+```
+
+## DRF API 测试
+
+### 序列化器测试
+
+```python
+# tests/test_serializers.py
+import pytest
+from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError
+from apps.products.serializers import ProductSerializer
+from tests.factories import ProductFactory
+
+class TestProductSerializer:
+    """Test ProductSerializer."""
+
+    def test_serialize_product(self, db):
+        """Test serializing a product."""
+        product = ProductFactory()
+        serializer = ProductSerializer(product)
+
+        data = serializer.data
+
+        assert data['id'] == product.id
+        assert data['name'] == product.name
+        assert data['price'] == str(product.price)
+
+    def test_deserialize_product(self, db):
+        """Test deserializing product data."""
+        data = {
+            'name': 'Test Product',
+            'description': 'Test description',
+            'price': '99.99',
+            'stock': 10,
+            'category': 1,
+        }
+
+        serializer = ProductSerializer(data=data)
+
+        assert serializer.is_valid()
+        product = serializer.save()
+
+        assert product.name == 'Test Product'
+        assert float(product.price) == 99.99
+
+    def test_price_validation(self, db):
+        """Test price validation."""
+        data = {
+            'name': 'Test Product',
+            'price': '-10.00',
+            'stock': 10,
+        }
+
+        serializer = ProductSerializer(data=data)
+
+        assert not serializer.is_valid()
+        assert 'price' in serializer.errors
+
+    def test_stock_validation(self, db):
+        """Test stock cannot be negative."""
+        data = {
+            'name': 'Test Product',
+            'price': '99.99',
+            'stock': -5,
+        }
+
+        serializer = ProductSerializer(data=data)
+
+        assert not serializer.is_valid()
+        assert 'stock' in serializer.errors
+```
+
+### API ViewSet 测试
+
+```python
+# tests/test_api.py
+import pytest
+from rest_framework.test import APIClient
+from rest_framework import status
+from django.urls import reverse
+from tests.factories import ProductFactory, UserFactory
+
+class TestProductAPI:
+    """Test Product API endpoints."""
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def api_client(self):
+        """Return API client."""
+        return APIClient()
+
+    def test_list_products(self, api_client, db):
+        """Test listing products."""
+        ProductFactory.create_batch(10)
+
+        url = reverse('api:product-list')
+        response = api_client.get(url)
+
+        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
+        assert response.data['count'] == 10
+
+    def test_retrieve_product(self, api_client, db):
+        """Test retrieving a product."""
+        product = ProductFactory()
+
+        url = reverse('api:product-detail', kwargs={'pk': product.id})
+        response = api_client.get(url)
+
+        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
+        assert response.data['id'] == product.id
+
+    def test_create_product_unauthorized(self, api_client, db):
+        """Test creating product without authentication."""
+        url = reverse('api:product-list')
+        data = {'name': 'Test Product', 'price': '99.99'}
+
+        response = api_client.post(url, data)
+
+        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED
+
+    def test_create_product_authorized(self, authenticated_api_client, db):
+        """Test creating product as authenticated user."""
+        url = reverse('api:product-list')
+        data = {
+            'name': 'Test Product',
+            'description': 'Test',
+            'price': '99.99',
+            'stock': 10,
+        }
+
+        response = authenticated_api_client.post(url, data)
+
+        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_201_CREATED
+        assert response.data['name'] == 'Test Product'
+
+    def test_update_product(self, authenticated_api_client, db):
+        """Test updating a product."""
+        product = ProductFactory(created_by=authenticated_api_client.user)
+
+        url = reverse('api:product-detail', kwargs={'pk': product.id})
+        data = {'name': 'Updated Product'}
+
+        response = authenticated_api_client.patch(url, data)
+
+        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
+        assert response.data['name'] == 'Updated Product'
+
+    def test_delete_product(self, authenticated_api_client, db):
+        """Test deleting a product."""
+        product = ProductFactory(created_by=authenticated_api_client.user)
+
+        url = reverse('api:product-detail', kwargs={'pk': product.id})
+        response = authenticated_api_client.delete(url)
+
+        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT
+
+    def test_filter_products_by_price(self, api_client, db):
+        """Test filtering products by price."""
+        ProductFactory(price=50)
+        ProductFactory(price=150)
+
+        url = reverse('api:product-list')
+        response = api_client.get(url, {'price_min': 100})
+
+        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
+        assert response.data['count'] == 1
+
+    def test_search_products(self, api_client, db):
+        """Test searching products."""
+        ProductFactory(name='Apple iPhone')
+        ProductFactory(name='Samsung Galaxy')
+
+        url = reverse('api:product-list')
+        response = api_client.get(url, {'search': 'Apple'})
+
+        assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
+        assert response.data['count'] == 1
+```
+
+## 模拟与打补丁
+
+### 模拟外部服务
+
+```python
+# tests/test_views.py
+from unittest.mock import patch, Mock
+import pytest
+
+class TestPaymentView:
+    """Test payment view with mocked payment gateway."""
+
+    @patch('apps.payments.services.stripe')
+    def test_successful_payment(self, mock_stripe, client, user, product):
+        """Test successful payment with mocked Stripe."""
+        # Configure mock
+        mock_stripe.Charge.create.return_value = {
+            'id': 'ch_123',
+            'status': 'succeeded',
+            'amount': 9999,
+        }
+
+        client.force_login(user)
+        response = client.post(reverse('payments:process'), {
+            'product_id': product.id,
+            'token': 'tok_visa',
+        })
+
+        assert response.status_code == 302
+        mock_stripe.Charge.create.assert_called_once()
+
+    @patch('apps.payments.services.stripe')
+    def test_failed_payment(self, mock_stripe, client, user, product):
+        """Test failed payment."""
+        mock_stripe.Charge.create.side_effect = Exception('Card declined')
+
+        client.force_login(user)
+        response = client.post(reverse('payments:process'), {
+            'product_id': product.id,
+            'token': 'tok_visa',
+        })
+
+        assert response.status_code == 302
+        assert 'error' in response.url
+```
+
+### 模拟邮件发送
+
+```python
+# tests/test_email.py
+from django.core import mail
+from django.test import override_settings
+
+@override_settings(EMAIL_BACKEND='django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend')
+def test_order_confirmation_email(db, order):
+    """Test order confirmation email."""
+    order.send_confirmation_email()
+
+    assert len(mail.outbox) == 1
+    assert order.user.email in mail.outbox[0].to
+    assert 'Order Confirmation' in mail.outbox[0].subject
+```
+
+## 集成测试
+
+### 完整流程测试
+
+```python
+# tests/test_integration.py
+import pytest
+from django.urls import reverse
+from tests.factories import UserFactory, ProductFactory
+
+class TestCheckoutFlow:
+    """Test complete checkout flow."""
+
+    def test_guest_to_purchase_flow(self, client, db):
+        """Test complete flow from guest to purchase."""
+        # Step 1: Register
+        response = client.post(reverse('users:register'), {
+            'email': 'test@example.com',
+            'password': 'testpass123',
+            'password_confirm': 'testpass123',
+        })
+        assert response.status_code == 302
+
+        # Step 2: Login
+        response = client.post(reverse('users:login'), {
+            'email': 'test@example.com',
+            'password': 'testpass123',
+        })
+        assert response.status_code == 302
+
+        # Step 3: Browse products
+        product = ProductFactory(price=100)
+        response = client.get(reverse('products:detail', kwargs={'slug': product.slug}))
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+
+        # Step 4: Add to cart
+        response = client.post(reverse('cart:add'), {
+            'product_id': product.id,
+            'quantity': 1,
+        })
+        assert response.status_code == 302
+
+        # Step 5: Checkout
+        response = client.get(reverse('checkout:review'))
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+        assert product.name in response.content.decode()
+
+        # Step 6: Complete purchase
+        with patch('apps.checkout.services.process_payment') as mock_payment:
+            mock_payment.return_value = True
+            response = client.post(reverse('checkout:complete'))
+
+        assert response.status_code == 302
+        assert Order.objects.filter(user__email='test@example.com').exists()
+```
+
+## 测试最佳实践
+
+### 应该做
+
+* **使用工厂**：而不是手动创建对象
+* **每个测试一个断言**：保持测试聚焦
+* **描述性测试名称**：`test_user_cannot_delete_others_post`
+* **测试边界情况**：空输入、None 值、边界条件
+* **模拟外部服务**：不要依赖外部 API
+* **使用夹具**：消除重复
+* **测试权限**：确保授权有效
+* **保持测试快速**：使用 `--reuse-db` 和 `--nomigrations`
+
+### 不应该做
+
+* **不要测试 Django 内部**：相信 Django 能正常工作
+* **不要测试第三方代码**：相信库能正常工作
+* **不要忽略失败的测试**：所有测试必须通过
+* **不要让测试产生依赖**：测试应该能以任何顺序运行
+* **不要过度模拟**：只模拟外部依赖
+* **不要测试私有方法**：测试公共接口
+* **不要使用生产数据库**：始终使用测试数据库
+
+## 覆盖率
+
+### 覆盖率配置
+
+```bash
+# Run tests with coverage
+pytest --cov=apps --cov-report=html --cov-report=term-missing
+
+# Generate HTML report
+open htmlcov/index.html
+```
+
+### 覆盖率目标
+
+| 组件 | 目标覆盖率 |
+|-----------|-----------------|
+| 模型 | 90%+ |
+| 序列化器 | 85%+ |
+| 视图 | 80%+ |
+| 服务 | 90%+ |
+| 工具 | 80%+ |
+| 总体 | 80%+ |
+
+## 快速参考
+
+| 模式 | 用途 |
+|---------|-------|
+| `@pytest.mark.django_db` | 启用数据库访问 |
+| `client` | Django 测试客户端 |
+| `api_client` | DRF API 客户端 |
+| `factory.create_batch(n)` | 创建多个对象 |
+| `patch('module.function')` | 模拟外部依赖 |
+| `override_settings` | 临时更改设置 |
+| `force_authenticate()` | 在测试中绕过身份验证 |
+| `assertRedirects` | 检查重定向 |
+| `assertTemplateUsed` | 验证模板使用 |
+| `mail.outbox` | 检查已发送的邮件 |
+
+记住：测试即文档。好的测试解释了你的代码应如何工作。保持测试简单、可读和可维护。