npm - sparkforensics-cli - Versions diffs - 0.1.0 → 0.2.0 - Mend

sparkforensics-cli 0.1.0 → 0.2.0

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Specifics</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/aqe.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Adaptive Query Execution</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/cluster-config.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Cluster Tuning</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/anti-patterns.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Anti-Patterns</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 has-active" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Detector Catalog</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-skew.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Task Skew</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-shuffle.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Shuffle I/O</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-spill.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Memory / Disk Spill</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-gc.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>GC Pressure</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-cold-start.html" 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data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Task Failures</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-straggler.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Stragglers</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-retry-waste.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Retry Waste</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-tiny-tasks.html" 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data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Reference</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/metrics.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Metrics Glossary</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/config.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Spark Config Quick-Reference</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" 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data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-failures" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-failures" tabindex="-1">Task Failures <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-failures" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Task Failures {#bottleneck-failures}&quot;"></a></h1><p><span class="tag">FAIL</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;"></a></h2><p>A task failure is any task end whose <code>Reason</code> field is something other than success. Spark&#39;s event log serializes this as the formatted class name of whichever <code>TaskEndReason</code> instance was assigned to that task attempt<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>, and the canonical set of reasons is <code>Success</code>, <code>FetchFailed</code>, <code>ExceptionFailure</code>, <code>TaskResultLost</code>, <code>TaskKilled</code>, <code>TaskCommitDenied</code>, <code>ExecutorLostFailure</code>, <code>Resubmitted</code>, and <code>UnknownReason</code><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup>. Each carries its own extra detail: a <code>FetchFailed</code> records a reduce ID and message; an <code>ExceptionFailure</code> carries the exception&#39;s class name, description, and stack trace, plus accumulator updates (falling back to reading them out of the task&#39;s metrics object for logs written by Spark 1.x); a <code>TaskKilled</code> records a kill reason; a <code>TaskCommitDenied</code> records the job ID, partition ID, and attempt number; an <code>ExecutorLostFailure</code> records whether the loss was caused by the application, the executor ID, and a loss reason; <code>UnknownReason</code> carries no extra fields<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:2">[1:2]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h2><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>failed tasks (share)</th><th>Level</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>&gt; 5%</td><td>Warning</td></tr><tr><td>&gt; 20%</td><td>Critical</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The task-metrics object attached to a <code>SparkListenerTaskEnd</code> event is optional in the schema, so it isn&#39;t guaranteed to be present for every failure. It tends to be populated for reasons where the attempt actually ran far enough to produce metrics (an <code>ExceptionFailure</code> or <code>TaskKilled</code>, for instance) but can be absent for a <code>Resubmitted</code> attempt that never completed on its executor at all<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:3">[1:3]</a></sup>. Detection has to key off the <code>Reason</code> field itself rather than assume metrics will always be there to inspect.</p><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h2><p>Some reasons point at something worse than a one-off hiccup. An <code>ExecutorLostFailure</code> can be the knock-on effect of a container or pod killed for exceeding its memory grant: enabling off-heap memory without also raising <code>spark.executor.memoryOverhead</code> (or setting <code>spark.executor.pyspark.memory</code> explicitly) lets real usage exceed what YARN or Kubernetes allocated, and the executor is killed with a generic container-memory error rather than a Spark-level exception<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>. Losing an executor mid-shuffle can also cascade into failures elsewhere: if dynamic allocation removes an executor before a shuffle it wrote data for has completed, that shuffle output is gone, and downstream tasks reading it fail and force an unnecessary recompute<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>Read the <code>Reason</code> field before treating all failures the same: an <code>ExceptionFailure</code> points at application code, and an <code>ExecutorLostFailure</code> usually points at memory sizing or infrastructure.</li><li>For memory-driven <code>ExecutorLostFailure</code>s, size <code>spark.executor.memoryOverhead</code> (which defaults to <code>max(384 MB, 10% of executor memory)</code>) to actually cover off-heap and PySpark memory, since neither is folded into that default budget automatically<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:1">[2:1]</a></sup>.</li><li>For failures caused by dynamic allocation reclaiming an executor mid-shuffle, enable the external <a href="./shuffle.html">shuffle service</a> or <code>spark.dynamicAllocation.shuffleTracking.enabled</code> so shuffle output can outlive the executor that wrote it, instead of being lost and recomputed<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:1">[3:1]</a></sup>.</li></ul><p>Config-only levers for memory-driven <code>ExecutorLostFailure</code>s and mid-shuffle executor loss:</p><div class="language-properties vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">properties</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Cover off-heap + PySpark memory the default overhead budget does NOT include.</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Default is max(384m, 10% of executor memory); 2g is an example, size to real off-heap/PySpark use.</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.executor.memoryOverhead</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=2g</span></span>
+<span class="line"></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Keep shuffle output alive when dynamic allocation reclaims an executor mid-shuffle</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.dynamicAllocation.shuffleTracking.enabled</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="failed-stage" tabindex="-1">Failed stage <a class="header-anchor" href="#failed-stage" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Failed stage&quot;"></a></h2><p><span class="tag">SFAIL</span></p><p>A single task failing and a whole stage failing are handled by different parts of the scheduler. Task retries sit in the TaskScheduler; the stage-level verdict belongs to the <a href="./spark-architecture.html">DAGScheduler</a>, which decides whether the job as a whole lives or dies. When a stage fails, it is not abandoned on the spot: the DAGScheduler resubmits it as a fresh attempt, and the job only fails once the stage cannot make progress after repeated attempts<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>. So the difference between &quot;retried and succeeds&quot; and &quot;aborts the job&quot; is whether a later attempt finishes before the attempt budget runs out.</p><img class="light-only" src="../assets/retry-escalation-ladder.DyTKJJmZ.svg" alt="The layered budgets a repeated failure climbs through, from task retries to stage resubmission to the executor and application ceilings that abort the job."><img class="dark-only" src="../assets/retry-escalation-ladder.dark.BdsabtU3.svg" alt="The layered budgets a repeated failure climbs through, from task retries to stage resubmission to the executor and application ceilings that abort the job."><p>That budget is <code>spark.stage.maxConsecutiveAttempts</code>, default 4: the number of consecutive stage attempts allowed before the stage is aborted<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup>. Fail, resubmit, and complete within those attempts and the job stays alive; keep failing until the limit is spent and the job aborts.</p><p>A <code>FetchFailed</code> is the classic trigger. It counts against that stage attempt limit, which is why <code>spark.stage.ignoreDecommissionFetchFailure</code> (default <code>true</code> since 3.4.0) exists: it keeps a fetch failure caused by an executor being decommissioned from counting toward <code>spark.stage.maxConsecutiveAttempts</code>, which by implication means ordinary fetch failures otherwise do count toward the abort budget<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5:1">[5:1]</a></sup>.</p><p>Executor exclusion is the other stage-level lever. The <code>spark.excludeOnFailure.*</code> family is off by default (<code>spark.excludeOnFailure.enabled</code> is <code>false</code>) and tracks how many tasks must fail on one executor within a stage before that executor is excluded for the stage; it can also kill executors excluded on a fetch failure<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5:2">[5:2]</a></sup>. If exclusion leaves a TaskSet with no schedulable executor left, <code>spark.scheduler.excludeOnFailure.unschedulableTaskSetTimeout</code> (default 120s) caps how long Spark waits to acquire a new executor before aborting that TaskSet<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5:3">[5:3]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="confidence" tabindex="-1">Confidence <a class="header-anchor" href="#confidence" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Confidence&quot;"></a></h2><p>The failed-task-share thresholds and the stage-failure behaviour both map to documented Spark scheduler mechanics; no branch here is experimental.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>A high failed-task share is a blunt signal. It can be dominated by one systemic cause, such as a single lost executor whose tasks all fail at once, rather than many independent failures pointing at a code or data problem. Transient failures that a later attempt retries and succeeds are also not always harmful: task retries reset their count on success, so a job can carry a nonzero failure share and still finish correctly. Read the <code>Reason</code> distribution before treating the share as a defect.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>Executor sizing:</strong> <a href="./cluster-config.html">Cluster Tuning</a></li><li><strong>Memory overhead &amp; off-heap:</strong> <a href="./memory-model.html">Memory Management</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/spark/v3.5.0/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/util/JsonProtocol.scala" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">JsonProtocol.scala</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/dive-into-spark-memory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Dive Into Spark Memory</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/job-scheduling.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Job Scheduling (Apache Spark Documentation)</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-anatomy-of-spark-application" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Anatomy of a Spark Application</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Configuration (Apache Spark Documentation)</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref5:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref5:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref5:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-slow-host.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Slow Host</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-straggler.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Stragglers</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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data-v-b3fd67f8>Partitioning</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/joins.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Join Optimization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/shuffle.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Shuffle</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/data-formats.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Data Formats</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/table-formats.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Table Formats</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/caching.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Caching & Persistence</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/pyspark.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>PySpark Specifics</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/aqe.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Adaptive Query Execution</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/cluster-config.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Cluster Tuning</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/anti-patterns.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Anti-Patterns</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 has-active" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Detector Catalog</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-skew.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Task Skew</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-shuffle.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Shuffle I/O</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-spill.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Memory / Disk Spill</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-gc.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>GC Pressure</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-cold-start.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Cold Start</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-utilization.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Executor Utilization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-slow-host.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Slow Host</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-failures.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Task Failures</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-straggler.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Stragglers</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-retry-waste.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Retry Waste</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-tiny-tasks.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Tiny Tasks</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-job-failure-rate.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Job Failure Rate</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-memory-utilization.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Memory Utilization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Duplicate Plan Subtree</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-small-files.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Small Files</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Broadcast Sizing</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Reference</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/metrics.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Metrics Glossary</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/config.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Spark Config Quick-Reference</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-1428d186><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-1428d186 data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-39a288b8></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-3f215769><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" class="VPDocAsideOutline" data-v-3f215769 data-v-a5bbad30><div class="content" data-v-a5bbad30><div class="outline-marker" data-v-a5bbad30></div><div aria-level="2" class="outline-title" id="doc-outline-aria-label" role="heading" data-v-a5bbad30>On this page</div><ul class="VPDocOutlineItem root" data-v-a5bbad30 data-v-b933a997><!--[--><!--]--></ul></div></nav><!--[--><!--]--><div class="spacer" data-v-3f215769></div><!--[--><!--]--><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div></div><div class="content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-gc" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-gc" tabindex="-1">GC Pressure <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-gc" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;GC Pressure {#bottleneck-gc}&quot;"></a></h1><p><span class="tag">GC</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;"></a></h2><p>GC pressure describes how much of an executor&#39;s time goes to JVM garbage collection instead of running task code. Spark tracks this directly in its per-task metrics: <code>jvmGCTime</code> sits alongside <code>executorRunTime</code>, the elapsed wall-clock time the executor spent running the task (as opposed to <code>executorCpuTime</code>, which measures CPU time specifically).<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup> <code>jvmGCTime</code> is not additive on top of that duration: it&#39;s defined as the elapsed time the JVM spent in garbage collection <em>while executing the task</em>, so GC pauses fall inside the same wall-clock window <code>executorRunTime</code> already measures, not outside it. Summing the two would double-count the GC pauses and overstate how long the task actually ran.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup></p><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h2><p>Because <code>jvmGCTime</code> sits inside <code>executorRunTime</code> rather than alongside it, the ratio between the two gives a bounded read on how much of a task&#39;s wall-clock time went to garbage collection:</p><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>gcPct = jvmGCTime / executorRunTime</th><th>Level</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>&gt; 10%</td><td>Warning</td></tr><tr><td>&gt; 20%</td><td>Critical</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h2><p>As gcPct climbs past these thresholds, a growing share of every task&#39;s wall-clock time is consumed by garbage collection instead of actual computation, so the executor&#39;s useful throughput drops even while it appears busy. Two causes show up repeatedly: oversized executors, and an on-heap memory split pushed too far toward execution/storage.</p><p>Sizing an executor with too many cores relative to its heap is one documented trigger: a fat-executor configuration using all 16 cores of a node was observed to not only hurt HDFS throughput but also &quot;result in excessive garbage [collection].&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup></p><p>Pushing <code>spark.memory.fraction</code> too far toward its upper end has a similar effect through a different path. Its complement, <code>1 − spark.memory.fraction</code>, is untracked &quot;User Memory&quot; reserved for UDFs, Python/Arrow glue, and native library buffers; Spark doesn&#39;t manage this region at all, and starving it (which is what raising <code>spark.memory.fraction</code> toward something like 0.9 does) leads to &quot;GC pressure or random OOMs,&quot; with no warning before the failure.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup></p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>Keep cores per executor down rather than packing an entire node&#39;s cores onto one JVM (the common ~5-cores-per-executor guideline). That avoids the excessive-garbage-collection failure mode documented for fat-executor configurations.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:1">[2:1]</a></sup></li><li>Don&#39;t raise <code>spark.memory.fraction</code> past a comfortable range chasing more execution/storage memory: doing so starves the untracked user-memory region and risks the same GC-pressure/OOM failure mode.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:1">[3:1]</a></sup></li><li>Move Tungsten&#39;s execution and storage buffers off the JVM heap with <code>spark.memory.offHeap.enabled=true</code> (and a positive <code>spark.memory.offHeap.size</code>, which is required whenever off-heap is enabled<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>). Off-heap buffers are invisible to the garbage collector, so fewer and smaller live objects need to be tracked, scanned, and copied on the heap, reducing both the frequency and duration of GC pauses.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:2">[3:2]</a></sup></li><li>Tune or switch the GC collector on large heaps. G1GC is Spark&#39;s default collector since 4.0 (which defaults to JDK 17), and large executor heaps may need <code>-XX:G1HeapRegionSize</code> raised as well.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup> G1&#39;s stop-the-world evacuation and full-GC pauses can still spike under heavy old-generation pressure on large heaps: one documented 88GB-heap benchmark saw a job&#39;s pause spike to nearly 100 seconds under default G1 settings, and only tuning <code>InitiatingHeapOccupancyPercent</code>, <code>ConcGCThreads</code>, and RSet-update parameters brought G1 back ahead of Parallel/CMS on both throughput and latency.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup> ZGC is a documented alternative built for pause-time control: it performs its expensive work concurrently, without stopping application threads for more than a millisecond, with pause times designed to stay independent of heap size from a few hundred megabytes up to 16TB.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup></li></ul><p>Move buffers off-heap and give G1 room on large heaps (sizes are examples; set to your workload):</p><div class="language-properties vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">properties</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Move Tungsten execution/storage buffers off the JVM heap so the GC has fewer objects to scan</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.memory.offHeap.enabled</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.memory.offHeap.size</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=2g            </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># must be &gt; 0 whenever off-heap is enabled; 2g is an example</span></span>
+<span class="line"></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># G1 is the default collector since Spark 4.0 (JDK 17); raise the region size on large heaps</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.executor.extraJavaOptions</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=-XX:+UseG1GC -XX:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">G1HeapRegionSize</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=16m   </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 16m is an example</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="confidence" tabindex="-1">Confidence <a class="header-anchor" href="#confidence" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Confidence&quot;"></a></h2><p>The warning and critical thresholds on gcPct are validated: they read a bounded ratio of <code>jvmGCTime</code> to <code>executorRunTime</code>, both first-class per-task metrics Spark records directly,<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:2">[1:2]</a></sup> and crossing 10% or 20% marks a real, measurable share of wall-clock time lost to garbage collection.</p><p><span class="tag">EXPERIMENTAL</span> A separate signal treats suspiciously <em>low</em> GC time as a possible cost-model or noise-floor indicator, and that one is an unsourced heuristic with no external basis, so treat it as exploratory rather than a confirmed diagnostic.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>A high gcPct can reflect a transient memory spike (a single skewed task, a brief burst of large allocations) rather than chronic pressure, so a threshold crossing on one stage does not by itself prove a sustained sizing problem; corroborate against the executor&#39;s behavior over the whole run. The low-GC signal has no external basis at all, and a near-zero reading is at least as likely to mean the workload simply is not allocation-heavy as to mean anything is wrong.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>Why it happens:</strong> <a href="./memory-model.html">Memory Management</a></li><li><strong>Executor sizing:</strong> <a href="./cluster-config.html">Cluster Tuning</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/monitoring.html#spark-history-server" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Monitoring and Instrumentation</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/spoddutur/spark-notes/master/distribution_of_executors_cores_and_memory_for_spark_application.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Distribution of Executors, Cores, and Memory for a Spark Application</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/dive-into-spark-memory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Diving into Spark Memory Management</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/tuning.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Tuning Guide</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://www.databricks.com/blog/2015/05/28/tuning-java-garbage-collection-for-spark-applications.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Tuning Java Garbage Collection for Apache Spark Applications</a> <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://wiki.openjdk.org/display/zgc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">The Z Garbage Collector (ZGC)</a> <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-spill.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Memory / Disk Spill</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-cold-start.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Cold Start</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Tiny Tasks</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-job-failure-rate.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Job Failure Rate</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-memory-utilization.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Memory Utilization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Duplicate Plan Subtree</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-small-files.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Small Files</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Broadcast Sizing</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 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data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-job-failure-rate" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-job-failure-rate" tabindex="-1">Job Failure Rate <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-job-failure-rate" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Job Failure Rate {#bottleneck-job-failure-rate}&quot;"></a></h1><p><span class="tag">FAIL-RATE</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;"></a></h2><p>Not every task retry threatens the job. <code>spark.task.maxFailures</code> (default <code>4</code>) counts &quot;continuous failures of any particular task before giving up on the job. The total number of failures spread across different tasks will not cause the job to fail; a particular task has to fail this number of attempts continuously. If any attempt succeeds, the failure count for the task will be reset&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>. A task that fails once and then succeeds on retry resets its counter and never counts toward job abandonment: that&#39;s a transient retry, and by itself it&#39;s harmless. Whole-job abandonment is a different, layered escalation above that: it only happens once an unbroken run of failures on the same task reaches the configured limit (3 retries allowed by default, since allowed retries = value − 1), or once higher-level retry budgets above the task level are themselves exhausted.</p><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h2><p>The layers above task-level retries are what turn isolated failures into a failed job. At the stage level, <code>spark.stage.maxConsecutiveAttempts</code> (default <code>4</code>) bounds &quot;the number of consecutive stage attempts allowed before a stage is aborted&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup>. By default, <code>spark.stage.ignoreDecommissionFetchFailure</code> (<code>true</code>, since 3.4.0) excludes fetch failures caused by graceful executor decommission from counting toward that limit, so a decommission-triggered <code>FetchFailed</code> doesn&#39;t push a stage toward abortion the way a genuine repeated fetch failure would<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:2">[1:2]</a></sup>. On YARN and Kubernetes there&#39;s a further application-level ceiling: <code>spark.executor.maxNumFailures</code> (default <code>numExecutors * 2</code>, minimum 3, since 3.5.0) is &quot;the maximum number of executor failures before failing the application,&quot; while <code>spark.executor.failuresValidityInterval</code> (since 3.5.0) lets failures spaced far enough apart be &quot;considered independent and not accumulate towards the attempt count&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:3">[1:3]</a></sup>. The TaskScheduler owns retries at the task level, but it is &quot;the DAGScheduler that ultimately declares the job to have failed&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup> once those retry budgets are exhausted, and because &quot;a Spark job corresponds to one action&quot; with a fixed DAG once that action is called<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>, an aborted stage cascades directly into failure of the job built on it.</p><img class="light-only" src="../assets/retry-escalation-ladder.DyTKJJmZ.svg" alt="How a failure escalates from a task retry up through stage resubmission, the executor failure ceiling, and a failed application attempt before the job is aborted."><img class="dark-only" src="../assets/retry-escalation-ladder.dark.BdsabtU3.svg" alt="How a failure escalates from a task retry up through stage resubmission, the executor failure ceiling, and a failed application attempt before the job is aborted."><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h2><p>A rising failure rate that traces back to exhausted retry budgets, rather than to a single one-off task failure, points at a systemic problem (an unstable executor, a genuinely broken fetch path, or a resource ceiling being hit repeatedly) since none of these budgets trip on a single transient hiccup. Job-level failure is also distinct from application-attempt failure: on YARN, &quot;each application may have multiple attempts,&quot; and the history server displays failed attempts alongside &quot;any ongoing incomplete attempt or the final successful attempt&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>: a separate, higher layer of retry (driver/application restart) above the in-job task and stage retries covered here.</p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>Check which budget was exhausted before treating a job failure as a single root cause: a single task failing <code>spark.task.maxFailures</code> times consecutively, a stage being resubmitted until <code>spark.stage.maxConsecutiveAttempts</code> is reached and aborted, or (on YARN/Kubernetes) cumulative distinct executor failures exceeding <code>spark.executor.maxNumFailures</code><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:4">[1:4]</a></sup> each point at a different underlying problem.</li><li>If failures are decommission-triggered <code>FetchFailed</code>s during a normal scale-down, confirm <code>spark.stage.ignoreDecommissionFetchFailure</code> is enabled (default <code>true</code> since 3.4.0) so they aren&#39;t inflating the stage-abort count<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:5">[1:5]</a></sup>.</li><li>On YARN/Kubernetes, if unrelated executor failures spread far apart in time are tripping <code>spark.executor.maxNumFailures</code>, <code>spark.executor.failuresValidityInterval</code> (since 3.5.0) can let sufficiently-spaced failures stop accumulating toward the same count<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:6">[1:6]</a></sup>.</li><li>See also <a href="./bottleneck-retry-waste.html">retry waste</a>: the same executor-loss and <code>FetchFailed</code> causes that eventually exhaust these budgets and fail a job are, below that threshold, also the source of wasted executor time on jobs that ultimately succeed.</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>PySpark:</strong> these are session-level configs, settable without a <code>spark-submit</code> flag: <code>spark.conf.set(&quot;spark.task.maxFailures&quot;, &quot;4&quot;)</code>, and the stage/executor-level equivalents the same way.</p></blockquote><p>The retry-budget ladder: defaults shown; raise a budget only once you know which layer is tripping:</p><div class="language-properties vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">properties</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Task level: consecutive failures of one task before the job is abandoned (default 4 =&gt; 3 retries)</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.task.maxFailures</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=4</span></span>
+<span class="line"></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Stage level: consecutive stage attempts before the stage is aborted (default 4)</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.stage.maxConsecutiveAttempts</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=4</span></span>
+<span class="line"></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Don&#39;t count graceful-decommission fetch failures toward the stage-abort limit (default true since Spark 3.4)</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.stage.ignoreDecommissionFetchFailure</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>A nonzero job-failure rate can be dominated by a single repeatedly-failing job rather than a systemic issue, so the rate alone doesn&#39;t tell you whether the problem is broad or isolated. Retried jobs that eventually succeed still count toward attempts, which can inflate the rate above what the eventual outcomes justify.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>Retry budgets &amp; executor stability:</strong> <a href="./cluster-config.html">Cluster Tuning</a></li><li><strong>Avoiding the failures upstream:</strong> <a href="./anti-patterns.html">Anti-Patterns</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-anatomy-of-spark-application" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark: Anatomy of Spark Application</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><em>High Performance Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Karau, Polak &amp; Warren, ch. 2 <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/monitoring.html#spark-history-server" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Monitoring and Instrumentation</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-tiny-tasks.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Tiny Tasks</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-memory-utilization.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Memory Utilization</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-memory-utilization" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-memory-utilization" tabindex="-1">Memory Utilization <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-memory-utilization" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Memory Utilization {#bottleneck-memory-utilization}&quot;"></a></h1><p><span class="tag">MEM</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;"></a></h2><p>An executor is a single JVM process that gets a fixed memory allocation when the application starts, and it holds that whole allocation for its entire lifetime, whether or not it has work to run<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>. Two things can leave that memory band poorly used: cores sitting idle inside a held executor, and a held executor whose memory drains of active work but is never released. This finding covers both.</p><p>An executor&#39;s core count is its concurrency ceiling. <code>spark.executor.cores</code> sets how many tasks it can run at once, so <code>--executor-cores 5</code> caps that executor at five concurrent tasks<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>. The scheduler turns cores into task slots from <code>spark.executor.cores</code> and <code>spark.task.cpus</code> (minimum 1), with <code>spark.task.cpus</code> defaulting to one core per task<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>. Cores go idle whenever there are fewer runnable tasks than slots: a stage with fewer partitions than the total slots across executors leaves slots empty, and so does the tail of a stage where a <a href="./bottleneck-straggler.html">straggler</a> or two keep running after their peers finish. Raising <code>spark.task.cpus</code> above 1 has the same effect from the other side, since each task then reserves several cores and fewer run side by side. Through all of it the JVM keeps its fixed heap<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h2><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Rule</th><th>Signal</th><th>Status</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>idleCores</td><td>Task parallelism below allocated cores while the executor is held</td><td>Validated</td></tr><tr><td>memoryBand</td><td>A whole executor&#39;s memory band held with little or no active work (dynamic-allocation idle timeouts)</td><td>Validated</td></tr><tr><td>wasteModel</td><td>Peak used memory well below allocated memory (unused headroom)</td><td>Experimental</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h2><p>A held executor is allocation you pay for regardless of how busy it is. On YARN that is the memory YARN grants the container; on Kubernetes it is the pod memory limit<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:2">[1:2]</a></sup>. When cores idle or a whole executor lingers with nothing to do, that fixed band is reserved without returning work, so the cost lands whether or not tasks are running.</p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h2><p>Keep executors from being oversized in the first place. The guidance is against packing every core of a node into one fat executor: assigning all 16 cores of a node to a single executor hurts HDFS throughput and drives excessive <a href="./bottleneck-gc.html">garbage collection</a>, so aim for a balance between tiny (one core per executor) and fat (one executor per node) sizing<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>. On YARN, leave cores for the OS and Hadoop daemons instead of handing 100% of a node to Spark containers<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:1">[2:1]</a></sup>.</p><p>For the held memory band, lean on <a href="./cluster-config.html">dynamic allocation</a> to reclaim executors once the work drains. It requests executors when tasks back up and frees them when they go idle<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:2">[2:2]</a></sup>. Executors are added in rounds once tasks have been pending for <code>spark.dynamicAllocation.schedulerBacklogTimeout</code> (default 1s), then again every <code>spark.dynamicAllocation.sustainedSchedulerBacklogTimeout</code> while the backlog holds<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup>. On the release side, an executor is removed after it has been idle longer than <code>spark.dynamicAllocation.executorIdleTimeout</code><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5:1">[5:1]</a></sup>.</p><p>Cached data is the trap here. By default an executor holding <a href="./caching.html">cached blocks</a> is never removed, governed by <code>spark.dynamicAllocation.cachedExecutorIdleTimeout</code>, whose default is infinity<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:1">[3:1]</a></sup>. Such an executor keeps its full memory band indefinitely with no active tasks unless you set that timeout to a finite value, or turn on <code>spark.shuffle.service.fetch.rdd.enabled</code> so executors holding only disk-persisted blocks are treated as idle after <code>spark.dynamicAllocation.executorIdleTimeout</code> and released<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5:2">[5:2]</a></sup>. To avoid holding barely-used executors at all, lower <code>spark.dynamicAllocation.executorAllocationRatio</code> (default 1.0, full parallelism) toward 0.5, since with small tasks full-parallelism allocation can request executors that never do any work<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:2">[3:2]</a></sup>.</p><div class="language-properties vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">properties</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Balanced executor sizing, not one fat executor per node</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.executor.cores</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=5</span></span>
+<span class="line"></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Reclaim idle executors; give cached holders a finite timeout</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.dynamicAllocation.enabled</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.dynamicAllocation.cachedExecutorIdleTimeout</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=300s</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.dynamicAllocation.executorAllocationRatio</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=0.5</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="reading-the-wasted-memory-estimate-experimental" tabindex="-1">Reading the wasted-memory estimate <span class="tag">EXPERIMENTAL</span> <a class="header-anchor" href="#reading-the-wasted-memory-estimate-experimental" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Reading the wasted-memory estimate &lt;span class=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;EXPERIMENTAL&lt;/span&gt;&quot;"></a></h3><p>The wasteModel rule estimates unused (&quot;wasted&quot;) allocated memory from the gap between an executor&#39;s peak used memory and its allocated total. Treat it as a rough buffer heuristic, not a measurement. Peak used memory is a high-water mark rather than a ceiling: Spark records it under <code>peakMemoryMetrics.*</code>, and each figure is the maximum its pool ever reached, so peak sits at or below the allocated total by construction and the space between them is the executor&#39;s unused headroom<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup>. Turning that headroom into a wasted number stays approximate for concrete reasons. The peak heap figure counts garbage, since <code>JVMHeapMemory</code> is the peak used heap including &quot;the amount of memory occupied by both live objects and garbage objects that have not been collected,&quot; so it overstates the live footprint<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:1">[6:1]</a></sup>. The region boundaries also move: <code>totalOnHeapStorageMemory</code> and <code>totalOffHeapStorageMemory</code> &quot;can vary over time, depending on the MemoryManager implementation,&quot; so there is no single fixed allocated-to-storage value to subtract a peak from<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:2">[6:2]</a></sup>. Peak metrics only reach the event log when <code>spark.eventLog.logStageExecutorMetrics</code> is true<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:3">[6:3]</a></sup>, so without that setting there is nothing to estimate from. Use the number as a hint that an executor may be oversized, then confirm against sizing before acting on it.</p><h2 id="confidence" tabindex="-1">Confidence <a class="header-anchor" href="#confidence" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Confidence&quot;"></a></h2><p>The idleCores and memoryBand rules are validated: they rest on documented Spark concurrency and dynamic-allocation behavior. The wasteModel estimate is low-confidence and experimental. It is a buffer heuristic derived from peak-versus-allocated sampling, not an exact accounting of unused memory, so it should steer investigation rather than settle it.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>Idle cores are not always waste. The tail of a stage legitimately leaves slots empty while a straggler or two finish<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:3">[3:3]</a></sup>, so a snapshot of low parallelism can reflect a normal straggler tail rather than chronic under-utilization. The wasted-memory estimate depends on peak-memory sampling and is only as good as that sampling: the peak includes uncollected garbage, the managed-region boundaries shift under the MemoryManager, and the figures are absent entirely unless <code>spark.eventLog.logStageExecutorMetrics</code> is enabled<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:4">[6:4]</a></sup>.</p><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/dive-into-spark-memory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Dive into Spark memory</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://blog.cloudera.com/how-to-tune-your-apache-spark-jobs-part-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">How to Tune Your Apache Spark Jobs (Part 2)</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration — Spark</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/spoddutur/spark-notes/master/distribution_of_executors_cores_and_memory_for_spark_application.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Distribution of executors, cores and memory for a Spark application</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/job-scheduling.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Job Scheduling — Spark</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref5:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref5:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/monitoring.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Monitoring — Spark</a> <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-job-failure-rate.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Job Failure Rate</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Duplicate Plan Subtree</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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