universal-physics-tensor 0.4.5

package/dist/bridges/equations/be-37-shapiro-delay.js

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+/**
+ * Bridge Equation 37 — Variable Speed of Light Cosmology
+ * (Shapiro gravitational time-delay reformulation).
+ *
+ * **Original (operationally-meaningless) form.** Wave R disposition
+ * 2026-05-05 marked BE-37 `status='invalid'` because the ansatz
+ *
+ *   c(t,x) ≠ const
+ *
+ * is operationally meaningless per Ellis-Uzan 2005 (*Am. J. Phys.*
+ * 73:240, arXiv:gr-qc/0305099 "c is the speed of light, isn't it?"):
+ * the speed of light c is *defined* as a constant in SI units (since
+ * the 1983 metre redefinition), so any "varying c" in vacuum is just
+ * a rescaling of other constants and cannot have observable
+ * consequences independent of those constants. The Albrecht-Magueijo
+ * 1999 / Moffat 1993 / Barrow 1999 specific VSL ansätze were
+ * non-equivalent and the R2-R3 disposition correctly preserved the
+ * gap rather than pick one arbitrarily.
+ *
+ * **Encoded reformulation (Shapiro gravitational time-delay).** Wave
+ * Z-F applies the canonical literature replacement identified by
+ * OpenAI o3 in the Wave-Z reopened deferred-bridges consultation
+ * (2026-05-11): replace the vacuum-c-variation ansatz with the
+ * canonical **Shapiro delay** — the gravitationally-induced coordinate-
+ * time delay of light passing near a massive body:
+ *
+ *   **Δt = (2 G M / c³) · ln(R_far / R_near)**
+ *
+ * This is the operationally-meaningful "effective c-variation"
+ * that survives the Ellis-Uzan critique: c is *locally* always c, but
+ * the integrated path-time over a gravitational potential well differs
+ * from the flat-space value by a measurable amount. Shapiro 1964
+ * predicted the effect from general relativity; Cassini 2003 measured
+ * it to ~10⁻⁵ precision (Bertotti-Iess-Tortora 2003 *Nature*
+ * 425:374), confirming Einstein's general relativity to that level.
+ *
+ * The bridge label is preserved: "modified gravitational/cosmological
+ * effects on light propagation," now grounded in a canonical,
+ * experimentally-confirmed relation rather than a non-falsifiable
+ * vacuum-c-variation.
+ *
+ * **Dimensional analysis.**
+ *   - G has dim `[L³ M⁻¹ T⁻²]`.
+ *   - M has dim `[M]`.
+ *   - c has dim `[L T⁻¹]`; c³ has dim `[L³ T⁻³]`.
+ *   - 2GM/c³ has dim `[L³ M⁻¹ T⁻²] · [M] / [L³ T⁻³] = [T³/T²] = [T]` ✓
+ *   - R_far/R_near is dimensionless `[1]`.
+ *   - ln(R_far/R_near) is dimensionless `[1]` (log of dimensionless).
+ *   - Product Δt: `[T] · [1] = [T]` = `[time]` ✓.
+ *
+ * **AST encoding pattern (typed integer-2 + log-stub).** The integer
+ * factor 2 is a dimensionless constant. The log argument `R_far/R_near`
+ * is a dimensionless ratio of two lengths — encoded as a separate
+ * lemma exposing the dimensional-consistency of the argument (per
+ * the dimensionless-stub convention, same as BE-45 log-ratio idiom).
+ * The log itself is replaced by a fresh dimensionless symbol stub
+ * `ln_R_ratio`.
+ *
+ * Bracket-checks (numerical evaluator, one-way form `2GM/c³·ln(R_far/R_near)`):
+ *   - Sun mass M_sun = 1.989e30 kg, R_far = 1 AU, R_near = R_sun:
+ *     2GM_sun/c³ ≈ 9.85 μs (Schwarzschild light-travel-time scale);
+ *     ln(1.496e11 / 6.957e8) ≈ 5.37 (ratio ≈ 215);
+ *     Δt_one-way ≈ 9.85 μs · 5.37 ≈ 53 μs.
+ *   - Historical Shapiro 1964 round-trip radar measurement: the
+ *     ROUND-TRIP delay uses 4GM/c³ (not 2GM/c³) and the canonical
+ *     log argument `((r1+r2+R)/(r1+r2-R))` for the radar geometry,
+ *     giving ~240 μs for Mercury superior-conjunction (Shapiro
+ *     1964 PRL 13:789). The encoded ONE-WAY form here is half the
+ *     round-trip coefficient and uses a simpler log argument
+ *     suitable for a single-leg light path; the two values are NOT
+ *     directly comparable.
+ *   - Cassini 2003 measurement: γ to ~10⁻⁵ precision (Bertotti-
+ *     Iess-Tortora 2003 *Nature* 425:374); confirms GR-canonical
+ *     γ = 1 in the encoded coefficient.
+ *
+ * References:
+ *   - Shapiro 1964 *Phys. Rev. Lett.* 13:789 (original prediction of
+ *     gravitational time-delay).
+ *   - Will 1981/2014 *Theory and Experiment in Gravitational
+ *     Physics* (canonical textbook on the PPN framework and γ
+ *     parameter).
+ *   - Bertotti, Iess & Tortora 2003 *Nature* 425:374 (Cassini
+ *     solar-conjunction measurement of γ to ~10⁻⁵).
+ *   - Ellis & Uzan 2005 *Am. J. Phys.* 73:240 (arXiv:gr-qc/0305099,
+ *     "c is the speed of light, isn't it?" — the critique that
+ *     motivated reformulation away from vacuum-c-variation).
+ *   - Albrecht & Magueijo 1999 (arXiv:astro-ph/9811018) — historical:
+ *     one of the original VSL cosmology proposals; now dropped.
+ *   - Moffat 1993 (arXiv:gr-qc/9211020); Barrow 1999 (arXiv:astro-ph/9811022);
+ *     Magueijo 2003 *Rep. Prog. Phys.* 66:2025 — historical VSL
+ *     literature retained for context.
+ *
+ * Status: speculative — REFORMULATED from 'invalid'.
+ *
+ * Honest-claude scope notes:
+ *   - The reformulation REPLACES the operationally-meaningless
+ *     `c(t,x) ≠ const` vacuum ansatz with the Shapiro delay, the
+ *     canonical operationally-meaningful gravitational "effective-c"
+ *     effect. Same precedent as Wave P-D R-D2 BE-25 (Penrose-Hameroff
+ *     → IIT) and Wave Z-E BE-16 (Complexity-Entropy → Landauer).
+ *   - The Shapiro delay is general-relativistic gravitational physics
+ *     — it is NOT a "varying c" in any fundamental sense. Light always
+ *     travels at c locally; the delay arises from the integrated path
+ *     length / coordinate-time effects in curved spacetime.
+ *     Status `'speculative'` is for the **bridge framing** (treating
+ *     Shapiro delay as the UPT VSL-cosmology bridge), NOT for the
+ *     Shapiro delay itself, which is canonical and experimentally
+ *     confirmed.
+ *   - The Albrecht-Magueijo / Moffat / Barrow vacuum-c-variation
+ *     proposals are NOT recovered by this reformulation — they
+ *     remain non-equivalent, non-falsifiable, and Ellis-Uzan-critique-
+ *     vulnerable. The reformulation explicitly drops the
+ *     vacuum-c-variation claim in favor of the operational
+ *     gravitational-c-effect.
+ *   - The PPN parameter γ (where γ = 1 in GR; experimental measurement
+ *     constrains |γ - 1| < 2.3e-5 per Bertotti-Iess-Tortora 2003) is
+ *     NOT in the encoded scalar — the encoded form is the GR-canonical
+ *     coefficient `2GM/c³` (i.e., γ = 1). A more general PPN
+ *     encoding would include `(1+γ) GM/c³` instead.
+ *   - The full Shapiro-delay formula includes log of a path-dependent
+ *     ratio (R_far / R_near where R_far, R_near are radial distances
+ *     from the gravitating mass). The encoded form treats both as
+ *     dimensionless ratios.
+ *   - **Gemini Pro cross-validation note (2026-05-11):** the Shapiro
+ *     delay manifests as an *apparent* coordinate-time slowdown of
+ *     light as it traverses curved spacetime (a Schwarzschild
+ *     gravitational well). It does NOT imply a variation in the
+ *     fundamental constant `c` as measured by any **local inertial
+ *     observer** — by Einstein's equivalence principle, every local
+ *     observer measures the speed of light to be exactly `c` in their
+ *     own inertial frame. The "effective c < c" interpretation is a
+ *     coordinate-system artifact in the global Schwarzschild frame,
+ *     not a physical local effect. This distinction is what makes
+ *     Shapiro delay survive the Ellis-Uzan critique: vacuum
+ *     c(t,x)-variation is operationally meaningless precisely because
+ *     it conflates the local-measurement and coordinate-system
+ *     pictures. Both OpenAI o3 and Gemini Pro verdicted this
+ *     reformulation STRONGLY-DEFENSIBLE.
+ *
+ * @see docs/specification/Part-II.md ("Bridge Equation 37")
+ * @see src/bridges/index.ts BRIDGE_EQUATIONS.find(e => e.id === 37)
+ * @module bridges/equations/be-37-shapiro-delay
+ */
+import { validate, validateEquation } from '../../dimensional/validator.js';
+import { DIMENSIONLESS, TIME, MASS, LENGTH, } from '../../dimensional/types.js';
+import { G, c } from '../../dimensional/constants.js';
+import { tsym, contract } from '../../dimensional/tensor.js';
+import { metric, pderiv } from '../../dimensional/metric.js';
+import { evaluateNumerical } from '../../numerical/index.js';
+import { integrateRK4 } from '../../numerical/null-ray-integrator.js';
+const sym = (name, dim) => ({ kind: 'symbol', name, dim });
+// --- Symbolic AST ---
+/** Symbol: Newton's gravitational constant G. Dim `[L³ M⁻¹ T⁻²]`. */
+export const BE37_G = sym('G', G);
+/** Symbol: gravitating-body mass M. Dim `[mass]`. */
+export const BE37_M = sym('M', MASS);
+/** Symbol: speed of light c. Dim `[velocity]` = `[L T⁻¹]`. */
+export const BE37_C = sym('c', c);
+/** Symbol: dimensionless integer factor 2. */
+export const BE37_TWO = sym('2', DIMENSIONLESS);
+/** Symbol: dimensionless integer-3 exponent for c³. */
+const THREE_EXP = sym('3', DIMENSIONLESS);
+/**
+ * Lemma AST: `c³` (dim `[L³ T⁻³]`).
+ *
+ * Exposed as a separate node for clarity in the prefactor expression.
+ */
+export const BE37_C_CUBED = {
+    kind: 'op', op: '^',
+    args: [BE37_C, THREE_EXP],
+};
+/**
+ * Lemma AST: the prefactor `2GM/c³` (dim `[T]`).
+ *
+ * This is the "time-scale" associated with the Schwarzschild radius
+ * of the gravitating mass: 2GM/c² is the Schwarzschild diameter (a
+ * length), and dividing by c gives the corresponding light-travel
+ * time-scale. For the Sun: 2 G M_sun / c³ ≈ 9.85 μs.
+ */
+export const BE37_PREFACTOR = {
+    kind: 'op', op: '/',
+    args: [
+        {
+            kind: 'op', op: '*',
+            args: [BE37_TWO, {
+                    kind: 'op', op: '*',
+                    args: [BE37_G, BE37_M],
+                }],
+        },
+        BE37_C_CUBED,
+    ],
+};
+/** Symbol: outer radial distance R_far. Dim `[length]`. */
+export const BE37_R_FAR = sym('R_far', LENGTH);
+/** Symbol: inner radial distance R_near. Dim `[length]`. */
+export const BE37_R_NEAR = sym('R_near', LENGTH);
+/**
+ * Lemma AST: the log argument `R_far / R_near` (DIMENSIONLESS — ratio
+ * of two lengths).
+ *
+ * Exposed for the lemma test that verifies the argument is
+ * dimensionless (per the dimensionless-stub convention; same idiom as
+ * BE-45 `BE45_LOG_RATIO_ARG_MP_HINF`).
+ */
+export const BE37_LOG_RATIO_ARG = {
+    kind: 'op', op: '/',
+    args: [BE37_R_FAR, BE37_R_NEAR],
+};
+/**
+ * Lemma AST: the `ln(R_far/R_near)` factor, encoded as a fresh
+ * DIMENSIONLESS symbol stub (the AST has no `log` primitive; same
+ * idiom as BE-45 / BE-25 log-stubs for dimensionful-ratio arguments).
+ * The argument is exposed via `BE37_LOG_RATIO_ARG` for the lemma test.
+ */
+export const BE37_LOG_FACTOR = sym('ln_R_ratio', DIMENSIONLESS);
+/**
+ * RHS of `Δt = (2GM/c³) · ln(R_far/R_near)` as a typed ExprNode tree:
+ *
+ *   (2GM/c³) · ln_R_ratio
+ *
+ * Dim: `[T] · [1] = [T]`.
+ */
+export const BE37_SHAPIRO_DELAY_RHS = {
+    kind: 'op', op: '*',
+    args: [BE37_PREFACTOR, BE37_LOG_FACTOR],
+};
+/** LHS: Δt is a time delay. Dim `[time]`. */
+export const BE37_SHAPIRO_DELAY_LHS = sym('Delta_t', TIME);
+/**
+ * Evaluate the Shapiro gravitational time-delay:
+ *
+ *   Δt = (2 G M / c³) · ln(R_far / R_near)
+ *
+ * @returns Time delay in seconds (one-way, GR-canonical γ=1 form).
+ *   For the Sun (M_sun = 1.989e30 kg) with light passing from 1 AU
+ *   to grazing R_sun, Δt_one-way ≈ 53 μs. The historical Shapiro
+ *   1964 round-trip experiment gives ~240 μs for similar geometry
+ *   (uses 4GM/c³ + radar-bounce log argument), not directly
+ *   comparable to this one-way encoding.
+ */
+export function evaluateShapiroDelay(input) {
+    const { M_kg, R_far_m, R_near_m } = input;
+    if (!Number.isFinite(M_kg) || M_kg <= 0) {
+        throw new RangeError(`evaluateShapiroDelay: M_kg must be a finite positive number, got ${M_kg}`);
+    }
+    if (!Number.isFinite(R_far_m) || R_far_m <= 0) {
+        throw new RangeError(`evaluateShapiroDelay: R_far_m must be a finite positive number, got ${R_far_m}`);
+    }
+    if (!Number.isFinite(R_near_m) || R_near_m <= 0) {
+        throw new RangeError(`evaluateShapiroDelay: R_near_m must be a finite positive number, got ${R_near_m}`);
+    }
+    if (R_near_m > R_far_m) {
+        throw new RangeError(`evaluateShapiroDelay: R_near_m (${R_near_m}) must be ≤ R_far_m (${R_far_m}); ratio inside ln must be ≥ 1`);
+    }
+    const G_SI = 6.67430e-11; // m³/(kg·s²) (CODATA 2018)
+    const c_SI = 299792458; // m/s (exact SI definition since 1983)
+    return ((2 * G_SI * M_kg) / Math.pow(c_SI, 3)) * Math.log(R_far_m / R_near_m);
+}
+// --- Self-validation ---
+/**
+ * Run the AST through the dimensional analyzer; LHS and RHS should
+ * both be `[time]` = `[T]`.
+ */
+export function validateBE37Dimensions() {
+    const eq = validateEquation(BE37_SHAPIRO_DELAY_LHS, BE37_SHAPIRO_DELAY_RHS);
+    const lhs = validate(BE37_SHAPIRO_DELAY_LHS);
+    const rhs = validate(BE37_SHAPIRO_DELAY_RHS);
+    return {
+        ok: eq.ok,
+        lhsDim: lhs.inferredDimension,
+        rhsDim: rhs.inferredDimension,
+    };
+}
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// v0.3.0 structural form (eikonal null-geodesic):  g^μν (∂_μ S)(∂_ν S) = 0
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// The Shapiro delay scalar above is the integrated first-order solution of
+// this equation in the weak-field Schwarzschild metric. The structural form
+// exposes the tensor-structural ORIGIN of that scalar; the original scalar
+// exports (BE37_SHAPIRO_DELAY_LHS / _RHS / validateBE37Dimensions) are
+// retained for numerical-evaluator continuity. Per Part-VIII §VIII.8 and
+// docs/planning/v0.3.0-Bridge-Selection.md.
+//
+// Encoding-choice trade-off: the decision record's sketch raised one
+// gradient via `raise(dmu_S, g_inverse, 'μ')` and then contracted with
+// `dnu_S`. That path is correct in spirit but trips on raise()'s internal
+// alpha-conversion: the inverse metric's surviving label is renamed to a
+// FRESH non-colliding label (e.g., `ν_1`), so the subsequent contract()
+// with `dnu_S`'s `ν` does NOT pair up — the result has two free indices,
+// not a scalar. The mathematically natural form is the DIRECT contraction
+// `contract(g_inverse, dmu_S, dnu_S)`: g^μν's two upper indices pair
+// directly with the two gradients' lower indices in one tensor-product,
+// producing a scalar. The `raise()` primitive is exercised independently
+// in tests/dimensional/raise-lower.test.ts; this bridge demonstrates
+// metric + pderiv + contraction in the cleanest possible form.
+//
+// Forward-compat anchor: v0.4.0 will swap `pderiv` for the covariant
+// derivative `∇_μ`; the outer encoding structure here is preserved.
+/** Eikonal phase S has dim [length] in geometrized units (∂_μ S = k_μ,
+ *  the wave-4-covector). */
+const EIKONAL_PHASE_DIM = LENGTH;
+/** Schwarzschild metric components are dimensionless in the (−,+,+,+)
+ *  signature with coordinates carrying [length]. */
+const METRIC_COMPONENT_DIM = DIMENSIONLESS;
+/** Coordinate basis used as `wrt` for pderiv; carries dim [length]. */
+const x_coord = tsym('x', [{ label: 'α', variance: 'upper' }], LENGTH, 'coordinate');
+/** Inverse metric g^μν (rank-2, both upper). */
+const g_inverse_eikonal = metric('g_inverse', [
+    { label: 'μ', variance: 'upper' },
+    { label: 'ν', variance: 'upper' },
+], METRIC_COMPONENT_DIM, '-,+,+,+');
+/** Eikonal phase scalar field S(x), rank-0, dim [length]. */
+const S_eikonal = tsym('S', [], EIKONAL_PHASE_DIM);
+/** ∂_μ S — rank-1 covariant gradient; dim = LENGTH/LENGTH = DIMENSIONLESS. */
+const dmu_S = pderiv(S_eikonal, x_coord, { label: 'μ', variance: 'lower' });
+/** ∂_ν S — rank-1 covariant gradient; dim DIMENSIONLESS. */
+const dnu_S = pderiv(S_eikonal, x_coord, { label: 'ν', variance: 'lower' });
+/**
+ * Eikonal LHS:  g^μν (∂_μ S)(∂_ν S).
+ *
+ * Direct contraction — μ pairs (upper from g_inverse, lower from dmu_S),
+ * ν pairs (upper from g_inverse, lower from dnu_S). Result is a scalar
+ * with dim DIMENSIONLESS · DIMENSIONLESS · DIMENSIONLESS = DIMENSIONLESS.
+ */
+export const BE37_EIKONAL_LHS = contract(g_inverse_eikonal, dmu_S, dnu_S);
+/**
+ * Eikonal RHS:  the literal dimensionless 'zero' symbol (null-geodesic
+ * condition). Same idiom as other zero-RHS bridges (e.g., BE-36).
+ */
+export const BE37_EIKONAL_RHS_ZERO = {
+    kind: 'symbol',
+    name: 'zero',
+    dim: DIMENSIONLESS,
+};
+/**
+ * Per-bridge dimensional self-check for the v0.3.0 eikonal structural
+ * form. Both sides should be DIMENSIONLESS.
+ */
+export function validateBE37EikonalDimensions() {
+    const lhs = validate(BE37_EIKONAL_LHS);
+    const rhs = validate(BE37_EIKONAL_RHS_ZERO);
+    const eq = validateEquation(BE37_EIKONAL_LHS, BE37_EIKONAL_RHS_ZERO);
+    return {
+        ok: eq.ok,
+        lhsDim: lhs.inferredDimension,
+        rhsDim: rhs.inferredDimension,
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Build NumericalInputs for lowering BE37_EIKONAL_LHS = contract(g_inverse,
+ * ∂_μ S, ∂_ν S) at a representative radius `r`.
+ *
+ * - g_inverse: weak-field Schwarzschild inverse metric, diagonal, signature
+ *   (−,+,+,+). Φ = G M / (c² r) is the dimensionless potential:
+ *     g^tt = −1/(1+2Φ),  g^rr = 1+2Φ  (weak-field, first order),
+ *     g^θθ = g^φφ = 1    (angular parts irrelevant for a radial ray).
+ * - ∂_μ S = ∂_ν S = k_μ, the null wave-covector for a RADIAL ray:
+ *   k_μ = (k_t, k_r, 0, 0) chosen so g^tt k_t² + g^rr k_r² = 0, i.e.
+ *   k_t = 1, k_r = sqrt(−g^tt / g^rr). By construction g^μν k_μ k_ν = 0 —
+ *   which is exactly the point: the lowered eikonal residual being 0 to
+ *   machine precision PROVES the metric + pderiv + contraction AST lowers
+ *   and einsum-contracts correctly.
+ *
+ * S has numericalForm 'symbolic' (default — S_eikonal carries no
+ * numericalForm field), so ∂_μ S / ∂_ν S are supplied explicitly via
+ * inputs.derivatives, keyed `${ofName}/${wrtLabel}` ⇒ 'S/μ' and 'S/ν'
+ * (S is rank-0, so each is a length-4 vector — shape [...ofShape=[], N=4]).
+ */
+function buildSchwarzschildEikonalInputs(r, G_SI, c_SI, M_kg) {
+    const Phi = (G_SI * M_kg) / (c_SI * c_SI * r); // dimensionless potential
+    const gtt = -1 / (1 + 2 * Phi);
+    const grr = 1 + 2 * Phi;
+    const gInverse = [
+        [gtt, 0, 0, 0],
+        [0, grr, 0, 0],
+        [0, 0, 1, 0],
+        [0, 0, 0, 1],
+    ];
+    // Null radial wave-covector: g^tt k_t² + g^rr k_r² = 0.
+    const kMu = [1, Math.sqrt(-gtt / grr), 0, 0];
+    return {
+        tensors: new Map([['g_inverse', gInverse]]),
+        derivatives: new Map([['S/μ', kMu], ['S/ν', kMu]]),
+        dimension: 4,
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * BE-37 end-to-end numerical evaluator (v0.3.5-Design.md §8).
+ *
+ * Part (a): lower BE37_EIKONAL_LHS with concrete weak-field Schwarzschild
+ * g^μν components + a null wave-covector and confirm the eikonal residual
+ * g^μν ∂_μS ∂_νS ≈ 0 — proves the v0.3.0 metric + pderiv + contraction
+ * ASTs lower and contract numerically.
+ *
+ * Part (b): RK4-integrate the Shapiro coordinate-time delay along the
+ * radial null ray and cross-check against the closed-form
+ * evaluateShapiroDelay().
+ */
+export async function evaluateBE37EikonalNumerical() {
+    // Numeric constants — MUST match evaluateShapiroDelay's module-local
+    // G_SI / c_SI exactly so the closed-form cross-check is apples-to-apples.
+    const G_SI = 6.67430e-11; // m³/(kg·s²) — CODATA 2018
+    const c_SI = 299792458; // m/s — exact SI definition
+    const scenario = {
+        M_kg: 1.989e30, // solar mass
+        R_far_m: 1.5e11, // ~1 AU
+        R_near_m: 1.0e9, // inner radius (R_near_m ≤ R_far_m, required)
+    };
+    const { M_kg, R_far_m, R_near_m } = scenario;
+    const k = (2 * G_SI * M_kg) / (c_SI * c_SI * c_SI); // 2GM/c³  [seconds]
+    // --- Part (a): lower BE37_EIKONAL_LHS with concrete Schwarzschild g^μν ---
+    const rMid = 0.5 * (R_near_m + R_far_m);
+    const inputs = buildSchwarzschildEikonalInputs(rMid, G_SI, c_SI, M_kg);
+    const eikonal = await evaluateNumerical(BE37_EIKONAL_LHS, inputs);
+    const eikonalResidual = eikonal.value;
+    // --- Part (b): RK4-integrate the Shapiro delay along the radial null ray.
+    // r(λ) = R_near + λ·(R_far − R_near), λ ∈ [0,1].
+    // d(Δt)/dλ = (2GM/c³)·(R_far − R_near)/r(λ)  ⇒  Δt = (2GM/c³)·ln(R_far/R_near).
+    const dr = R_far_m - R_near_m;
+    const integrated = integrateRK4((lambda) => {
+        const r = R_near_m + lambda * dr;
+        return [(k * dr) / r];
+    }, [0], 0, 1, 4096);
+    const integratedDelay = integrated[0];
+    const closedFormDelay = evaluateShapiroDelay(scenario);
+    return { eikonalResidual, integratedDelay, closedFormDelay, scenario };
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=be-37-shapiro-delay.js.map

package/dist/bridges/equations/be-37-shapiro-delay.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/bridges/equations/be-38-mond.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/**
+ * Bridge Equation 38 — Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), canonical
+ * Milgrom (1983) interpolation form.
+ *
+ *   F = F_N · ν(z)        where  z = F_N / (m · a_0)
+ *   ν(z) = √[(1 + √(1 + 4/z²)) / 2]
+ *
+ * Equivalent to the implicit Milgrom relation:
+ *   μ(a/a_0) · a = a_N    where  μ(x) = x / √(1 + x²)
+ *
+ * Limits:
+ *   - Newtonian (F_N >> m·a_0, z → ∞):    F → F_N
+ *   - Deep-MOND (F_N << m·a_0, z → 0):    F → √(m · F_N · a_0)
+ *
+ * Status: speculative.
+ *
+ * Honest-claude scope notes:
+ *   - The interpolation function `μ(x) = x/√(1+x²)` and the explicit
+ *     ν-form for F/F_N are canonical Milgrom 1983 / Famaey-McGaugh 2012
+ *     content; the *bridge framing* (using MOND as a UPT
+ *     dark-sector/baryonic-gravity bridge) is the speculative element.
+ *   - The AST has no inverse-function primitive for μ⁻¹, so we encode
+ *     the explicit force form `F = F_N · ν(z)` with `ν(z)` as an
+ *     opaque dimensionless symbol stub. The argument
+ *     `z = F_N/(m·a_0)` is exposed as a separate ExprNode
+ *     `BE38_MOND_NU_ARG` so its dimensionlessness can be verified
+ *     directly (same dimensionless-stub pattern as BE-26 / BE-41).
+ *   - The numerical evaluator computes ν(z) explicitly using the
+ *     closed form `ν(z) = √[(1+√(1+4/z²))/2]`, so the bracket-checks
+ *     are exact (within machine precision).
+ *   - GW170817 strongly constrains generic relativistic-MOND completions
+ *     (TeVeS gravitational-wave speed deviates from c); see BE-36 for
+ *     the relativistic completion bridge and its known issue.
+ *
+ * @see docs/specification/Part-II.md ("Bridge Equation 38: Entropic Gravity Correction Term")
+ * @see src/bridges/index.ts BRIDGE_EQUATIONS.find(e => e.id === 38)
+ * @module bridges/equations/be-38-mond
+ */
+import type { ExprNode, DimensionValidationReport } from '../../dimensional/validator.js';
+/**
+ * Lemma AST: the dimensionless ν-argument
+ *   z = F_N / (m · a_0)
+ *
+ * Exposed for the lemma test that verifies the argument is
+ * dimensionless (per the dimensionless-stub convention; see
+ * `src/dimensional/README.md` "Encoding transcendental functions").
+ */
+export declare const BE38_MOND_NU_ARG: ExprNode;
+/**
+ * RHS of the Milgrom MOND force law:
+ *   F = F_N · ν(z)
+ *
+ * Encoded as `F_N · ν_stub` where ν_stub is a dimensionless symbol;
+ * the argument z is exposed separately as `BE38_MOND_NU_ARG`.
+ */
+export declare const BE38_MOND_FORCE_RHS: ExprNode;
+/** LHS: F has dimension [force]. */
+export declare const BE38_MOND_FORCE_LHS: ExprNode;
+export interface MONDForceInputs {
+    /** Newtonian force F_N (N). Must be > 0 and finite. */
+    F_N_newton: number;
+    /** Test-particle mass m (kg). Must be > 0 and finite. */
+    m_kg: number;
+    /** MOND scale a_0 (m/s²). Canonical value ≈ 1.2e-10. Must be > 0 and finite. */
+    a_0_m_per_s2: number;
+}
+/**
+ * Compute the MOND-modified force using the canonical Milgrom (1983)
+ * interpolation `μ(x) = x/√(1+x²)`:
+ *
+ *   F = F_N · ν(z),  z = F_N / (m · a_0)
+ *   ν(z) = √[(1 + √(1 + 4/z²)) / 2]
+ *
+ * Limits (verifiable by inspection):
+ *   - z → ∞: ν → 1, so F → F_N (Newtonian)
+ *   - z → 0: ν → √(2/z) → ∞, but F = F_N·ν → √(F_N · m · a_0) (deep-MOND)
+ *
+ * @returns Force in newtons.
+ */
+export declare function evaluateMONDForce(input: MONDForceInputs): number;
+/**
+ * Run the AST through the dimensional analyzer; both sides should be
+ * [force].
+ */
+export declare function validateBE38Dimensions(): DimensionValidationReport;
+//# sourceMappingURL=be-38-mond.d.ts.map

package/dist/bridges/equations/be-38-mond.d.ts.map

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package/dist/bridges/equations/be-38-mond.js

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+/**
+ * Bridge Equation 38 — Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), canonical
+ * Milgrom (1983) interpolation form.
+ *
+ *   F = F_N · ν(z)        where  z = F_N / (m · a_0)
+ *   ν(z) = √[(1 + √(1 + 4/z²)) / 2]
+ *
+ * Equivalent to the implicit Milgrom relation:
+ *   μ(a/a_0) · a = a_N    where  μ(x) = x / √(1 + x²)
+ *
+ * Limits:
+ *   - Newtonian (F_N >> m·a_0, z → ∞):    F → F_N
+ *   - Deep-MOND (F_N << m·a_0, z → 0):    F → √(m · F_N · a_0)
+ *
+ * Status: speculative.
+ *
+ * Honest-claude scope notes:
+ *   - The interpolation function `μ(x) = x/√(1+x²)` and the explicit
+ *     ν-form for F/F_N are canonical Milgrom 1983 / Famaey-McGaugh 2012
+ *     content; the *bridge framing* (using MOND as a UPT
+ *     dark-sector/baryonic-gravity bridge) is the speculative element.
+ *   - The AST has no inverse-function primitive for μ⁻¹, so we encode
+ *     the explicit force form `F = F_N · ν(z)` with `ν(z)` as an
+ *     opaque dimensionless symbol stub. The argument
+ *     `z = F_N/(m·a_0)` is exposed as a separate ExprNode
+ *     `BE38_MOND_NU_ARG` so its dimensionlessness can be verified
+ *     directly (same dimensionless-stub pattern as BE-26 / BE-41).
+ *   - The numerical evaluator computes ν(z) explicitly using the
+ *     closed form `ν(z) = √[(1+√(1+4/z²))/2]`, so the bracket-checks
+ *     are exact (within machine precision).
+ *   - GW170817 strongly constrains generic relativistic-MOND completions
+ *     (TeVeS gravitational-wave speed deviates from c); see BE-36 for
+ *     the relativistic completion bridge and its known issue.
+ *
+ * @see docs/specification/Part-II.md ("Bridge Equation 38: Entropic Gravity Correction Term")
+ * @see src/bridges/index.ts BRIDGE_EQUATIONS.find(e => e.id === 38)
+ * @module bridges/equations/be-38-mond
+ */
+import { validate, validateEquation } from '../../dimensional/validator.js';
+import { DIMENSIONLESS, ACCELERATION, FORCE, MASS, } from '../../dimensional/types.js';
+const sym = (name, dim) => ({ kind: 'symbol', name, dim });
+/**
+ * Lemma AST: the dimensionless ν-argument
+ *   z = F_N / (m · a_0)
+ *
+ * Exposed for the lemma test that verifies the argument is
+ * dimensionless (per the dimensionless-stub convention; see
+ * `src/dimensional/README.md` "Encoding transcendental functions").
+ */
+export const BE38_MOND_NU_ARG = {
+    kind: 'op', op: '/',
+    args: [
+        sym('F_N', FORCE),
+        {
+            kind: 'op', op: '*',
+            args: [
+                sym('m', MASS),
+                sym('a_0', ACCELERATION),
+            ],
+        },
+    ],
+};
+/**
+ * RHS of the Milgrom MOND force law:
+ *   F = F_N · ν(z)
+ *
+ * Encoded as `F_N · ν_stub` where ν_stub is a dimensionless symbol;
+ * the argument z is exposed separately as `BE38_MOND_NU_ARG`.
+ */
+export const BE38_MOND_FORCE_RHS = {
+    kind: 'op', op: '*',
+    args: [
+        sym('F_N', FORCE),
+        sym('nu(z)', DIMENSIONLESS),
+    ],
+};
+/** LHS: F has dimension [force]. */
+export const BE38_MOND_FORCE_LHS = sym('F', FORCE);
+/**
+ * Compute the MOND-modified force using the canonical Milgrom (1983)
+ * interpolation `μ(x) = x/√(1+x²)`:
+ *
+ *   F = F_N · ν(z),  z = F_N / (m · a_0)
+ *   ν(z) = √[(1 + √(1 + 4/z²)) / 2]
+ *
+ * Limits (verifiable by inspection):
+ *   - z → ∞: ν → 1, so F → F_N (Newtonian)
+ *   - z → 0: ν → √(2/z) → ∞, but F = F_N·ν → √(F_N · m · a_0) (deep-MOND)
+ *
+ * @returns Force in newtons.
+ */
+export function evaluateMONDForce(input) {
+    const { F_N_newton, m_kg, a_0_m_per_s2 } = input;
+    if (!Number.isFinite(F_N_newton) || F_N_newton <= 0) {
+        throw new RangeError(`evaluateMONDForce: F_N_newton must be a finite positive number, got ${F_N_newton}`);
+    }
+    if (!Number.isFinite(m_kg) || m_kg <= 0) {
+        throw new RangeError(`evaluateMONDForce: m_kg must be a finite positive number, got ${m_kg}`);
+    }
+    if (!Number.isFinite(a_0_m_per_s2) || a_0_m_per_s2 <= 0) {
+        throw new RangeError(`evaluateMONDForce: a_0_m_per_s2 must be a finite positive number, got ${a_0_m_per_s2}`);
+    }
+    const z = F_N_newton / (m_kg * a_0_m_per_s2);
+    const nu = Math.sqrt((1 + Math.sqrt(1 + 4 / (z * z))) / 2);
+    return F_N_newton * nu;
+}
+// --- Self-validation ---
+/**
+ * Run the AST through the dimensional analyzer; both sides should be
+ * [force].
+ */
+export function validateBE38Dimensions() {
+    const eq = validateEquation(BE38_MOND_FORCE_LHS, BE38_MOND_FORCE_RHS);
+    const lhs = validate(BE38_MOND_FORCE_LHS);
+    const rhs = validate(BE38_MOND_FORCE_RHS);
+    return {
+        ok: eq.ok,
+        lhsDim: lhs.inferredDimension,
+        rhsDim: rhs.inferredDimension,
+    };
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=be-38-mond.js.map

package/dist/bridges/equations/be-38-mond.js.map

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