superacli 1.1.6 → 1.1.7

package/ref-monty/crates/monty/src/bytecode/compiler.rs

@@ -1,3206 +0,0 @@
-//! Bytecode compiler for transforming AST to bytecode.
-//!
-//! The compiler traverses the prepared AST (`PreparedNode` and `Expr` types from `expressions.rs`)
-//! and emits bytecode instructions using `CodeBuilder`. It handles variable scoping,
-//! control flow, and expression evaluation order following Python semantics.
-//!
-//! Functions are compiled recursively: when a `PreparedFunctionDef` is encountered,
-//! its body is compiled to bytecode and a `Function` struct is created. All compiled
-//! functions are collected and returned along with the module code.
-
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-
-use super::{
-    builder::{CodeBuilder, JumpLabel},
-    code::{Code, ExceptionEntry},
-    op::Opcode,
-};
-use crate::{
-    args::{ArgExprs, CallArg, CallKwarg, Kwarg},
-    builtins::Builtins,
-    exception_private::ExcType,
-    exception_public::{MontyException, StackFrame},
-    expressions::{
-        Callable, CmpOperator, Comprehension, DictItem, Expr, ExprLoc, Identifier, Literal, NameScope, Node, Operator,
-        PreparedFunctionDef, PreparedNode, SequenceItem, UnpackTarget,
-    },
-    fstring::{ConversionFlag, FStringPart, FormatSpec, ParsedFormatSpec, encode_format_spec},
-    function::Function,
-    intern::{Interns, StringId},
-    modules::BuiltinModule,
-    parse::{CodeRange, ExceptHandler, Try},
-    value::{EitherStr, Value},
-};
-
-/// Maximum number of arguments allowed in a function call.
-///
-/// This limit comes from the bytecode format: `CallFunction` and `CallAttr`
-/// use a u8 operand for the argument count, so max 255. Python itself has no
-/// such limit but we need one for our bytecode encoding.
-const MAX_CALL_ARGS: usize = 255;
-
-/// Compiles prepared AST nodes to bytecode.
-///
-/// The compiler traverses the AST and emits bytecode instructions using
-/// `CodeBuilder`. It handles variable scoping, control flow, and expression
-/// evaluation order following Python semantics.
-///
-/// Functions are compiled recursively and collected in the `functions` vector.
-/// When a `PreparedFunctionDef` is encountered, its body is compiled first,
-/// creating a `Function` struct that is added to the vector. The index of the
-/// function in this vector becomes the operand for MakeFunction/MakeClosure opcodes.
-pub struct Compiler<'a> {
-    /// Current code being built.
-    code: CodeBuilder,
-
-    /// Reference to interns for string/function lookups.
-    interns: &'a Interns,
-
-    /// Compiled functions, indexed by their position in this vector.
-    ///
-    /// Functions are added in the order they are encountered during compilation.
-    /// Nested functions are compiled before their containing function's code
-    /// finishes, so inner functions have lower indices.
-    functions: Vec<Function>,
-
-    /// Loop stack for break/continue handling.
-    /// Each entry tracks the loop start offset and pending break jumps.
-    loop_stack: Vec<LoopInfo>,
-
-    /// Stack of finally targets for handling returns inside try-finally.
-    ///
-    /// When a return statement is compiled inside a try-finally block, instead
-    /// of immediately returning, we store the return value and jump to the
-    /// finally block. The finally block will then execute the return.
-    finally_targets: Vec<FinallyTarget>,
-
-    /// Tracks nesting depth inside exception handlers.
-    ///
-    /// When break/continue/return is inside an except handler, we need to
-    /// clear the current exception (`ClearException`) and pop the exception
-    /// value from the stack before jumping to the finally path or loop target.
-    except_handler_depth: usize,
-
-    /// Whether the compiler is currently compiling module-level code.
-    ///
-    /// At module level, `Local` and `LocalUnassigned` scopes map to global opcodes
-    /// (`LoadGlobal`/`StoreGlobal`/`DeleteGlobal`) because module locals live in the
-    /// globals array. In function bodies this is `false` and these scopes use local
-    /// opcodes that index into the stack.
-    is_module_scope: bool,
-}
-
-/// Information about a loop for break/continue handling.
-///
-/// Tracks the bytecode locations needed for compiling break and continue statements:
-/// - `start`: where continue should jump to (the ForIter instruction for `for` loops,
-///   or condition evaluation for `while` loops)
-/// - `break_jumps`: pending jumps from break statements that need to be patched
-///   to jump past the loop's else block
-/// - `has_iterator_on_stack`: whether this loop has an iterator on the stack that
-///   needs to be popped on break (true for `for` loops, false for `while` loops)
-struct LoopInfo {
-    /// Bytecode offset of loop start (for continue).
-    start: usize,
-    /// Jump labels that need patching to loop end (for break).
-    break_jumps: Vec<JumpLabel>,
-    /// Whether this loop has an iterator on the stack.
-    /// True for `for` loops, false for `while` loops.
-    has_iterator_on_stack: bool,
-}
-
-/// A break or continue that needs to go through a finally block.
-///
-/// When break/continue is inside a try-finally, we need to run the finally block
-/// before executing the break/continue. This struct tracks the jump and which
-/// loop it targets.
-struct BreakContinueThruFinally {
-    /// The jump instruction that needs to be patched.
-    jump: JumpLabel,
-    /// The loop depth (index in loop_stack) being targeted.
-    target_loop_depth: usize,
-}
-
-/// Tracks a finally block for handling returns/break/continue inside try-finally.
-///
-/// When compiling a try-finally, we push a `FinallyTarget` to track jumps
-/// from return/break/continue statements that need to go through the finally block.
-struct FinallyTarget {
-    /// Jump labels for returns inside the try block that need to go to finally.
-    return_jumps: Vec<JumpLabel>,
-    /// Break statements that need to go through this finally block.
-    break_jumps: Vec<BreakContinueThruFinally>,
-    /// Continue statements that need to go through this finally block.
-    continue_jumps: Vec<BreakContinueThruFinally>,
-    /// The loop depth when this finally was entered.
-    /// Used to determine if break/continue targets a loop outside this finally.
-    loop_depth_at_entry: usize,
-}
-
-/// Result of module compilation: the module code and all compiled functions.
-pub struct CompileResult {
-    /// The compiled module code.
-    pub code: Code,
-    /// All functions compiled during module compilation, indexed by their function ID.
-    pub functions: Vec<Function>,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
-    /// Creates a new compiler with access to the string interner.
-    fn new(interns: &'a Interns, functions: Vec<Function>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            code: CodeBuilder::new(),
-            interns,
-            functions,
-            loop_stack: Vec::new(),
-            finally_targets: Vec::new(),
-            except_handler_depth: 0,
-            is_module_scope: false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles module-level code (a sequence of statements).
-    ///
-    /// Returns the compiled module Code and all compiled Functions, or a compile
-    /// error if limits were exceeded. The module implicitly returns the value
-    /// of the last expression, or None if empty.
-    pub fn compile_module(
-        nodes: &[PreparedNode],
-        interns: &Interns,
-        num_locals: u16,
-    ) -> Result<CompileResult, CompileError> {
-        Self::compile_module_with_functions(nodes, interns, num_locals, Vec::new())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles module-level code while preserving an existing function table prefix.
-    ///
-    /// This is used by incremental REPL compilation so previously created
-    /// `FunctionId`s remain stable: new function IDs are allocated after
-    /// `existing_functions.len()`.
-    pub fn compile_module_with_functions(
-        nodes: &[PreparedNode],
-        interns: &Interns,
-        num_locals: u16,
-        existing_functions: Vec<Function>,
-    ) -> Result<CompileResult, CompileError> {
-        let mut compiler = Compiler::new(interns, Vec::new());
-        compiler.functions = existing_functions;
-        compiler.is_module_scope = true;
-        compiler.compile_block(nodes)?;
-
-        // Module returns None if no explicit return
-        compiler.code.emit(Opcode::LoadNone);
-        compiler.code.emit(Opcode::ReturnValue);
-
-        Ok(CompileResult {
-            code: compiler.code.build(num_locals),
-            functions: compiler.functions,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a function body to bytecode, returning the Code and any nested functions.
-    ///
-    /// Used internally when compiling function definitions. The function body is
-    /// compiled to bytecode with an implicit `return None` at the end if there's
-    /// no explicit return statement.
-    ///
-    /// The `functions` parameter receives any previously compiled functions, and
-    /// any nested functions found in the body will be added to it.
-    fn compile_function_body(
-        body: &[PreparedNode],
-        interns: &Interns,
-        functions: Vec<Function>,
-        num_locals: u16,
-    ) -> Result<(Code, Vec<Function>), CompileError> {
-        let mut compiler = Compiler::new(interns, functions);
-        compiler.compile_block(body)?;
-
-        // Implicit return None if no explicit return
-        compiler.code.emit(Opcode::LoadNone);
-        compiler.code.emit(Opcode::ReturnValue);
-
-        Ok((compiler.code.build(num_locals), compiler.functions))
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a block of statements.
-    fn compile_block(&mut self, nodes: &[PreparedNode]) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        for node in nodes {
-            self.compile_stmt(node)?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    // ========================================================================
-    // Statement Compilation
-    // ========================================================================
-
-    /// Compiles a single statement.
-    fn compile_stmt(&mut self, node: &PreparedNode) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // Node is an alias, use qualified path for matching
-        match node {
-            Node::Expr(expr) => {
-                self.compile_expr(expr)?;
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::Pop); // Discard result
-            }
-            Node::Return(expr) => {
-                self.compile_expr(expr)?;
-                self.compile_return();
-            }
-            Node::ReturnNone => {
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::LoadNone);
-                self.compile_return();
-            }
-            Node::Assign { target, object } => {
-                self.compile_expr(object)?;
-                self.compile_store(target);
-            }
-            Node::UnpackAssign {
-                targets,
-                targets_position,
-                object,
-            } => {
-                self.compile_expr(object)?;
-
-                // Check if there's a starred target
-                let star_idx = targets.iter().position(|t| matches!(t, UnpackTarget::Starred(_)));
-
-                // Set location to targets for proper caret in tracebacks
-                self.code.set_location(*targets_position, None);
-
-                if let Some(star_idx) = star_idx {
-                    // Has starred target - use UnpackEx
-                    let before = u8::try_from(star_idx).expect("too many targets before star");
-                    let after = u8::try_from(targets.len() - star_idx - 1).expect("too many targets after star");
-                    self.code.emit_u8_u8(Opcode::UnpackEx, before, after);
-                } else {
-                    // No starred target - use UnpackSequence
-                    let count = u8::try_from(targets.len()).expect("too many targets in unpack");
-                    self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::UnpackSequence, count);
-                }
-
-                // After UnpackSequence/UnpackEx, values are on stack with first item on top
-                // Store them in order (first target gets first item), handling nesting
-                for target in targets {
-                    self.compile_unpack_target(target);
-                }
-            }
-            Node::OpAssign { target, op, object } => {
-                let Some(opcode) = operator_to_inplace_opcode(op) else {
-                    return Err(CompileError::new(
-                        "matrix multiplication augmented assignment (@=) is not yet supported",
-                        target.position,
-                    ));
-                };
-                self.compile_name(target);
-                self.compile_expr(object)?;
-                self.code.emit(opcode);
-                self.compile_store(target);
-            }
-            Node::SubscriptOpAssign {
-                target,
-                index,
-                op,
-                object,
-                target_position,
-            } => {
-                let Some(opcode) = operator_to_inplace_opcode(op) else {
-                    return Err(CompileError::new(
-                        "matrix multiplication augmented assignment (@=) is not yet supported",
-                        *target_position,
-                    ));
-                };
-                self.compile_name(target);
-                self.compile_expr(index)?;
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::Dup2);
-                self.code.set_location(*target_position, None);
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::BinarySubscr);
-                self.compile_expr(object)?;
-                self.code.emit(opcode);
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::Rot3);
-                self.code.set_location(*target_position, None);
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::StoreSubscr);
-            }
-            Node::SubscriptAssign {
-                target,
-                index,
-                value,
-                target_position,
-            } => {
-                // Stack order for StoreSubscr: value, obj, index
-                self.compile_expr(value)?;
-                self.compile_name(target);
-                self.compile_expr(index)?;
-                // Set location to the target (e.g., `lst[10]`) for proper caret in tracebacks
-                self.code.set_location(*target_position, None);
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::StoreSubscr);
-            }
-            Node::AttrAssign {
-                object,
-                attr,
-                target_position,
-                value,
-            } => {
-                // Stack order for StoreAttr: value, obj
-                self.compile_expr(value)?;
-                self.compile_expr(object)?;
-                let name_id = attr.string_id().expect("StoreAttr requires interned attr name");
-                // Set location to the target (e.g., `x.foo`) for proper caret in tracebacks
-                self.code.set_location(*target_position, None);
-                self.code.emit_u16(
-                    Opcode::StoreAttr,
-                    u16::try_from(name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"),
-                );
-            }
-            Node::If { test, body, or_else } => self.compile_if(test, body, or_else)?,
-            Node::For {
-                target,
-                iter,
-                body,
-                or_else,
-            } => self.compile_for(target, iter, body, or_else)?,
-            Node::While { test, body, or_else } => self.compile_while(test, body, or_else)?,
-            Node::Assert { test, msg } => self.compile_assert(test, msg.as_ref())?,
-            Node::Raise(expr) => {
-                if let Some(exc) = expr {
-                    self.compile_expr(exc)?;
-                    self.code.emit(Opcode::Raise);
-                } else {
-                    self.code.emit(Opcode::Reraise);
-                }
-            }
-            Node::FunctionDef(func_def) => self.compile_function_def(func_def)?,
-            Node::Try(try_block) => self.compile_try(try_block)?,
-            Node::Import { module_name, binding } => self.compile_import(*module_name, binding),
-            Node::ImportFrom {
-                module_name,
-                names,
-                position,
-            } => self.compile_import_from(*module_name, names, *position),
-            Node::Break { position } => self.compile_break(*position)?,
-            Node::Continue { position } => self.compile_continue(*position)?,
-            // These are handled during the prepare phase and produce no bytecode
-            Node::Pass | Node::Global { .. } | Node::Nonlocal { .. } => {}
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a function definition.
-    ///
-    /// This involves:
-    /// 1. Recursively compiling the function body to bytecode
-    /// 2. Creating a Function struct with the compiled Code
-    /// 3. Adding the Function to the compiler's functions vector
-    /// 4. Emitting bytecode to evaluate defaults and create the function at runtime
-    fn compile_function_def(&mut self, func_def: &PreparedFunctionDef) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        let func_pos = func_def.name.position;
-
-        // Check bytecode operand limits
-        if func_def.default_exprs.len() > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-            return Err(CompileError::new(
-                format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} default parameter values"),
-                func_pos,
-            ));
-        }
-        if func_def.free_var_enclosing_slots.len() > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-            return Err(CompileError::new(
-                format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} closure variables"),
-                func_pos,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        // 1. Compile the function body recursively
-        // Take ownership of functions for the recursive compile, then restore
-        let functions = std::mem::take(&mut self.functions);
-        let namespace_size = u16::try_from(func_def.namespace_size).expect("function namespace size exceeds u16");
-        let (body_code, mut functions) =
-            Self::compile_function_body(&func_def.body, self.interns, functions, namespace_size)?;
-
-        // 2. Create the compiled Function and add to the vector
-        let func_id = functions.len();
-        let function = Function::new(
-            func_def.name,
-            func_def.signature.clone(),
-            func_def.namespace_size,
-            func_def.free_var_enclosing_slots.clone(),
-            func_def.cell_var_count,
-            func_def.cell_param_indices.clone(),
-            func_def.default_exprs.len(),
-            func_def.is_async,
-            body_code,
-        );
-        functions.push(function);
-
-        // Restore functions to self
-        self.functions = functions;
-
-        // 3. Compile and push default values (evaluated at definition time)
-        for default_expr in &func_def.default_exprs {
-            self.compile_expr(default_expr)?;
-        }
-        let defaults_count =
-            u8::try_from(func_def.default_exprs.len()).expect("function default argument count exceeds u8");
-        let func_id_u16 = u16::try_from(func_id).expect("function count exceeds u16");
-
-        // 4. Emit MakeFunction or MakeClosure (if has free vars)
-        if func_def.free_var_enclosing_slots.is_empty() {
-            // MakeFunction: func_id (u16) + defaults_count (u8)
-            self.code.emit_u16_u8(Opcode::MakeFunction, func_id_u16, defaults_count);
-        } else {
-            // Push captured cells from enclosing scope
-            for &slot in &func_def.free_var_enclosing_slots {
-                // Load the cell reference from the enclosing namespace
-                let slot_u16 = u16::try_from(slot.index()).expect("closure slot index exceeds u16");
-                self.code.emit_load_local(slot_u16);
-            }
-            let cell_count =
-                u8::try_from(func_def.free_var_enclosing_slots.len()).expect("closure cell count exceeds u8");
-            // MakeClosure: func_id (u16) + defaults_count (u8) + cell_count (u8)
-            self.code
-                .emit_u16_u8_u8(Opcode::MakeClosure, func_id_u16, defaults_count, cell_count);
-        }
-
-        // 5. Store the function object to its name slot
-        self.compile_store(&func_def.name);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a lambda expression.
-    ///
-    /// This is similar to `compile_function_def` but:
-    /// - Does NOT store the function to a name slot (it stays on the stack as an expression result)
-    ///
-    /// The lambda's `PreparedFunctionDef` already has `<lambda>` as its name.
-    fn compile_lambda(&mut self, func_def: &PreparedFunctionDef) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        let func_pos = func_def.name.position;
-
-        // Check bytecode operand limits
-        if func_def.default_exprs.len() > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-            return Err(CompileError::new(
-                format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} default parameter values"),
-                func_pos,
-            ));
-        }
-        if func_def.free_var_enclosing_slots.len() > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-            return Err(CompileError::new(
-                format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} closure variables"),
-                func_pos,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        // 1. Compile the function body recursively
-        let functions = std::mem::take(&mut self.functions);
-        let namespace_size = u16::try_from(func_def.namespace_size).expect("function namespace size exceeds u16");
-        let (body_code, mut functions) =
-            Self::compile_function_body(&func_def.body, self.interns, functions, namespace_size)?;
-
-        // 2. Create the compiled Function and add to the vector
-        let func_id = functions.len();
-        let function = Function::new(
-            func_def.name,
-            func_def.signature.clone(),
-            func_def.namespace_size,
-            func_def.free_var_enclosing_slots.clone(),
-            func_def.cell_var_count,
-            func_def.cell_param_indices.clone(),
-            func_def.default_exprs.len(),
-            func_def.is_async,
-            body_code,
-        );
-        functions.push(function);
-
-        // Restore functions to self
-        self.functions = functions;
-
-        // 3. Compile and push default values (evaluated at definition time)
-        for default_expr in &func_def.default_exprs {
-            self.compile_expr(default_expr)?;
-        }
-        let defaults_count =
-            u8::try_from(func_def.default_exprs.len()).expect("function default argument count exceeds u8");
-        let func_id_u16 = u16::try_from(func_id).expect("function count exceeds u16");
-
-        // 4. Emit MakeFunction or MakeClosure (if has free vars)
-        if func_def.free_var_enclosing_slots.is_empty() {
-            // MakeFunction: func_id (u16) + defaults_count (u8)
-            self.code.emit_u16_u8(Opcode::MakeFunction, func_id_u16, defaults_count);
-        } else {
-            // Push captured cells from enclosing scope
-            for &slot in &func_def.free_var_enclosing_slots {
-                let slot_u16 = u16::try_from(slot.index()).expect("closure slot index exceeds u16");
-                self.code.emit_load_local(slot_u16);
-            }
-            let cell_count =
-                u8::try_from(func_def.free_var_enclosing_slots.len()).expect("closure cell count exceeds u8");
-            // MakeClosure: func_id (u16) + defaults_count (u8) + cell_count (u8)
-            self.code
-                .emit_u16_u8_u8(Opcode::MakeClosure, func_id_u16, defaults_count, cell_count);
-        }
-
-        // NOTE: Unlike compile_function_def, we do NOT call compile_store here.
-        // The function object stays on the stack as an expression result.
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles an import statement.
-    ///
-    /// Emits `LoadModule` to create the module, then stores it to the binding name.
-    /// If the module is unknown, emits `RaiseImportError` to defer the error to runtime.
-    /// This allows imports inside `if TYPE_CHECKING:` blocks to compile successfully.
-    fn compile_import(&mut self, module_name: StringId, binding: &Identifier) {
-        let position = binding.position;
-        self.code.set_location(position, None);
-
-        // Look up the module by name
-        if let Some(builtin_module) = BuiltinModule::from_string_id(module_name) {
-            // Known module - emit LoadModule
-            self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::LoadModule, builtin_module as u8);
-            // Store to the binding (respects Local/Global/Cell scope)
-            self.compile_store(binding);
-        } else {
-            // Unknown module - defer error to runtime with RaiseImportError
-            // This allows TYPE_CHECKING imports to compile without error
-            let name_const = self.code.add_const(Value::InternString(module_name));
-            self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::RaiseImportError, name_const);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a `from module import name, ...` statement.
-    ///
-    /// Creates the module once, then loads each attribute and stores to the binding.
-    /// Invalid attribute names will raise `AttributeError` at runtime.
-    /// If the module is unknown, emits `RaiseImportError` to defer the error to runtime.
-    /// This allows imports inside `if TYPE_CHECKING:` blocks to compile successfully.
-    fn compile_import_from(&mut self, module_name: StringId, names: &[(StringId, Identifier)], position: CodeRange) {
-        self.code.set_location(position, None);
-
-        // Look up the module
-        if let Some(builtin_module) = BuiltinModule::from_string_id(module_name) {
-            // Known module - emit LoadModule
-            self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::LoadModule, builtin_module as u8);
-
-            // For each name to import
-            for (i, (import_name, binding)) in names.iter().enumerate() {
-                // Dup the module if this isn't the last import (last one consumes the module)
-                if i < names.len() - 1 {
-                    self.code.emit(Opcode::Dup);
-                }
-
-                // Load the attribute from the module (raises ImportError if not found)
-                let name_idx = u16::try_from(import_name.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16");
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadAttrImport, name_idx);
-
-                // Store to the binding
-                self.compile_store(binding);
-            }
-        } else {
-            // Unknown module - defer error to runtime with RaiseImportError
-            // This allows TYPE_CHECKING imports to compile without error
-            let name_const = self.code.add_const(Value::InternString(module_name));
-            self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::RaiseImportError, name_const);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ========================================================================
-    // Expression Compilation
-    // ========================================================================
-
-    /// Compiles an expression, leaving its value on the stack.
-    fn compile_expr(&mut self, expr_loc: &ExprLoc) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // Set source location for traceback info
-        self.code.set_location(expr_loc.position, None);
-
-        match &expr_loc.expr {
-            Expr::Literal(lit) => self.compile_literal(lit),
-
-            Expr::Name(ident) => self.compile_name(ident),
-
-            Expr::Builtin(builtin) => {
-                let idx = self.code.add_const(Value::Builtin(*builtin));
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, idx);
-            }
-
-            Expr::Op { left, op, right } => {
-                self.compile_binary_op(left, op, right, expr_loc.position)?;
-            }
-
-            Expr::CmpOp { left, op, right } => {
-                self.compile_expr(left)?;
-                self.compile_expr(right)?;
-                // Restore the full comparison expression's position for traceback caret range
-                self.code.set_location(expr_loc.position, None);
-                // ModEq needs special handling - it has a constant operand
-                if let CmpOperator::ModEq(value) = op {
-                    let const_idx = self.code.add_const(Value::Int(*value));
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::CompareModEq, const_idx);
-                } else {
-                    self.code.emit(cmp_operator_to_opcode(op));
-                }
-            }
-
-            Expr::ChainCmp { left, comparisons } => {
-                self.compile_chain_comparison(left, comparisons, expr_loc.position)?;
-            }
-
-            Expr::Not(operand) => {
-                self.compile_expr(operand)?;
-                // Restore the full expression's position for traceback caret range
-                self.code.set_location(expr_loc.position, None);
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::UnaryNot);
-            }
-
-            Expr::UnaryMinus(operand) => {
-                self.compile_expr(operand)?;
-                // Restore the full expression's position for traceback caret range
-                self.code.set_location(expr_loc.position, None);
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::UnaryNeg);
-            }
-
-            Expr::UnaryPlus(operand) => {
-                self.compile_expr(operand)?;
-                // Restore the full expression's position for traceback caret range
-                self.code.set_location(expr_loc.position, None);
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::UnaryPos);
-            }
-
-            Expr::UnaryInvert(operand) => {
-                self.compile_expr(operand)?;
-                // Restore the full expression's position for traceback caret range
-                self.code.set_location(expr_loc.position, None);
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::UnaryInvert);
-            }
-
-            Expr::List(elements) => {
-                if has_unpack_seq(elements) {
-                    // Generalized path: build incrementally for PEP 448 *unpacks
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildList, 0);
-                    for item in elements {
-                        match item {
-                            SequenceItem::Value(e) => {
-                                self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::ListAppend, 0);
-                            }
-                            SequenceItem::Unpack(e) => {
-                                self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                                self.code.emit(Opcode::ListExtend);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // Fast path: all values, single BuildList.
-                    // SAFETY: has_unpack_seq(elements) is false, so every item is Value.
-                    for item in elements {
-                        let SequenceItem::Value(e) = item else {
-                            unreachable!("list fast path: only Value items")
-                        };
-                        self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                    }
-                    self.code.emit_u16(
-                        Opcode::BuildList,
-                        u16::try_from(elements.len()).expect("elements count exceeds u16"),
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-
-            Expr::Tuple(elements) => {
-                if has_unpack_seq(elements) {
-                    // Generalized path: build via list then convert for PEP 448 *unpacks
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildList, 0);
-                    for item in elements {
-                        match item {
-                            SequenceItem::Value(e) => {
-                                self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::ListAppend, 0);
-                            }
-                            SequenceItem::Unpack(e) => {
-                                self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                                self.code.emit(Opcode::ListExtend);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    self.code.emit(Opcode::ListToTuple);
-                } else {
-                    // Fast path: all values, single BuildTuple.
-                    // SAFETY: has_unpack_seq(elements) is false, so every item is Value.
-                    for item in elements {
-                        let SequenceItem::Value(e) = item else {
-                            unreachable!("tuple fast path: only Value items")
-                        };
-                        self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                    }
-                    self.code.emit_u16(
-                        Opcode::BuildTuple,
-                        u16::try_from(elements.len()).expect("elements count exceeds u16"),
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-
-            Expr::Dict(dict_items) => {
-                if has_unpack_dict(dict_items) {
-                    // Generalized path: build incrementally for PEP 448 **unpacks
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildDict, 0);
-                    for item in dict_items {
-                        match item {
-                            DictItem::Pair(key, value) => {
-                                self.compile_expr(key)?;
-                                self.compile_expr(value)?;
-                                // depth=0: dict is at TOS after key/value are popped
-                                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::DictSetItem, 0);
-                            }
-                            DictItem::Unpack(e) => {
-                                self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                                // depth=0: dict is directly below mapping on stack
-                                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::DictUpdate, 0);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // Fast path: all pairs, single BuildDict.
-                    // SAFETY: has_unpack_dict(dict_items) is false, so every item is Pair.
-                    for item in dict_items {
-                        let DictItem::Pair(key, value) = item else {
-                            unreachable!("dict fast path: only Pair items")
-                        };
-                        self.compile_expr(key)?;
-                        self.compile_expr(value)?;
-                    }
-                    self.code.emit_u16(
-                        Opcode::BuildDict,
-                        u16::try_from(dict_items.len()).expect("pairs count exceeds u16"),
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-
-            Expr::Set(elements) => {
-                if has_unpack_seq(elements) {
-                    // Generalized path: build incrementally for PEP 448 *unpacks
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildSet, 0);
-                    for item in elements {
-                        match item {
-                            SequenceItem::Value(e) => {
-                                self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::SetAdd, 0);
-                            }
-                            SequenceItem::Unpack(e) => {
-                                self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::SetExtend, 0);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // Fast path: all values, single BuildSet.
-                    // SAFETY: has_unpack_seq(elements) is false, so every item is Value.
-                    for item in elements {
-                        let SequenceItem::Value(e) = item else {
-                            unreachable!("set fast path: only Value items")
-                        };
-                        self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                    }
-                    self.code.emit_u16(
-                        Opcode::BuildSet,
-                        u16::try_from(elements.len()).expect("elements count exceeds u16"),
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-
-            Expr::Subscript { object, index } => {
-                self.compile_expr(object)?;
-                self.compile_expr(index)?;
-                // Restore the full subscript expression's position for traceback
-                self.code.set_location(expr_loc.position, None);
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::BinarySubscr);
-            }
-
-            Expr::IfElse { test, body, orelse } => {
-                self.compile_if_else_expr(test, body, orelse)?;
-            }
-
-            Expr::AttrGet { object, attr } => {
-                self.compile_expr(object)?;
-                // Restore the full expression's position for traceback caret range
-                self.code.set_location(expr_loc.position, None);
-                let name_id = attr.string_id().expect("LoadAttr requires interned attr name");
-                self.code.emit_u16(
-                    Opcode::LoadAttr,
-                    u16::try_from(name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"),
-                );
-            }
-
-            Expr::Call { callable, args } => {
-                self.compile_call(callable, args, expr_loc.position)?;
-            }
-
-            Expr::AttrCall { object, attr, args } => {
-                // Compile the object (will be on the stack)
-                self.compile_expr(object)?;
-
-                // Compile the attribute call arguments and emit CallAttr
-                self.compile_method_call(attr, args, expr_loc.position)?;
-            }
-
-            Expr::IndirectCall { callable, args } => {
-                // Compile the callable expression (e.g., a lambda)
-                self.compile_expr(callable)?;
-
-                // Compile arguments and emit the call
-                self.compile_call_args(args, expr_loc.position)?;
-            }
-
-            Expr::FString(parts) => {
-                // Compile each part and build the f-string
-                let part_count = self.compile_fstring_parts(parts)?;
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildFString, part_count);
-            }
-
-            Expr::ListComp { elt, generators } => {
-                self.compile_list_comp(elt, generators)?;
-            }
-
-            Expr::SetComp { elt, generators } => {
-                self.compile_set_comp(elt, generators)?;
-            }
-
-            Expr::DictComp { key, value, generators } => {
-                self.compile_dict_comp(key, value, generators)?;
-            }
-
-            Expr::Lambda { func_def } => {
-                self.compile_lambda(func_def)?;
-            }
-
-            Expr::LambdaRaw { .. } => {
-                // LambdaRaw should be converted to Lambda during prepare phase
-                unreachable!("Expr::LambdaRaw should not exist after prepare phase")
-            }
-
-            Expr::Await(value) => {
-                // Await expressions: compile the inner expression, then emit Await
-                // Await handles ExternalFuture, Coroutine, and GatherFuture
-                self.compile_expr(value)?;
-                // Restore the full expression's position for traceback caret range
-                self.code.set_location(expr_loc.position, None);
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::Await);
-            }
-
-            Expr::Slice { lower, upper, step } => {
-                // Compile slice components: start, stop, step (push None for missing)
-                if let Some(lower) = lower {
-                    self.compile_expr(lower)?;
-                } else {
-                    self.code.emit(Opcode::LoadNone);
-                }
-                if let Some(upper) = upper {
-                    self.compile_expr(upper)?;
-                } else {
-                    self.code.emit(Opcode::LoadNone);
-                }
-                if let Some(step) = step {
-                    self.compile_expr(step)?;
-                } else {
-                    self.code.emit(Opcode::LoadNone);
-                }
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::BuildSlice);
-            }
-
-            Expr::Named { target, value } => {
-                // Compile the value expression (leaves result on stack)
-                self.compile_expr(value)?;
-                // Duplicate so value remains after store
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::Dup);
-                // Store to target (pops one copy)
-                self.compile_store(target);
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    // ========================================================================
-    // Literal Compilation
-    // ========================================================================
-
-    /// Compiles a literal value.
-    fn compile_literal(&mut self, literal: &Literal) {
-        match literal {
-            Literal::None => {
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::LoadNone);
-            }
-
-            Literal::Bool(true) => {
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::LoadTrue);
-            }
-
-            Literal::Bool(false) => {
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::LoadFalse);
-            }
-
-            Literal::Int(n) => {
-                // Use LoadSmallInt for values that fit in i8
-                if let Ok(small) = i8::try_from(*n) {
-                    self.code.emit_i8(Opcode::LoadSmallInt, small);
-                } else {
-                    let idx = self.code.add_const(Value::from(*literal));
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, idx);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // For Float, Str, Bytes, Ellipsis - use LoadConst with Value::from
-            _ => {
-                let idx = self.code.add_const(Value::from(*literal));
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, idx);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ========================================================================
-    // Variable Operations
-    // ========================================================================
-
-    /// Compiles loading a variable onto the stack.
-    ///
-    /// At module level, `Local` and `LocalUnassigned` scopes emit global opcodes
-    /// because module-level locals live in the globals array.
-    fn compile_name(&mut self, ident: &Identifier) {
-        let slot = u16::try_from(ident.namespace_id().index()).expect("local slot exceeds u16");
-        match ident.scope {
-            NameScope::Local => {
-                // True local - register name and mark as assigned for UnboundLocalError
-                self.code.register_local_name(slot, ident.name_id);
-                self.code.register_assigned_local(slot);
-                if self.is_module_scope {
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadGlobal, slot);
-                } else {
-                    self.code.emit_load_local(slot);
-                }
-            }
-            NameScope::LocalUnassigned => {
-                // Undefined reference - register name but NOT as assigned for NameError
-                self.code.register_local_name(slot, ident.name_id);
-                if self.is_module_scope {
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadGlobal, slot);
-                } else {
-                    self.code.emit_load_local(slot);
-                }
-            }
-            NameScope::Global => {
-                // Register the name for NameError/NameLookup messages
-                self.code.register_local_name(slot, ident.name_id);
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadGlobal, slot);
-            }
-            NameScope::Cell => {
-                // Register the name for NameError messages (unbound free variable)
-                self.code.register_local_name(slot, ident.name_id);
-                // Emit local slot index — the VM reads the cell HeapId from the stack
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadCell, slot);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles loading a variable in call context (e.g., `foo()` loads `foo`).
-    ///
-    /// For `LocalUnassigned` and `Global` scopes, emits callable-aware load opcodes
-    /// that push `ExtFunction(name_id)` for undefined names instead of yielding
-    /// `NameLookup`. This allows execution to reach `CallFunction`, which naturally
-    /// yields `FunctionCall` — giving the host a chance to handle external function calls.
-    ///
-    /// For `Local` and `Cell` scopes, delegates to `compile_name` since those can't
-    /// be external functions (they're always defined locally or captured).
-    fn compile_name_callable(&mut self, ident: &Identifier) {
-        let slot = u16::try_from(ident.namespace_id().index()).expect("local slot exceeds u16");
-        match ident.scope {
-            NameScope::LocalUnassigned => {
-                // Undefined reference in call context - use callable-aware load.
-                // At module level, use global callable since locals are in the globals array.
-                self.code.register_local_name(slot, ident.name_id);
-                if self.is_module_scope {
-                    self.code.emit_load_global_callable(slot, ident.name_id);
-                } else {
-                    self.code.emit_load_local_callable(slot, ident.name_id);
-                }
-            }
-            NameScope::Global => {
-                // Global scope - name_id is encoded in the operand because global slot
-                // indices are in a different namespace from local slots, so looking up
-                // the name from the current frame's local_names would be incorrect
-                self.code.emit_load_global_callable(slot, ident.name_id);
-            }
-            // Local and Cell can't be external functions - use regular load
-            NameScope::Local | NameScope::Cell => self.compile_name(ident),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles storing the top of stack to a variable.
-    ///
-    /// At module level, `Local` and `LocalUnassigned` scopes emit `StoreGlobal`
-    /// because module-level locals live in the globals array.
-    fn compile_store(&mut self, target: &Identifier) {
-        let slot = u16::try_from(target.namespace_id().index()).expect("local slot exceeds u16");
-        match target.scope {
-            NameScope::Local | NameScope::LocalUnassigned => {
-                self.code.register_local_name(slot, target.name_id);
-                if self.is_module_scope {
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::StoreGlobal, slot);
-                } else {
-                    self.code.emit_store_local(slot);
-                }
-            }
-            NameScope::Global => {
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::StoreGlobal, slot);
-            }
-            NameScope::Cell => {
-                // Emit local slot index — the VM reads the cell HeapId from the stack
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::StoreCell, slot);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ========================================================================
-    // Binary Operator Compilation
-    // ========================================================================
-
-    /// Compiles a binary operation.
-    ///
-    /// `parent_pos` is the position of the full binary expression (e.g., `1 / 0`),
-    /// which we restore before emitting the opcode so tracebacks show the right range.
-    fn compile_binary_op(
-        &mut self,
-        left: &ExprLoc,
-        op: &Operator,
-        right: &ExprLoc,
-        parent_pos: CodeRange,
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        match op {
-            // Short-circuit AND: evaluate left, jump if falsy
-            Operator::And => {
-                self.compile_expr(left)?;
-                let end_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::JumpIfFalseOrPop);
-                self.compile_expr(right)?;
-                self.code.patch_jump(end_jump);
-            }
-
-            // Short-circuit OR: evaluate left, jump if truthy
-            Operator::Or => {
-                self.compile_expr(left)?;
-                let end_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::JumpIfTrueOrPop);
-                self.compile_expr(right)?;
-                self.code.patch_jump(end_jump);
-            }
-
-            // Regular binary operators
-            _ => {
-                self.compile_expr(left)?;
-                self.compile_expr(right)?;
-                // Restore the full expression's position for traceback caret range
-                self.code.set_location(parent_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit(operator_to_opcode(op));
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a chain comparison expression like `a < b < c < d`.
-    ///
-    /// Chain comparisons evaluate each intermediate value only once and short-circuit
-    /// on the first false result. Uses stack manipulation to avoid namespace pollution.
-    ///
-    /// Bytecode strategy for `a < b < c`:
-    /// ```text
-    /// eval a              # Stack: [a]
-    /// eval b              # Stack: [a, b]
-    /// Dup                 # Stack: [a, b, b]
-    /// Rot3                # Stack: [b, a, b]
-    /// CompareLt           # Stack: [b, result1]
-    /// JumpIfFalseOrPop    # if false: jump to cleanup; if true: pop, stack=[b]
-    /// eval c              # Stack: [b, c]
-    /// CompareLt           # Stack: [result2]
-    /// Jump @end
-    /// @cleanup:           # Stack: [b, False]
-    /// Rot2                # Stack: [False, b]
-    /// Pop                 # Stack: [False]
-    /// @end:
-    /// ```
-    fn compile_chain_comparison(
-        &mut self,
-        left: &ExprLoc,
-        comparisons: &[(CmpOperator, ExprLoc)],
-        position: CodeRange,
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        let n = comparisons.len();
-
-        // Remember stack depth before the chain for cleanup calculation
-        let base_depth = self.code.stack_depth();
-
-        // Compile leftmost operand
-        self.compile_expr(left)?;
-
-        // Track jump targets for short-circuit cleanup
-        let mut cleanup_jumps = Vec::with_capacity(n - 1);
-
-        for (i, (op, right)) in comparisons.iter().enumerate() {
-            let is_last = i == n - 1;
-
-            // Compile the right operand
-            self.compile_expr(right)?;
-
-            if !is_last {
-                // Keep a copy of the intermediate for the next comparison
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::Dup);
-                // Reorder: [prev, curr, curr] -> [curr, prev, curr]
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::Rot3);
-            }
-
-            // Emit comparison
-            self.code.set_location(position, None);
-            if let CmpOperator::ModEq(value) = op {
-                let const_idx = self.code.add_const(Value::Int(*value));
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::CompareModEq, const_idx);
-            } else {
-                self.code.emit(cmp_operator_to_opcode(op));
-            }
-
-            if !is_last {
-                // Short-circuit: if false, jump to cleanup
-                let jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::JumpIfFalseOrPop);
-                cleanup_jumps.push(jump);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Jump past cleanup (result already on stack)
-        let end_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::Jump);
-
-        // Cleanup: remove the saved intermediate value, keep False result
-        // The cleanup is only reached via JumpIfFalseOrPop which doesn't pop,
-        // so the stack has: [intermediate, False] (2 extra items from base)
-        for jump in cleanup_jumps {
-            self.code.patch_jump(jump);
-        }
-        self.code.set_stack_depth(base_depth + 2); // [intermediate, False]
-        self.code.emit(Opcode::Rot2); // [False, intermediate]
-        self.code.emit(Opcode::Pop); // [False]
-
-        self.code.patch_jump(end_jump);
-        // Final result is on stack: base_depth + 1
-        self.code.set_stack_depth(base_depth + 1);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    // ========================================================================
-    // Control Flow Compilation
-    // ========================================================================
-
-    /// Compiles an if/else statement.
-    fn compile_if(
-        &mut self,
-        test: &ExprLoc,
-        body: &[PreparedNode],
-        or_else: &[PreparedNode],
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        self.compile_expr(test)?;
-
-        if or_else.is_empty() {
-            // Simple if without else
-            let end_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::JumpIfFalse);
-            self.compile_block(body)?;
-            self.code.patch_jump(end_jump);
-        } else {
-            // If with else
-            let else_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::JumpIfFalse);
-            self.compile_block(body)?;
-            let end_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::Jump);
-            self.code.patch_jump(else_jump);
-            self.compile_block(or_else)?;
-            self.code.patch_jump(end_jump);
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a ternary conditional expression.
-    fn compile_if_else_expr(&mut self, test: &ExprLoc, body: &ExprLoc, orelse: &ExprLoc) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        self.compile_expr(test)?;
-        let else_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::JumpIfFalse);
-        self.compile_expr(body)?;
-        let end_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::Jump);
-        self.code.patch_jump(else_jump);
-        self.compile_expr(orelse)?;
-        self.code.patch_jump(end_jump);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a function call expression.
-    ///
-    /// For builtin calls with positional-only arguments, emits the optimized `CallBuiltin`
-    /// opcode which avoids pushing/popping the callable on the stack.
-    ///
-    /// For other calls, pushes the callable onto the stack, then all arguments, then emits
-    /// `CallFunction` or `CallFunctionKw`.
-    ///
-    /// The `call_pos` is the position of the full call expression for proper traceback caret.
-    fn compile_call(&mut self, callable: &Callable, args: &ArgExprs, call_pos: CodeRange) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // Check if we can use the optimized CallBuiltinFunction path:
-        // - Callable must be a builtin function (known at compile time)
-        // - Arguments must be positional-only (Empty, One, Two, or Args)
-        if let Callable::Builtin(Builtins::Function(builtin_func)) = callable
-            && let Some(arg_count) = self.compile_builtin_call(args, call_pos)?
-        {
-            // Optimization applied - CallBuiltinFunction emitted
-            self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-            self.code.emit_call_builtin_function(*builtin_func as u8, arg_count);
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        // Fall through to standard path for kwargs/unpacking
-
-        // Check if we can use the optimized CallBuiltinType path:
-        // - Callable must be a builtin type constructor (known at compile time)
-        // - Arguments must be positional-only (Empty, One, Two, or Args)
-        if let Callable::Builtin(Builtins::Type(t)) = callable
-            && let Some(type_id) = t.callable_to_u8()
-            && let Some(arg_count) = self.compile_builtin_call(args, call_pos)?
-        {
-            // Optimization applied - CallBuiltinType emitted
-            self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-            self.code.emit_call_builtin_type(type_id, arg_count);
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        // Fall through to standard path for kwargs/unpacking or non-callable types
-
-        // Standard path: push callable, compile args, emit CallFunction/CallFunctionKw
-        // Push the callable (use name position for NameError caret range)
-        match callable {
-            Callable::Builtin(builtin) => {
-                let idx = self.code.add_const(Value::Builtin(*builtin));
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, idx);
-            }
-            Callable::Name(ident) => {
-                // Use callable-aware load opcodes so undefined names produce ExtFunction
-                // instead of yielding NameLookup, allowing CallFunction to yield FunctionCall
-                self.code.set_location(ident.position, None);
-                self.compile_name_callable(ident);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Compile arguments and emit the call
-        // Restore full call position before CallFunction for call-related errors
-        match args {
-            ArgExprs::Empty => {
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunction, 0);
-            }
-            ArgExprs::One(arg) => {
-                self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunction, 1);
-            }
-            ArgExprs::Two(arg1, arg2) => {
-                self.compile_expr(arg1)?;
-                self.compile_expr(arg2)?;
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunction, 2);
-            }
-            ArgExprs::Args(args) => {
-                // Check argument count limit before compiling
-                if args.len() > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                    return Err(CompileError::new(
-                        format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} positional arguments in function call"),
-                        call_pos,
-                    ));
-                }
-                for arg in args {
-                    self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-                }
-                let arg_count = u8::try_from(args.len()).expect("argument count exceeds u8");
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunction, arg_count);
-            }
-            ArgExprs::Kwargs(kwargs) => {
-                // Check keyword argument count limit
-                if kwargs.len() > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                    return Err(CompileError::new(
-                        format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} keyword arguments in function call"),
-                        call_pos,
-                    ));
-                }
-                // Keyword-only call: compile kwarg values and emit CallFunctionKw
-                let mut kwname_ids = Vec::with_capacity(kwargs.len());
-                for kwarg in kwargs {
-                    self.compile_expr(&kwarg.value)?;
-                    kwname_ids.push(u16::try_from(kwarg.key.name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"));
-                }
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_call_function_kw(0, &kwname_ids);
-            }
-            ArgExprs::ArgsKargs {
-                args,
-                var_args,
-                kwargs,
-                var_kwargs,
-            } => {
-                // Mixed positional and keyword arguments - may include *args or **kwargs unpacking
-                if var_args.is_some() || var_kwargs.is_some() {
-                    // Use CallFunctionEx for unpacking - no limit on this path since
-                    // args are built into a tuple dynamically at runtime
-                    self.compile_call_with_unpacking(
-                        callable,
-                        args.as_ref(),
-                        var_args.as_ref(),
-                        kwargs.as_ref(),
-                        var_kwargs.as_ref(),
-                        call_pos,
-                    )?;
-                } else {
-                    // No unpacking - use CallFunctionKw for efficiency
-                    // Check limits before compiling
-                    let pos_count = args.as_ref().map_or(0, Vec::len);
-                    let kw_count = kwargs.as_ref().map_or(0, Vec::len);
-
-                    if pos_count > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                        return Err(CompileError::new(
-                            format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} positional arguments in function call"),
-                            call_pos,
-                        ));
-                    }
-                    if kw_count > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                        return Err(CompileError::new(
-                            format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} keyword arguments in function call"),
-                            call_pos,
-                        ));
-                    }
-
-                    // Compile positional args
-                    if let Some(args) = args {
-                        for arg in args {
-                            self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    // Compile kwarg values and collect names
-                    let mut kwname_ids = Vec::new();
-                    if let Some(kwargs) = kwargs {
-                        for kwarg in kwargs {
-                            self.compile_expr(&kwarg.value)?;
-                            kwname_ids.push(u16::try_from(kwarg.key.name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"));
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                    self.code.emit_call_function_kw(
-                        u8::try_from(pos_count).expect("positional arg count exceeds u8"),
-                        &kwname_ids,
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-            ArgExprs::GeneralizedCall { args, kwargs } => {
-                // PEP 448: generalized unpacking — multiple *args or **kwargs.
-                // Callable was already pushed above this match; delegate to the helper.
-                let func_name_id = match callable {
-                    Callable::Name(ident) => u16::try_from(ident.name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"),
-                    Callable::Builtin(_) => 0xFFFF,
-                };
-                self.compile_generalized_call_body(args, kwargs, func_name_id, call_pos)?;
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles function call arguments and emits the call instruction.
-    ///
-    /// This is used when the callable is already on the stack (e.g., from compiling an expression).
-    /// It compiles the arguments, then emits `CallFunction` or `CallFunctionKw` as appropriate.
-    fn compile_call_args(&mut self, args: &ArgExprs, call_pos: CodeRange) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        match args {
-            ArgExprs::Empty => {
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunction, 0);
-            }
-            ArgExprs::One(arg) => {
-                self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunction, 1);
-            }
-            ArgExprs::Two(arg1, arg2) => {
-                self.compile_expr(arg1)?;
-                self.compile_expr(arg2)?;
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunction, 2);
-            }
-            ArgExprs::Args(args) => {
-                if args.len() > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                    return Err(CompileError::new(
-                        format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} positional arguments in function call"),
-                        call_pos,
-                    ));
-                }
-                for arg in args {
-                    self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-                }
-                let arg_count = u8::try_from(args.len()).expect("argument count exceeds u8");
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunction, arg_count);
-            }
-            ArgExprs::Kwargs(kwargs) => {
-                if kwargs.len() > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                    return Err(CompileError::new(
-                        format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} keyword arguments in function call"),
-                        call_pos,
-                    ));
-                }
-                let mut kwname_ids = Vec::with_capacity(kwargs.len());
-                for kwarg in kwargs {
-                    self.compile_expr(&kwarg.value)?;
-                    kwname_ids.push(u16::try_from(kwarg.key.name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"));
-                }
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_call_function_kw(0, &kwname_ids);
-            }
-            ArgExprs::ArgsKargs {
-                args,
-                kwargs,
-                var_args,
-                var_kwargs,
-            } => {
-                // Mixed positional and keyword arguments - may include *args or **kwargs unpacking
-                if var_args.is_some() || var_kwargs.is_some() {
-                    // Use CallFunctionExtended for unpacking - no limit on this path since
-                    // args are built into a tuple dynamically at runtime.
-                    // Callable is already on stack, so we just need to build args and kwargs.
-                    self.compile_call_args_with_unpacking(
-                        args.as_ref(),
-                        var_args.as_ref(),
-                        kwargs.as_ref(),
-                        var_kwargs.as_ref(),
-                        call_pos,
-                    )?;
-                } else {
-                    // No unpacking - use CallFunctionKw for efficiency
-                    let pos_args = args.as_deref().unwrap_or(&[]);
-                    let kw_args = kwargs.as_deref().unwrap_or(&[]);
-                    let pos_count = pos_args.len();
-                    let kw_count = kw_args.len();
-
-                    // Check limits separately (same as direct calls)
-                    if pos_count > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                        return Err(CompileError::new(
-                            format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} positional arguments in function call"),
-                            call_pos,
-                        ));
-                    }
-                    if kw_count > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                        return Err(CompileError::new(
-                            format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} keyword arguments in function call"),
-                            call_pos,
-                        ));
-                    }
-
-                    // Compile positional args
-                    for arg in pos_args {
-                        self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-                    }
-
-                    // Compile keyword args
-                    let mut kwname_ids = Vec::with_capacity(kw_count);
-                    for kwarg in kw_args {
-                        self.compile_expr(&kwarg.value)?;
-                        kwname_ids.push(u16::try_from(kwarg.key.name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"));
-                    }
-
-                    self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                    self.code.emit_call_function_kw(
-                        u8::try_from(pos_count).expect("positional arg count exceeds u8"),
-                        &kwname_ids,
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-            ArgExprs::GeneralizedCall { args, kwargs } => {
-                // PEP 448: generalized unpacking — callable is already on the stack.
-                // Use 0xFFFF as func_name_id since we don't know the callee name here.
-                self.compile_generalized_call_body(args, kwargs, 0xFFFF, call_pos)?;
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles arguments with `*args` and/or `**kwargs` unpacking when callable is already on stack.
-    ///
-    /// This is used for expression calls (e.g., `(lambda *a: a)(*xs)`) where the callable
-    /// is compiled as an expression and is already on the stack.
-    ///
-    /// Stack layout: callable (on stack) -> callable, args_tuple, kwargs_dict?
-    fn compile_call_args_with_unpacking(
-        &mut self,
-        args: Option<&Vec<ExprLoc>>,
-        var_args: Option<&ExprLoc>,
-        kwargs: Option<&Vec<Kwarg>>,
-        var_kwargs: Option<&ExprLoc>,
-        call_pos: CodeRange,
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // 1. Build args tuple
-        // Push regular positional args and build list
-        let pos_count = args.map_or(0, Vec::len);
-        if let Some(args) = args {
-            for arg in args {
-                self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-            }
-        }
-        self.code.emit_u16(
-            Opcode::BuildList,
-            u16::try_from(pos_count).expect("positional arg count exceeds u16"),
-        );
-
-        // Extend with *args if present
-        if let Some(var_args_expr) = var_args {
-            self.compile_expr(var_args_expr)?;
-            self.code.emit(Opcode::ListExtend);
-        }
-
-        // Convert list to tuple
-        self.code.emit(Opcode::ListToTuple);
-
-        // 2. Build kwargs dict (if we have kwargs or var_kwargs)
-        let has_kwargs = kwargs.is_some() || var_kwargs.is_some();
-        if has_kwargs {
-            // Build dict from regular kwargs
-            let kw_count = kwargs.map_or(0, Vec::len);
-            if let Some(kwargs) = kwargs {
-                for kwarg in kwargs {
-                    // Push key as interned string constant
-                    let key_const = self.code.add_const(Value::InternString(kwarg.key.name_id));
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, key_const);
-                    // Push value
-                    self.compile_expr(&kwarg.value)?;
-                }
-            }
-            self.code.emit_u16(
-                Opcode::BuildDict,
-                u16::try_from(kw_count).expect("keyword count exceeds u16"),
-            );
-
-            // Merge **kwargs if present
-            // Use 0xFFFF for func_name_id (like builtins) since we don't have a name
-            if let Some(var_kwargs_expr) = var_kwargs {
-                self.compile_expr(var_kwargs_expr)?;
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::DictMerge, 0xFFFF);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // 3. Call the function
-        self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-        let flags = u8::from(has_kwargs);
-        self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunctionExtended, flags);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles arguments for a builtin call and returns the arg count if optimization can be used.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `Some(arg_count)` if the call uses positional-only arguments (CallBuiltinFunction applicable).
-    /// Returns `None` if the call uses kwargs or unpacking (must use standard CallFunction path).
-    ///
-    /// When `Some` is returned, arguments have been compiled onto the stack.
-    fn compile_builtin_call(&mut self, args: &ArgExprs, call_pos: CodeRange) -> Result<Option<u8>, CompileError> {
-        match args {
-            ArgExprs::Empty => Ok(Some(0)),
-            ArgExprs::One(arg) => {
-                self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-                Ok(Some(1))
-            }
-            ArgExprs::Two(arg1, arg2) => {
-                self.compile_expr(arg1)?;
-                self.compile_expr(arg2)?;
-                Ok(Some(2))
-            }
-            ArgExprs::Args(args) => {
-                if args.len() > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                    return Err(CompileError::new(
-                        format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} positional arguments in function call"),
-                        call_pos,
-                    ));
-                }
-                for arg in args {
-                    self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-                }
-                Ok(Some(u8::try_from(args.len()).expect("argument count exceeds u8")))
-            }
-            // Kwargs or unpacking - fall back to standard path
-            ArgExprs::Kwargs(_) | ArgExprs::ArgsKargs { .. } | ArgExprs::GeneralizedCall { .. } => Ok(None),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a function call with `*args` and/or `**kwargs` unpacking.
-    ///
-    /// This generates bytecode to build an args tuple and kwargs dict dynamically,
-    /// then calls the function using `CallFunctionEx`.
-    ///
-    /// Stack layout for call:
-    /// - callable (already on stack)
-    /// - args tuple
-    /// - kwargs dict (if present)
-    fn compile_call_with_unpacking(
-        &mut self,
-        callable: &Callable,
-        args: Option<&Vec<ExprLoc>>,
-        var_args: Option<&ExprLoc>,
-        kwargs: Option<&Vec<Kwarg>>,
-        var_kwargs: Option<&ExprLoc>,
-        call_pos: CodeRange,
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // Get function name for error messages (0xFFFF for builtins)
-        let func_name_id = match callable {
-            Callable::Name(ident) => u16::try_from(ident.name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"),
-            Callable::Builtin(_) => 0xFFFF,
-        };
-
-        // 1. Build args tuple
-        // Push regular positional args and build list
-        let pos_count = args.map_or(0, Vec::len);
-        if let Some(args) = args {
-            for arg in args {
-                self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-            }
-        }
-        self.code.emit_u16(
-            Opcode::BuildList,
-            u16::try_from(pos_count).expect("positional arg count exceeds u16"),
-        );
-
-        // Extend with *args if present
-        if let Some(var_args_expr) = var_args {
-            self.compile_expr(var_args_expr)?;
-            self.code.emit(Opcode::ListExtend);
-        }
-
-        // Convert list to tuple
-        self.code.emit(Opcode::ListToTuple);
-
-        // 2. Build kwargs dict (if we have kwargs or var_kwargs)
-        let has_kwargs = kwargs.is_some() || var_kwargs.is_some();
-        if has_kwargs {
-            // Build dict from regular kwargs
-            let kw_count = kwargs.map_or(0, Vec::len);
-            if let Some(kwargs) = kwargs {
-                for kwarg in kwargs {
-                    // Push key as interned string constant
-                    let key_const = self.code.add_const(Value::InternString(kwarg.key.name_id));
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, key_const);
-                    // Push value
-                    self.compile_expr(&kwarg.value)?;
-                }
-            }
-            self.code.emit_u16(
-                Opcode::BuildDict,
-                u16::try_from(kw_count).expect("keyword count exceeds u16"),
-            );
-
-            // Merge **kwargs if present
-            if let Some(var_kwargs_expr) = var_kwargs {
-                self.compile_expr(var_kwargs_expr)?;
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::DictMerge, func_name_id);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // 3. Call the function
-        self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-        let flags = u8::from(has_kwargs);
-        self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunctionExtended, flags);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles an attribute call on an object.
-    ///
-    /// The object should already be on the stack. This compiles the arguments
-    /// and emits a CallAttr opcode with the attribute name and arg count.
-    fn compile_method_call(
-        &mut self,
-        attr: &EitherStr,
-        args: &ArgExprs,
-        call_pos: CodeRange,
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // Get the interned attribute name
-        let name_id = attr.string_id().expect("CallAttr requires interned attr name");
-
-        // Compile arguments based on the argument type
-        match args {
-            ArgExprs::Empty => {
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_u16_u8(
-                    Opcode::CallAttr,
-                    u16::try_from(name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"),
-                    0,
-                );
-            }
-            ArgExprs::One(arg) => {
-                self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_u16_u8(
-                    Opcode::CallAttr,
-                    u16::try_from(name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"),
-                    1,
-                );
-            }
-            ArgExprs::Two(arg1, arg2) => {
-                self.compile_expr(arg1)?;
-                self.compile_expr(arg2)?;
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_u16_u8(
-                    Opcode::CallAttr,
-                    u16::try_from(name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"),
-                    2,
-                );
-            }
-            ArgExprs::Args(args) => {
-                // Check argument count limit
-                if args.len() > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                    return Err(CompileError::new(
-                        format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} arguments in method call"),
-                        call_pos,
-                    ));
-                }
-                for arg in args {
-                    self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-                }
-                let arg_count = u8::try_from(args.len()).expect("argument count exceeds u8");
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_u16_u8(
-                    Opcode::CallAttr,
-                    u16::try_from(name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"),
-                    arg_count,
-                );
-            }
-            ArgExprs::Kwargs(kwargs) => {
-                // Keyword-only method call
-                if kwargs.len() > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                    return Err(CompileError::new(
-                        format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} keyword arguments in method call"),
-                        call_pos,
-                    ));
-                }
-                // Compile kwarg values and collect names
-                let mut kwname_ids = Vec::with_capacity(kwargs.len());
-                for kwarg in kwargs {
-                    self.compile_expr(&kwarg.value)?;
-                    kwname_ids.push(u16::try_from(kwarg.key.name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"));
-                }
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_call_attr_kw(
-                    u16::try_from(name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"),
-                    0, // no positional args
-                    &kwname_ids,
-                );
-            }
-            ArgExprs::ArgsKargs {
-                args,
-                kwargs,
-                var_args,
-                var_kwargs,
-            } => {
-                // Check if there's unpacking - use CallAttrExtended
-                if var_args.is_some() || var_kwargs.is_some() {
-                    return self.compile_method_call_with_unpacking(
-                        name_id,
-                        args.as_ref(),
-                        var_args.as_ref(),
-                        kwargs.as_ref(),
-                        var_kwargs.as_ref(),
-                        call_pos,
-                    );
-                }
-
-                // No unpacking - use CallAttrKw for efficiency
-                let pos_count = args.as_ref().map_or(0, Vec::len);
-                let kw_count = kwargs.as_ref().map_or(0, Vec::len);
-
-                if pos_count > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                    return Err(CompileError::new(
-                        format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} positional arguments in method call"),
-                        call_pos,
-                    ));
-                }
-                if kw_count > MAX_CALL_ARGS {
-                    return Err(CompileError::new(
-                        format!("more than {MAX_CALL_ARGS} keyword arguments in method call"),
-                        call_pos,
-                    ));
-                }
-
-                // Compile positional args
-                if let Some(args) = args {
-                    for arg in args {
-                        self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // Compile kwarg values and collect names
-                let mut kwname_ids = Vec::new();
-                if let Some(kwargs) = kwargs {
-                    for kwarg in kwargs {
-                        self.compile_expr(&kwarg.value)?;
-                        kwname_ids.push(u16::try_from(kwarg.key.name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"));
-                    }
-                }
-
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                self.code.emit_call_attr_kw(
-                    u16::try_from(name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"),
-                    u8::try_from(pos_count).expect("positional arg count exceeds u8"),
-                    &kwname_ids,
-                );
-            }
-            ArgExprs::GeneralizedCall { args, kwargs } => {
-                // PEP 448: generalized unpacking on a method call.
-                // Receiver is already on the stack; build args tuple and kwargs dict,
-                // then emit CallAttrExtended.
-                let func_name_id = u16::try_from(name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16");
-                let has_kwargs = !kwargs.is_empty();
-
-                // 1. Build args tuple
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildList, 0);
-                for arg in args {
-                    match arg {
-                        CallArg::Value(e) => {
-                            self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                            self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::ListAppend, 0);
-                        }
-                        CallArg::Unpack(e) => {
-                            self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                            self.code.emit(Opcode::ListExtend);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::ListToTuple);
-
-                // 2. Build kwargs dict (if any)
-                if has_kwargs {
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildDict, 0);
-                    for kwarg in kwargs {
-                        match kwarg {
-                            CallKwarg::Named(kw) => {
-                                let key_const = self.code.add_const(Value::InternString(kw.key.name_id));
-                                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, key_const);
-                                self.compile_expr(&kw.value)?;
-                                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildDict, 1);
-                                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::DictMerge, func_name_id);
-                            }
-                            CallKwarg::Unpack(e) => {
-                                self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::DictMerge, func_name_id);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // 3. Emit CallAttrExtended
-                self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-                let flags = u8::from(has_kwargs);
-                self.code.emit_u16_u8(Opcode::CallAttrExtended, func_name_id, flags);
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a method call with `*args` and/or `**kwargs` unpacking.
-    ///
-    /// The receiver object should already be on the stack. This builds the args tuple
-    /// and optional kwargs dict, then emits `CallAttrExtended`.
-    fn compile_method_call_with_unpacking(
-        &mut self,
-        name_id: StringId,
-        args: Option<&Vec<ExprLoc>>,
-        var_args: Option<&ExprLoc>,
-        kwargs: Option<&Vec<Kwarg>>,
-        var_kwargs: Option<&ExprLoc>,
-        call_pos: CodeRange,
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // 1. Build args tuple
-        // Push regular positional args and build list
-        let pos_count = args.map_or(0, Vec::len);
-        if let Some(args) = args {
-            for arg in args {
-                self.compile_expr(arg)?;
-            }
-        }
-        self.code.emit_u16(
-            Opcode::BuildList,
-            u16::try_from(pos_count).expect("positional arg count exceeds u16"),
-        );
-
-        // Extend with *args if present
-        if let Some(var_args_expr) = var_args {
-            self.compile_expr(var_args_expr)?;
-            self.code.emit(Opcode::ListExtend);
-        }
-
-        // Convert list to tuple
-        self.code.emit(Opcode::ListToTuple);
-
-        // 2. Build kwargs dict (if we have kwargs or var_kwargs)
-        let has_kwargs = kwargs.is_some() || var_kwargs.is_some();
-        if has_kwargs {
-            // Build dict from regular kwargs
-            let kw_count = kwargs.map_or(0, Vec::len);
-            if let Some(kwargs) = kwargs {
-                for kwarg in kwargs {
-                    // Push key as interned string constant
-                    let key_const = self.code.add_const(Value::InternString(kwarg.key.name_id));
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, key_const);
-                    // Push value
-                    self.compile_expr(&kwarg.value)?;
-                }
-            }
-            self.code.emit_u16(
-                Opcode::BuildDict,
-                u16::try_from(kw_count).expect("keyword count exceeds u16"),
-            );
-
-            // Merge **kwargs if present
-            if let Some(var_kwargs_expr) = var_kwargs {
-                self.compile_expr(var_kwargs_expr)?;
-                // Use the method name for error messages
-                self.code.emit_u16(
-                    Opcode::DictMerge,
-                    u16::try_from(name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16"),
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        // 3. Call the method with CallAttrExtended
-        self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-        let name_idx = u16::try_from(name_id.index()).expect("name index exceeds u16");
-        let flags = u8::from(has_kwargs);
-        self.code.emit_u16_u8(Opcode::CallAttrExtended, name_idx, flags);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Shared body for PEP 448 generalized calls with multiple `*args` and/or `**kwargs`.
-    ///
-    /// Assumes the callable is already on the stack (pushed by the caller).
-    /// Emits:
-    ///   1. `BuildList(0)` + per-item `ListAppend`/`ListExtend` + `ListToTuple` for args.
-    ///   2. `BuildDict(0)` + per-item `BuildDict(1)+DictMerge`/`DictMerge` for kwargs (if any).
-    ///   3. `CallFunctionExtended(flags)`.
-    ///
-    /// `func_name_id` is used in `DictMerge` error messages; pass `0xFFFF` when unknown.
-    ///
-    /// Stack transition (callable already on stack):
-    ///   `[callable]` → `[callable, args_tuple]` → `[callable, args_tuple, kwargs_dict?]`
-    ///   → `[result]`
-    fn compile_generalized_call_body(
-        &mut self,
-        args: &[CallArg],
-        kwargs: &[CallKwarg],
-        func_name_id: u16,
-        call_pos: CodeRange,
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // 1. Build args tuple
-        self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildList, 0);
-        for arg in args {
-            match arg {
-                CallArg::Value(e) => {
-                    self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                    self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::ListAppend, 0);
-                }
-                CallArg::Unpack(e) => {
-                    self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                    self.code.emit(Opcode::ListExtend);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        self.code.emit(Opcode::ListToTuple);
-
-        // 2. Build kwargs dict (if any)
-        let has_kwargs = !kwargs.is_empty();
-        if has_kwargs {
-            // Start with an empty dict, then merge each kwarg one at a time via DictMerge
-            // so that duplicates (including Named+Unpack ordering) raise TypeError correctly.
-            self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildDict, 0);
-            for kwarg in kwargs {
-                match kwarg {
-                    CallKwarg::Named(kw) => {
-                        // Wrap key+value in a single-item dict, then merge into kwargs dict.
-                        let key_const = self.code.add_const(Value::InternString(kw.key.name_id));
-                        self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, key_const);
-                        self.compile_expr(&kw.value)?;
-                        self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildDict, 1);
-                        self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::DictMerge, func_name_id);
-                    }
-                    CallKwarg::Unpack(e) => {
-                        self.compile_expr(e)?;
-                        self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::DictMerge, func_name_id);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // 3. Emit the extended call
-        self.code.set_location(call_pos, None);
-        let flags = u8::from(has_kwargs);
-        self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunctionExtended, flags);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a for loop.
-    fn compile_for(
-        &mut self,
-        target: &UnpackTarget,
-        iter: &ExprLoc,
-        body: &[PreparedNode],
-        or_else: &[PreparedNode],
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // Record stack depth at loop start (before iterator is pushed)
-        // This is the depth we return to when the loop finishes (iterator popped)
-        let loop_exit_depth = self.code.stack_depth();
-
-        // Compile iterator expression
-        self.compile_expr(iter)?;
-        // Convert to iterator
-        self.code.emit(Opcode::GetIter);
-
-        // Loop start
-        let loop_start = self.code.current_offset();
-
-        // Push loop info for break/continue
-        self.loop_stack.push(LoopInfo {
-            start: loop_start,
-            break_jumps: Vec::new(),
-            has_iterator_on_stack: true,
-        });
-
-        // ForIter: advance iterator or jump to end
-        let end_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::ForIter);
-
-        // Store current value to target (handles both single identifiers and tuple unpacking)
-        self.compile_unpack_target(target);
-
-        // Compile body
-        self.compile_block(body)?;
-
-        // Jump back to loop start
-        self.code.emit_jump_to(Opcode::Jump, loop_start);
-
-        // End of loop - ForIter jumps here when iterator is exhausted
-        self.code.patch_jump(end_jump);
-        // Iterator is popped when loop ends normally, so restore depth to before loop
-        self.code.set_stack_depth(loop_exit_depth);
-
-        // Pop loop info before compiling else block
-        let loop_info = self.loop_stack.pop().expect("loop stack underflow");
-
-        // Compile else block (runs if loop completed without break)
-        if !or_else.is_empty() {
-            self.compile_block(or_else)?;
-        }
-
-        // Patch break jumps to here - AFTER the else block so break skips else
-        for break_jump in loop_info.break_jumps {
-            self.code.patch_jump(break_jump);
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a while loop.
-    ///
-    /// The bytecode structure:
-    /// ```text
-    /// loop_start:
-    ///   [evaluate condition]
-    ///   JumpIfFalse -> end_jump
-    ///   [body]
-    ///   Jump -> loop_start
-    /// end_jump:
-    ///   [else block]
-    /// [break patches here]
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Key differences from `for` loops:
-    /// - No `GetIter` (no iterator)
-    /// - No `ForIter` (use `JumpIfFalse` instead)
-    /// - `continue` jumps to condition evaluation
-    /// - `break` doesn't need to pop iterator (nothing extra on stack)
-    fn compile_while(
-        &mut self,
-        test: &ExprLoc,
-        body: &[PreparedNode],
-        or_else: &[PreparedNode],
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        let loop_start = self.code.current_offset();
-
-        self.loop_stack.push(LoopInfo {
-            start: loop_start,
-            break_jumps: Vec::new(),
-            has_iterator_on_stack: false,
-        });
-
-        self.compile_expr(test)?;
-        let end_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::JumpIfFalse);
-
-        self.compile_block(body)?;
-        self.code.emit_jump_to(Opcode::Jump, loop_start);
-
-        self.code.patch_jump(end_jump);
-        let loop_info = self.loop_stack.pop().expect("loop stack underflow");
-
-        if !or_else.is_empty() {
-            self.compile_block(or_else)?;
-        }
-
-        for break_jump in loop_info.break_jumps {
-            self.code.patch_jump(break_jump);
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a break statement.
-    ///
-    /// Break exits the innermost loop and skips its else block. If inside a
-    /// try-finally, the finally block must run first.
-    ///
-    /// The bytecode without finally:
-    /// 1. Clean up exception state if inside except handler
-    /// 2. Pop the iterator if in a `for` loop (still on stack during loop body)
-    /// 3. Jump to after the else block
-    ///
-    /// With finally:
-    /// 1. Clean up exception state if inside except handler
-    /// 2. Pop the iterator if in a `for` loop
-    /// 3. Jump to "finally with break" path (patched when try compilation completes)
-    /// 4. That path runs finally, then jumps to after the else block
-    fn compile_break(&mut self, position: CodeRange) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        if self.loop_stack.is_empty() {
-            return Err(CompileError::new("'break' outside loop", position));
-        }
-
-        let target_loop_depth = self.loop_stack.len() - 1;
-
-        // If inside except handlers, clean up ALL exception states
-        // Each nested except handler has pushed an exception onto the stack,
-        // so we need to clear/pop each one when breaking out
-        for _ in 0..self.except_handler_depth {
-            self.code.emit(Opcode::ClearException);
-            self.code.emit(Opcode::Pop); // Pop the exception value
-        }
-
-        // Pop the iterator only for `for` loops (has iterator on stack)
-        // `while` loops don't have an iterator to pop
-        if self.loop_stack[target_loop_depth].has_iterator_on_stack {
-            self.code.emit(Opcode::Pop);
-        }
-
-        // Check if we need to go through any finally blocks
-        // We need to run finally if break crosses the try boundary, i.e., if
-        // we're breaking from a loop that existed before the try started.
-        if let Some(finally_target) = self.finally_targets.last_mut()
-            && target_loop_depth < finally_target.loop_depth_at_entry
-        {
-            // Breaking from a loop that's outside (or at the start of) this try-finally,
-            // so finally must run before the break
-            let jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::Jump);
-            finally_target.break_jumps.push(BreakContinueThruFinally {
-                jump,
-                target_loop_depth,
-            });
-            // Set stack depth for unreachable cleanup code (see comment below)
-            if self.except_handler_depth > 0 {
-                self.code
-                    .set_stack_depth(u16::try_from(self.except_handler_depth).unwrap_or(u16::MAX));
-            }
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        // No finally to go through, jump directly to loop end
-        let jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::Jump);
-        self.loop_stack[target_loop_depth].break_jumps.push(jump);
-
-        // The code following this break is unreachable at runtime, but the compiler
-        // will still emit cleanup code for each enclosing except handler (ClearException + Pop).
-        // Set stack depth so those unreachable pops don't cause negative stack tracking.
-        if self.except_handler_depth > 0 {
-            self.code
-                .set_stack_depth(u16::try_from(self.except_handler_depth).unwrap_or(u16::MAX));
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a continue statement.
-    ///
-    /// Continue jumps back to the loop start (the ForIter instruction) which
-    /// advances the iterator and either enters the next iteration or exits the loop.
-    /// If inside a try-finally, the finally block must run first.
-    fn compile_continue(&mut self, position: CodeRange) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        if self.loop_stack.is_empty() {
-            return Err(CompileError::new("'continue' not properly in loop", position));
-        }
-
-        let target_loop_depth = self.loop_stack.len() - 1;
-
-        // If inside except handlers, clean up ALL exception states
-        // Each nested except handler has pushed an exception onto the stack,
-        // so we need to clear/pop each one when continuing
-        for _ in 0..self.except_handler_depth {
-            self.code.emit(Opcode::ClearException);
-            self.code.emit(Opcode::Pop); // Pop the exception value
-        }
-
-        // Check if we need to go through any finally blocks
-        // We need to run finally if continue crosses the try boundary
-        if let Some(finally_target) = self.finally_targets.last_mut()
-            && target_loop_depth < finally_target.loop_depth_at_entry
-        {
-            // Continuing a loop that's outside (or at the start of) this try-finally,
-            // so finally must run before the continue
-            let jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::Jump);
-            finally_target.continue_jumps.push(BreakContinueThruFinally {
-                jump,
-                target_loop_depth,
-            });
-            // Set stack depth for unreachable cleanup code (see comment below)
-            if self.except_handler_depth > 0 {
-                self.code
-                    .set_stack_depth(u16::try_from(self.except_handler_depth).unwrap_or(u16::MAX));
-            }
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        // No finally to go through, jump directly to loop start
-        let loop_start = self.loop_stack[target_loop_depth].start;
-        self.code.emit_jump_to(Opcode::Jump, loop_start);
-
-        // The code following this continue is unreachable at runtime, but the compiler
-        // will still emit cleanup code for each enclosing except handler (ClearException + Pop).
-        // Set stack depth so those unreachable pops don't cause negative stack tracking.
-        if self.except_handler_depth > 0 {
-            self.code
-                .set_stack_depth(u16::try_from(self.except_handler_depth).unwrap_or(u16::MAX));
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles break or continue after a finally block has run.
-    ///
-    /// Called from `compile_try` after the finally block code. Each control flow
-    /// statement may target a different loop, so we check if there's another finally
-    /// to go through or if we can jump directly to the loop's target.
-    ///
-    /// Note: All items in the list jumped to the same finally block, so they all
-    /// have the same starting point. After finally runs, we need to route each
-    /// to its target loop, potentially through more finally blocks.
-    fn compile_control_flow_after_finally(&mut self, items: &[BreakContinueThruFinally], is_break: bool) {
-        // All items went through the same finally, now we need to dispatch to
-        // potentially different loops. For simplicity, we assume all items in
-        // a single finally target the same loop (the innermost one at the time).
-        // This is always true since break/continue only targets the innermost loop.
-        let Some(first) = items.first() else {
-            return;
-        };
-        let target_loop_depth = first.target_loop_depth;
-
-        // Check if there's another finally between us and the target loop
-        if let Some(finally_target) = self.finally_targets.last_mut()
-            && target_loop_depth < finally_target.loop_depth_at_entry
-        {
-            // Need to go through another finally
-            let jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::Jump);
-            let jump_info = BreakContinueThruFinally {
-                jump,
-                target_loop_depth,
-            };
-            if is_break {
-                finally_target.break_jumps.push(jump_info);
-            } else {
-                // else continue
-                finally_target.continue_jumps.push(jump_info);
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // No more finally blocks, jump directly to the loop target
-        if is_break {
-            let jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::Jump);
-            self.loop_stack[target_loop_depth].break_jumps.push(jump);
-        } else {
-            // else continue
-            let loop_start = self.loop_stack[target_loop_depth].start;
-            self.code.emit_jump_to(Opcode::Jump, loop_start);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ========================================================================
-    // Comprehension Compilation
-    // ========================================================================
-
-    /// Compiles a list comprehension: `[elt for target in iter if cond...]`
-    ///
-    /// Bytecode structure:
-    /// ```text
-    /// BUILD_LIST 0          ; empty result
-    /// <compile first iter>
-    /// GET_ITER
-    /// loop_start:
-    ///   FOR_ITER end_loop
-    ///   STORE_LOCAL target
-    ///   <compile filters - jump back to loop_start if any fails>
-    ///   [nested generators...]
-    ///   <compile elt>
-    ///   LIST_APPEND depth
-    ///   JUMP loop_start
-    /// end_loop:
-    /// ; result list on stack
-    /// ```
-    fn compile_list_comp(&mut self, elt: &ExprLoc, generators: &[Comprehension]) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // Build empty list
-        self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildList, 0);
-
-        // Compile the nested generators, which will eventually append to the list
-        let depth = u8::try_from(generators.len()).expect("too many generators in list comprehension");
-        self.compile_comprehension_generators(generators, 0, |compiler| {
-            compiler.compile_expr(elt)?;
-            compiler.code.emit_u8(Opcode::ListAppend, depth);
-            Ok(())
-        })?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a set comprehension: `{elt for target in iter if cond...}`
-    fn compile_set_comp(&mut self, elt: &ExprLoc, generators: &[Comprehension]) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // Build empty set
-        self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildSet, 0);
-
-        // Compile the nested generators, which will eventually add to the set
-        let depth = u8::try_from(generators.len()).expect("too many generators in set comprehension");
-        self.compile_comprehension_generators(generators, 0, |compiler| {
-            compiler.compile_expr(elt)?;
-            compiler.code.emit_u8(Opcode::SetAdd, depth);
-            Ok(())
-        })?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a dict comprehension: `{key: value for target in iter if cond...}`
-    fn compile_dict_comp(
-        &mut self,
-        key: &ExprLoc,
-        value: &ExprLoc,
-        generators: &[Comprehension],
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // Build empty dict
-        self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildDict, 0);
-
-        // Compile the nested generators, which will eventually set items in the dict
-        let depth = u8::try_from(generators.len()).expect("too many generators in dict comprehension");
-        self.compile_comprehension_generators(generators, 0, |compiler| {
-            compiler.compile_expr(key)?;
-            compiler.compile_expr(value)?;
-            compiler.code.emit_u8(Opcode::DictSetItem, depth);
-            Ok(())
-        })?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Recursively compiles comprehension generators (the for/if clauses).
-    ///
-    /// For each generator:
-    /// 1. Compile the iterator expression and get iterator
-    /// 2. Start loop: FOR_ITER to get next value or exit
-    /// 3. Store to target variable
-    /// 4. Compile filter conditions (jump back to loop start if any fails)
-    /// 5. Either recurse for inner generator, or call the body callback
-    /// 6. Jump back to loop start
-    ///
-    /// The `body_fn` callback is called at the innermost level to emit the element/key-value code.
-    fn compile_comprehension_generators(
-        &mut self,
-        generators: &[Comprehension],
-        index: usize,
-        body_fn: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), CompileError>,
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        let generator = &generators[index];
-
-        // Record stack depth before iterator expression
-        // This is the depth we return to when the loop finishes (iterator popped)
-        let loop_exit_depth = self.code.stack_depth();
-
-        // Compile iterator expression
-        self.compile_expr(&generator.iter)?;
-        self.code.emit(Opcode::GetIter);
-
-        // Loop start
-        let loop_start = self.code.current_offset();
-
-        // FOR_ITER: advance iterator or jump to end
-        let end_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::ForIter);
-
-        // Store current value to target (single variable or tuple unpacking)
-        self.compile_unpack_target(&generator.target);
-
-        // Compile filter conditions - jump back to loop start if any fails
-        for cond in &generator.ifs {
-            self.compile_expr(cond)?;
-            // If condition is false, skip to next iteration
-            self.code.emit_jump_to(Opcode::JumpIfFalse, loop_start);
-        }
-
-        // Either recurse for inner generator, or emit body
-        if index + 1 < generators.len() {
-            // Recurse for inner generator
-            self.compile_comprehension_generators(generators, index + 1, body_fn)?;
-        } else {
-            // Innermost level - emit body (the element/key-value expression and append/add/set)
-            body_fn(self)?;
-        }
-
-        // Jump back to loop start
-        self.code.emit_jump_to(Opcode::Jump, loop_start);
-
-        // End of loop
-        self.code.patch_jump(end_jump);
-        // Iterator is popped when loop ends normally, so restore depth to before loop
-        self.code.set_stack_depth(loop_exit_depth);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles storage of an unpack target - either a single identifier, nested tuple, or starred.
-    ///
-    /// For single identifiers: emits a simple store.
-    /// For nested tuples: emits `UnpackSequence` (or `UnpackEx` with starred) and recursively
-    /// handles each sub-target.
-    fn compile_unpack_target(&mut self, target: &UnpackTarget) {
-        match target {
-            UnpackTarget::Name(ident) => {
-                // Single identifier - just store directly
-                self.compile_store(ident);
-            }
-            UnpackTarget::Starred(ident) => {
-                // Starred target by itself (shouldn't happen at top level normally)
-                // Just store as if it were a name
-                self.compile_store(ident);
-            }
-            UnpackTarget::Tuple { targets, position } => {
-                // Check if there's a starred target
-                let star_idx = targets.iter().position(|t| matches!(t, UnpackTarget::Starred(_)));
-
-                self.code.set_location(*position, None);
-
-                if let Some(star_idx) = star_idx {
-                    // Has starred target - use UnpackEx
-                    let before = u8::try_from(star_idx).expect("too many targets before star");
-                    let after = u8::try_from(targets.len() - star_idx - 1).expect("too many targets after star");
-                    self.code.emit_u8_u8(Opcode::UnpackEx, before, after);
-                } else {
-                    // No starred target - use UnpackSequence
-                    let count = u8::try_from(targets.len()).expect("too many targets in nested unpack");
-                    self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::UnpackSequence, count);
-                }
-
-                // After UnpackSequence/UnpackEx, values are on stack with first item on top
-                // Store them in order, recursively handling further nesting
-                for target in targets {
-                    self.compile_unpack_target(target);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ========================================================================
-    // Statement Helpers
-    // ========================================================================
-
-    /// Compiles an assert statement.
-    fn compile_assert(&mut self, test: &ExprLoc, msg: Option<&ExprLoc>) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // Compile test
-        self.compile_expr(test)?;
-        // Jump over raise if truthy
-        let skip_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::JumpIfTrue);
-
-        // Raise AssertionError
-        let exc_idx = self
-            .code
-            .add_const(Value::Builtin(Builtins::ExcType(ExcType::AssertionError)));
-        self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, exc_idx);
-
-        if let Some(msg_expr) = msg {
-            // Call AssertionError(msg)
-            self.compile_expr(msg_expr)?;
-            self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunction, 1);
-        } else {
-            // Call AssertionError()
-            self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::CallFunction, 0);
-        }
-
-        self.code.emit(Opcode::Raise);
-        self.code.patch_jump(skip_jump);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles f-string parts, returning the number of string parts to concatenate.
-    ///
-    /// Each part is compiled to leave a string value on the stack:
-    /// - `Literal(StringId)`: Push the interned string directly
-    /// - `Interpolation`: Compile expr, emit FormatValue to convert to string
-    fn compile_fstring_parts(&mut self, parts: &[FStringPart]) -> Result<u16, CompileError> {
-        let mut count = 0u16;
-
-        for part in parts {
-            match part {
-                FStringPart::Literal(string_id) => {
-                    // Push the interned string as a constant
-                    let const_idx = self.code.add_const(Value::InternString(*string_id));
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, const_idx);
-                    count += 1;
-                }
-                FStringPart::Interpolation {
-                    expr,
-                    conversion,
-                    format_spec,
-                    debug_prefix,
-                } => {
-                    // If debug prefix present, push it first
-                    if let Some(prefix_id) = debug_prefix {
-                        let const_idx = self.code.add_const(Value::InternString(*prefix_id));
-                        self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, const_idx);
-                        count += 1;
-                    }
-
-                    // Compile the expression
-                    self.compile_expr(expr)?;
-
-                    // For debug expressions without explicit conversion, Python uses repr by default
-                    let effective_conversion = if debug_prefix.is_some() && matches!(conversion, ConversionFlag::None) {
-                        ConversionFlag::Repr
-                    } else {
-                        *conversion
-                    };
-
-                    // Emit FormatValue with appropriate flags
-                    let flags = self.compile_format_value(effective_conversion, format_spec.as_ref())?;
-                    self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::FormatValue, flags);
-                    count += 1;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(count)
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles format value flags and optionally pushes format spec to stack.
-    ///
-    /// Returns the flags byte encoding conversion and format spec presence.
-    /// If a format spec is present, it's pushed to the stack before the value.
-    fn compile_format_value(
-        &mut self,
-        conversion: ConversionFlag,
-        format_spec: Option<&FormatSpec>,
-    ) -> Result<u8, CompileError> {
-        // Conversion flag: bits 0-1
-        let conv_bits = match conversion {
-            ConversionFlag::None => 0,
-            ConversionFlag::Str => 1,
-            ConversionFlag::Repr => 2,
-            ConversionFlag::Ascii => 3,
-        };
-
-        match format_spec {
-            None => Ok(conv_bits),
-            Some(FormatSpec::Static(parsed)) => {
-                // Static format spec - push a marker constant with the parsed spec info
-                // We store this as a special format spec value in the constant pool
-                // The VM will recognize this and use the pre-parsed spec
-                let const_idx = self.add_format_spec_const(parsed);
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::LoadConst, const_idx);
-                Ok(conv_bits | 0x04) // has format spec on stack
-            }
-            Some(FormatSpec::Dynamic(dynamic_parts)) => {
-                // Compile dynamic format spec parts to build a format spec string
-                // Then parse it at runtime
-                let part_count = self.compile_fstring_parts(dynamic_parts)?;
-                if part_count > 1 {
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::BuildFString, part_count);
-                }
-                // Format spec string is now on stack
-                Ok(conv_bits | 0x04) // has format spec on stack
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Adds a format spec to the constant pool as an encoded integer.
-    ///
-    /// Uses the encoding from `fstring::encode_format_spec` and stores it as
-    /// a negative integer to distinguish from regular ints.
-    fn add_format_spec_const(&mut self, spec: &ParsedFormatSpec) -> u16 {
-        let encoded = encode_format_spec(spec);
-        // Use negative to distinguish from regular ints (format spec marker)
-        // We negate and subtract 1 to ensure it's negative and recoverable
-        let encoded_i64 = i64::try_from(encoded).expect("format spec encoding exceeds i64::MAX");
-        let marker = -(encoded_i64 + 1);
-        self.code.add_const(Value::Int(marker))
-    }
-
-    // ========================================================================
-    // Exception Handling Compilation
-    // ========================================================================
-
-    /// Compiles a return statement, handling finally blocks properly.
-    ///
-    /// If we're inside a try-finally block, the return value is kept on the stack
-    /// and we jump to a "finally with return" section that runs finally then returns.
-    /// Otherwise, we emit a direct `ReturnValue`.
-    fn compile_return(&mut self) {
-        if let Some(finally_target) = self.finally_targets.last_mut() {
-            // Inside a try-finally: jump to finally, then return
-            // Return value is already on stack
-            let jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::Jump);
-            finally_target.return_jumps.push(jump);
-        } else {
-            // Normal return
-            self.code.emit(Opcode::ReturnValue);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles a try/except/else/finally block.
-    ///
-    /// The bytecode structure is:
-    /// ```text
-    /// <try_body>                     # protected range
-    /// JUMP to_else_or_finally        # skip handlers if no exception
-    /// handler_dispatch:              # exception pushed by VM
-    ///   # for each handler:
-    ///   <check exception type>
-    ///   <handler body>
-    ///   CLEAR_EXCEPTION
-    ///   JUMP to_finally
-    /// reraise:
-    ///   RERAISE                      # no handler matched
-    /// else_block:
-    ///   <else_body>
-    /// finally_block:
-    ///   <finally_body>
-    /// end:
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// For finally blocks, exceptions that propagate through the handler dispatch
-    /// (including RERAISE when no handler matches) are caught by a second exception
-    /// entry that ensures finally runs before propagation.
-    ///
-    /// Returns inside try/except/else jump to a "finally with return" path that
-    /// runs the finally code then returns the value.
-    ///
-    /// **Note:** The finally block code is emitted multiple times (once for each
-    /// control flow path: normal, exception, return, break, continue). This is the
-    /// same approach CPython uses - each path has different stack state at entry
-    /// (e.g., return has a value on stack, break has popped the iterator), so we
-    /// can't easily share a single copy. The duplication is intentional.
-    fn compile_try(&mut self, try_block: &Try<PreparedNode>) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        let has_finally = !try_block.finally.is_empty();
-        let has_handlers = !try_block.handlers.is_empty();
-        let has_else = !try_block.or_else.is_empty();
-
-        // Record stack depth at try entry (for unwinding on exception)
-        let stack_depth = self.code.stack_depth();
-
-        // If there's a finally block, track returns/break/continue inside try/handlers/else
-        if has_finally {
-            self.finally_targets.push(FinallyTarget {
-                return_jumps: Vec::new(),
-                break_jumps: Vec::new(),
-                continue_jumps: Vec::new(),
-                loop_depth_at_entry: self.loop_stack.len(),
-            });
-        }
-
-        // === Compile try body ===
-        let try_start = self.code.current_offset();
-        self.compile_block(&try_block.body)?;
-        let try_end = self.code.current_offset();
-
-        // Jump to else/finally if no exception (skip handlers)
-        let after_try_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::Jump);
-
-        // === Handler dispatch starts here ===
-        let handler_start = self.code.current_offset();
-
-        // VM pushes exception onto stack when entering handler.
-        // Adjust compiler's stack depth tracking to reflect this.
-        self.code.adjust_stack_depth(1);
-
-        // Track jumps that go to finally (for patching later)
-        let mut finally_jumps: Vec<JumpLabel> = Vec::new();
-
-        if has_handlers {
-            // Compile exception handlers
-            // handler_entry_depth = stack_depth + 1 (exception on stack)
-            let handler_entry_depth = stack_depth + 1;
-            self.compile_exception_handlers(&try_block.handlers, &mut finally_jumps, handler_entry_depth)?;
-        } else {
-            // No handlers - just reraise (this only happens with try-finally)
-            self.code.emit(Opcode::Reraise);
-        }
-
-        // After handler dispatch, each handler path either:
-        // 1. Matched and popped the exception (via Pop), then jumped to finally
-        // 2. Didn't match and reraised (for last handler)
-        // The handlers' Pop instructions already account for the exception,
-        // so no additional stack depth adjustment is needed here.
-
-        // Mark end of handler dispatch (for finally exception entry)
-        let handler_dispatch_end = self.code.current_offset();
-
-        // === Finally cleanup handler (for exceptions during handler dispatch) ===
-        // This catches exceptions from RERAISE (and any other exceptions in handlers)
-        // and ensures finally runs before the exception propagates.
-        let finally_cleanup_start = if has_finally {
-            let cleanup_start = self.code.current_offset();
-            // Exception value is on stack (pushed by VM), so stack = stack_depth + 1
-            self.code.set_stack_depth(stack_depth + 1);
-            // We need to pop it, run finally, then reraise
-            // But we can't easily save the exception, so we use a different approach:
-            // The exception is already on the exception_stack from handle_exception,
-            // so we can just pop from operand stack, run finally, then reraise.
-            self.code.emit(Opcode::Pop); // Pop exception from operand stack
-            self.compile_block(&try_block.finally)?;
-            self.code.emit(Opcode::Reraise); // Re-raise from exception_stack
-            Some(cleanup_start)
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-
-        // === Finally with return/break/continue paths ===
-        // Pop finally target and get all the jumps that need to go through finally
-        let finally_with_return_start = if has_finally {
-            let finally_target = self.finally_targets.pop().expect("finally_targets should not be empty");
-
-            // === Finally with return path ===
-            let return_start = if finally_target.return_jumps.is_empty() {
-                None
-            } else {
-                let start = self.code.current_offset();
-                for jump in finally_target.return_jumps {
-                    self.code.patch_jump(jump);
-                }
-                // Return value is on stack, stack = stack_depth + 1
-                self.code.set_stack_depth(stack_depth + 1);
-                self.compile_block(&try_block.finally)?;
-                self.compile_return();
-                Some(start)
-            };
-
-            // === Finally with break path ===
-            // For each break, run finally then either:
-            // - Jump to outer finally's break path (if there's an outer finally between us and the loop)
-            // - Jump directly to the loop's break target
-            if !finally_target.break_jumps.is_empty() {
-                for break_info in &finally_target.break_jumps {
-                    self.code.patch_jump(break_info.jump);
-                }
-                // Break already popped the iterator, so stack = stack_depth - 1
-                // (the iterator was on stack at try entry, break removed it)
-                self.code.set_stack_depth(stack_depth.saturating_sub(1));
-                self.compile_block(&try_block.finally)?;
-                // After finally, compile the break again (handles nested finally or direct jump)
-                self.compile_control_flow_after_finally(&finally_target.break_jumps, true);
-            }
-
-            // === Finally with continue path ===
-            if !finally_target.continue_jumps.is_empty() {
-                for continue_info in &finally_target.continue_jumps {
-                    self.code.patch_jump(continue_info.jump);
-                }
-                // Continue doesn't pop the iterator, stack = stack_depth
-                self.code.set_stack_depth(stack_depth);
-                self.compile_block(&try_block.finally)?;
-                // After finally, compile the continue again (handles nested finally or direct jump)
-                self.compile_control_flow_after_finally(&finally_target.continue_jumps, false);
-            }
-
-            return_start
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-
-        // === Else block (runs if no exception) ===
-        self.code.patch_jump(after_try_jump);
-        // Normal path from try body, stack = stack_depth
-        self.code.set_stack_depth(stack_depth);
-        let else_start = self.code.current_offset();
-        if has_else {
-            self.compile_block(&try_block.or_else)?;
-        }
-        let else_end = self.code.current_offset();
-
-        // === Normal finally path (no exception pending, no return) ===
-        // Patch all jumps from handlers to go here
-        for jump in finally_jumps {
-            self.code.patch_jump(jump);
-        }
-
-        if has_finally {
-            // Stack = stack_depth (no exception, no return value)
-            self.code.set_stack_depth(stack_depth);
-            self.compile_block(&try_block.finally)?;
-        }
-
-        // === Add exception table entries ===
-        // Order matters: entries are searched in order, so inner entries must come first.
-
-        // Entry 1: Try body -> handler dispatch
-        if has_handlers || has_finally {
-            self.code.add_exception_entry(ExceptionEntry::new(
-                u32::try_from(try_start).expect("bytecode offset exceeds u32"),
-                u32::try_from(try_end).expect("bytecode offset exceeds u32") + 3, // +3 to include the JUMP instruction
-                u32::try_from(handler_start).expect("bytecode offset exceeds u32"),
-                stack_depth,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        // Entry 2: Handler dispatch -> finally cleanup (only if has_finally)
-        // This ensures finally runs when RERAISE is executed or any exception occurs in handlers
-        if let Some(cleanup_start) = finally_cleanup_start {
-            self.code.add_exception_entry(ExceptionEntry::new(
-                u32::try_from(handler_start).expect("bytecode offset exceeds u32"),
-                u32::try_from(handler_dispatch_end).expect("bytecode offset exceeds u32"),
-                u32::try_from(cleanup_start).expect("bytecode offset exceeds u32"),
-                stack_depth,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        // Entry 3: Finally with return -> finally cleanup
-        // If an exception occurs while running finally (in the return path), catch it
-        if let (Some(return_start), Some(cleanup_start)) = (finally_with_return_start, finally_cleanup_start) {
-            self.code.add_exception_entry(ExceptionEntry::new(
-                u32::try_from(return_start).expect("bytecode offset exceeds u32"),
-                u32::try_from(else_start).expect("bytecode offset exceeds u32"), // End at else_start (before else block)
-                u32::try_from(cleanup_start).expect("bytecode offset exceeds u32"),
-                stack_depth,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        // Entry 4: Else block -> finally cleanup (only if has_finally and has_else)
-        // Exceptions in else block should go through finally
-        if has_else && let Some(cleanup_start) = finally_cleanup_start {
-            self.code.add_exception_entry(ExceptionEntry::new(
-                u32::try_from(else_start).expect("bytecode offset exceeds u32"),
-                u32::try_from(else_end).expect("bytecode offset exceeds u32"),
-                u32::try_from(cleanup_start).expect("bytecode offset exceeds u32"),
-                stack_depth,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles the exception handlers for a try block.
-    ///
-    /// Each handler checks if the exception matches its type, and if so,
-    /// executes the handler body. If no handler matches, the exception is re-raised.
-    ///
-    /// `handler_entry_depth` is the stack depth when entering handler dispatch
-    /// (i.e., base stack_depth + 1 for the exception value).
-    fn compile_exception_handlers(
-        &mut self,
-        handlers: &[ExceptHandler<PreparedNode>],
-        finally_jumps: &mut Vec<JumpLabel>,
-        handler_entry_depth: u16,
-    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
-        // Track jumps from non-matching handlers to next handler
-        let mut next_handler_jumps: Vec<JumpLabel> = Vec::new();
-
-        for (i, handler) in handlers.iter().enumerate() {
-            let is_last = i == handlers.len() - 1;
-
-            // Patch jumps from previous handler's non-match to here
-            // If jumping from a previous handler's no-match, stack has [exc, exc] (duplicate)
-            // We need to pop the duplicate before starting this handler's check
-            if !next_handler_jumps.is_empty() {
-                for jump in next_handler_jumps.drain(..) {
-                    self.code.patch_jump(jump);
-                }
-                // Reset stack depth for jump target: [exc, exc] = handler_entry_depth + 1
-                self.code.set_stack_depth(handler_entry_depth + 1);
-                // Pop the duplicate from previous handler's check
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::Pop);
-            }
-
-            if let Some(exc_type) = &handler.exc_type {
-                // Typed handler: except ExcType: or except ExcType as e:
-                // Stack: [exception]
-
-                // Duplicate exception for type check
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::Dup);
-                // Stack: [exception, exception]
-
-                // Load the exception type to match against
-                self.compile_expr(exc_type)?;
-                // Stack: [exception, exception, exc_type]
-
-                // Check if exception matches the type
-                // This validates exc_type is a valid exception type and performs the match
-                // CheckExcMatch pops exc_type, peeks exception, pushes bool
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::CheckExcMatch);
-                // Stack: [exception, exception, bool]
-
-                // Jump to next handler if match returned False
-                // JumpIfFalse pops the bool, leaving [exception, exception]
-                let no_match_jump = self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::JumpIfFalse);
-
-                if is_last {
-                    // Last handler - if no match, reraise
-                    // But first we need to handle the exception var cleanup
-                } else {
-                    next_handler_jumps.push(no_match_jump);
-                }
-
-                // After JumpIfFalse (match succeeded), stack is [exception, exception]
-                // Pop the duplicate that was used for the type check
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::Pop);
-                // Stack: [exception]
-
-                // Exception matched! Bind to variable if needed
-                if let Some(name) = &handler.name {
-                    // Stack: [exception]
-                    // Store to variable (don't pop - we still need it for current_exception)
-                    self.code.emit(Opcode::Dup);
-                    self.compile_store(name);
-                }
-
-                // Track that we're inside an except handler (for break/continue cleanup)
-                self.except_handler_depth += 1;
-
-                // Compile handler body
-                self.compile_block(&handler.body)?;
-
-                // Exit except handler context
-                self.except_handler_depth -= 1;
-
-                // Delete exception variable (Python 3 behavior)
-                if let Some(name) = &handler.name {
-                    self.compile_delete(name);
-                }
-
-                // Clear current_exception
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::ClearException);
-
-                // Pop the exception from stack
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::Pop);
-
-                // Jump to finally
-                finally_jumps.push(self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::Jump));
-
-                // If this was last handler and no match, we need to reraise
-                if is_last {
-                    self.code.patch_jump(no_match_jump);
-                    // Coming from JumpIfFalse no-match path, stack has [exception, exception]
-                    // Reset stack depth for jump target
-                    self.code.set_stack_depth(handler_entry_depth + 1);
-                    // We need to pop the duplicate before reraising
-                    self.code.emit(Opcode::Pop);
-                    self.code.emit(Opcode::Reraise);
-                }
-            } else {
-                // Bare except: catches everything
-                // Stack: [exception]
-
-                // Bind to variable if needed
-                if let Some(name) = &handler.name {
-                    self.code.emit(Opcode::Dup);
-                    self.compile_store(name);
-                }
-
-                // Track that we're inside an except handler (for break/continue cleanup)
-                self.except_handler_depth += 1;
-
-                // Compile handler body
-                self.compile_block(&handler.body)?;
-
-                // Exit except handler context
-                self.except_handler_depth -= 1;
-
-                // Delete exception variable
-                if let Some(name) = &handler.name {
-                    self.compile_delete(name);
-                }
-
-                // Clear current_exception
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::ClearException);
-
-                // Pop the exception from stack
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::Pop);
-
-                // Jump to finally
-                finally_jumps.push(self.code.emit_jump(Opcode::Jump));
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Compiles deletion of a variable.
-    ///
-    /// At module level, `Local` and `LocalUnassigned` scopes emit `DeleteGlobal`
-    /// because module-level locals live in the globals array.
-    fn compile_delete(&mut self, target: &Identifier) {
-        let slot = u16::try_from(target.namespace_id().index()).expect("local slot exceeds u16");
-        match target.scope {
-            NameScope::Local | NameScope::LocalUnassigned => {
-                if self.is_module_scope {
-                    self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::DeleteGlobal, slot);
-                } else if let Ok(s) = u8::try_from(slot) {
-                    self.code.emit_u8(Opcode::DeleteLocal, s);
-                } else {
-                    // Wide variant not implemented yet
-                    todo!("DeleteLocalW for slot > 255");
-                }
-            }
-            NameScope::Global => {
-                self.code.emit_u16(Opcode::DeleteGlobal, slot);
-            }
-            NameScope::Cell => {
-                // Delete cell not commonly needed
-                // For now, just store None
-                self.code.emit(Opcode::LoadNone);
-                self.compile_store(target);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Error that can occur during bytecode compilation.
-///
-/// These are typically limit violations that can't be represented in the bytecode
-/// format (e.g., too many arguments, too many local variables), or import errors
-/// detected at compile time.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct CompileError {
-    /// Error message describing the issue.
-    message: Cow<'static, str>,
-    /// Source location where the error occurred.
-    position: CodeRange,
-    /// Exception type to use (defaults to SyntaxError).
-    exc_type: ExcType,
-}
-
-impl CompileError {
-    /// Creates a new compile error with the given message and position.
-    ///
-    /// Defaults to `SyntaxError` exception type.
-    fn new(message: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>, position: CodeRange) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            message: message.into(),
-            position,
-            exc_type: ExcType::SyntaxError,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Converts this compile error into a Python exception.
-    ///
-    /// Uses the stored exception type (SyntaxError or ModuleNotFoundError).
-    /// - SyntaxError: hides the `, in <module>` part (CPython's format)
-    /// - ModuleNotFoundError: hides caret markers (CPython doesn't show them)
-    pub fn into_python_exc(self, filename: &str, source: &str) -> MontyException {
-        let mut frame = if self.exc_type == ExcType::SyntaxError {
-            // SyntaxError uses different format: no `, in <module>`
-            StackFrame::from_position_syntax_error(self.position, filename, source)
-        } else {
-            StackFrame::from_position(self.position, filename, source)
-        };
-        // CPython doesn't show carets for module not found errors
-        if self.exc_type == ExcType::ModuleNotFoundError {
-            frame.hide_caret = true;
-        }
-        MontyException::new_full(self.exc_type, Some(self.message.into_owned()), vec![frame])
-    }
-}
-
-// ============================================================================
-// Operator Mapping Functions
-// ============================================================================
-
-/// Maps a binary `Operator` to its corresponding `Opcode`.
-fn operator_to_opcode(op: &Operator) -> Opcode {
-    match op {
-        Operator::Add => Opcode::BinaryAdd,
-        Operator::Sub => Opcode::BinarySub,
-        Operator::Mult => Opcode::BinaryMul,
-        Operator::Div => Opcode::BinaryDiv,
-        Operator::FloorDiv => Opcode::BinaryFloorDiv,
-        Operator::Mod => Opcode::BinaryMod,
-        Operator::Pow => Opcode::BinaryPow,
-        Operator::MatMult => Opcode::BinaryMatMul,
-        Operator::LShift => Opcode::BinaryLShift,
-        Operator::RShift => Opcode::BinaryRShift,
-        Operator::BitOr => Opcode::BinaryOr,
-        Operator::BitXor => Opcode::BinaryXor,
-        Operator::BitAnd => Opcode::BinaryAnd,
-        // And/Or are handled separately for short-circuit evaluation
-        Operator::And | Operator::Or => {
-            unreachable!("And/Or operators handled in compile_binary_op")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Maps an `Operator` to its in-place (augmented assignment) `Opcode`.
-///
-/// Returns `None` for operators that don't have an in-place opcode (currently `MatMult`,
-/// since matrix multiplication is not yet supported). Returns `Some(opcode)` for all
-/// other valid augmented assignment operators.
-///
-/// # Panics
-///
-/// Panics if called with `And` or `Or` operators, which cannot be used in augmented
-/// assignments (this would be a parser bug).
-fn operator_to_inplace_opcode(op: &Operator) -> Option<Opcode> {
-    match op {
-        Operator::Add => Some(Opcode::InplaceAdd),
-        Operator::Sub => Some(Opcode::InplaceSub),
-        Operator::Mult => Some(Opcode::InplaceMul),
-        Operator::Div => Some(Opcode::InplaceDiv),
-        Operator::FloorDiv => Some(Opcode::InplaceFloorDiv),
-        Operator::Mod => Some(Opcode::InplaceMod),
-        Operator::Pow => Some(Opcode::InplacePow),
-        Operator::BitAnd => Some(Opcode::InplaceAnd),
-        Operator::BitOr => Some(Opcode::InplaceOr),
-        Operator::BitXor => Some(Opcode::InplaceXor),
-        Operator::LShift => Some(Opcode::InplaceLShift),
-        Operator::RShift => Some(Opcode::InplaceRShift),
-        Operator::MatMult => None,
-        Operator::And | Operator::Or => {
-            unreachable!("And/Or operators cannot be used in augmented assignment")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Maps a `CmpOperator` to its corresponding `Opcode`.
-fn cmp_operator_to_opcode(op: &CmpOperator) -> Opcode {
-    match op {
-        CmpOperator::Eq => Opcode::CompareEq,
-        CmpOperator::NotEq => Opcode::CompareNe,
-        CmpOperator::Lt => Opcode::CompareLt,
-        CmpOperator::LtE => Opcode::CompareLe,
-        CmpOperator::Gt => Opcode::CompareGt,
-        CmpOperator::GtE => Opcode::CompareGe,
-        CmpOperator::Is => Opcode::CompareIs,
-        CmpOperator::IsNot => Opcode::CompareIsNot,
-        CmpOperator::In => Opcode::CompareIn,
-        CmpOperator::NotIn => Opcode::CompareNotIn,
-        // ModEq is handled specially at the call site (needs constant operand)
-        CmpOperator::ModEq(_) => unreachable!("ModEq handled at call site"),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Returns `true` if any item in the sequence is a PEP 448 unpack (`*expr`).
-///
-/// Used to choose between the fast single-`Build*(N)` path and the generalized
-/// incremental `Build*(0)` + `ListAppend`/`ListExtend` (or `SetAdd`/`SetExtend`) path.
-/// Only the generalized path is needed when at least one `Unpack` variant is present.
-fn has_unpack_seq(items: &[SequenceItem]) -> bool {
-    items.iter().any(|i| matches!(i, SequenceItem::Unpack(_)))
-}
-
-/// Returns `true` if any item in the dict literal is a PEP 448 `**expr` unpack.
-///
-/// Used to choose between the fast single-`BuildDict(N)` path and the generalized
-/// incremental `BuildDict(0)` + `DictSetItem`/`DictUpdate` path.
-fn has_unpack_dict(items: &[DictItem]) -> bool {
-    items.iter().any(|i| matches!(i, DictItem::Unpack(_)))
-}