re2 1.20.0 → 1.20.2

package/vendor/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/cord.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1633 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: cord.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This file defines the `absl::Cord` data structure and operations on that data
+// structure. A Cord is a string-like sequence of characters optimized for
+// specific use cases. Unlike a `std::string`, which stores an array of
+// contiguous characters, Cord data is stored in a structure consisting of
+// separate, reference-counted "chunks."
+//
+// Because a Cord consists of these chunks, data can be added to or removed from
+// a Cord during its lifetime. Chunks may also be shared between Cords. Unlike a
+// `std::string`, a Cord can therefore accommodate data that changes over its
+// lifetime, though it's not quite "mutable"; it can change only in the
+// attachment, detachment, or rearrangement of chunks of its constituent data.
+//
+// A Cord provides some benefit over `std::string` under the following (albeit
+// narrow) circumstances:
+//
+//   * Cord data is designed to grow and shrink over a Cord's lifetime. Cord
+//     provides efficient insertions and deletions at the start and end of the
+//     character sequences, avoiding copies in those cases. Static data should
+//     generally be stored as strings.
+//   * External memory consisting of string-like data can be directly added to
+//     a Cord without requiring copies or allocations.
+//   * Cord data may be shared and copied cheaply. Cord provides a copy-on-write
+//     implementation and cheap sub-Cord operations. Copying a Cord is an O(1)
+//     operation.
+//
+// As a consequence to the above, Cord data is generally large. Small data
+// should generally use strings, as construction of a Cord requires some
+// overhead. Small Cords (<= 15 bytes) are represented inline, but most small
+// Cords are expected to grow over their lifetimes.
+//
+// Note that because a Cord is made up of separate chunked data, random access
+// to character data within a Cord is slower than within a `std::string`.
+//
+// Thread Safety
+//
+// Cord has the same thread-safety properties as many other types like
+// std::string, std::vector<>, int, etc -- it is thread-compatible. In
+// particular, if threads do not call non-const methods, then it is safe to call
+// const methods without synchronization. Copying a Cord produces a new instance
+// that can be used concurrently with the original in arbitrary ways.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_CORD_H_
+#define ABSL_STRINGS_CORD_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/endian.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/per_thread_tls.h"
+#include "absl/base/macros.h"
+#include "absl/base/port.h"
+#include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.h"
+#include "absl/functional/function_ref.h"
+#include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
+#include "absl/strings/cord_analysis.h"
+#include "absl/strings/cord_buffer.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_data_edge.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_reader.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_ring.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cordz_functions.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cordz_info.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cordz_statistics.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cordz_update_scope.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cordz_update_tracker.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/resize_uninitialized.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/string_constant.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/types/optional.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+class Cord;
+class CordTestPeer;
+template <typename Releaser>
+Cord MakeCordFromExternal(absl::string_view, Releaser&&);
+void CopyCordToString(const Cord& src, std::string* dst);
+
+// Cord memory accounting modes
+enum class CordMemoryAccounting {
+  // Counts the *approximate* number of bytes held in full or in part by this
+  // Cord (which may not remain the same between invocations). Cords that share
+  // memory could each be "charged" independently for the same shared memory.
+  kTotal,
+
+  // Counts the *approximate* number of bytes held in full or in part by this
+  // Cord weighted by the sharing ratio of that data. For example, if some data
+  // edge is shared by 4 different Cords, then each cord is attributed 1/4th of
+  // the total memory usage as a 'fair share' of the total memory usage.
+  kFairShare,
+};
+
+// Cord
+//
+// A Cord is a sequence of characters, designed to be more efficient than a
+// `std::string` in certain circumstances: namely, large string data that needs
+// to change over its lifetime or shared, especially when such data is shared
+// across API boundaries.
+//
+// A Cord stores its character data in a structure that allows efficient prepend
+// and append operations. This makes a Cord useful for large string data sent
+// over in a wire format that may need to be prepended or appended at some point
+// during the data exchange (e.g. HTTP, protocol buffers). For example, a
+// Cord is useful for storing an HTTP request, and prepending an HTTP header to
+// such a request.
+//
+// Cords should not be used for storing general string data, however. They
+// require overhead to construct and are slower than strings for random access.
+//
+// The Cord API provides the following common API operations:
+//
+// * Create or assign Cords out of existing string data, memory, or other Cords
+// * Append and prepend data to an existing Cord
+// * Create new Sub-Cords from existing Cord data
+// * Swap Cord data and compare Cord equality
+// * Write out Cord data by constructing a `std::string`
+//
+// Additionally, the API provides iterator utilities to iterate through Cord
+// data via chunks or character bytes.
+//
+class Cord {
+ private:
+  template <typename T>
+  using EnableIfString =
+      absl::enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, std::string>::value, int>;
+
+ public:
+  // Cord::Cord() Constructors.
+
+  // Creates an empty Cord.
+  constexpr Cord() noexcept;
+
+  // Creates a Cord from an existing Cord. Cord is copyable and efficiently
+  // movable. The moved-from state is valid but unspecified.
+  Cord(const Cord& src);
+  Cord(Cord&& src) noexcept;
+  Cord& operator=(const Cord& x);
+  Cord& operator=(Cord&& x) noexcept;
+
+  // Creates a Cord from a `src` string. This constructor is marked explicit to
+  // prevent implicit Cord constructions from arguments convertible to an
+  // `absl::string_view`.
+  explicit Cord(absl::string_view src);
+  Cord& operator=(absl::string_view src);
+
+  // Creates a Cord from a `std::string&&` rvalue. These constructors are
+  // templated to avoid ambiguities for types that are convertible to both
+  // `absl::string_view` and `std::string`, such as `const char*`.
+  template <typename T, EnableIfString<T> = 0>
+  explicit Cord(T&& src);
+  template <typename T, EnableIfString<T> = 0>
+  Cord& operator=(T&& src);
+
+  // Cord::~Cord()
+  //
+  // Destructs the Cord.
+  ~Cord() {
+    if (contents_.is_tree()) DestroyCordSlow();
+  }
+
+  // MakeCordFromExternal()
+  //
+  // Creates a Cord that takes ownership of external string memory. The
+  // contents of `data` are not copied to the Cord; instead, the external
+  // memory is added to the Cord and reference-counted. This data may not be
+  // changed for the life of the Cord, though it may be prepended or appended
+  // to.
+  //
+  // `MakeCordFromExternal()` takes a callable "releaser" that is invoked when
+  // the reference count for `data` reaches zero. As noted above, this data must
+  // remain live until the releaser is invoked. The callable releaser also must:
+  //
+  //   * be move constructible
+  //   * support `void operator()(absl::string_view) const` or `void operator()`
+  //
+  // Example:
+  //
+  // Cord MakeCord(BlockPool* pool) {
+  //   Block* block = pool->NewBlock();
+  //   FillBlock(block);
+  //   return absl::MakeCordFromExternal(
+  //       block->ToStringView(),
+  //       [pool, block](absl::string_view v) {
+  //         pool->FreeBlock(block, v);
+  //       });
+  // }
+  //
+  // WARNING: Because a Cord can be reference-counted, it's likely a bug if your
+  // releaser doesn't do anything. For example, consider the following:
+  //
+  // void Foo(const char* buffer, int len) {
+  //   auto c = absl::MakeCordFromExternal(absl::string_view(buffer, len),
+  //                                       [](absl::string_view) {});
+  //
+  //   // BUG: If Bar() copies its cord for any reason, including keeping a
+  //   // substring of it, the lifetime of buffer might be extended beyond
+  //   // when Foo() returns.
+  //   Bar(c);
+  // }
+  template <typename Releaser>
+  friend Cord MakeCordFromExternal(absl::string_view data, Releaser&& releaser);
+
+  // Cord::Clear()
+  //
+  // Releases the Cord data. Any nodes that share data with other Cords, if
+  // applicable, will have their reference counts reduced by 1.
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_REINITIALIZES void Clear();
+
+  // Cord::Append()
+  //
+  // Appends data to the Cord, which may come from another Cord or other string
+  // data.
+  void Append(const Cord& src);
+  void Append(Cord&& src);
+  void Append(absl::string_view src);
+  template <typename T, EnableIfString<T> = 0>
+  void Append(T&& src);
+
+  // Appends `buffer` to this cord, unless `buffer` has a zero length in which
+  // case this method has no effect on this cord instance.
+  // This method is guaranteed to consume `buffer`.
+  void Append(CordBuffer buffer);
+
+  // Returns a CordBuffer, re-using potential existing capacity in this cord.
+  //
+  // Cord instances may have additional unused capacity in the last (or first)
+  // nodes of the underlying tree to facilitate amortized growth. This method
+  // allows applications to explicitly use this spare capacity if available,
+  // or create a new CordBuffer instance otherwise.
+  // If this cord has a final non-shared node with at least `min_capacity`
+  // available, then this method will return that buffer including its data
+  // contents. I.e.; the returned buffer will have a non-zero length, and
+  // a capacity of at least `buffer.length + min_capacity`. Otherwise, this
+  // method will return `CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(capacity)`.
+  //
+  // Below an example of using GetAppendBuffer. Notice that in this example we
+  // use `GetAppendBuffer()` only on the first iteration. As we know nothing
+  // about any initial extra capacity in `cord`, we may be able to use the extra
+  // capacity. But as we add new buffers with fully utilized contents after that
+  // we avoid calling `GetAppendBuffer()` on subsequent iterations: while this
+  // works fine, it results in an unnecessary inspection of cord contents:
+  //
+  //   void AppendRandomDataToCord(absl::Cord &cord, size_t n) {
+  //     bool first = true;
+  //     while (n > 0) {
+  //       CordBuffer buffer = first ? cord.GetAppendBuffer(n)
+  //                                 : CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(n);
+  //       absl::Span<char> data = buffer.available_up_to(n);
+  //       FillRandomValues(data.data(), data.size());
+  //       buffer.IncreaseLengthBy(data.size());
+  //       cord.Append(std::move(buffer));
+  //       n -= data.size();
+  //       first = false;
+  //     }
+  //   }
+  CordBuffer GetAppendBuffer(size_t capacity, size_t min_capacity = 16);
+
+  // Returns a CordBuffer, re-using potential existing capacity in this cord.
+  //
+  // This function is identical to `GetAppendBuffer`, except that in the case
+  // where a new `CordBuffer` is allocated, it is allocated using the provided
+  // custom limit instead of the default limit. `GetAppendBuffer` will default
+  // to `CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(capacity)` whereas this method
+  // will default to `CordBuffer::CreateWithCustomLimit(block_size, capacity)`.
+  // This method is equivalent to `GetAppendBuffer` if `block_size` is zero.
+  // See the documentation for `CreateWithCustomLimit` for more details on the
+  // restrictions and legal values for `block_size`.
+  CordBuffer GetCustomAppendBuffer(size_t block_size, size_t capacity,
+                                   size_t min_capacity = 16);
+
+  // Cord::Prepend()
+  //
+  // Prepends data to the Cord, which may come from another Cord or other string
+  // data.
+  void Prepend(const Cord& src);
+  void Prepend(absl::string_view src);
+  template <typename T, EnableIfString<T> = 0>
+  void Prepend(T&& src);
+
+  // Prepends `buffer` to this cord, unless `buffer` has a zero length in which
+  // case this method has no effect on this cord instance.
+  // This method is guaranteed to consume `buffer`.
+  void Prepend(CordBuffer buffer);
+
+  // Cord::RemovePrefix()
+  //
+  // Removes the first `n` bytes of a Cord.
+  void RemovePrefix(size_t n);
+  void RemoveSuffix(size_t n);
+
+  // Cord::Subcord()
+  //
+  // Returns a new Cord representing the subrange [pos, pos + new_size) of
+  // *this. If pos >= size(), the result is empty(). If
+  // (pos + new_size) >= size(), the result is the subrange [pos, size()).
+  Cord Subcord(size_t pos, size_t new_size) const;
+
+  // Cord::swap()
+  //
+  // Swaps the contents of the Cord with `other`.
+  void swap(Cord& other) noexcept;
+
+  // swap()
+  //
+  // Swaps the contents of two Cords.
+  friend void swap(Cord& x, Cord& y) noexcept { x.swap(y); }
+
+  // Cord::size()
+  //
+  // Returns the size of the Cord.
+  size_t size() const;
+
+  // Cord::empty()
+  //
+  // Determines whether the given Cord is empty, returning `true` is so.
+  bool empty() const;
+
+  // Cord::EstimatedMemoryUsage()
+  //
+  // Returns the *approximate* number of bytes held by this cord.
+  // See CordMemoryAccounting for more information on the accounting method.
+  size_t EstimatedMemoryUsage(CordMemoryAccounting accounting_method =
+                                  CordMemoryAccounting::kTotal) const;
+
+  // Cord::Compare()
+  //
+  // Compares 'this' Cord with rhs. This function and its relatives treat Cords
+  // as sequences of unsigned bytes. The comparison is a straightforward
+  // lexicographic comparison. `Cord::Compare()` returns values as follows:
+  //
+  //   -1  'this' Cord is smaller
+  //    0  two Cords are equal
+  //    1  'this' Cord is larger
+  int Compare(absl::string_view rhs) const;
+  int Compare(const Cord& rhs) const;
+
+  // Cord::StartsWith()
+  //
+  // Determines whether the Cord starts with the passed string data `rhs`.
+  bool StartsWith(const Cord& rhs) const;
+  bool StartsWith(absl::string_view rhs) const;
+
+  // Cord::EndsWith()
+  //
+  // Determines whether the Cord ends with the passed string data `rhs`.
+  bool EndsWith(absl::string_view rhs) const;
+  bool EndsWith(const Cord& rhs) const;
+
+  // Cord::operator std::string()
+  //
+  // Converts a Cord into a `std::string()`. This operator is marked explicit to
+  // prevent unintended Cord usage in functions that take a string.
+  explicit operator std::string() const;
+
+  // CopyCordToString()
+  //
+  // Copies the contents of a `src` Cord into a `*dst` string.
+  //
+  // This function optimizes the case of reusing the destination string since it
+  // can reuse previously allocated capacity. However, this function does not
+  // guarantee that pointers previously returned by `dst->data()` remain valid
+  // even if `*dst` had enough capacity to hold `src`. If `*dst` is a new
+  // object, prefer to simply use the conversion operator to `std::string`.
+  friend void CopyCordToString(const Cord& src, std::string* dst);
+
+  class CharIterator;
+
+  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Cord::ChunkIterator
+  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  //
+  // A `Cord::ChunkIterator` allows iteration over the constituent chunks of its
+  // Cord. Such iteration allows you to perform non-const operations on the data
+  // of a Cord without modifying it.
+  //
+  // Generally, you do not instantiate a `Cord::ChunkIterator` directly;
+  // instead, you create one implicitly through use of the `Cord::Chunks()`
+  // member function.
+  //
+  // The `Cord::ChunkIterator` has the following properties:
+  //
+  //   * The iterator is invalidated after any non-const operation on the
+  //     Cord object over which it iterates.
+  //   * The `string_view` returned by dereferencing a valid, non-`end()`
+  //     iterator is guaranteed to be non-empty.
+  //   * Two `ChunkIterator` objects can be compared equal if and only if they
+  //     remain valid and iterate over the same Cord.
+  //   * The iterator in this case is a proxy iterator; the `string_view`
+  //     returned by the iterator does not live inside the Cord, and its
+  //     lifetime is limited to the lifetime of the iterator itself. To help
+  //     prevent lifetime issues, `ChunkIterator::reference` is not a true
+  //     reference type and is equivalent to `value_type`.
+  //   * The iterator keeps state that can grow for Cords that contain many
+  //     nodes and are imbalanced due to sharing. Prefer to pass this type by
+  //     const reference instead of by value.
+  class ChunkIterator {
+   public:
+    using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
+    using value_type = absl::string_view;
+    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+    using pointer = const value_type*;
+    using reference = value_type;
+
+    ChunkIterator() = default;
+
+    ChunkIterator& operator++();
+    ChunkIterator operator++(int);
+    bool operator==(const ChunkIterator& other) const;
+    bool operator!=(const ChunkIterator& other) const;
+    reference operator*() const;
+    pointer operator->() const;
+
+    friend class Cord;
+    friend class CharIterator;
+
+   private:
+    using CordRep = absl::cord_internal::CordRep;
+    using CordRepBtree = absl::cord_internal::CordRepBtree;
+    using CordRepBtreeReader = absl::cord_internal::CordRepBtreeReader;
+
+    // Constructs a `begin()` iterator from `tree`. `tree` must not be null.
+    explicit ChunkIterator(cord_internal::CordRep* tree);
+
+    // Constructs a `begin()` iterator from `cord`.
+    explicit ChunkIterator(const Cord* cord);
+
+    // Initializes this instance from a tree. Invoked by constructors.
+    void InitTree(cord_internal::CordRep* tree);
+
+    // Removes `n` bytes from `current_chunk_`. Expects `n` to be smaller than
+    // `current_chunk_.size()`.
+    void RemoveChunkPrefix(size_t n);
+    Cord AdvanceAndReadBytes(size_t n);
+    void AdvanceBytes(size_t n);
+
+    // Btree specific operator++
+    ChunkIterator& AdvanceBtree();
+    void AdvanceBytesBtree(size_t n);
+
+    // A view into bytes of the current `CordRep`. It may only be a view to a
+    // suffix of bytes if this is being used by `CharIterator`.
+    absl::string_view current_chunk_;
+    // The current leaf, or `nullptr` if the iterator points to short data.
+    // If the current chunk is a substring node, current_leaf_ points to the
+    // underlying flat or external node.
+    absl::cord_internal::CordRep* current_leaf_ = nullptr;
+    // The number of bytes left in the `Cord` over which we are iterating.
+    size_t bytes_remaining_ = 0;
+
+    // Cord reader for cord btrees. Empty if not traversing a btree.
+    CordRepBtreeReader btree_reader_;
+  };
+
+  // Cord::chunk_begin()
+  //
+  // Returns an iterator to the first chunk of the `Cord`.
+  //
+  // Generally, prefer using `Cord::Chunks()` within a range-based for loop for
+  // iterating over the chunks of a Cord. This method may be useful for getting
+  // a `ChunkIterator` where range-based for-loops are not useful.
+  //
+  // Example:
+  //
+  //   absl::Cord::ChunkIterator FindAsChunk(const absl::Cord& c,
+  //                                         absl::string_view s) {
+  //     return std::find(c.chunk_begin(), c.chunk_end(), s);
+  //   }
+  ChunkIterator chunk_begin() const;
+
+  // Cord::chunk_end()
+  //
+  // Returns an iterator one increment past the last chunk of the `Cord`.
+  //
+  // Generally, prefer using `Cord::Chunks()` within a range-based for loop for
+  // iterating over the chunks of a Cord. This method may be useful for getting
+  // a `ChunkIterator` where range-based for-loops may not be available.
+  ChunkIterator chunk_end() const;
+
+  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Cord::ChunkRange
+  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  //
+  // `ChunkRange` is a helper class for iterating over the chunks of the `Cord`,
+  // producing an iterator which can be used within a range-based for loop.
+  // Construction of a `ChunkRange` will return an iterator pointing to the
+  // first chunk of the Cord. Generally, do not construct a `ChunkRange`
+  // directly; instead, prefer to use the `Cord::Chunks()` method.
+  //
+  // Implementation note: `ChunkRange` is simply a convenience wrapper over
+  // `Cord::chunk_begin()` and `Cord::chunk_end()`.
+  class ChunkRange {
+   public:
+    // Fulfill minimum c++ container requirements [container.requirements]
+    // These (partial) container type definitions allow ChunkRange to be used
+    // in various utilities expecting a subset of [container.requirements].
+    // For example, the below enables using `::testing::ElementsAre(...)`
+    using value_type = absl::string_view;
+    using reference = value_type&;
+    using const_reference = const value_type&;
+    using iterator = ChunkIterator;
+    using const_iterator = ChunkIterator;
+
+    explicit ChunkRange(const Cord* cord) : cord_(cord) {}
+
+    ChunkIterator begin() const;
+    ChunkIterator end() const;
+
+   private:
+    const Cord* cord_;
+  };
+
+  // Cord::Chunks()
+  //
+  // Returns a `Cord::ChunkRange` for iterating over the chunks of a `Cord` with
+  // a range-based for-loop. For most iteration tasks on a Cord, use
+  // `Cord::Chunks()` to retrieve this iterator.
+  //
+  // Example:
+  //
+  //   void ProcessChunks(const Cord& cord) {
+  //     for (absl::string_view chunk : cord.Chunks()) { ... }
+  //   }
+  //
+  // Note that the ordinary caveats of temporary lifetime extension apply:
+  //
+  //   void Process() {
+  //     for (absl::string_view chunk : CordFactory().Chunks()) {
+  //       // The temporary Cord returned by CordFactory has been destroyed!
+  //     }
+  //   }
+  ChunkRange Chunks() const;
+
+  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Cord::CharIterator
+  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  //
+  // A `Cord::CharIterator` allows iteration over the constituent characters of
+  // a `Cord`.
+  //
+  // Generally, you do not instantiate a `Cord::CharIterator` directly; instead,
+  // you create one implicitly through use of the `Cord::Chars()` member
+  // function.
+  //
+  // A `Cord::CharIterator` has the following properties:
+  //
+  //   * The iterator is invalidated after any non-const operation on the
+  //     Cord object over which it iterates.
+  //   * Two `CharIterator` objects can be compared equal if and only if they
+  //     remain valid and iterate over the same Cord.
+  //   * The iterator keeps state that can grow for Cords that contain many
+  //     nodes and are imbalanced due to sharing. Prefer to pass this type by
+  //     const reference instead of by value.
+  //   * This type cannot act as a forward iterator because a `Cord` can reuse
+  //     sections of memory. This fact violates the requirement for forward
+  //     iterators to compare equal if dereferencing them returns the same
+  //     object.
+  class CharIterator {
+   public:
+    using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
+    using value_type = char;
+    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+    using pointer = const char*;
+    using reference = const char&;
+
+    CharIterator() = default;
+
+    CharIterator& operator++();
+    CharIterator operator++(int);
+    bool operator==(const CharIterator& other) const;
+    bool operator!=(const CharIterator& other) const;
+    reference operator*() const;
+    pointer operator->() const;
+
+    friend Cord;
+
+   private:
+    explicit CharIterator(const Cord* cord) : chunk_iterator_(cord) {}
+
+    ChunkIterator chunk_iterator_;
+  };
+
+  // Cord::AdvanceAndRead()
+  //
+  // Advances the `Cord::CharIterator` by `n_bytes` and returns the bytes
+  // advanced as a separate `Cord`. `n_bytes` must be less than or equal to the
+  // number of bytes within the Cord; otherwise, behavior is undefined. It is
+  // valid to pass `char_end()` and `0`.
+  static Cord AdvanceAndRead(CharIterator* it, size_t n_bytes);
+
+  // Cord::Advance()
+  //
+  // Advances the `Cord::CharIterator` by `n_bytes`. `n_bytes` must be less than
+  // or equal to the number of bytes remaining within the Cord; otherwise,
+  // behavior is undefined. It is valid to pass `char_end()` and `0`.
+  static void Advance(CharIterator* it, size_t n_bytes);
+
+  // Cord::ChunkRemaining()
+  //
+  // Returns the longest contiguous view starting at the iterator's position.
+  //
+  // `it` must be dereferenceable.
+  static absl::string_view ChunkRemaining(const CharIterator& it);
+
+  // Cord::char_begin()
+  //
+  // Returns an iterator to the first character of the `Cord`.
+  //
+  // Generally, prefer using `Cord::Chars()` within a range-based for loop for
+  // iterating over the chunks of a Cord. This method may be useful for getting
+  // a `CharIterator` where range-based for-loops may not be available.
+  CharIterator char_begin() const;
+
+  // Cord::char_end()
+  //
+  // Returns an iterator to one past the last character of the `Cord`.
+  //
+  // Generally, prefer using `Cord::Chars()` within a range-based for loop for
+  // iterating over the chunks of a Cord. This method may be useful for getting
+  // a `CharIterator` where range-based for-loops are not useful.
+  CharIterator char_end() const;
+
+  // Cord::CharRange
+  //
+  // `CharRange` is a helper class for iterating over the characters of a
+  // producing an iterator which can be used within a range-based for loop.
+  // Construction of a `CharRange` will return an iterator pointing to the first
+  // character of the Cord. Generally, do not construct a `CharRange` directly;
+  // instead, prefer to use the `Cord::Chars()` method shown below.
+  //
+  // Implementation note: `CharRange` is simply a convenience wrapper over
+  // `Cord::char_begin()` and `Cord::char_end()`.
+  class CharRange {
+   public:
+    // Fulfill minimum c++ container requirements [container.requirements]
+    // Theses (partial) container type definitions allow CharRange to be used
+    // in various utilities expecting a subset of [container.requirements].
+    // For example, the below enables using `::testing::ElementsAre(...)`
+    using value_type = char;
+    using reference = value_type&;
+    using const_reference = const value_type&;
+    using iterator = CharIterator;
+    using const_iterator = CharIterator;
+
+    explicit CharRange(const Cord* cord) : cord_(cord) {}
+
+    CharIterator begin() const;
+    CharIterator end() const;
+
+   private:
+    const Cord* cord_;
+  };
+
+  // Cord::Chars()
+  //
+  // Returns a `Cord::CharRange` for iterating over the characters of a `Cord`
+  // with a range-based for-loop. For most character-based iteration tasks on a
+  // Cord, use `Cord::Chars()` to retrieve this iterator.
+  //
+  // Example:
+  //
+  //   void ProcessCord(const Cord& cord) {
+  //     for (char c : cord.Chars()) { ... }
+  //   }
+  //
+  // Note that the ordinary caveats of temporary lifetime extension apply:
+  //
+  //   void Process() {
+  //     for (char c : CordFactory().Chars()) {
+  //       // The temporary Cord returned by CordFactory has been destroyed!
+  //     }
+  //   }
+  CharRange Chars() const;
+
+  // Cord::operator[]
+  //
+  // Gets the "i"th character of the Cord and returns it, provided that
+  // 0 <= i < Cord.size().
+  //
+  // NOTE: This routine is reasonably efficient. It is roughly
+  // logarithmic based on the number of chunks that make up the cord. Still,
+  // if you need to iterate over the contents of a cord, you should
+  // use a CharIterator/ChunkIterator rather than call operator[] or Get()
+  // repeatedly in a loop.
+  char operator[](size_t i) const;
+
+  // Cord::TryFlat()
+  //
+  // If this cord's representation is a single flat array, returns a
+  // string_view referencing that array.  Otherwise returns nullopt.
+  absl::optional<absl::string_view> TryFlat() const;
+
+  // Cord::Flatten()
+  //
+  // Flattens the cord into a single array and returns a view of the data.
+  //
+  // If the cord was already flat, the contents are not modified.
+  absl::string_view Flatten();
+
+  // Supports absl::Cord as a sink object for absl::Format().
+  friend void AbslFormatFlush(absl::Cord* cord, absl::string_view part) {
+    cord->Append(part);
+  }
+
+  // Cord::SetExpectedChecksum()
+  //
+  // Stores a checksum value with this non-empty cord instance, for later
+  // retrieval.
+  //
+  // The expected checksum is a number stored out-of-band, alongside the data.
+  // It is preserved across copies and assignments, but any mutations to a cord
+  // will cause it to lose its expected checksum.
+  //
+  // The expected checksum is not part of a Cord's value, and does not affect
+  // operations such as equality or hashing.
+  //
+  // This field is intended to store a CRC32C checksum for later validation, to
+  // help support end-to-end checksum workflows.  However, the Cord API itself
+  // does no CRC validation, and assigns no meaning to this number.
+  //
+  // This call has no effect if this cord is empty.
+  void SetExpectedChecksum(uint32_t crc);
+
+  // Returns this cord's expected checksum, if it has one.  Otherwise, returns
+  // nullopt.
+  absl::optional<uint32_t> ExpectedChecksum() const;
+
+  template <typename H>
+  friend H AbslHashValue(H hash_state, const absl::Cord& c) {
+    absl::optional<absl::string_view> maybe_flat = c.TryFlat();
+    if (maybe_flat.has_value()) {
+      return H::combine(std::move(hash_state), *maybe_flat);
+    }
+    return c.HashFragmented(std::move(hash_state));
+  }
+
+  // Create a Cord with the contents of StringConstant<T>::value.
+  // No allocations will be done and no data will be copied.
+  // This is an INTERNAL API and subject to change or removal. This API can only
+  // be used by spelling absl::strings_internal::MakeStringConstant, which is
+  // also an internal API.
+  template <typename T>
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+  constexpr Cord(strings_internal::StringConstant<T>);
+
+ private:
+  using CordRep = absl::cord_internal::CordRep;
+  using CordRepFlat = absl::cord_internal::CordRepFlat;
+  using CordzInfo = cord_internal::CordzInfo;
+  using CordzUpdateScope = cord_internal::CordzUpdateScope;
+  using CordzUpdateTracker = cord_internal::CordzUpdateTracker;
+  using InlineData = cord_internal::InlineData;
+  using MethodIdentifier = CordzUpdateTracker::MethodIdentifier;
+
+  // Creates a cord instance with `method` representing the originating
+  // public API call causing the cord to be created.
+  explicit Cord(absl::string_view src, MethodIdentifier method);
+
+  friend class CordTestPeer;
+  friend bool operator==(const Cord& lhs, const Cord& rhs);
+  friend bool operator==(const Cord& lhs, absl::string_view rhs);
+
+  friend const CordzInfo* GetCordzInfoForTesting(const Cord& cord);
+
+  // Calls the provided function once for each cord chunk, in order.  Unlike
+  // Chunks(), this API will not allocate memory.
+  void ForEachChunk(absl::FunctionRef<void(absl::string_view)>) const;
+
+  // Allocates new contiguous storage for the contents of the cord. This is
+  // called by Flatten() when the cord was not already flat.
+  absl::string_view FlattenSlowPath();
+
+  // Actual cord contents are hidden inside the following simple
+  // class so that we can isolate the bulk of cord.cc from changes
+  // to the representation.
+  //
+  // InlineRep holds either a tree pointer, or an array of kMaxInline bytes.
+  class InlineRep {
+   public:
+    static constexpr unsigned char kMaxInline = cord_internal::kMaxInline;
+    static_assert(kMaxInline >= sizeof(absl::cord_internal::CordRep*), "");
+
+    constexpr InlineRep() : data_() {}
+    explicit InlineRep(InlineData::DefaultInitType init) : data_(init) {}
+    InlineRep(const InlineRep& src);
+    InlineRep(InlineRep&& src);
+    InlineRep& operator=(const InlineRep& src);
+    InlineRep& operator=(InlineRep&& src) noexcept;
+
+    explicit constexpr InlineRep(absl::string_view sv, CordRep* rep);
+
+    void Swap(InlineRep* rhs);
+    bool empty() const;
+    size_t size() const;
+    const char* data() const;  // Returns nullptr if holding pointer
+    void set_data(const char* data, size_t n);  // Discards pointer, if any
+    char* set_data(size_t n);                   // Write data to the result
+    // Returns nullptr if holding bytes
+    absl::cord_internal::CordRep* tree() const;
+    absl::cord_internal::CordRep* as_tree() const;
+    const char* as_chars() const;
+    // Returns non-null iff was holding a pointer
+    absl::cord_internal::CordRep* clear();
+    // Converts to pointer if necessary.
+    void reduce_size(size_t n);    // REQUIRES: holding data
+    void remove_prefix(size_t n);  // REQUIRES: holding data
+    void AppendArray(absl::string_view src, MethodIdentifier method);
+    absl::string_view FindFlatStartPiece() const;
+
+    // Creates a CordRepFlat instance from the current inlined data with `extra'
+    // bytes of desired additional capacity.
+    CordRepFlat* MakeFlatWithExtraCapacity(size_t extra);
+
+    // Sets the tree value for this instance. `rep` must not be null.
+    // Requires the current instance to hold a tree, and a lock to be held on
+    // any CordzInfo referenced by this instance. The latter is enforced through
+    // the CordzUpdateScope argument. If the current instance is sampled, then
+    // the CordzInfo instance is updated to reference the new `rep` value.
+    void SetTree(CordRep* rep, const CordzUpdateScope& scope);
+
+    // Identical to SetTree(), except that `rep` is allowed to be null, in
+    // which case the current instance is reset to an empty value.
+    void SetTreeOrEmpty(CordRep* rep, const CordzUpdateScope& scope);
+
+    // Sets the tree value for this instance, and randomly samples this cord.
+    // This function disregards existing contents in `data_`, and should be
+    // called when a Cord is 'promoted' from an 'uninitialized' or 'inlined'
+    // value to a non-inlined (tree / ring) value.
+    void EmplaceTree(CordRep* rep, MethodIdentifier method);
+
+    // Identical to EmplaceTree, except that it copies the parent stack from
+    // the provided `parent` data if the parent is sampled.
+    void EmplaceTree(CordRep* rep, const InlineData& parent,
+                     MethodIdentifier method);
+
+    // Commits the change of a newly created, or updated `rep` root value into
+    // this cord. `old_rep` indicates the old (inlined or tree) value of the
+    // cord, and determines if the commit invokes SetTree() or EmplaceTree().
+    void CommitTree(const CordRep* old_rep, CordRep* rep,
+                    const CordzUpdateScope& scope, MethodIdentifier method);
+
+    void AppendTreeToInlined(CordRep* tree, MethodIdentifier method);
+    void AppendTreeToTree(CordRep* tree, MethodIdentifier method);
+    void AppendTree(CordRep* tree, MethodIdentifier method);
+    void PrependTreeToInlined(CordRep* tree, MethodIdentifier method);
+    void PrependTreeToTree(CordRep* tree, MethodIdentifier method);
+    void PrependTree(CordRep* tree, MethodIdentifier method);
+
+    bool IsSame(const InlineRep& other) const { return data_ == other.data_; }
+
+    void CopyTo(std::string* dst) const {
+      // memcpy is much faster when operating on a known size. On most supported
+      // platforms, the small string optimization is large enough that resizing
+      // to 15 bytes does not cause a memory allocation.
+      absl::strings_internal::STLStringResizeUninitialized(dst, kMaxInline);
+      data_.copy_max_inline_to(&(*dst)[0]);
+      // erase is faster than resize because the logic for memory allocation is
+      // not needed.
+      dst->erase(inline_size());
+    }
+
+    // Copies the inline contents into `dst`. Assumes the cord is not empty.
+    void CopyToArray(char* dst) const;
+
+    bool is_tree() const { return data_.is_tree(); }
+
+    // Returns true if the Cord is being profiled by cordz.
+    bool is_profiled() const { return data_.is_tree() && data_.is_profiled(); }
+
+    // Returns the available inlined capacity, or 0 if is_tree() == true.
+    size_t remaining_inline_capacity() const {
+      return data_.is_tree() ? 0 : kMaxInline - data_.inline_size();
+    }
+
+    // Returns the profiled CordzInfo, or nullptr if not sampled.
+    absl::cord_internal::CordzInfo* cordz_info() const {
+      return data_.cordz_info();
+    }
+
+    // Sets the profiled CordzInfo. `cordz_info` must not be null.
+    void set_cordz_info(cord_internal::CordzInfo* cordz_info) {
+      assert(cordz_info != nullptr);
+      data_.set_cordz_info(cordz_info);
+    }
+
+    // Resets the current cordz_info to null / empty.
+    void clear_cordz_info() { data_.clear_cordz_info(); }
+
+   private:
+    friend class Cord;
+
+    void AssignSlow(const InlineRep& src);
+    // Unrefs the tree and stops profiling.
+    void UnrefTree();
+
+    void ResetToEmpty() { data_ = {}; }
+
+    void set_inline_size(size_t size) { data_.set_inline_size(size); }
+    size_t inline_size() const { return data_.inline_size(); }
+
+    // Empty cords that carry a checksum have a CordRepCrc node with a null
+    // child node. The code can avoid lots of special cases where it would
+    // otherwise transition from tree to inline storage if we just remove the
+    // CordRepCrc node before mutations. Must never be called inside a
+    // CordzUpdateScope since it untracks the cordz info.
+    void MaybeRemoveEmptyCrcNode();
+
+    cord_internal::InlineData data_;
+  };
+  InlineRep contents_;
+
+  // Helper for GetFlat() and TryFlat().
+  static bool GetFlatAux(absl::cord_internal::CordRep* rep,
+                         absl::string_view* fragment);
+
+  // Helper for ForEachChunk().
+  static void ForEachChunkAux(
+      absl::cord_internal::CordRep* rep,
+      absl::FunctionRef<void(absl::string_view)> callback);
+
+  // The destructor for non-empty Cords.
+  void DestroyCordSlow();
+
+  // Out-of-line implementation of slower parts of logic.
+  void CopyToArraySlowPath(char* dst) const;
+  int CompareSlowPath(absl::string_view rhs, size_t compared_size,
+                      size_t size_to_compare) const;
+  int CompareSlowPath(const Cord& rhs, size_t compared_size,
+                      size_t size_to_compare) const;
+  bool EqualsImpl(absl::string_view rhs, size_t size_to_compare) const;
+  bool EqualsImpl(const Cord& rhs, size_t size_to_compare) const;
+  int CompareImpl(const Cord& rhs) const;
+
+  template <typename ResultType, typename RHS>
+  friend ResultType GenericCompare(const Cord& lhs, const RHS& rhs,
+                                   size_t size_to_compare);
+  static absl::string_view GetFirstChunk(const Cord& c);
+  static absl::string_view GetFirstChunk(absl::string_view sv);
+
+  // Returns a new reference to contents_.tree(), or steals an existing
+  // reference if called on an rvalue.
+  absl::cord_internal::CordRep* TakeRep() const&;
+  absl::cord_internal::CordRep* TakeRep() &&;
+
+  // Helper for Append().
+  template <typename C>
+  void AppendImpl(C&& src);
+
+  // Appends / Prepends `src` to this instance, using precise sizing.
+  // This method does explicitly not attempt to use any spare capacity
+  // in any pending last added private owned flat.
+  // Requires `src` to be <= kMaxFlatLength.
+  void AppendPrecise(absl::string_view src, MethodIdentifier method);
+  void PrependPrecise(absl::string_view src, MethodIdentifier method);
+
+  CordBuffer GetAppendBufferSlowPath(size_t block_size, size_t capacity,
+                                     size_t min_capacity);
+
+  // Prepends the provided data to this instance. `method` contains the public
+  // API method for this action which is tracked for Cordz sampling purposes.
+  void PrependArray(absl::string_view src, MethodIdentifier method);
+
+  // Assigns the value in 'src' to this instance, 'stealing' its contents.
+  // Requires src.length() > kMaxBytesToCopy.
+  Cord& AssignLargeString(std::string&& src);
+
+  // Helper for AbslHashValue().
+  template <typename H>
+  H HashFragmented(H hash_state) const {
+    typename H::AbslInternalPiecewiseCombiner combiner;
+    ForEachChunk([&combiner, &hash_state](absl::string_view chunk) {
+      hash_state = combiner.add_buffer(std::move(hash_state), chunk.data(),
+                                       chunk.size());
+    });
+    return H::combine(combiner.finalize(std::move(hash_state)), size());
+  }
+
+  friend class CrcCord;
+  void SetCrcCordState(crc_internal::CrcCordState state);
+  const crc_internal::CrcCordState* MaybeGetCrcCordState() const;
+};
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+// allow a Cord to be logged
+extern std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Cord& cord);
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Internal details follow.  Clients should ignore.
+
+namespace cord_internal {
+
+// Does non-template-specific `CordRepExternal` initialization.
+// Requires `data` to be non-empty.
+void InitializeCordRepExternal(absl::string_view data, CordRepExternal* rep);
+
+// Creates a new `CordRep` that owns `data` and `releaser` and returns a pointer
+// to it. Requires `data` to be non-empty.
+template <typename Releaser>
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE - suppress clang-tidy raw pointer return.
+CordRep* NewExternalRep(absl::string_view data, Releaser&& releaser) {
+  assert(!data.empty());
+  using ReleaserType = absl::decay_t<Releaser>;
+  CordRepExternal* rep = new CordRepExternalImpl<ReleaserType>(
+      std::forward<Releaser>(releaser), 0);
+  InitializeCordRepExternal(data, rep);
+  return rep;
+}
+
+// Overload for function reference types that dispatches using a function
+// pointer because there are no `alignof()` or `sizeof()` a function reference.
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE - suppress clang-tidy raw pointer return.
+inline CordRep* NewExternalRep(absl::string_view data,
+                               void (&releaser)(absl::string_view)) {
+  return NewExternalRep(data, &releaser);
+}
+
+}  // namespace cord_internal
+
+template <typename Releaser>
+Cord MakeCordFromExternal(absl::string_view data, Releaser&& releaser) {
+  Cord cord;
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(!data.empty())) {
+    cord.contents_.EmplaceTree(::absl::cord_internal::NewExternalRep(
+                                   data, std::forward<Releaser>(releaser)),
+                               Cord::MethodIdentifier::kMakeCordFromExternal);
+  } else {
+    using ReleaserType = absl::decay_t<Releaser>;
+    cord_internal::InvokeReleaser(
+        cord_internal::Rank0{}, ReleaserType(std::forward<Releaser>(releaser)),
+        data);
+  }
+  return cord;
+}
+
+constexpr Cord::InlineRep::InlineRep(absl::string_view sv, CordRep* rep)
+    : data_(sv, rep) {}
+
+inline Cord::InlineRep::InlineRep(const Cord::InlineRep& src)
+    : data_(InlineData::kDefaultInit) {
+  if (CordRep* tree = src.tree()) {
+    EmplaceTree(CordRep::Ref(tree), src.data_,
+                CordzUpdateTracker::kConstructorCord);
+  } else {
+    data_ = src.data_;
+  }
+}
+
+inline Cord::InlineRep::InlineRep(Cord::InlineRep&& src) : data_(src.data_) {
+  src.ResetToEmpty();
+}
+
+inline Cord::InlineRep& Cord::InlineRep::operator=(const Cord::InlineRep& src) {
+  if (this == &src) {
+    return *this;
+  }
+  if (!is_tree() && !src.is_tree()) {
+    data_ = src.data_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  AssignSlow(src);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+inline Cord::InlineRep& Cord::InlineRep::operator=(
+    Cord::InlineRep&& src) noexcept {
+  if (is_tree()) {
+    UnrefTree();
+  }
+  data_ = src.data_;
+  src.ResetToEmpty();
+  return *this;
+}
+
+inline void Cord::InlineRep::Swap(Cord::InlineRep* rhs) {
+  if (rhs == this) {
+    return;
+  }
+  std::swap(data_, rhs->data_);
+}
+
+inline const char* Cord::InlineRep::data() const {
+  return is_tree() ? nullptr : data_.as_chars();
+}
+
+inline const char* Cord::InlineRep::as_chars() const {
+  assert(!data_.is_tree());
+  return data_.as_chars();
+}
+
+inline absl::cord_internal::CordRep* Cord::InlineRep::as_tree() const {
+  assert(data_.is_tree());
+  return data_.as_tree();
+}
+
+inline absl::cord_internal::CordRep* Cord::InlineRep::tree() const {
+  if (is_tree()) {
+    return as_tree();
+  } else {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+inline bool Cord::InlineRep::empty() const { return data_.is_empty(); }
+
+inline size_t Cord::InlineRep::size() const {
+  return is_tree() ? as_tree()->length : inline_size();
+}
+
+inline cord_internal::CordRepFlat* Cord::InlineRep::MakeFlatWithExtraCapacity(
+    size_t extra) {
+  static_assert(cord_internal::kMinFlatLength >= sizeof(data_), "");
+  size_t len = data_.inline_size();
+  auto* result = CordRepFlat::New(len + extra);
+  result->length = len;
+  data_.copy_max_inline_to(result->Data());
+  return result;
+}
+
+inline void Cord::InlineRep::EmplaceTree(CordRep* rep,
+                                         MethodIdentifier method) {
+  assert(rep);
+  data_.make_tree(rep);
+  CordzInfo::MaybeTrackCord(data_, method);
+}
+
+inline void Cord::InlineRep::EmplaceTree(CordRep* rep, const InlineData& parent,
+                                         MethodIdentifier method) {
+  data_.make_tree(rep);
+  CordzInfo::MaybeTrackCord(data_, parent, method);
+}
+
+inline void Cord::InlineRep::SetTree(CordRep* rep,
+                                     const CordzUpdateScope& scope) {
+  assert(rep);
+  assert(data_.is_tree());
+  data_.set_tree(rep);
+  scope.SetCordRep(rep);
+}
+
+inline void Cord::InlineRep::SetTreeOrEmpty(CordRep* rep,
+                                            const CordzUpdateScope& scope) {
+  assert(data_.is_tree());
+  if (rep) {
+    data_.set_tree(rep);
+  } else {
+    data_ = {};
+  }
+  scope.SetCordRep(rep);
+}
+
+inline void Cord::InlineRep::CommitTree(const CordRep* old_rep, CordRep* rep,
+                                        const CordzUpdateScope& scope,
+                                        MethodIdentifier method) {
+  if (old_rep) {
+    SetTree(rep, scope);
+  } else {
+    EmplaceTree(rep, method);
+  }
+}
+
+inline absl::cord_internal::CordRep* Cord::InlineRep::clear() {
+  if (is_tree()) {
+    CordzInfo::MaybeUntrackCord(cordz_info());
+  }
+  absl::cord_internal::CordRep* result = tree();
+  ResetToEmpty();
+  return result;
+}
+
+inline void Cord::InlineRep::CopyToArray(char* dst) const {
+  assert(!is_tree());
+  size_t n = inline_size();
+  assert(n != 0);
+  cord_internal::SmallMemmove(dst, data_.as_chars(), n);
+}
+
+inline void Cord::InlineRep::MaybeRemoveEmptyCrcNode() {
+  CordRep* rep = tree();
+  if (rep == nullptr || ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(rep->length > 0)) {
+    return;
+  }
+  assert(rep->IsCrc());
+  assert(rep->crc()->child == nullptr);
+  CordzInfo::MaybeUntrackCord(cordz_info());
+  CordRep::Unref(rep);
+  ResetToEmpty();
+}
+
+constexpr inline Cord::Cord() noexcept {}
+
+inline Cord::Cord(absl::string_view src)
+    : Cord(src, CordzUpdateTracker::kConstructorString) {}
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr Cord::Cord(strings_internal::StringConstant<T>)
+    : contents_(strings_internal::StringConstant<T>::value,
+                strings_internal::StringConstant<T>::value.size() <=
+                        cord_internal::kMaxInline
+                    ? nullptr
+                    : &cord_internal::ConstInitExternalStorage<
+                          strings_internal::StringConstant<T>>::value) {}
+
+inline Cord& Cord::operator=(const Cord& x) {
+  contents_ = x.contents_;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <typename T, Cord::EnableIfString<T>>
+Cord& Cord::operator=(T&& src) {
+  if (src.size() <= cord_internal::kMaxBytesToCopy) {
+    return operator=(absl::string_view(src));
+  } else {
+    return AssignLargeString(std::forward<T>(src));
+  }
+}
+
+inline Cord::Cord(const Cord& src) : contents_(src.contents_) {}
+
+inline Cord::Cord(Cord&& src) noexcept : contents_(std::move(src.contents_)) {}
+
+inline void Cord::swap(Cord& other) noexcept {
+  contents_.Swap(&other.contents_);
+}
+
+inline Cord& Cord::operator=(Cord&& x) noexcept {
+  contents_ = std::move(x.contents_);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+extern template Cord::Cord(std::string&& src);
+
+inline size_t Cord::size() const {
+  // Length is 1st field in str.rep_
+  return contents_.size();
+}
+
+inline bool Cord::empty() const { return size() == 0; }
+
+inline size_t Cord::EstimatedMemoryUsage(
+    CordMemoryAccounting accounting_method) const {
+  size_t result = sizeof(Cord);
+  if (const absl::cord_internal::CordRep* rep = contents_.tree()) {
+    if (accounting_method == CordMemoryAccounting::kFairShare) {
+      result += cord_internal::GetEstimatedFairShareMemoryUsage(rep);
+    } else {
+      result += cord_internal::GetEstimatedMemoryUsage(rep);
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+inline absl::optional<absl::string_view> Cord::TryFlat() const {
+  absl::cord_internal::CordRep* rep = contents_.tree();
+  if (rep == nullptr) {
+    return absl::string_view(contents_.data(), contents_.size());
+  }
+  absl::string_view fragment;
+  if (GetFlatAux(rep, &fragment)) {
+    return fragment;
+  }
+  return absl::nullopt;
+}
+
+inline absl::string_view Cord::Flatten() {
+  absl::cord_internal::CordRep* rep = contents_.tree();
+  if (rep == nullptr) {
+    return absl::string_view(contents_.data(), contents_.size());
+  } else {
+    absl::string_view already_flat_contents;
+    if (GetFlatAux(rep, &already_flat_contents)) {
+      return already_flat_contents;
+    }
+  }
+  return FlattenSlowPath();
+}
+
+inline void Cord::Append(absl::string_view src) {
+  contents_.AppendArray(src, CordzUpdateTracker::kAppendString);
+}
+
+inline void Cord::Prepend(absl::string_view src) {
+  PrependArray(src, CordzUpdateTracker::kPrependString);
+}
+
+inline void Cord::Append(CordBuffer buffer) {
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(buffer.length() == 0)) return;
+  absl::string_view short_value;
+  if (CordRep* rep = buffer.ConsumeValue(short_value)) {
+    contents_.AppendTree(rep, CordzUpdateTracker::kAppendCordBuffer);
+  } else {
+    AppendPrecise(short_value, CordzUpdateTracker::kAppendCordBuffer);
+  }
+}
+
+inline void Cord::Prepend(CordBuffer buffer) {
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(buffer.length() == 0)) return;
+  absl::string_view short_value;
+  if (CordRep* rep = buffer.ConsumeValue(short_value)) {
+    contents_.PrependTree(rep, CordzUpdateTracker::kPrependCordBuffer);
+  } else {
+    PrependPrecise(short_value, CordzUpdateTracker::kPrependCordBuffer);
+  }
+}
+
+inline CordBuffer Cord::GetAppendBuffer(size_t capacity, size_t min_capacity) {
+  if (empty()) return CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(capacity);
+  return GetAppendBufferSlowPath(0, capacity, min_capacity);
+}
+
+inline CordBuffer Cord::GetCustomAppendBuffer(size_t block_size,
+                                              size_t capacity,
+                                              size_t min_capacity) {
+  if (empty()) {
+    return block_size ? CordBuffer::CreateWithCustomLimit(block_size, capacity)
+                      : CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(capacity);
+  }
+  return GetAppendBufferSlowPath(block_size, capacity, min_capacity);
+}
+
+extern template void Cord::Append(std::string&& src);
+extern template void Cord::Prepend(std::string&& src);
+
+inline int Cord::Compare(const Cord& rhs) const {
+  if (!contents_.is_tree() && !rhs.contents_.is_tree()) {
+    return contents_.data_.Compare(rhs.contents_.data_);
+  }
+
+  return CompareImpl(rhs);
+}
+
+// Does 'this' cord start/end with rhs
+inline bool Cord::StartsWith(const Cord& rhs) const {
+  if (contents_.IsSame(rhs.contents_)) return true;
+  size_t rhs_size = rhs.size();
+  if (size() < rhs_size) return false;
+  return EqualsImpl(rhs, rhs_size);
+}
+
+inline bool Cord::StartsWith(absl::string_view rhs) const {
+  size_t rhs_size = rhs.size();
+  if (size() < rhs_size) return false;
+  return EqualsImpl(rhs, rhs_size);
+}
+
+inline void Cord::ChunkIterator::InitTree(cord_internal::CordRep* tree) {
+  tree = cord_internal::SkipCrcNode(tree);
+  if (tree->tag == cord_internal::BTREE) {
+    current_chunk_ = btree_reader_.Init(tree->btree());
+  } else {
+    current_leaf_ = tree;
+    current_chunk_ = cord_internal::EdgeData(tree);
+  }
+}
+
+inline Cord::ChunkIterator::ChunkIterator(cord_internal::CordRep* tree) {
+  bytes_remaining_ = tree->length;
+  InitTree(tree);
+}
+
+inline Cord::ChunkIterator::ChunkIterator(const Cord* cord) {
+  if (CordRep* tree = cord->contents_.tree()) {
+    bytes_remaining_ = tree->length;
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(bytes_remaining_ != 0)) {
+      InitTree(tree);
+    } else {
+      current_chunk_ = {};
+    }
+  } else {
+    bytes_remaining_ = cord->contents_.inline_size();
+    current_chunk_ = {cord->contents_.data(), bytes_remaining_};
+  }
+}
+
+inline Cord::ChunkIterator& Cord::ChunkIterator::AdvanceBtree() {
+  current_chunk_ = btree_reader_.Next();
+  return *this;
+}
+
+inline void Cord::ChunkIterator::AdvanceBytesBtree(size_t n) {
+  assert(n >= current_chunk_.size());
+  bytes_remaining_ -= n;
+  if (bytes_remaining_) {
+    if (n == current_chunk_.size()) {
+      current_chunk_ = btree_reader_.Next();
+    } else {
+      size_t offset = btree_reader_.length() - bytes_remaining_;
+      current_chunk_ = btree_reader_.Seek(offset);
+    }
+  } else {
+    current_chunk_ = {};
+  }
+}
+
+inline Cord::ChunkIterator& Cord::ChunkIterator::operator++() {
+  ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(bytes_remaining_ > 0 &&
+                        "Attempted to iterate past `end()`");
+  assert(bytes_remaining_ >= current_chunk_.size());
+  bytes_remaining_ -= current_chunk_.size();
+  if (bytes_remaining_ > 0) {
+    if (btree_reader_) {
+      return AdvanceBtree();
+    } else {
+      assert(!current_chunk_.empty());  // Called on invalid iterator.
+    }
+    current_chunk_ = {};
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+inline Cord::ChunkIterator Cord::ChunkIterator::operator++(int) {
+  ChunkIterator tmp(*this);
+  operator++();
+  return tmp;
+}
+
+inline bool Cord::ChunkIterator::operator==(const ChunkIterator& other) const {
+  return bytes_remaining_ == other.bytes_remaining_;
+}
+
+inline bool Cord::ChunkIterator::operator!=(const ChunkIterator& other) const {
+  return !(*this == other);
+}
+
+inline Cord::ChunkIterator::reference Cord::ChunkIterator::operator*() const {
+  ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(bytes_remaining_ != 0);
+  return current_chunk_;
+}
+
+inline Cord::ChunkIterator::pointer Cord::ChunkIterator::operator->() const {
+  ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(bytes_remaining_ != 0);
+  return &current_chunk_;
+}
+
+inline void Cord::ChunkIterator::RemoveChunkPrefix(size_t n) {
+  assert(n < current_chunk_.size());
+  current_chunk_.remove_prefix(n);
+  bytes_remaining_ -= n;
+}
+
+inline void Cord::ChunkIterator::AdvanceBytes(size_t n) {
+  assert(bytes_remaining_ >= n);
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(n < current_chunk_.size())) {
+    RemoveChunkPrefix(n);
+  } else if (n != 0) {
+    if (btree_reader_) {
+      AdvanceBytesBtree(n);
+    } else {
+      bytes_remaining_ = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+inline Cord::ChunkIterator Cord::chunk_begin() const {
+  return ChunkIterator(this);
+}
+
+inline Cord::ChunkIterator Cord::chunk_end() const { return ChunkIterator(); }
+
+inline Cord::ChunkIterator Cord::ChunkRange::begin() const {
+  return cord_->chunk_begin();
+}
+
+inline Cord::ChunkIterator Cord::ChunkRange::end() const {
+  return cord_->chunk_end();
+}
+
+inline Cord::ChunkRange Cord::Chunks() const { return ChunkRange(this); }
+
+inline Cord::CharIterator& Cord::CharIterator::operator++() {
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(chunk_iterator_->size() > 1)) {
+    chunk_iterator_.RemoveChunkPrefix(1);
+  } else {
+    ++chunk_iterator_;
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+inline Cord::CharIterator Cord::CharIterator::operator++(int) {
+  CharIterator tmp(*this);
+  operator++();
+  return tmp;
+}
+
+inline bool Cord::CharIterator::operator==(const CharIterator& other) const {
+  return chunk_iterator_ == other.chunk_iterator_;
+}
+
+inline bool Cord::CharIterator::operator!=(const CharIterator& other) const {
+  return !(*this == other);
+}
+
+inline Cord::CharIterator::reference Cord::CharIterator::operator*() const {
+  return *chunk_iterator_->data();
+}
+
+inline Cord::CharIterator::pointer Cord::CharIterator::operator->() const {
+  return chunk_iterator_->data();
+}
+
+inline Cord Cord::AdvanceAndRead(CharIterator* it, size_t n_bytes) {
+  assert(it != nullptr);
+  return it->chunk_iterator_.AdvanceAndReadBytes(n_bytes);
+}
+
+inline void Cord::Advance(CharIterator* it, size_t n_bytes) {
+  assert(it != nullptr);
+  it->chunk_iterator_.AdvanceBytes(n_bytes);
+}
+
+inline absl::string_view Cord::ChunkRemaining(const CharIterator& it) {
+  return *it.chunk_iterator_;
+}
+
+inline Cord::CharIterator Cord::char_begin() const {
+  return CharIterator(this);
+}
+
+inline Cord::CharIterator Cord::char_end() const { return CharIterator(); }
+
+inline Cord::CharIterator Cord::CharRange::begin() const {
+  return cord_->char_begin();
+}
+
+inline Cord::CharIterator Cord::CharRange::end() const {
+  return cord_->char_end();
+}
+
+inline Cord::CharRange Cord::Chars() const { return CharRange(this); }
+
+inline void Cord::ForEachChunk(
+    absl::FunctionRef<void(absl::string_view)> callback) const {
+  absl::cord_internal::CordRep* rep = contents_.tree();
+  if (rep == nullptr) {
+    callback(absl::string_view(contents_.data(), contents_.size()));
+  } else {
+    ForEachChunkAux(rep, callback);
+  }
+}
+
+// Nonmember Cord-to-Cord relational operators.
+inline bool operator==(const Cord& lhs, const Cord& rhs) {
+  if (lhs.contents_.IsSame(rhs.contents_)) return true;
+  size_t rhs_size = rhs.size();
+  if (lhs.size() != rhs_size) return false;
+  return lhs.EqualsImpl(rhs, rhs_size);
+}
+
+inline bool operator!=(const Cord& x, const Cord& y) { return !(x == y); }
+inline bool operator<(const Cord& x, const Cord& y) { return x.Compare(y) < 0; }
+inline bool operator>(const Cord& x, const Cord& y) { return x.Compare(y) > 0; }
+inline bool operator<=(const Cord& x, const Cord& y) {
+  return x.Compare(y) <= 0;
+}
+inline bool operator>=(const Cord& x, const Cord& y) {
+  return x.Compare(y) >= 0;
+}
+
+// Nonmember Cord-to-absl::string_view relational operators.
+//
+// Due to implicit conversions, these also enable comparisons of Cord with
+// with std::string, ::string, and const char*.
+inline bool operator==(const Cord& lhs, absl::string_view rhs) {
+  size_t lhs_size = lhs.size();
+  size_t rhs_size = rhs.size();
+  if (lhs_size != rhs_size) return false;
+  return lhs.EqualsImpl(rhs, rhs_size);
+}
+
+inline bool operator==(absl::string_view x, const Cord& y) { return y == x; }
+inline bool operator!=(const Cord& x, absl::string_view y) { return !(x == y); }
+inline bool operator!=(absl::string_view x, const Cord& y) { return !(x == y); }
+inline bool operator<(const Cord& x, absl::string_view y) {
+  return x.Compare(y) < 0;
+}
+inline bool operator<(absl::string_view x, const Cord& y) {
+  return y.Compare(x) > 0;
+}
+inline bool operator>(const Cord& x, absl::string_view y) { return y < x; }
+inline bool operator>(absl::string_view x, const Cord& y) { return y < x; }
+inline bool operator<=(const Cord& x, absl::string_view y) { return !(y < x); }
+inline bool operator<=(absl::string_view x, const Cord& y) { return !(y < x); }
+inline bool operator>=(const Cord& x, absl::string_view y) { return !(x < y); }
+inline bool operator>=(absl::string_view x, const Cord& y) { return !(x < y); }
+
+// Some internals exposed to test code.
+namespace strings_internal {
+class CordTestAccess {
+ public:
+  static size_t FlatOverhead();
+  static size_t MaxFlatLength();
+  static size_t SizeofCordRepExternal();
+  static size_t SizeofCordRepSubstring();
+  static size_t FlatTagToLength(uint8_t tag);
+  static uint8_t LengthToTag(size_t s);
+};
+}  // namespace strings_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_CORD_H_