npm - sparkforensics-cli - Versions diffs - 0.1.0 → 0.2.0 - Mend

sparkforensics-cli 0.1.0 → 0.2.0

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Specifics</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/aqe.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Adaptive Query Execution</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/cluster-config.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Cluster Tuning</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/anti-patterns.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Anti-Patterns</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Detector Catalog</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-skew.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Task Skew</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-shuffle.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Shuffle I/O</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-spill.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Memory / Disk Spill</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-gc.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>GC Pressure</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-cold-start.html" 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data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_aqe" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="aqe" tabindex="-1">Adaptive Query Execution <a class="header-anchor" href="#aqe" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Adaptive Query Execution {#aqe}&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;"></a></h2><p>The static Catalyst optimizer plans a query once, before execution, using cost estimates derived from static statistics: row counts, min/max, NDVs, or defaults when statistics are missing.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup> Adaptive Query Execution (AQE), shipped in Spark 3.0, instead re-optimizes the plan mid-execution using runtime statistics gathered from completed &quot;query stages&quot;: the sections of a plan bounded by shuffle or broadcast exchange materialization points.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup> A shuffle or broadcast forces Spark to materialize its input before continuing, which makes it a natural checkpoint: once one or more leaf stages finish, AQE marks them complete, updates the logical plan with the real (not estimated) statistics, and reruns a selected set of logical and physical optimization rules (including AQE-specific rules such as partition coalescing and skew-join handling) before executing the next stages.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:1">[2:1]</a></sup></p><p>Shuffle statistics only become available once a stage is <em>fully</em> materialized, not incrementally as individual map tasks finish. A stage&#39;s successor can only proceed once every parallel process producing that stage&#39;s output has completed, which is exactly why materialization points are the reoptimization opportunity: it&#39;s the moment when statistics on all of a stage&#39;s partitions are known and the next stage hasn&#39;t started yet.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:2">[2:2]</a></sup> AQE kicks off all leaf stages (the ones with no upstream dependency) first; as each one finishes, the framework marks it complete, updates the plan, and re-optimizes before launching whichever next stages now have all their children materialized. This execute→reoptimize→execute loop repeats (once per completed stage, not just once) until the whole query finishes, so the number of reoptimizations scales with how many shuffle/broadcast boundaries the plan has.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:3">[2:3]</a></sup> The Spark SQL config description for <code>spark.sql.adaptive.enabled</code> frames this the same way: AQE re-optimizes &quot;the query plan in the middle of query execution, based on accurate runtime statistics.&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup></p><img class="light-only" src="../assets/aqe-loop.IwQSATHw.svg" alt="AQE runs a loop that executes leaf stages, materializes at a shuffle or broadcast boundary, collects runtime statistics, re-applies rules to coalesce partitions and split skew and promote joins to broadcast, then launches the next stages until the plan is complete."><img class="dark-only" src="../assets/aqe-loop.dark.DGbaxqJE.svg" alt="AQE runs a loop that executes leaf stages, materializes at a shuffle or broadcast boundary, collects runtime statistics, re-applies rules to coalesce partitions and split skew and promote joins to broadcast, then launches the next stages until the plan is complete."><p>AQE re-optimizes three things the static optimizer cannot, because none of them are knowable before execution: the number of post-shuffle partitions (coalescing small partitions produced by wide transformations), the join strategy (converting a statically planned sort-merge join to a broadcast join once the actual materialized size of a join side is known), and skewed partitions in a shuffle join (splitting oversized partitions detected from shuffle file statistics).<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:4">[2:4]</a></sup> High Performance Spark frames this as AQE using &quot;runtime information about the data it is processing along with the target output to go beyond static optimizations,&quot; with partitioning and join strategy singled out as the two biggest areas it impacts.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup> AQE also performs empty-relation propagation, replacing subqueries that turn out to be empty (impossible joins, empty unions) with a dummy empty <code>LocalRelation</code>, again something only knowable once data is materialized.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:1">[4:1]</a></sup></p><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h2><p>Because these are runtime decisions, none of them show up in a static <code>explain()</code> call; you have to run the query and check the Spark UI for the finalized, adapted plan.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:2">[4:2]</a></sup> The same caveat applies more broadly: since AQE adjusts plans at runtime, <code>explain()</code> might show one plan while the Spark UI shows a different one actually executed.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup></p><p>What you&#39;re looking for in that adaptive plan are the specific runtime rewrites AQE can make:</p><ul><li><strong>Partition coalescing.</strong> AQE combines <em>adjacent</em> small post-shuffle partitions into bigger ones by reading shuffle file statistics,<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:5">[2:5]</a></sup> targeting <code>spark.sql.adaptive.advisoryPartitionSizeInBytes</code> (default 64 MB).<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup> In a worked example, five post-shuffle partitions where three are small get coalesced into one, cutting the final-aggregation task count from five to three.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:6">[2:6]</a></sup></li><li><strong>Skew splitting.</strong> A partition is considered skewed if its size is larger than the median partition size times <code>spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.skewedPartitionFactor</code> (default 5.0) <em>and</em> larger than <code>spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.skewedPartitionThresholdInBytes</code> (default 256 MB).<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8">[8]</a></sup> The original design doc&#39;s worked example (table A join table B, where B&#39;s partition 0 is skewed) has the <code>OptimizeSkewedJoin</code> rule divide that partition into N smaller splits reading disjoint ranges of upstream map outputs, create N separate tasks each joining its slice of B&#39;s partition 0 against A&#39;s corresponding partition 0, then union the N results. That trades reading A&#39;s partition 0 N times against eliminating a straggler task.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7:1">[7:1]</a></sup></li><li><strong>Join strategy promotion.</strong> When a join side&#39;s runtime-materialized size falls under the adaptive broadcast threshold, AQE converts a planned sort-merge join to a broadcast hash join. It reuses the shuffle output already written rather than re-materializing the build side. The perf-tuning guide frames the benefit as avoiding a re-sort of both join sides and reading the existing shuffle files locally instead, conditional on <code>spark.sql.adaptive.localShuffleReader.enabled</code>.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:1">[6:1]</a></sup> The same guide calls this conversion &quot;not as efficient as planning a broadcast hash join in the first place,&quot; consistent with reusing existing shuffle output rather than recomputing an equivalent build side from scratch.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:2">[6:2]</a></sup></li><li><strong>Local shuffle reads.</strong> Once that promotion happens, the side that no longer needs to be partitioned by join key can be read straight off the shuffle files each executor already has locally, instead of pulling blocks from remote executors over the network. This is what <code>spark.sql.adaptive.localShuffleReader.enabled</code> (default true since 3.0.0) does, and it applies whenever shuffle partitioning is no longer needed, such as after a sort-merge-to- broadcast conversion.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:3">[6:3]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:7">[2:7]</a></sup></li></ul><p>Dynamic Partition Pruning is a separate mechanism worth distinguishing from AQE&#39;s loop when reading a plan: DPP inserts a <code>DynamicPruningSubquery</code>/<code>DynamicPruningExpression</code> node during logical optimization/physical planning, before execution starts, when an equi-join is on a partition column and pruning looks beneficial by static statistics.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9">[9]</a></sup> Because DPP&#39;s calculation runs at planning time and AQE&#39;s runs later, mid-execution, off completed-stage statistics, the ordering implied is that DPP&#39;s pruning predicate is planned first, with AQE&#39;s adaptive rules applying afterward, during execution, on top of whatever DPP already pruned<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9:1">[9:1]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:8">[2:8]</a></sup>, though the exact current-version integration between the two isn&#39;t detailed further in the available sources, so treat that ordering as directionally supported rather than exhaustively confirmed.</p><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h2><p>AQE exists precisely because partition sizing, join strategy, and skew are only knowable once real data has been materialized. That&#39;s the gap the static optimizer can&#39;t close on its own.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:9">[2:9]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:3">[4:3]</a></sup> But it isn&#39;t a guaranteed win. High Performance Spark warns that &quot;while AQE generally does better than unoptimized code, there are cases, especially when targeting Iceberg tables, where AQE does more harm than good&quot;: AQE&#39;s partitioning-to-target-table matching is generally beneficial but can cause severe regressions if you&#39;ve already done deliberate work to avoid key skew via custom partitioning, since AQE&#39;s attempt to match the target table&#39;s write partitioning can undo that work, especially when there&#39;s a large amount of key skew.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:4">[4:4]</a></sup></p><p>A second, more general failure mode is bad input statistics feeding AQE&#39;s runtime decisions: if the source data has wrong stats (compressed JSON or Kafka streams are called out specifically), AQE can make things worse rather than better.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5:1">[5:1]</a></sup> The same source&#39;s framing is that AQE &quot;isn&#39;t magic... it helps polish your plan; it doesn&#39;t design it for you. You still need good partitioning fundamentals&quot;. AQE can smooth over a reasonably partitioned plan but doesn&#39;t reliably rescue one built on bad upstream statistics or layout.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5:2">[5:2]</a></sup></p><p>AQE&#39;s runtime re-optimization also doesn&#39;t reach into DataFrame caching, which is worth knowing so you don&#39;t reach for the wrong lever: <code>.cache()</code>/<code>.persist()</code> wrap the query&#39;s <em>analyzed</em> logical plan (the point after the analyzer phase but before optimization) in an <code>InMemoryRelation</code> node, and cache lookup compares the analyzed plan of the current query against what was cached, recomputing if they don&#39;t match exactly, even if the two queries would ultimately produce the same optimized physical plan.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn10" id="fnref10">[10]</a></sup> Because AQE operates on the physical plan at runtime, well downstream of that analyzed-plan cache key, disabling AQE doesn&#39;t change whether a cached DataFrame&#39;s analyzed plan matches; it only changes how the physical/execution plan is chosen after that cache lookup already happened.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn10" id="fnref10:1">[10:1]</a></sup></p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h2><p>AQE&#39;s coalescing, skew-handling, and join-promotion rules only fire once <code>spark.sql.adaptive.enabled</code> is on, and each has its own knobs worth tuning rather than leaving at the defaults:</p><ul><li><code>spark.sql.adaptive.coalescePartitions.enabled</code> (default true) turns on partition coalescing; <code>spark.sql.adaptive.advisoryPartitionSizeInBytes</code> (default 64 MB) sets its target size.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:4">[6:4]</a></sup> <code>spark.sql.adaptive.coalescePartitions.minPartitionNum</code> bounds the minimum resulting parallelism,<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:5">[4:5]</a></sup> and <code>spark.sql.adaptive.coalescePartitions.minPartitionSize</code> (default 1 MB, since 3.2) sets a floor on coalesced partition size for when the adaptively calculated target is too small.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:5">[6:5]</a></sup></li><li><code>spark.sql.adaptive.coalescePartitions.parallelismFirst</code> (default true, since 3.2) tells Spark to ignore the advisory target size entirely and instead calculate a (usually smaller) target based on cluster default parallelism, prioritizing task parallelism over hitting the 64 MB target. On a busy cluster, set it to <code>false</code> to respect the configured target size and avoid producing many small tasks.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:6">[6:6]</a></sup></li><li><code>spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.enabled</code> (default true) turns on skew-join handling for both sort-merge and shuffled hash joins.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8:1">[8:1]</a></sup> Tune the detection thresholds via <code>spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.skewedPartitionFactor</code> (default 5.0) and <code>spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.skewedPartitionThresholdInBytes</code> (default 256 MB); set the byte threshold larger than <code>advisoryPartitionSizeInBytes</code>.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8:2">[8:2]</a></sup> Use <code>spark.sql.adaptive.forceOptimizeSkewedJoin</code> (default false, since 3.3.0) to force the rule to fire even when it would introduce extra shuffle.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:7">[6:7]</a></sup></li><li><code>spark.sql.adaptive.localShuffleReader.enabled</code> (default true, since 3.0.0) keeps the local, per-mapper shuffle read enabled after a sort-merge-to-broadcast conversion.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:8">[6:8]</a></sup></li></ul><p>If AQE&#39;s target-table partition matching is regressing an Iceberg write that already has deliberate custom partitioning to avoid key skew, set the table&#39;s (or write-time) <code>write.distribution-mode</code> property to <code>none</code>, at the cost of a higher risk of many small files from unsorted/unhashed writers per partition.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:6">[4:6]</a></sup></p><h2 id="sources" tabindex="-1">Sources <a class="header-anchor" href="#sources" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Sources&quot;"></a></h2><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://www.databricks.com/blog/2015/04/13/deep-dive-into-spark-sqls-catalyst-optimizer.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Deep Dive into Spark SQL&#39;s Catalyst Optimizer</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://www.databricks.com/blog/2020/05/29/adaptive-query-execution-speeding-up-spark-sql-at-runtime.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Adaptive Query Execution: Speeding Up Spark SQL at Runtime</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:7" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:8" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:9" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/spark/v3.5.0/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/internal/SQLConf.scala" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">SQLConf.scala</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><em>High Performance Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Karau, Polak &amp; Warren, ch. 5 <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-partitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Partitions</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref5:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref5:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-performance-tuning.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Performance Tuning: Spark SQL, DataFrames and Datasets Guide</a> <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:7" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:8" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-29544" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">SPARK-29544: Optimize Skewed Join at Runtime</a> <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref7:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn8" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration: Spark</a> <a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref8:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref8:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn9" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://www.waitingforcode.com/apache-spark-sql/whats-new-apache-spark-3-dynamic-partition-pruning/read" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">What&#39;s New in Apache Spark 3: Dynamic Partition Pruning</a> <a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref9:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn10" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/explaining-the-mechanics-of-spark-caching" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Explaining the Mechanics of Spark Caching</a> <a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref10:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="../tuning-reference/pyspark.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>PySpark Specifics</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="../tuning-reference/cluster-config.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Cluster Tuning</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-broadcast-sizing" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-broadcast-sizing" tabindex="-1">Broadcast Sizing <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-broadcast-sizing" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Broadcast Sizing {#bottleneck-broadcast-sizing}&quot;"></a></h1><p><span class="tag">BROADCASTSIZING</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;"></a></h2><p>A join has two ways to move data. The <a href="./joins.html">shuffle join</a> forces all-to-all traffic across the cluster; the broadcast join ships one side out to every executor and skips the <a href="./shuffle.html">shuffle</a> entirely. <code>spark.sql.autoBroadcastJoinThreshold</code> is the size gate that picks between them: it sets the largest table, in bytes, that Spark will broadcast when planning a join, and it defaults to 10 MB.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup> Set it to <code>-1</code> and automatic broadcasting is off, so Spark always shuffles.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup></p><img class="light-only" src="../assets/broadcast-vs-shuffle.Db4WY1XK.svg" alt="How the small side estimate against the broadcast threshold picks between broadcasting a copy to every executor for a local join and an all-to-all shuffle join, with the broadcast path&#39;s driver collect and executor memory risks noted."><img class="dark-only" src="../assets/broadcast-vs-shuffle.dark.C7Bxs0mG.svg" alt="How the small side estimate against the broadcast threshold picks between broadcasting a copy to every executor for a local join and an all-to-all shuffle join, with the broadcast path&#39;s driver collect and executor memory risks noted."><p>Given a join&#39;s estimated table sizes and that gate, there are two ways the choice can go wrong:</p><ul><li><strong>underBroadcast</strong>: one side is small enough to broadcast but is being shuffled anyway. The join pays for an all-to-all exchange it could have avoided.</li><li><strong>overBroadcast</strong>: a side that is too large is being broadcast, which risks running the driver or the executors out of memory.</li></ul><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h2><p>Each join carries an estimated size for the side in question, which is compared against the broadcast threshold:</p><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Finding</th><th>Condition</th><th>What it means</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>underBroadcast</code></td><td>small side is being shuffled instead of broadcast</td><td>a cheap broadcast join was left on the table</td></tr><tr><td><code>overBroadcast</code></td><td>an oversized side is being broadcast</td><td>the broadcast is a memory hazard</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h2><p>Broadcasting the small side sends a full copy of that table to every executor. It pays off only when network bandwidth and executor memory are not the bottleneck; there, it is far cheaper than the shuffle it replaces.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup> That is the cost an <code>underBroadcast</code> finding is pointing at: a small dimension going through an all-to-all exchange when a copy on each executor would have run fast.</p><p><code>overBroadcast</code> is the opposite mistake, and it fails hard. Pushing a table that is too large through the broadcast path breaks in two ways: too-large task result errors and out-of-memory failures, both because the oversized table has to be collected on the driver and shipped whole to every executor.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup> The size gate exists for exactly this reason: a copy on every executor is harmless for a small table and a memory hazard for a large one.</p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h2><p>For <code>underBroadcast</code>, let the small side broadcast. If its estimated size sits above the 10 MB default but still fits comfortably in executor memory, raise <code>spark.sql.autoBroadcastJoinThreshold</code> to cover it, or force the strategy with <code>broadcast(df)</code> on the small side.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:2">[1:2]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup></p><p>For <code>overBroadcast</code>, keep the large side out of the broadcast path. Lower the threshold so the oversized table no longer qualifies, or drop the explicit <code>broadcast()</code> hint if one is forcing it, and let Spark fall back to a shuffle join.</p><h2 id="confidence" tabindex="-1">Confidence <a class="header-anchor" href="#confidence" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Confidence&quot;"></a></h2><p>Validated for both branches. <code>underBroadcast</code> and <code>overBroadcast</code> rest on the same well-documented mechanism: the broadcast threshold and its two failure modes are standard Spark behavior, so neither branch is experimental.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>The comparison is only as good as the size estimate behind it. Table sizes come from statistics that may be stale or missing, so a join that looks mis-sized can be measuring the wrong number. A large broadcast can also be deliberate: an operator who has sized executor memory for it may broadcast a table well past the default on purpose.</p><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-performance-tuning.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Performance Tuning (Spark SQL, DataFrames and Datasets Guide)</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Learning Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Damji, Wenig, Das, Lee, ch. 7 <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><em>High Performance Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Karau, Polak &amp; Warren, ch. 6 <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/the-apache-spark-optimization-checklist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">The Apache Spark Optimization Checklist</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-small-files.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Small Files</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="../tuning-reference/metrics.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Metrics Glossary</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Cold Start</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-utilization.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Executor Utilization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-slow-host.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Slow Host</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-failures.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Task Failures</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-straggler.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Stragglers</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-retry-waste.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Retry Waste</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-tiny-tasks.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Tiny Tasks</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-job-failure-rate.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Job Failure Rate</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-memory-utilization.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Memory Utilization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Duplicate Plan Subtree</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-small-files.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Small Files</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Broadcast Sizing</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 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data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-cold-start" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-cold-start" tabindex="-1">Cold Start <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-cold-start" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Cold Start {#bottleneck-cold-start}&quot;"></a></h1><p><span class="tag">COLD</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;"></a></h2><p>Cold start is the gap between when a Spark application starts and when it actually begins doing work: the delay before the <a href="./spark-architecture.html">DAGScheduler</a> hands off the first stage for execution. In the event log, that moment is marked by <code>SparkListenerStageSubmitted</code>, whose payload is a direct serialization of a <code>StageInfo</code>: the event name plus the <code>stageInfo</code> and any properties, with no task-level data attached<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>. That shape matches what the event records. The DAGScheduler doesn&#39;t pre-schedule the whole DAG upfront (it reacts to stage completions, unlocking child stages one at a time), and once it has carved the DAG into stages and handed a <code>TaskSet</code> for the next stage to the TaskScheduler, only then does the TaskScheduler assign individual tasks to executors<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>. <code>SparkListenerStageSubmitted</code> therefore captures the moment the DAGScheduler creates/submits that <code>TaskSet</code>, before any task has actually been placed on an executor.</p><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h2><p><code>firstStageSubmittedAt − app.startTime</code> &gt; 30 s → Warning. <code>firstStageSubmittedAt</code> is a synthetic field: the timestamp of the first <code>SparkListenerStageSubmitted</code> event in the event log.</p><img class="light-only" src="../assets/cold-start-timeline.DxC_Sc7w.svg" alt="A timeline from app.startTime through the gap where executors are acquired and no tasks run to firstStageSubmittedAt, with that gap marked as the cold-start delay."><img class="dark-only" src="../assets/cold-start-timeline.dark.CZ17YcAG.svg" alt="A timeline from app.startTime through the gap where executors are acquired and no tasks run to firstStageSubmittedAt, with that gap marked as the cold-start delay."><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h2><p>Because the event carries only stage-level metadata and fires ahead of any executor task placement<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:1">[2:1]</a></sup>, a large gap here reflects time spent before the DAGScheduler could submit work at all, not time spent inside tasks. It&#39;s a signal about scheduling/startup latency, distinct from the per-task metrics that describe work once tasks are actually running on executors.</p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h2><p>Dynamic-allocation ramp-up isn&#39;t directly tied to <code>firstStageSubmittedAt</code> timing, but the configuration below governs how many executors an application has available at launch, and how reliably that number can grow:</p><ul><li>Size executors deliberately instead of defaulting to one large executor per node. For a 10-node, 16-core/64GB cluster targeting ~5 cores per executor, the standard derivation reserves 1 core per node for daemons (15 usable cores/node, 150 total), divides by 5 cores/executor (30), and subtracts 1 for the YARN ApplicationMaster: 29 executors × 5 cores × ~18GB<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>. Cloudera&#39;s equivalent 6-node walkthrough lands on the same shape: 17 executors × 5 cores × 19G, rather than one fat executor per node<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>.</li><li>If dynamic allocation is enabled, its ability to add executors at all depends on one of a few supporting mechanisms being turned on. One such mechanism is <code>spark.dynamicAllocation.shuffleTracking.enabled</code> (default <code>true</code> since Spark 3.0), which &quot;enables shuffle file tracking for executors, which allows dynamic allocation without the need for an external shuffle service,&quot; and &quot;will try to keep alive executors that are storing shuffle data for active jobs&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup>. Without shuffle tracking or an external shuffle service configured, dynamic allocation cannot be enabled at all<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5:1">[5:1]</a></sup>.</li></ul><p>Deliberate executor sizing plus the dynamic-allocation precondition (values from the 16-core/64GB-node derivation above):</p><div class="language-properties vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">properties</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># ~5 cores per executor instead of one fat executor per node</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.executor.cores</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=5</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.executor.memory</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=18g</span></span>
+<span class="line"></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Dynamic allocation, with its required shuffle-tracking precondition (default true since Spark 3.0)</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.dynamicAllocation.enabled</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.dynamicAllocation.shuffleTracking.enabled</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>Some startup latency is unavoidable: a cluster still has to provision before it can run anything. The signal measures the gap before the first stage is submitted, and that gap can legitimately vary by cluster manager, so a warning here doesn&#39;t always mean something is wrong.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>Executor sizing &amp; dynamic allocation:</strong> <a href="./cluster-config.html">Cluster Tuning</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/spark/v3.5.0/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/util/JsonProtocol.scala" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">JsonProtocol.scala</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-anatomy-of-spark-application" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Anatomy of a Spark Application</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/spoddutur/spark-notes/master/distribution_of_executors_cores_and_memory_for_spark_application.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Distribution of Executors, Cores and Memory for a Spark Application</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://blog.cloudera.com/how-to-tune-your-apache-spark-jobs-part-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">How to Tune Your Apache Spark Jobs (Part 2)</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref5:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-gc.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>GC Pressure</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-utilization.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Executor Utilization</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree" tabindex="-1">Duplicate Plan Subtree <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Duplicate Plan Subtree {#bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree}&quot;"></a></h1><p><span class="tag">DUPPLAN</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;"></a></h2><p>The physical plan is the form Spark actually runs: after optimizing the logical plan, the engine produces a plan that &quot;specifies how the logical plan will execute on the cluster,&quot; compiling the query into a series of RDDs and transformations<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>. A duplicated subtree is the same source read, together with the operators stacked above it, appearing in more than one branch of that plan. When the same logic sits in two different branches of a pipeline, you are &quot;basically signing up to recompute everything from scratch multiple times,&quot; because every action on an uncached DataFrame starts back at the source and rebuilds all the intermediate steps<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h2><p>Exchanges are the giveaway. A <a href="./shuffle.html">shuffle</a> or broadcast is an exchange, and these are the points where Spark&#39;s pipelining stops: &quot;Spark operators are often pipelined and executed in parallel processes. However, a shuffle or broadcast exchange breaks this pipeline. We call them materialization points and use the term &#39;query stages&#39; to denote subsections bounded by these materialization points&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>. The signal is the same source-plus-operators subtree feeding more than one branch across those materialization boundaries, which is the shape that gets recomputed unless something intervenes.</p><img class="light-only" src="../assets/duplicate-plan-subtree.B4cvN6fj.svg" alt="Before and after: the same scan and operators feed two branches and run twice, then a single shared node from exchange reuse or a cache feeds both consumers."><img class="dark-only" src="../assets/duplicate-plan-subtree.dark.Dw8wS0Ag.svg" alt="Before and after: the same scan and operators feed two branches and run twice, then a single shared node from exchange reuse or a cache feeds both consumers."><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Signal</th><th>What it points to</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Identical scan + operators in two or more branches</td><td>Same subtree recomputed per branch</td></tr><tr><td>A materialization point (shuffle/broadcast) below the repeat</td><td>The pipeline breaks and the branch restarts from source</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h2><p>Left alone, a repeated subtree is repeated work. Each branch re-reads the source and re-runs everything above it, so a subtree that shows up twice is roughly paid for twice<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:1">[2:1]</a></sup>. That cost lands on exactly the expensive parts of a plan (scans and shuffles) rather than on cheap row-level operators.</p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h2><p>Two mechanisms let a plan reuse an identical subtree instead of rebuilding it.</p><ul><li>Exchange reuse leans on the fact that a shuffle already writes its output to disk. Spark &quot;always executes shuffles by first having the &#39;source&#39; tasks ... write shuffle files to their local disks,&quot; so &quot;running a new job over data that&#39;s already been shuffled does not rerun the &#39;source&#39; side of the shuffle. Because the shuffle files were already written to disk earlier, Spark knows that it can use them to run the later stages of the job, and it need not redo the earlier ones. In the Spark UI and logs, you will see the pre-shuffle stages marked as &#39;skipped&#39;&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup>. When the same materialized exchange feeds two consumers, the second reads those existing shuffle files instead of recomputing the subtree beneath it.</li><li><code>cache()</code> / <code>persist()</code> truncate recomputation by materializing the result and keying future lookups on it. Persisting &quot;means materializing an RDD (usually by storing it in memory on the executors) for reuse during the current job&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:2">[2:2]</a></sup>, and in the Structured API the lookup is plan-keyed: &quot;caching is done based on the physical plan. This means that we effectively store the physical plan as our key ... and perform a lookup prior to the execution of a Structured job&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:2">[1:2]</a></sup>. On a hit, Spark returns the stored data rather than rebuilding intermediate steps from the source<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:3">[2:3]</a></sup>.</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>PySpark:</strong> if the repeated subtree is a DataFrame you reuse across branches, <code>df.cache()</code> (or <code>df.persist()</code>) before the branches split lets both read the materialized result instead of recomputing it.</p></blockquote><h2 id="confidence" tabindex="-1">Confidence <a class="header-anchor" href="#confidence" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Confidence&quot;"></a></h2><p>Medium. Inferring a duplicated subtree from the static plan is a medium-confidence signal that requires runtime validation: whether a repeated subtree actually turns into avoided work depends on runtime facts the plan never shows, such as cache hits, retained shuffle files, and eviction<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:4">[2:4]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>Two subtrees that look identical in the printed plan are not always the same recomputed work. The cache &quot;is tied to the analyzed logical plan, not the final optimized one,&quot; so semantically identical queries with different analyzed plans miss the cache and recompute even though &quot;the optimizer will eventually produce the same physical plan&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:5">[2:5]</a></sup>. <a href="./caching.html">Caching</a> is also lazy and often partial: it happens &quot;only as they are accessed,&quot; &quot;the only blocks that get cached are the ones Spark was forced to touch,&quot; and Spark gives &quot;no built-in visibility into how much of your DataFrame is actually cached, or how much has already been evicted&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:6">[2:6]</a></sup>. Plan-level inference can therefore over-count, flagging repetition that either never materializes or is only partly reused.</p><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/spark-the-definitive/9781491912201/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark: The Definitive Guide</a>, Chambers &amp; Zaharia, chs. 4, 15, 19 <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/explaining-the-mechanics-of-spark-caching" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Explaining the mechanics of Spark caching</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://www.databricks.com/blog/2020/05/29/adaptive-query-execution-speeding-up-spark-sql-at-runtime.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Adaptive Query Execution: Speeding Up Spark SQL at Runtime</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-memory-utilization.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Memory Utilization</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-small-files.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Small Files</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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