react-native-windows 0.85.0-preview.1 → 0.85.0

package/external/folly/folly/Poly.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1095 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// TODO: [x] "cast" from Poly<C&> to Poly<C&&>
+// TODO: [ ] copy/move from Poly<C&>/Poly<C&&> to Poly<C>
+// TODO: [ ] copy-on-write?
+// TODO: [ ] down- and cross-casting? (Possible?)
+// TODO: [ ] shared ownership? (Dubious.)
+// TODO: [ ] can games be played with making the VTable a member of a struct
+//           with strange alignment such that the address of the VTable can
+//           be used to tell whether the object is stored in-situ or not?
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <new>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include <folly/CPortability.h>
+#include <folly/CppAttributes.h>
+#include <folly/Traits.h>
+#include <folly/detail/TypeList.h>
+#include <folly/lang/Assume.h>
+
+#include <folly/PolyException.h>
+#include <folly/detail/PolyDetail.h>
+
+namespace folly {
+template <class I>
+struct Poly;
+
+// MSVC workaround
+template <class Node, class Tfx, class Access>
+struct PolySelf_ {
+  using type = decltype(Access::template self_<Node, Tfx>());
+};
+
+/**
+ * Within the definition of interface `I`, `PolySelf<Base>` is an alias for
+ * the instance of `Poly` that is currently being instantiated. It is
+ * one of: `Poly<J>`, `Poly<J&&>`, `Poly<J&>`, or `Poly<J const&>`; where
+ * `J` is either `I` or some interface that extends `I`.
+ *
+ * It can be used within interface definitions to declare members that accept
+ * other `Poly` objects of the same type as `*this`.
+ *
+ * The first parameter may optionally be cv- and/or reference-qualified, in
+ * which case, the qualification is applies to the type of the interface in the
+ * resulting `Poly<>` instance. The second template parameter controls whether
+ * or not the interface is decayed before the cv-ref qualifiers of the first
+ * argument are applied. For example, given the following:
+ *
+ *     struct Foo {
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface : Base {
+ *         using A = PolySelf<Base>;
+ *         using B = PolySelf<Base &>;
+ *         using C = PolySelf<Base const &>;
+ *         using X = PolySelf<Base, PolyDecay>;
+ *         using Y = PolySelf<Base &, PolyDecay>;
+ *         using Z = PolySelf<Base const &, PolyDecay>;
+ *       };
+ *       // ...
+ *     };
+ *     struct Bar : PolyExtends<Foo> {
+ *       // ...
+ *     };
+ *
+ * Then for `Poly<Bar>`, the typedefs are aliases for the following types:
+ * - `A` is `Poly<Bar>`
+ * - `B` is `Poly<Bar &>`
+ * - `C` is `Poly<Bar const &>`
+ * - `X` is `Poly<Bar>`
+ * - `Y` is `Poly<Bar &>`
+ * - `Z` is `Poly<Bar const &>`
+ *
+ * And for `Poly<Bar &>`, the typedefs are aliases for the following types:
+ * - `A` is `Poly<Bar &>`
+ * - `B` is `Poly<Bar &>`
+ * - `C` is `Poly<Bar &>`
+ * - `X` is `Poly<Bar>`
+ * - `Y` is `Poly<Bar &>`
+ * - `Z` is `Poly<Bar const &>`
+ */
+template <
+    class Node,
+    class Tfx = detail::MetaIdentity,
+    class Access = detail::PolyAccess>
+using PolySelf = _t<PolySelf_<Node, Tfx, Access>>;
+
+/**
+ * When used in conjunction with `PolySelf`, controls how to construct `Poly`
+ * types related to the one currently being instantiated.
+ *
+ * \sa PolySelf
+ */
+using PolyDecay = detail::MetaQuote<std::decay_t>;
+
+#define FOLLY_POLY_MEMBER(SIG, MEM) ::folly::sig<SIG>(MEM)
+#define FOLLY_POLY_MEMBERS(...) ::folly::PolyMembers<__VA_ARGS__>
+
+template <auto... Ps>
+struct PolyMembers {};
+
+/**
+ * Used in the definition of a `Poly` interface to say that the current
+ * interface is an extension of a set of zero or more interfaces.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *
+ *   struct IFoo {
+ *     template <class Base> struct Interface : Base {
+ *       void foo() { folly::poly_call<0>(*this); }
+ *     };
+ *     template <class T> using Members = FOLLY_POLY_MEMBERS(&T::foo);
+ *   }
+ *   struct IBar : PolyExtends<IFoo> {
+ *     template <class Base> struct Interface : Base {
+ *       void bar(int i) { folly::poly_call<0>(*this, i); }
+ *     };
+ *     template <class T> using Members = FOLLY_POLY_MEMBERS(&T::bar);
+ *   }
+ */
+template <class... I>
+struct PolyExtends : virtual I... {
+  using Subsumptions = detail::TypeList<I...>;
+
+  template <class Base>
+  struct Interface : Base {
+    Interface() = default;
+    using Base::Base;
+  };
+
+  template <class...>
+  using Members = PolyMembers<>;
+};
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/**
+ * Call the N-th member of the currently-being-defined interface. When the
+ * first parameter is an object of type `PolySelf<Base>` (as opposed to `*this`)
+ * you must explicitly specify which interface through which to dispatch.
+ * For instance:
+ *
+ *     struct IAddable {
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface : Base {
+ *         friend folly::PolySelf<Base, folly::PolyDecay>
+ *         operator+(
+ *             folly::PolySelf<Base> const& a,
+ *             folly::PolySelf<Base> const& b) {
+ *           return folly::poly_call<0, IAddable>(a, b);
+ *         }
+ *       };
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       static auto plus_(T const& a, T const& b) -> decltype(a + b) {
+ *         return a + b;
+ *       }
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       using Members = FOLLY_POLY_MEMBERS(&plus_<std::decay_t<T>>);
+ *     };
+ *
+ * \sa PolySelf
+ */
+template <std::size_t N, typename This, typename... As>
+auto poly_call(This&& _this, As&&... as)
+    -> decltype(detail::PolyAccess::call<N>(
+        static_cast<This&&>(_this), static_cast<As&&>(as)...)) {
+  return detail::PolyAccess::call<N>(
+      static_cast<This&&>(_this), static_cast<As&&>(as)...);
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <std::size_t N, class I, class Tail, typename... As>
+decltype(auto) poly_call(detail::PolyNode<I, Tail>&& _this, As&&... as) {
+  using This = detail::InterfaceOf<I, detail::PolyNode<I, Tail>>;
+  return detail::PolyAccess::call<N>(
+      static_cast<This&&>(_this), static_cast<As&&>(as)...);
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <std::size_t N, class I, class Tail, typename... As>
+decltype(auto) poly_call(detail::PolyNode<I, Tail>& _this, As&&... as) {
+  using This = detail::InterfaceOf<I, detail::PolyNode<I, Tail>>;
+  return detail::PolyAccess::call<N>(
+      static_cast<This&>(_this), static_cast<As&&>(as)...);
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <std::size_t N, class I, class Tail, typename... As>
+decltype(auto) poly_call(detail::PolyNode<I, Tail> const& _this, As&&... as) {
+  using This = detail::InterfaceOf<I, detail::PolyNode<I, Tail>>;
+  return detail::PolyAccess::call<N>(
+      static_cast<This const&>(_this), static_cast<As&&>(as)...);
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <
+    std::size_t N,
+    class I,
+    class Poly,
+    typename... As,
+    std::enable_if_t<detail::IsPoly<Poly>::value, int> = 0>
+auto poly_call(Poly&& _this, As&&... as) -> decltype(poly_call<N, I>(
+                                             static_cast<Poly&&>(_this).get(),
+                                             static_cast<As&&>(as)...)) {
+  return poly_call<N, I>(
+      static_cast<Poly&&>(_this).get(), static_cast<As&&>(as)...);
+}
+
+/// \cond
+/// \overload
+template <std::size_t N, class I, typename... As>
+[[noreturn]] detail::Bottom poly_call(detail::ArchetypeBase const&, As&&...) {
+  assume_unreachable();
+}
+/// \endcond
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/**
+ * Try to cast the `Poly` object to the requested type. If the `Poly` stores an
+ * object of that type, return a reference to the object; otherwise, throw an
+ * exception.
+ * \tparam T The (unqualified) type to which to cast the `Poly` object.
+ * \tparam Poly The type of the `Poly` object.
+ * \param that The `Poly` object to be cast.
+ * \return A reference to the `T` object stored in or referred to by `that`.
+ * \throw BadPolyAccess if `that` is empty.
+ * \throw BadPolyCast if `that` does not store or refer to an object of type
+ *        `T`.
+ */
+template <class T, class I>
+detail::AddCvrefOf<T, I>&& poly_cast(detail::PolyRoot<I>&& that) {
+  return detail::PolyAccess::cast<T>(std::move(that));
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <class T, class I>
+detail::AddCvrefOf<T, I>& poly_cast(detail::PolyRoot<I>& that) {
+  return detail::PolyAccess::cast<T>(that);
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <class T, class I>
+detail::AddCvrefOf<T, I> const& poly_cast(detail::PolyRoot<I> const& that) {
+  return detail::PolyAccess::cast<T>(that);
+}
+
+/// \cond
+/// \overload
+template <class T, class I>
+[[noreturn]] detail::AddCvrefOf<T, I>&& poly_cast(detail::ArchetypeRoot<I>&&) {
+  assume_unreachable();
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <class T, class I>
+[[noreturn]] detail::AddCvrefOf<T, I>& poly_cast(detail::ArchetypeRoot<I>&) {
+  assume_unreachable();
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <class T, class I>
+[[noreturn]] detail::AddCvrefOf<T, I> const& poly_cast(
+    detail::ArchetypeRoot<I> const&) {
+  assume_unreachable();
+}
+/// \endcond
+
+/// \overload
+template <
+    class T,
+    class Poly,
+    std::enable_if_t<detail::IsPoly<Poly>::value, int> = 0>
+constexpr auto poly_cast(Poly&& that)
+    -> decltype(poly_cast<T>(std::declval<Poly>().get())) {
+  return poly_cast<T>(static_cast<Poly&&>(that).get());
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/**
+ * Returns a reference to the `std::type_info` object corresponding to the
+ * object currently stored in `that`. If `that` is empty, returns
+ * `typeid(void)`.
+ */
+template <class I>
+std::type_info const& poly_type(detail::PolyRoot<I> const& that) noexcept {
+  return detail::PolyAccess::type(that);
+}
+
+/// \cond
+/// \overload
+[[noreturn]] inline std::type_info const& poly_type(
+    detail::ArchetypeBase const&) noexcept {
+  assume_unreachable();
+}
+/// \endcond
+
+/// \overload
+template <class Poly, std::enable_if_t<detail::IsPoly<Poly>::value, int> = 0>
+constexpr auto poly_type(Poly const& that) noexcept
+    -> decltype(poly_type(that.get())) {
+  return poly_type(that.get());
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/**
+ * Returns `true` if `that` is not currently storing an object; `false`,
+ * otherwise.
+ */
+template <class I>
+bool poly_empty(detail::PolyRoot<I> const& that) noexcept {
+  return detail::State::eEmpty == detail::PolyAccess::vtable(that)->state_;
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <class I>
+constexpr bool poly_empty(detail::PolyRoot<I&&> const&) noexcept {
+  return false;
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <class I>
+constexpr bool poly_empty(detail::PolyRoot<I&> const&) noexcept {
+  return false;
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <class I>
+constexpr bool poly_empty(Poly<I&&> const&) noexcept {
+  return false;
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <class I>
+constexpr bool poly_empty(Poly<I&> const&) noexcept {
+  return false;
+}
+
+/// \cond
+[[noreturn]] inline bool poly_empty(detail::ArchetypeBase const&) noexcept {
+  assume_unreachable();
+}
+/// \endcond
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/**
+ * Given a `Poly<I&>`, return a `Poly<I&&>`. Otherwise, when `I` is not a
+ * reference type, returns a `Poly<I>&&` when given a `Poly<I>&`, like
+ * `std::move`.
+ */
+template <
+    class I,
+    std::enable_if_t<Negation<std::is_reference<I>>::value, int> = 0>
+constexpr Poly<I>&& poly_move(detail::PolyRoot<I>& that) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<Poly<I>&&>(static_cast<Poly<I>&>(that));
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <class I, std::enable_if_t<Negation<std::is_const<I>>::value, int> = 0>
+Poly<I&&> poly_move(detail::PolyRoot<I&> const& that) noexcept {
+  return detail::PolyAccess::move(that);
+}
+
+/// \overload
+template <class I>
+Poly<I const&> poly_move(detail::PolyRoot<I const&> const& that) noexcept {
+  return detail::PolyAccess::move(that);
+}
+
+/// \cond
+/// \overload
+[[noreturn]] inline detail::ArchetypeBase poly_move(
+    detail::ArchetypeBase const&) noexcept {
+  assume_unreachable();
+}
+/// \endcond
+
+/// \overload
+template <class Poly, std::enable_if_t<detail::IsPoly<Poly>::value, int> = 0>
+constexpr auto poly_move(Poly& that) noexcept
+    -> decltype(poly_move(that.get())) {
+  return poly_move(that.get());
+}
+
+/// \cond
+namespace detail {
+/**
+ * The implementation for `Poly` for when the interface type is not
+ * reference-like qualified, as in `Poly<SemiRegular>`.
+ */
+template <class I>
+struct PolyVal : PolyImpl<I> {
+ private:
+  friend PolyAccess;
+
+  struct NoneSuch {};
+  using Copyable = std::is_copy_constructible<PolyImpl<I>>;
+  using PolyOrNonesuch = If<Copyable::value, PolyVal, NoneSuch>;
+
+  using PolyRoot<I>::vptr_;
+
+  PolyRoot<I>& _polyRoot_() noexcept { return *this; }
+  PolyRoot<I> const& _polyRoot_() const noexcept { return *this; }
+
+  Data* _data_() noexcept { return PolyAccess::data(*this); }
+  Data const* _data_() const noexcept { return PolyAccess::data(*this); }
+
+ public:
+  /**
+   * Default constructor.
+   * \post `poly_empty(*this) == true`
+   */
+  PolyVal() = default;
+  /**
+   * Move constructor.
+   * \post `poly_empty(that) == true`
+   */
+  PolyVal(PolyVal&& that) noexcept;
+  /**
+   * A copy constructor if `I` is copyable; otherwise, a useless constructor
+   * from a private, incomplete type.
+   */
+  /* implicit */ PolyVal(PolyOrNonesuch const& that);
+
+  ~PolyVal();
+
+  /**
+   * Inherit any constructors defined by any of the interfaces.
+   */
+  using PolyImpl<I>::PolyImpl;
+
+  /**
+   * Copy assignment, destroys the object currently held (if any) and makes
+   * `*this` equal to `that` by stealing its guts.
+   */
+  Poly<I>& operator=(PolyVal that) noexcept;
+
+  /**
+   * Construct a Poly<I> from a concrete type that satisfies the I concept
+   */
+  template <class T, std::enable_if_t<ModelsInterface<T, I>::value, int> = 0>
+  /* implicit */ PolyVal(T&& t);
+
+  /**
+   * Construct a `Poly` from a compatible `Poly`. "Compatible" here means: the
+   * other interface extends this one either directly or indirectly.
+   */
+  template <class I2, std::enable_if_t<ValueCompatible<I, I2>::value, int> = 0>
+  /* implicit */ PolyVal(Poly<I2> that);
+
+  /**
+   * Assign to this `Poly<I>` from a concrete type that satisfies the `I`
+   * concept.
+   */
+  template <class T, std::enable_if_t<ModelsInterface<T, I>::value, int> = 0>
+  Poly<I>& operator=(T&& t);
+
+  /**
+   * Assign a compatible `Poly` to `*this`. "Compatible" here means: the
+   * other interface extends this one either directly or indirectly.
+   */
+  template <class I2, std::enable_if_t<ValueCompatible<I, I2>::value, int> = 0>
+  Poly<I>& operator=(Poly<I2> that);
+
+  /**
+   * Swaps the values of two `Poly` objects.
+   */
+  void swap(Poly<I>& that) noexcept;
+};
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/**
+ * The implementation of `Poly` for when the interface type is
+ * reference-qualified, like `Poly<SemiRegular &>`.
+ */
+template <class I>
+struct PolyRef : private PolyImpl<I> {
+ private:
+  friend PolyAccess;
+
+  AddCvrefOf<PolyRoot<I>, I>& _polyRoot_() const noexcept;
+
+  Data* _data_() noexcept { return PolyAccess::data(*this); }
+  Data const* _data_() const noexcept { return PolyAccess::data(*this); }
+
+  static constexpr RefType refType() noexcept;
+
+ protected:
+  template <class That, class I2>
+  PolyRef(That&& that, Type<I2>);
+
+ public:
+  /**
+   * Copy constructor
+   * \post `&poly_cast<T>(*this) == &poly_cast<T>(that)`, where `T` is the
+   *       type of the object held by `that`.
+   */
+  PolyRef(PolyRef const& that) noexcept;
+
+  /**
+   * Copy assignment
+   * \post `&poly_cast<T>(*this) == &poly_cast<T>(that)`, where `T` is the
+   *       type of the object held by `that`.
+   */
+  Poly<I>& operator=(PolyRef const& that) noexcept;
+
+  /**
+   * Construct a `Poly<I>` from a concrete type that satisfies concept `I`.
+   * \post `!poly_empty(*this)`
+   */
+  template <class T, std::enable_if_t<ModelsInterface<T, I>::value, int> = 0>
+  /* implicit */ PolyRef(T&& t) noexcept;
+
+  /**
+   * Construct a `Poly<I>` from a compatible `Poly<I2>`.
+   */
+  template <
+      class I2,
+      std::enable_if_t<ReferenceCompatible<I, I2, I2&&>::value, int> = 0>
+  /* implicit */ PolyRef(Poly<I2>&& that) noexcept(
+      std::is_reference<I2>::value);
+
+  template <
+      class I2,
+      std::enable_if_t<ReferenceCompatible<I, I2, I2&>::value, int> = 0>
+  /* implicit */ PolyRef(Poly<I2>& that) noexcept(std::is_reference<I2>::value)
+      : PolyRef{that, Type<I2>{}} {}
+
+  template <
+      class I2,
+      std::enable_if_t<ReferenceCompatible<I, I2, I2 const&>::value, int> = 0>
+  /* implicit */ PolyRef(Poly<I2> const& that) noexcept(
+      std::is_reference<I2>::value)
+      : PolyRef{that, Type<I2>{}} {}
+
+  /**
+   * Assign to a `Poly<I>` from a concrete type that satisfies concept `I`.
+   * \post `!poly_empty(*this)`
+   */
+  template <class T, std::enable_if_t<ModelsInterface<T, I>::value, int> = 0>
+  Poly<I>& operator=(T&& t) noexcept;
+
+  /**
+   * Assign to `*this` from another compatible `Poly`.
+   */
+  template <
+      class I2,
+      std::enable_if_t<ReferenceCompatible<I, I2, I2&&>::value, int> = 0>
+  Poly<I>& operator=(Poly<I2>&& that) noexcept(std::is_reference<I2>::value);
+
+  /**
+   * \overload
+   */
+  template <
+      class I2,
+      std::enable_if_t<ReferenceCompatible<I, I2, I2&>::value, int> = 0>
+  Poly<I>& operator=(Poly<I2>& that) noexcept(std::is_reference<I2>::value);
+
+  /**
+   * \overload
+   */
+  template <
+      class I2,
+      std::enable_if_t<ReferenceCompatible<I, I2, I2 const&>::value, int> = 0>
+  Poly<I>& operator=(Poly<I2> const& that) noexcept(
+      std::is_reference<I2>::value);
+
+  /**
+   * Swap which object this `Poly` references ("shallow" swap).
+   */
+  void swap(Poly<I>& that) noexcept;
+
+  /**
+   * Get a reference to the interface, with correct `const`-ness applied.
+   */
+  AddCvrefOf<PolyImpl<I>, I>& get() const noexcept;
+
+  /**
+   * Get a reference to the interface, with correct `const`-ness applied.
+   */
+  AddCvrefOf<PolyImpl<I>, I>& operator*() const noexcept { return get(); }
+
+  /**
+   * Get a pointer to the interface, with correct `const`-ness applied.
+   */
+  auto operator->() const noexcept { return &get(); }
+};
+
+template <class I>
+using PolyValOrRef = If<std::is_reference<I>::value, PolyRef<I>, PolyVal<I>>;
+} // namespace detail
+/// \endcond
+
+/**
+ * `Poly` is a class template that makes it relatively easy to define a
+ * type-erasing polymorphic object wrapper.
+ *
+ * \par Type-erasure
+ *
+ * \par
+ * `std::function` is one example of a type-erasing polymorphic object wrapper;
+ * `folly::exception_wrapper` is another. Type-erasure is often used as an
+ * alternative to dynamic polymorphism via inheritance-based virtual dispatch.
+ * The distinguishing characteristic of type-erasing wrappers are:
+ * \li **Duck typing:** Types do not need to inherit from an abstract base
+ *     class in order to be assignable to a type-erasing wrapper; they merely
+ *     need to satisfy a particular interface.
+ * \li **Value semantics:** Type-erasing wrappers are objects that can be
+ *     passed around _by value_. This is in contrast to abstract base classes
+ *     which must be passed by reference or by pointer or else suffer from
+ *     _slicing_, which causes them to lose their polymorphic behaviors.
+ *     Reference semantics make it difficult to reason locally about code.
+ * \li **Automatic memory management:** When dealing with inheritance-based
+ *     dynamic polymorphism, it is often necessary to allocate and manage
+ *     objects on the heap. This leads to a proliferation of `shared_ptr`s and
+ *     `unique_ptr`s in APIs, complicating their point-of-use. APIs that take
+ *     type-erasing wrappers, on the other hand, can often store small objects
+ *     in-situ, with no dynamic allocation. The memory management, if any, is
+ *     handled for you, and leads to cleaner APIs: consumers of your API don't
+ *     need to pass `shared_ptr<AbstractBase>`; they can simply pass any object
+ *     that satisfies the interface you require. (`std::function` is a
+ *     particularly compelling example of this benefit. Far worse would be an
+ *     inheritance-based callable solution like
+ *     `shared_ptr<ICallable<void(int)>>`. )
+ *
+ * \par Example: Defining a type-erasing function wrapper with `folly::Poly`
+ *
+ * \par
+ * Defining a polymorphic wrapper with `Poly` is a matter of defining two
+ * things:
+ * \li An *interface*, consisting of public member functions, and
+ * \li A *mapping* from a concrete type to a set of member function bindings.
+ *
+ * Below is a (heavily commented) example of a simple implementation of a
+ * `std::function`-like polymorphic wrapper. Its interface has only a single
+ * member function: `operator()`
+ *
+ *     // An interface for a callable object of a particular signature, Fun
+ *     // (most interfaces don't need to be templates, FWIW).
+ *     template <class Fun>
+ *     struct IFunction;
+ *
+ *     template <class R, class... As>
+ *     struct IFunction<R(As...)> {
+ *       // An interface is defined as a nested class template called
+ *       // Interface that takes a single template parameter, Base, from
+ *       // which it inherits.
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface : Base {
+ *         // The Interface has public member functions. These become the
+ *         // public interface of the resulting Poly instantiation.
+ *         // (Implementation note: Poly<IFunction<Sig>> will publicly
+ *         // inherit from this struct, which is what gives it the right
+ *         // member functions.)
+ *         R operator()(As... as) const {
+ *           // The definition of each member function in your interface will
+ *           // always consist of a single line dispatching to
+ *           // folly::poly_call<N>. The "N" corresponds to the N-th member
+ *           // function in the list of member function bindings, Members,
+ *           // defined below. The first argument will always be *this, and the
+ *           // rest of the arguments should simply forward (if necessary) the
+ *           // member function's arguments.
+ *           return static_cast<R>(
+ *               folly::poly_call<0>(*this, std::forward<As>(as)...));
+ *         }
+ *       };
+ *
+ *       // The "Members" alias template is a comma-separated list of bound
+ *       // member functions for a given concrete type "T". The
+ *       // "FOLLY_POLY_MEMBERS" macro accepts a comma-separated list, and the
+ *       // (optional) "FOLLY_POLY_MEMBER" macro lets you disambiguate overloads
+ *       // by explicitly specifying the function signature the target member
+ *       // function should have. In this case, we require "T" to have a
+ *       // function call operator with the signature `R(As...) const`.
+ *       //
+ *       // If you are using a C++17-compatible compiler, you can do away with
+ *       // the macros and write this as:
+ *       //
+ *       //   template <class T>
+ *       //   using Members = folly::PolyMembers<
+ *       //       folly::sig<R(As...) const>(&T::operator())>;
+ *       //
+ *       // And since `folly::sig` is only needed for disambiguation in case of
+ *       // overloads, if you are not concerned about objects with overloaded
+ *       // function call operators, it could be further simplified to:
+ *       //
+ *       //   template <class T>
+ *       //   using Members = folly::PolyMembers<&T::operator()>;
+ *       //
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       using Members = FOLLY_POLY_MEMBERS(
+ *           FOLLY_POLY_MEMBER(R(As...) const, &T::operator()));
+ *     };
+ *
+ *     // Now that we have defined the interface, we can pass it to Poly to
+ *     // create our type-erasing wrapper:
+ *     template <class Fun>
+ *     using Function = Poly<IFunction<Fun>>;
+ *
+ * \par
+ * Given the above definition of `Function`, users can now initialize instances
+ * of (say) `Function<int(int, int)>` with function objects like
+ * `std::plus<int>` and `std::multiplies<int>`, as below:
+ *
+ *     Function<int(int, int)> fun = std::plus<int>{};
+ *     assert(5 == fun(2, 3));
+ *     fun = std::multiplies<int>{};
+ *     assert(6 = fun(2, 3));
+ *
+ * \par Defining an interface with C++17
+ *
+ * \par
+ * With C++17, defining an interface to be used with `Poly` is fairly
+ * straightforward. As in the `Function` example above, there is a struct with
+ * a nested `Interface` class template and a nested `Members` alias template.
+ * No macros are needed with C++17.
+ * \par
+ * Imagine we were defining something like a Java-style iterator. If we are
+ * using a C++17 compiler, our interface would look something like this:
+ *
+ *     template <class Value>
+ *     struct IJavaIterator {
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface : Base {
+ *         bool Done() const { return folly::poly_call<0>(*this); }
+ *         Value Current() const { return folly::poly_call<1>(*this); }
+ *         void Next() { folly::poly_call<2>(*this); }
+ *       };
+ *       // NOTE: This works in C++17 only:
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       using Members = folly::PolyMembers<&T::Done, &T::Current, &T::Next>;
+ *     };
+ *
+ *     template <class Value>
+ *     using JavaIterator = Poly<IJavaIterator>;
+ *
+ * \par
+ * Given the above definition, `JavaIterator<int>` can be used to hold instances
+ * of any type that has `Done`, `Current`, and `Next` member functions with the
+ * correct (or compatible) signatures.
+ *
+ * \par
+ * The presence of overloaded member functions complicates this picture. Often,
+ * property members are faked in C++ with `const` and non-`const` member
+ * function overloads, like in the interface specified below:
+ *
+ *     struct IIntProperty {
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface : Base {
+ *         int Value() const { return folly::poly_call<0>(*this); }
+ *         void Value(int i) { folly::poly_call<1>(*this, i); }
+ *       };
+ *       // NOTE: This works in C++17 only:
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       using Members = folly::PolyMembers<
+ *         folly::sig<int() const>(&T::Value),
+ *         folly::sig<void(int)>(&T::Value)>;
+ *     };
+ *
+ *     using IntProperty = Poly<IIntProperty>;
+ *
+ * \par
+ * Now, any object that has `Value` members of compatible signatures can be
+ * assigned to instances of `IntProperty` object. Note how `folly::sig` is used
+ * to disambiguate the overloads of `&T::Value`.
+ *
+ * \par Defining an interface with C++14
+ *
+ * \par
+ * In C++14, the nice syntax above doesn't work, so we have to resort to macros.
+ * The two examples above would look like this:
+ *
+ *     template <class Value>
+ *     struct IJavaIterator {
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface : Base {
+ *         bool Done() const { return folly::poly_call<0>(*this); }
+ *         Value Current() const { return folly::poly_call<1>(*this); }
+ *         void Next() { folly::poly_call<2>(*this); }
+ *       };
+ *       // NOTE: This works in C++14 and C++17:
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       using Members = FOLLY_POLY_MEMBERS(&T::Done, &T::Current, &T::Next);
+ *     };
+ *
+ *     template <class Value>
+ *     using JavaIterator = Poly<IJavaIterator>;
+ *
+ * \par
+ * and
+ *
+ *     struct IIntProperty {
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface : Base {
+ *         int Value() const { return folly::poly_call<0>(*this); }
+ *         void Value(int i) { return folly::poly_call<1>(*this, i); }
+ *       };
+ *       // NOTE: This works in C++14 and C++17:
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       using Members = FOLLY_POLY_MEMBERS(
+ *         FOLLY_POLY_MEMBER(int() const, &T::Value),
+ *         FOLLY_POLY_MEMBER(void(int), &T::Value));
+ *     };
+ *
+ *     using IntProperty = Poly<IIntProperty>;
+ *
+ * \par Extending interfaces
+ *
+ * \par
+ * One typical advantage of inheritance-based solutions to runtime polymorphism
+ * is that one polymorphic interface could extend another through inheritance.
+ * The same can be accomplished with type-erasing polymorphic wrappers. In
+ * the `Poly` library, you can use `folly::PolyExtends` to say that one
+ * interface extends another.
+ *
+ *     struct IFoo {
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface : Base {
+ *         void Foo() const { return folly::poly_call<0>(*this); }
+ *       };
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       using Members = FOLLY_POLY_MEMBERS(&T::Foo);
+ *     };
+ *
+ *     // The IFooBar interface extends the IFoo interface
+ *     struct IFooBar : PolyExtends<IFoo> {
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface : Base {
+ *         void Bar() const { return folly::poly_call<0>(*this); }
+ *       };
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       using Members = FOLLY_POLY_MEMBERS(&T::Bar);
+ *     };
+ *
+ *     using FooBar = Poly<IFooBar>;
+ *
+ * \par
+ * Given the above defintion, instances of type `FooBar` have both `Foo()` and
+ * `Bar()` member functions.
+ *
+ * \par
+ * The sensible conversions exist between a wrapped derived type and a wrapped
+ * base type. For instance, assuming `IDerived` extends `IBase` with
+ * `PolyExtends`:
+ *
+ *     Poly<IDerived> derived = ...;
+ *     Poly<IBase> base = derived; // This conversion is OK.
+ *
+ * \par
+ * As you would expect, there is no conversion in the other direction, and at
+ * present there is no `Poly` equivalent to `dynamic_cast`.
+ *
+ * \par Type-erasing polymorphic reference wrappers
+ *
+ * \par
+ * Sometimes you don't need to own a copy of an object; a reference will do. For
+ * that you can use `Poly` to capture a _reference_ to an object satisfying an
+ * interface rather than the whole object itself. The syntax is intuitive.
+ *
+ *     int i = 42;
+ *     // Capture a mutable reference to an object of any IRegular type:
+ *     Poly<IRegular &> intRef = i;
+ *     assert(42 == folly::poly_cast<int>(intRef));
+ *     // Assert that we captured the address of "i":
+ *     assert(&i == &folly::poly_cast<int>(intRef));
+ *
+ * \par
+ * A reference-like `Poly` has a different interface than a value-like `Poly`.
+ * Rather than calling member functions with the `obj.fun()` syntax, you would
+ * use the `obj->fun()` syntax. This is for the sake of `const`-correctness.
+ * For example, consider the code below:
+ *
+ *     struct IFoo {
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface {
+ *         void Foo() { folly::poly_call<0>(*this); }
+ *       };
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       using Members = folly::PolyMembers<&T::Foo>;
+ *     };
+ *
+ *     struct SomeFoo {
+ *       void Foo() { std::printf("SomeFoo::Foo\n"); }
+ *     };
+ *
+ *     SomeFoo foo;
+ *     Poly<IFoo &> const anyFoo = foo;
+ *     anyFoo->Foo(); // prints "SomeFoo::Foo"
+ *
+ * \par
+ * Notice in the above code that the `Foo` member function is non-`const`.
+ * Notice also that the `anyFoo` object is `const`. However, since it has
+ * captured a non-`const` reference to the `foo` object, it should still be
+ * possible to dispatch to the non-`const` `Foo` member function. When
+ * instantiated with a reference type, `Poly` has an overloaded `operator->`
+ * member that returns a pointer to the `IFoo` interface with the correct
+ * `const`-ness, which makes this work.
+ *
+ * \par
+ * The same mechanism also prevents users from calling non-`const` member
+ * functions on `Poly` objects that have captured `const` references, which
+ * would violate `const`-correctness.
+ *
+ * \par
+ * Sensible conversions exist between non-reference and reference `Poly`s. For
+ * instance:
+ *
+ *     Poly<IRegular> value = 42;
+ *     Poly<IRegular &> mutable_ref = value;
+ *     Poly<IRegular const &> const_ref = mutable_ref;
+ *
+ *     assert(&poly_cast<int>(value) == &poly_cast<int>(mutable_ref));
+ *     assert(&poly_cast<int>(value) == &poly_cast<int>(const_ref));
+ *
+ * \par Non-member functions (C++17)
+ *
+ * \par
+ * If you wanted to write the interface `ILogicallyNegatable`, which captures
+ * all types that can be negated with unary `operator!`, you could do it
+ * as we've shown above, by binding `&T::operator!` in the nested `Members`
+ * alias template, but that has the problem that it won't work for types that
+ * have defined unary `operator!` as a free function. To handle this case,
+ * the `Poly` library lets you use a free function instead of a member function
+ * when creating a binding.
+ *
+ * \par
+ * With C++17 you may use a lambda to create a binding, as shown in the example
+ * below:
+ *
+ *     struct ILogicallyNegatable {
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface : Base {
+ *         bool operator!() const { return folly::poly_call<0>(*this); }
+ *       };
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       using Members = folly::PolyMembers<
+ *         +[](T const& t) -> decltype(!t) { return !t; }>;
+ *     };
+ *
+ * \par
+ * This requires some explanation. The unary `operator+` in front of the lambda
+ * is necessary! It causes the lambda to decay to a C-style function pointer,
+ * which is one of the types that `folly::PolyMembers` accepts. The `decltype`
+ * in the lambda return type is also necessary. Through the magic of SFINAE, it
+ * will cause `Poly<ILogicallyNegatable>` to reject any types that don't support
+ * unary `operator!`.
+ *
+ * \par
+ * If you are using a free function to create a binding, the first parameter is
+ * implicitly the `this` parameter. It will receive the type-erased object.
+ *
+ * \par Non-member functions (C++14)
+ *
+ * \par
+ * If you are using a C++14 compiler, the defintion of `ILogicallyNegatable`
+ * above will fail because lambdas are not `constexpr`. We can get the same
+ * effect by writing the lambda as a named free function, as show below:
+ *
+ *     struct ILogicallyNegatable {
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface : Base {
+ *         bool operator!() const { return folly::poly_call<0>(*this); }
+ *       };
+ *
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       static auto negate(T const& t) -> decltype(!t) { return !t; }
+ *
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       using Members = FOLLY_POLY_MEMBERS(&negate<T>);
+ *     };
+ *
+ * \par
+ * As with the example that uses the lambda in the preceding section, the first
+ * parameter is implicitly the `this` parameter. It will receive the type-erased
+ * object.
+ *
+ * \par Multi-dispatch
+ *
+ * \par
+ * What if you want to create an `IAddable` interface for things that can be
+ * added? Adding requires _two_ objects, both of which are type-erased. This
+ * interface requires dispatching on both objects, doing the addition only
+ * if the types are the same. For this we make use of the `PolySelf` template
+ * alias to define an interface that takes more than one object of the
+ * erased type.
+ *
+ *     struct IAddable {
+ *       template <class Base>
+ *       struct Interface : Base {
+ *         friend PolySelf<Base, Decay>
+ *         operator+(PolySelf<Base> const& a, PolySelf<Base> const& b) {
+ *           return folly::poly_call<0, IAddable>(a, b);
+ *         }
+ *       };
+ *
+ *       template <class T>
+ *       using Members = folly::PolyMembers<
+ *         +[](T const& a, T const& b) -> decltype(a + b) { return a + b; }>;
+ *     };
+ *
+ * \par
+ * Given the above defintion of `IAddable` we would be able to do the following:
+ *
+ *     Poly<IAddable> a = 2, b = 3;
+ *     Poly<IAddable> c = a + b;
+ *     assert(poly_cast<int>(c) == 5);
+ *
+ * \par
+ * If `a` and `b` stored objects of different types, a `BadPolyCast` exception
+ * would be thrown.
+ *
+ * \par Move-only types
+ *
+ * \par
+ * If you want to store move-only types, then your interface should extend the
+ * `IMoveOnly` interface.
+ *
+ * \par Implementation notes
+ * \par
+ * `Poly` will store "small" objects in an internal buffer, avoiding the cost of
+ * of dynamic allocations. At present, this size is not configurable; it is
+ * pegged at the size of two `double`s.
+ *
+ * \par
+ * `Poly` objects are always nothrow movable. If you store an object in one that
+ * has a potentially throwing move contructor, the object will be stored on the
+ * heap, even if it could fit in the internal storage of the `Poly` object.
+ * (So be sure to give your objects nothrow move constructors!)
+ *
+ * \par
+ * `Poly` implements type-erasure in a manner very similar to how the compiler
+ * accomplishes virtual dispatch. Every `Poly` object contains a pointer to a
+ * table of function pointers. Member function calls involve a double-
+ * indirection: once through the v-pointer, and other indirect function call
+ * through the function pointer.
+ */
+template <class I>
+struct Poly final : detail::PolyValOrRef<I> {
+  friend detail::PolyAccess;
+  Poly() = default;
+  using detail::PolyValOrRef<I>::PolyValOrRef;
+  using detail::PolyValOrRef<I>::operator=;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Swap two `Poly<I>` instances.
+ */
+template <class I>
+void swap(Poly<I>& left, Poly<I>& right) noexcept {
+  left.swap(right);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pseudo-function template handy for disambiguating function overloads.
+ *
+ * For example, given:
+ *     struct S {
+ *       int property() const;
+ *       void property(int);
+ *     };
+ *
+ * You can get a member function pointer to the first overload with:
+ *     folly::sig<int()const>(&S::property);
+ *
+ * This is arguably a nicer syntax that using the built-in `static_cast`:
+ *     static_cast<int (S::*)() const>(&S::property);
+ *
+ * `sig` is also more permissive than `static_cast` about `const`. For instance,
+ * the following also works:
+ *     folly::sig<int()>(&S::property);
+ *
+ * The above is permitted
+ */
+template <class Sig>
+inline constexpr detail::Sig<Sig> const sig = {};
+
+} // namespace folly
+
+#include <folly/Poly-inl.h>