universal-dev-standards 3.5.1-beta.1 → 3.5.1-beta.11

package/bundled/locales/zh-TW/skills/claude-code/tdd-assistant/language-examples.md

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+---
+source: ../../../../../skills/claude-code/tdd-assistant/language-examples.md
+source_version: 1.0.0
+translation_version: 1.0.0
+last_synced: 2026-01-07
+status: current
+---
+
+# TDD 語言範例
+
+> **語言**: [English](../../../../../skills/claude-code/tdd-assistant/language-examples.md) | 繁體中文
+
+**版本**: 1.0.0
+**最後更新**: 2026-01-07
+
+---
+
+## 概覽
+
+本文件提供六種主流程式語言的完整 TDD 範例：
+
+1. [JavaScript/TypeScript](#javascripttypescript)
+2. [Python](#python)
+3. [C#](#c)
+4. [Go](#go)
+5. [Java](#java)
+6. [Ruby](#ruby)
+
+每個區段包含：
+- 完整的紅-綠-重構範例
+- 測試框架設置
+- Mock/Stub 使用
+- BDD 範例（如適用）
+
+---
+
+## JavaScript/TypeScript
+
+### 測試框架：Jest/Vitest
+
+#### 設置
+
+```bash
+# Jest
+npm install --save-dev jest @types/jest ts-jest
+
+# Vitest
+npm install --save-dev vitest
+```
+
+#### 完整 TDD 範例：購物車
+
+**步驟 1：紅色 - 撰寫失敗測試**
+
+```typescript
+// cart.test.ts
+import { ShoppingCart } from './cart';
+
+describe('ShoppingCart', () => {
+  describe('calculateTotal', () => {
+    test('should return 0 for empty cart', () => {
+      // Arrange（準備）
+      const cart = new ShoppingCart();
+
+      // Act（執行）
+      const total = cart.calculateTotal();
+
+      // Assert（斷言）
+      expect(total).toBe(0);
+    });
+  });
+});
+```
+
+執行測試 - 它失敗因為 `ShoppingCart` 不存在。
+
+**步驟 2：綠色 - 最少實現**
+
+```typescript
+// cart.ts
+export class ShoppingCart {
+  calculateTotal(): number {
+    return 0; // 假裝！
+  }
+}
+```
+
+測試通過。
+
+**步驟 3：紅色 - 新增下一個測試**
+
+```typescript
+test('should return sum of item prices', () => {
+  const cart = new ShoppingCart();
+  cart.addItem({ name: 'Widget', price: 10 });
+  cart.addItem({ name: 'Gadget', price: 20 });
+
+  const total = cart.calculateTotal();
+
+  expect(total).toBe(30);
+});
+```
+
+**步驟 4：綠色 - 實現**
+
+```typescript
+export class ShoppingCart {
+  private items: { name: string; price: number }[] = [];
+
+  addItem(item: { name: string; price: number }): void {
+    this.items.push(item);
+  }
+
+  calculateTotal(): number {
+    return this.items.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price, 0);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Mock 範例
+
+```typescript
+// orderService.test.ts
+import { OrderService } from './orderService';
+import { PaymentGateway } from './paymentGateway';
+
+jest.mock('./paymentGateway');
+
+describe('OrderService', () => {
+  test('should process payment and return order confirmation', async () => {
+    // Arrange
+    const mockPaymentGateway = new PaymentGateway() as jest.Mocked<PaymentGateway>;
+    mockPaymentGateway.charge.mockResolvedValue({
+      success: true,
+      transactionId: 'TXN123'
+    });
+
+    const orderService = new OrderService(mockPaymentGateway);
+
+    // Act
+    const result = await orderService.checkout({
+      amount: 100,
+      cardNumber: '4111111111111111'
+    });
+
+    // Assert
+    expect(result.confirmed).toBe(true);
+    expect(mockPaymentGateway.charge).toHaveBeenCalledWith(100, '4111111111111111');
+  });
+});
+```
+
+---
+
+## Python
+
+### 測試框架：pytest
+
+#### 設置
+
+```bash
+pip install pytest pytest-cov pytest-mock
+```
+
+#### 完整 TDD 範例：計算機
+
+**步驟 1：紅色**
+
+```python
+# tests/test_calculator.py
+import pytest
+from calculator import Calculator
+
+class TestCalculator:
+    def test_add_two_positive_numbers(self):
+        # Arrange（準備）
+        calc = Calculator()
+
+        # Act（執行）
+        result = calc.add(2, 3)
+
+        # Assert（斷言）
+        assert result == 5
+```
+
+**步驟 2：綠色**
+
+```python
+# calculator.py
+class Calculator:
+    def add(self, a: float, b: float) -> float:
+        return 5  # 假裝！
+```
+
+**步驟 3：紅色 - 強制泛化**
+
+```python
+def test_add_different_numbers(self):
+    calc = Calculator()
+    result = calc.add(10, 20)
+    assert result == 30
+```
+
+**步驟 4：綠色 - 實現**
+
+```python
+class Calculator:
+    def add(self, a: float, b: float) -> float:
+        return a + b
+```
+
+#### Mock 範例
+
+```python
+# tests/test_user_service.py
+from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
+from user_service import UserService
+
+class TestUserService:
+    @patch('user_service.EmailClient')
+    def test_register_user_sends_welcome_email(self, mock_email_client):
+        # Arrange
+        mock_client = Mock()
+        mock_email_client.return_value = mock_client
+        service = UserService()
+
+        # Act
+        service.register_user("john@example.com", "John")
+
+        # Assert
+        mock_client.send.assert_called_once_with(
+            to="john@example.com",
+            subject="Welcome!",
+            body="Hello John, welcome to our service!"
+        )
+```
+
+---
+
+## C#
+
+### 測試框架：xUnit
+
+#### 設置
+
+```bash
+dotnet add package xunit
+dotnet add package xunit.runner.visualstudio
+dotnet add package Moq
+dotnet add package FluentAssertions
+```
+
+#### 完整 TDD 範例：訂單處理器
+
+**步驟 1：紅色**
+
+```csharp
+// OrderProcessorTests.cs
+using Xunit;
+using FluentAssertions;
+
+public class OrderProcessorTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void ProcessOrder_WithValidOrder_ReturnsSuccess()
+    {
+        // Arrange（準備）
+        var processor = new OrderProcessor();
+        var order = new Order { Id = 1, Amount = 100 };
+
+        // Act（執行）
+        var result = processor.Process(order);
+
+        // Assert（斷言）
+        result.IsSuccess.Should().BeTrue();
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**步驟 2：綠色**
+
+```csharp
+// OrderProcessor.cs
+public class OrderProcessor
+{
+    public ProcessResult Process(Order order)
+    {
+        return new ProcessResult { IsSuccess = true }; // 假裝！
+    }
+}
+```
+
+#### Moq 範例
+
+```csharp
+using Moq;
+
+public class PaymentServiceTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ProcessPayment_WithValidCard_ChargesAndSendsReceipt()
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var mockGateway = new Mock<IPaymentGateway>();
+        mockGateway
+            .Setup(g => g.ChargeAsync(It.IsAny<decimal>(), It.IsAny<string>()))
+            .ReturnsAsync(new ChargeResult { TransactionId = "TXN123" });
+
+        var service = new PaymentService(mockGateway.Object);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await service.ProcessPaymentAsync(100, "4111111111111111");
+
+        // Assert
+        result.TransactionId.Should().Be("TXN123");
+        mockGateway.Verify(g => g.ChargeAsync(100, "4111111111111111"), Times.Once);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Go
+
+### 測試框架：testing + testify
+
+#### 設置
+
+```bash
+go get github.com/stretchr/testify
+```
+
+#### 完整 TDD 範例：使用者儲存庫
+
+**步驟 1：紅色**
+
+```go
+// user_repository_test.go
+package repository
+
+import (
+    "testing"
+    "github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestUserRepository_FindById_ReturnsUser(t *testing.T) {
+    // Arrange（準備）
+    repo := NewUserRepository()
+    repo.Save(&User{ID: 1, Name: "John"})
+
+    // Act（執行）
+    user, err := repo.FindById(1)
+
+    // Assert（斷言）
+    assert.NoError(t, err)
+    assert.Equal(t, "John", user.Name)
+}
+```
+
+**步驟 2：綠色**
+
+```go
+// user_repository.go
+package repository
+
+type UserRepository struct {
+    users map[int]*User
+}
+
+func NewUserRepository() *UserRepository {
+    return &UserRepository{users: make(map[int]*User)}
+}
+
+func (r *UserRepository) Save(user *User) {
+    r.users[user.ID] = user
+}
+
+func (r *UserRepository) FindById(id int) (*User, error) {
+    user, exists := r.users[id]
+    if !exists {
+        return nil, errors.New("user not found")
+    }
+    return user, nil
+}
+```
+
+#### 表格驅動測試（Go 慣例）
+
+```go
+func TestUserRepository_Save(t *testing.T) {
+    tests := []struct {
+        name     string
+        user     *User
+        expected int
+    }{
+        {
+            name:     "save single user",
+            user:     &User{ID: 1, Name: "Alice"},
+            expected: 1,
+        },
+        {
+            name:     "save user with different ID",
+            user:     &User{ID: 2, Name: "Bob"},
+            expected: 2,
+        },
+    }
+
+    for _, tt := range tests {
+        t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+            repo := NewUserRepository()
+            repo.Save(tt.user)
+
+            found, err := repo.FindById(tt.expected)
+
+            assert.NoError(t, err)
+            assert.Equal(t, tt.user.Name, found.Name)
+        })
+    }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Java
+
+### 測試框架：JUnit 5 + Mockito
+
+#### 設置 (Maven)
+
+```xml
+<dependencies>
+    <dependency>
+        <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
+        <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
+        <version>5.10.0</version>
+        <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+        <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
+        <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
+        <version>5.5.0</version>
+        <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+</dependencies>
+```
+
+#### 完整 TDD 範例：帳戶服務
+
+**步驟 1：紅色**
+
+```java
+// AccountServiceTest.java
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
+
+class AccountServiceTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void deposit_withPositiveAmount_increasesBalance() {
+        // Arrange（準備）
+        AccountService service = new AccountService();
+        Account account = new Account(100.0);
+
+        // Act（執行）
+        service.deposit(account, 50.0);
+
+        // Assert（斷言）
+        assertThat(account.getBalance()).isEqualTo(150.0);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**步驟 2：綠色**
+
+```java
+// AccountService.java
+public class AccountService {
+    public void deposit(Account account, double amount) {
+        account.setBalance(account.getBalance() + amount);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+#### Mockito 範例
+
+```java
+@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
+class OrderServiceTest {
+
+    @Mock
+    private PaymentGateway paymentGateway;
+
+    @InjectMocks
+    private OrderService orderService;
+
+    @Test
+    void placeOrder_withValidOrder_processesPayment() {
+        // Arrange
+        Order order = new Order("PROD-1", 2, 50.0);
+        when(paymentGateway.charge(100.0))
+            .thenReturn(new PaymentResult("TXN-123", true));
+
+        // Act
+        OrderResult result = orderService.placeOrder(order);
+
+        // Assert
+        assertThat(result.isSuccess()).isTrue();
+        verify(paymentGateway).charge(100.0);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Ruby
+
+### 測試框架：RSpec
+
+#### 設置
+
+```ruby
+# Gemfile
+group :test do
+  gem 'rspec', '~> 3.12'
+  gem 'rspec-mocks'
+end
+```
+
+#### 完整 TDD 範例：購物車
+
+**步驟 1：紅色**
+
+```ruby
+# spec/shopping_cart_spec.rb
+require_relative '../lib/shopping_cart'
+
+RSpec.describe ShoppingCart do
+  describe '#total' do
+    it 'returns 0 for empty cart' do
+      cart = ShoppingCart.new
+
+      expect(cart.total).to eq(0)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+**步驟 2：綠色**
+
+```ruby
+# lib/shopping_cart.rb
+class ShoppingCart
+  def total
+    0 # 假裝！
+  end
+end
+```
+
+**步驟 3：紅色 - 新增商品**
+
+```ruby
+it 'returns sum of item prices' do
+  cart = ShoppingCart.new
+  cart.add_item(name: 'Widget', price: 10)
+  cart.add_item(name: 'Gadget', price: 20)
+
+  expect(cart.total).to eq(30)
+end
+```
+
+**步驟 4：綠色與重構**
+
+```ruby
+class ShoppingCart
+  def initialize
+    @items = []
+  end
+
+  def add_item(item)
+    @items << item
+  end
+
+  def total
+    @items.sum { |item| item[:price] }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### RSpec Mock 範例
+
+```ruby
+RSpec.describe OrderService do
+  describe '#process' do
+    it 'charges payment and sends confirmation' do
+      # Arrange
+      payment_gateway = instance_double(PaymentGateway)
+      email_service = instance_double(EmailService)
+
+      allow(payment_gateway).to receive(:charge).and_return(
+        OpenStruct.new(success: true, transaction_id: 'TXN123')
+      )
+      allow(email_service).to receive(:send_confirmation)
+
+      service = OrderService.new(
+        payment_gateway: payment_gateway,
+        email_service: email_service
+      )
+
+      # Act
+      result = service.process(Order.new(amount: 100, email: 'user@example.com'))
+
+      # Assert
+      expect(result.success?).to be true
+      expect(payment_gateway).to have_received(:charge).with(100)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+---
+
+## 框架比較摘要
+
+| 語言 | 單元測試 | Mock | BDD | Watch 模式 |
+|------|---------|------|-----|-----------|
+| **JavaScript** | Jest/Vitest | jest.mock | Cucumber.js | `--watch` |
+| **Python** | pytest | unittest.mock | Behave | pytest-watch |
+| **C#** | xUnit/NUnit | Moq | SpecFlow | dotnet watch |
+| **Go** | testing | testify/mock | godog | go test -v |
+| **Java** | JUnit 5 | Mockito | Cucumber-JVM | Maven/Gradle |
+| **Ruby** | RSpec | rspec-mocks | Cucumber/RSpec | guard |
+
+---
+
+## 相關文件
+
+- [SKILL.md](./SKILL.md) - TDD 助手概覽
+- [TDD 工作流程](./tdd-workflow.md) - 詳細工作流程指南
+- [TDD 核心標準](../../../../../core/test-driven-development.md) - 完整 TDD 標準