open-agreements 0.7.7 → 0.8.0

package/skills/{non-compete-contract-explainer → legal-explainers/non-compete-contract-explainer}/content/new-hampshire.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 jurisdiction: "New Hampshire"
 slug: new-hampshire
 countryCode: US
-snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-08"
+snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-19"
 lastReviewed: "2026-06-02"
-canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/legal/non-compete/new-hampshire
+canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/new-hampshire
 license: CC BY 4.0
 stale: false
 ---
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ stale: false
 > relationship, and is not a substitute for a licensed attorney in the relevant jurisdiction.
 > Laws change; verify against the canonical version before relying on it.
 >
-> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/legal/non-compete/new-hampshire · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-08 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © UseJunior
+> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/new-hampshire · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-19 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © openagreements.org
 
 # Non-Competes in New Hampshire[^about]
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ New Hampshire enforces reasonable non-competes under a common-law test, but RSA
 
 The practical starting point is common law plus statutory gates. Even a reasonable covenant can fail if it was not disclosed before the employee accepted the offer, if the employee is covered by the low-wage ban, or if a profession-specific healthcare statute voids the restriction.
 
-New Hampshire also construes restraints narrowly. The court starts with the employer interest being protected, then asks whether the chosen time, geography, customer, and activity limits are broader than that interest requires [^foster-three-part-test].
+New Hampshire also construes restraints narrowly. The court starts with the employer interest being protected, then asks whether the chosen time, geography, customer, and activity limits are broader than that interest requires [^foster-three-part-test]. For a clause-by-clause pass over a specific agreement, the [New Hampshire non-compete review checklist](/checklists/non-compete/us/new-hampshire) walks the full covenant suite item by item with each requirement's force level.
 
 > [!NOTE]
 > **Practice note.**
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ In the sale-of-business setting, *Gosselin* rejected a court-ordered extension o
 >
 > A tolling or extension-during-breach clause is a drafting choice of uncertain enforceability in New Hampshire. If you include one, tie it to the protected interest and the covenant's overall duration, and do not assume a court will extend the period beyond the contract's fair and natural meaning [^gosselin-no-extension][^near-reformation-narrowing].
 
-[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org) · Maintained by [UseJunior](https://usejunior.com). Last reviewed 2026-06-02. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York, not New Hampshire. This article synthesizes New Hampshire primary law and is not legal advice from a New Hampshire-admitted attorney. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
+[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org). Last reviewed 2026-06-02. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York, not New Hampshire. This article synthesizes New Hampshire primary law and is not legal advice from a New Hampshire-admitted attorney. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
 
 [^foster-three-part-test]: **Smith, Batchelder & Rugg v. Foster** — "In scrutinizing restrictive covenants, this court employs the following three-pronged test: ‘[a] restraint on employment is reasonable only if it is no greater than necessary for the protection of the employer’s legitimate interest, does not impose undue hardship on the employee and is not injurious to the public interest.’" *Smith, Batchelder & Rugg v. Foster, 119 N.H. 679 (1979).* <https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2375592/smith-batchelder-rugg-v-foster/#:~:text=In%20scrutinizing%20restrictive%20covenants%2C%20this,injurious%20to%20the%20public%20interest.%E2%80%9D>
 

package/skills/{non-compete-contract-explainer → legal-explainers/non-compete-contract-explainer}/content/new-jersey.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 jurisdiction: "New Jersey"
 slug: new-jersey
 countryCode: US
-snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-08"
+snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-19"
 lastReviewed: "2026-06-03"
-canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/legal/non-compete/new-jersey
+canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/new-jersey
 license: CC BY 4.0
 stale: false
 ---
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ stale: false
 > relationship, and is not a substitute for a licensed attorney in the relevant jurisdiction.
 > Laws change; verify against the canonical version before relying on it.
 >
-> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/legal/non-compete/new-jersey · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-08 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © UseJunior
+> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/new-jersey · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-19 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © openagreements.org
 
 # Non-Competes in New Jersey[^about]
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Because the analysis is holistic, a restraint matched to the employee's actual t
 
 *Solari* is the foundational statement: New Jersey rejected the rule that an overbroad covenant is wholly void and adopted partial enforcement to the extent reasonable under the circumstances [^solari-partial-enforcement]. Applying New Jersey law, the Third Circuit in *ADP, LLC v. Rafferty* described curtailing an overbroad covenant's scope as the approach prescribed by the New Jersey Supreme Court [^rafferty-curtail-scope].
 
-That reformation power is not a license to overreach. Reformation is an equitable remedy, and an employer that drafts an abusively broad covenant cannot assume a court will rewrite it into something enforceable.
+That reformation power is not a license to overreach. Reformation is an equitable remedy, and an employer that drafts an abusively broad covenant cannot assume a court will rewrite it into something enforceable. For a clause-by-clause pass over a specific agreement, the [New Jersey non-compete review checklist](/checklists/non-compete/us/new-jersey) walks the full covenant suite item by item with each requirement's force level.
 
 > [!CAUTION]
 > **Drafting note.**
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ That outcome leaves New Jersey's *Solari/Whitmyer* reasonableness analysis in co
 
 "The Non-Compete Rule, 16 C.F.R. § 910.1–.6, is hereby SET ASIDE and shall not be enforced or otherwise take effect on September 4, 2024, or thereafter."[^ryan-ftc-rule-set-aside]
 
-[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org) · Maintained by [UseJunior](https://usejunior.com). Last reviewed 2026-06-03. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York, not New Jersey. This article synthesizes New Jersey primary law and is not legal advice from a New Jersey-admitted attorney. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
+[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org). Last reviewed 2026-06-03. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York, not New Jersey. This article synthesizes New Jersey primary law and is not legal advice from a New Jersey-admitted attorney. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
 
 [^solari-given-effect]: **Solari Industries, Inc. v. Malady** — "And while a covenant by an employee not to compete after the termination of his employment is not, because of the countervailing policy considerations, as freely enforceable, it will nonetheless be given effect if it is reasonable in view of all the circumstances of the particular case." *Solari Industries, Inc. v. Malady, 55 N.J. 571 (1970).* <https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/7374715/solari-industries-inc-v-malady/#:~:text=And%20while%20a%20covenant%20by,circumstances%20of%20the%20particular%20case.>
 

package/skills/{non-compete-contract-explainer → legal-explainers/non-compete-contract-explainer}/content/new-mexico.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 jurisdiction: "New Mexico"
 slug: new-mexico
 countryCode: US
-snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-08"
+snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-19"
 lastReviewed: "2026-06-03"
-canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/legal/non-compete/new-mexico
+canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/new-mexico
 license: CC BY 4.0
 stale: false
 ---
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ stale: false
 > relationship, and is not a substitute for a licensed attorney in the relevant jurisdiction.
 > Laws change; verify against the canonical version before relying on it.
 >
-> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/legal/non-compete/new-mexico · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-08 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © UseJunior
+> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/new-mexico · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-19 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © openagreements.org
 
 # Non-Competes in New Mexico[^about]
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ For employment covenants, the safer drafting pattern is to match the radius to t
 
 New Mexico's reformation rule is narrow. In *KidsKare*, the court of appeals expressly avoided deciding the broader argument about New Mexico case law on reformation because the contract itself supplied the basis for modifying the covenant [^kidskare-no-general-ruling].
 
-The drafting takeaway is direct: include an express severability and reformation clause if the employer wants a court to enforce the covenant to the maximum reasonable extent. Even then, reformation is not a substitute for drafting a reasonable covenant in the first place.
+The drafting takeaway is direct: include an express severability and reformation clause if the employer wants a court to enforce the covenant to the maximum reasonable extent. Even then, reformation is not a substitute for drafting a reasonable covenant in the first place. For a clause-by-clause pass over a specific agreement against these drafting rules, the [New Mexico non-compete review checklist](/checklists/non-compete/us/new-mexico) walks the full covenant suite item by item with each requirement's force level.
 
 > [!CAUTION]
 > **Drafting note.**
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ The sale context does not eliminate reasonableness. It changes the facts that su
 >
 > Do not use an employment covenant form for a New Mexico business sale. Draft the covenant around the purchased goodwill, the seller's role, the buyer's actual market, the purchase price, and the payout structure, because those facts drove the result in *Bowen* [^q10-bowen-sale-valid][^q10-bowen-enforced-written].
 
-[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org) · Maintained by [UseJunior](https://usejunior.com). Last reviewed 2026-06-03. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York, not New Mexico. This article synthesizes New Mexico primary law and is not legal advice from a New Mexico-admitted attorney. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
+[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org). Last reviewed 2026-06-03. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York, not New Mexico. This article synthesizes New Mexico primary law and is not legal advice from a New Mexico-admitted attorney. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
 
 [^lovelace-reasonableness-test]: **Lovelace Clinic v. Murphy** — "All of the physician and surgeon cases either expressly hold or clearly indicate that the rights and duties created by the contract of employment or association are enforceable, if the restrictions thus imposed on the employee or the associate are reasonable." *Lovelace Clinic v. Murphy, 76 N.M. 645, 417 P.2d 450 (1966).* <https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1196089/lovelace-clinic-v-murphy/#:~:text=All%20of%20the%20physician%20and,or%20the%20associate%20are%20reasonable.>
 

package/skills/legal-explainers/non-compete-contract-explainer/content/new-south-wales.md

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+---
+jurisdiction: "New South Wales, Australia"
+slug: new-south-wales
+countryCode: AU
+snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-19"
+lastReviewed: "2026-06-10"
+canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/au/new-south-wales
+license: CC BY 4.0
+stale: false
+---
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> **Informational only — not legal advice.** This is a snapshot of an OpenAgreements practice note,
+> provided for general information. It is not legal advice, does not create an attorney-client
+> relationship, and is not a substitute for a licensed attorney in the relevant jurisdiction.
+> Laws change; verify against the canonical version before relying on it.
+>
+> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/au/new-south-wales · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-19 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © openagreements.org
+
+# Non-Compete Enforceability in New South Wales[^about]
+
+In New South Wales a post-employment non-compete is presumptively void as a restraint of trade and binds a former employee only to the extent it is reasonable, but the Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW) gives the Supreme Court a statutory power to enforce an overbroad clause to a reasonable extent rather than striking it down entirely.
+
+
+## At a glance
+
+| Question | New South Wales, Australia |
+| --- | --- |
+| **Are non-competes enforceable?** | Allowed if reasonable |
+| **Bottom line** | A NSW non-compete is presumptively void and binds a former employee only to the extent it is reasonable to protect a legitimate interest, but the Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW) lets the Supreme Court enforce an overbroad clause to a reasonable extent instead of voiding it outright. |
+| **Main law or case** | Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW) s 4; common-law restraint of trade |
+| **Main exceptions** | Sale-of-business covenants are judged more leniently; a proposed federal ban would cover most employees earning under the Fair Work Act high-income threshold but would exclude sale-of-business and above-threshold restraints. |
+| **Can a court narrow it?** | Only strikes wording |
+| **Applies to contractors?** | Yes |
+| **Restriction extended during a breach?** | Untested; courts treat rolling or indefinite restraints with suspicion and prefer damages over extending an injunction. |
+| **Maximum length set by law** | No statutory cap; periods beyond about 12 months in employment are heavily scrutinised. |
+
+## Are employee non-competes enforceable in New South Wales? {#enforceability}
+
+**Short answer.** Only to the extent they are reasonable. A post-employment non-compete is treated as a restraint of trade, which the courts presume is void and contrary to public policy unless the employer shows it goes no further than is reasonably necessary to protect a legitimate business interest [^lindner-prima-facie-void]. What makes New South Wales distinctive is that, even when a clause is drafted too broadly, the [Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW)](https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-1976-067) lets the Supreme Court enforce the clause to a reasonable extent rather than striking it down outright [^rota-s4-1].
+
+New South Wales is not a per se ban jurisdiction, and it has no statute that sets fixed numeric limits on duration or area. It is a reasonableness jurisdiction built on the common-law restraint-of-trade doctrine, modified by one important statute. The starting point is that every post-employment covenant is presumptively unenforceable, and the burden is on the employer to justify it as reasonable in the interests of both the parties and the public [^olson-justifiable-reasonable].
+
+"Any contractual restraint of trade is prima facie unlawful and invalid."[^lindner-prima-facie-void]
+
+Courts apply the doctrine more strictly to employment covenants than to covenants in commercial deals, on the view that an employee usually has less bargaining power than a business seller [^olson-stricter-employment]. The sections that follow work through the statutory read-down power, what counts as a legitimate interest, how reasonableness of scope is judged, and the open question of whether a breach can extend the restraint.
+
+## Can a New South Wales court narrow an overbroad non-compete? {#court-narrowing}
+
+**Short answer.** Yes — more readily than in most common-law jurisdictions, but only by enforcing the clause to a reasonable extent, not by re-drafting it. At common law an overbroad restraint was simply void, and a court could only delete severable words under the blue-pencil rule [^olson-common-law-no-severance]. Section 4(1) of the [Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW)](https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-1976-067) changed that for New South Wales [^olson-s4-overturned]: a court may now enforce a covenant to the extent the restraint is reasonable, even though the clause as written is too wide [^olson-s4-ignore-excess].
+
+This statutory power is stronger than the blue-pencil rule, but it is not a power to rewrite the bargain. The distinction matters in practice. A court applying s 4(1) looks at the actual or threatened breach and asks whether enforcing the clause against that conduct would be contrary to public policy; if not, it can grant a narrower injunction that falls inside the contractual words. It cannot reconstruct the clause into something the parties did not write [^olson-amputation].
+
+"Section 4(1) allows the court to ignore the fact that the restraint goes beyond what is reasonable, provided the restraint can be enforced to an extent that is reasonable."[^olson-s4-ignore-excess]
+
+*Woolworths Ltd v Olson* shows the power in action. The Court of Appeal accepted that a 12-month, Australia-and-New-Zealand restraint on a senior executive was expressed too broadly, but used s 4(1) to enforce a narrower, six-month restraint against the executive joining a named supermarket competitor in Australia. The reasoning is explicit that s 4(1) is a capacity to enforce a reasonable restraint within an over-wide clause, not a licence to remake the contract [^olson-no-remake].
+
+"The court may not rewrite the covenant while exercising the power under s4(1)."[^olson-no-remake]
+
+The read-down power also has a safety valve that runs the other way. Section 4(3) lets a person who is subject to a restraint apply to the Supreme Court, and where the restraint is against public policy partly because of a manifest failure to attempt to make it a reasonable restraint, the Court may — notwithstanding s 4(1) — order the restraint to be altogether invalid or valid only to a lesser extent [^rota-s4-3]. In other words, an employer who draws a grossly overbroad clause with no genuine attempt at reasonableness cannot always count on s 4(1) to rescue it; that is one reason a cascading clause, which is evidence of an attempt to confine the restraint to reasonable bounds, matters.
+
+> [!CAUTION]
+> **Drafting note.**
+>
+> The s 4(1) read-down power is not a reason to draft aggressively. The court can enforce a wide clause only to a reasonable extent and cannot add or substitute words to save it, so a covenant that can be narrowed only by re-drafting still fails. Draft scope, area, and duration to the minimum the legitimate interest requires, so the clause is defensible as written rather than dependent on the court trimming it [^olson-amputation].
+
+## Are cascading or ladder restraint clauses valid in New South Wales? {#cascading-clauses}
+
+**Short answer.** They can be, and they remain common in New South Wales drafting. A cascading clause sets out a menu of progressively narrower combinations of period and area, each expressed as a separate, severable restraint. In *Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd*, the Court of Appeal held that a nine-rung cascading restraint was not void for uncertainty, because each rung was an independent covenant that could be understood and obeyed on its own [^hanna-nine-restraints]. The restraints in *Hanna* were client non-solicitation and non-dealing covenants — restrictions on canvassing, soliciting, or dealing with named clients — rather than a blanket bar on competing, but the certainty and read-down reasoning applies equally to a cascading non-compete.
+
+The certainty objection to cascading clauses is that the employee cannot tell which rung binds them. The Court of Appeal rejected that argument where the clause makes each combination a separate and independent covenant: every rung binds, and complying with the widest necessarily complies with the narrower ones, so no selection mechanism or hierarchy is required [^hanna-no-mechanism].
+
+"Neither their operation nor any principle of law concerned with certainty of contract requires a mechanism or hierarchy of order of operation."[^hanna-no-mechanism]
+
+The decision also explains why these clauses persist. Because the common law allows a court to delete severable words but not to read a clause down, employers draft multiple severable restraints so that, if the widest is unreasonable, a narrower one can still stand [^hanna-why-cascading]. The Court left open whether a sufficiently complex, repetitive cascading structure might be against public policy under s 4(1), but held that this particular deed was not [^hanna-not-against-policy].
+
+> [!CAUTION]
+> **Drafting note.**
+>
+> A cascading clause is not a guaranteed safety net. The Court of Appeal reserved the question whether an overly complex, multi-layered cascade could be against public policy under s 4(1), so each rung should still represent a genuinely reasonable restraint rather than a mechanical ladder of every possible permutation [^hanna-not-against-policy]. The flip side also matters: under s 4(3) a restrained person can ask the Court to strike a clause down where there has been a manifest failure to attempt a reasonable restraint, so a cascade should read as a genuine attempt to confine the restraint, not as an aggressive maximal grab [^rota-s4-3-cascade].
+
+## What legitimate interest must an employer show to enforce a NSW non-compete? {#legitimate-interest}
+
+**Short answer.** A protectable business interest — not a mere wish to avoid competition. An employer cannot restrain a former employee just because the new employer is a rival [^lindner-not-competition-per-se]. The recognised interests are the employer's trade connection with its customers and the goodwill of the business, together with trade secrets and confidential information [^lindner-trade-connection], and, increasingly, the maintenance of a stable trained workforce, usually protected through a non-solicitation clause rather than a blanket non-compete.
+
+The dividing line drawn in *Lindner v Murdock's Garage* is between protecting an asset and suppressing a rival. An employee's own general skill, experience, and know-how are the employee's to use; what the law protects is the employer's customer connection and confidential information [^lindner-trade-connection]. A covenant aimed at competition by itself, rather than at a recognised interest, is invalid [^lindner-not-competition-per-se].
+
+"An employer must be prepared to face the competition of a former employee if it comes."[^lindner-not-competition-per-se]
+
+Two further cases sharpen the confidential-information limb. In *Buckley v Tutty* (1971) 125 CLR 353, the High Court confirmed the modern reasonableness framework that NSW courts apply, and in *Wright v Gasweld Pty Ltd* (1991) 22 NSWLR 317 the NSW Court of Appeal mapped the spectrum between genuine trade secrets, which can support a restraint, and the general know-how an employee is free to carry away, which cannot. The practical point for drafters is that the interest has to be identified and real; an employer who cannot point to a protectable interest cannot enforce the clause whatever its scope.
+
+> [!CAUTION]
+> **Drafting note.**
+>
+> A clause that simply bars a former employee from joining or starting a competing business, without tying the restraint to a specific protectable interest, is the weakest position. Identify the actual interest — the customer connection, the trade secrets, or the workforce — and draft the restraint around it, because a restraint aimed only at competition by a former employee is not enforceable [^lindner-not-competition-per-se].
+
+## How long and how wide can a New South Wales non-compete be? {#reasonableness-factors}
+
+**Short answer.** There is no statutory limit; reasonableness is decided case by case on the activity restrained, the geographic area, the duration, and the employee's seniority and actual customer influence. Reasonableness is tested as at the date the contract was made, not by hindsight [^olson-tested-at-contract]. A geographic area wider than the employer's business reaches, or a period longer than is needed to protect the interest, is likely to be unreasonable [^lindner-area-too-wide].
+
+Because the limits are judge-made, there is no fixed ceiling to anchor a covenant, and the analysis cuts both ways. In *Lindner v Murdock's Garage* the High Court held an area covenant void because the area it covered was wider than the employer's business reasonably required [^lindner-area-too-wide]. By contrast, in *Woolworths Ltd v Olson* the Court of Appeal enforced a six-month restraint against a senior executive joining a named supermarket competitor, treating that scope as reasonable in light of the executive's access to a valuable confidential project [^olson-tested-at-contract].
+
+On duration, NSW courts ask what period is reasonably necessary to protect the interest — for a customer-connection interest, commonly how long it takes for the former employee's influence over clients to fade or for the employer to cement its own connection. *Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd* makes clear there is no single mandatory test for the reasonable length of a restraint [^hanna-no-required-test]; the court chooses the approach that fits the facts [^hanna-test-depends-on-facts]. In that case a 12-month client non-solicitation and non-dealing restraint on a senior insurance broker — not a 12-month general non-compete — was held reasonable, the period being tied to the annual policy-renewal cycle over which the broker's client influence would persist. As a general matter, periods beyond about 12 months in the employment context attract close scrutiny.
+
+"The use of one test or another depends on the facts and the evaluation of the approach that is reasonable."[^hanna-test-depends-on-facts]
+
+## Do paid restraints, garden leave, and fresh consideration help in New South Wales? {#garden-leave}
+
+**Short answer.** They can strengthen an employer's position, but they do not displace the reasonableness requirement. A restraint that the employee is paid to observe is more likely to be enforced, because it weighs against the argument that the clause stops the employee from earning a living [^olson-negotiated-weight]. Garden leave, where the employee stays employed and paid through the notice period, is assessed more flexibly than a post-termination restraint because the employee remains bound by duties of fidelity.
+
+In *Woolworths Ltd v Olson* the restraint was coupled with a contractual restraint payment equal to the executive's pay for the restraint period, and the Court of Appeal treated that payment as one of the circumstances supporting enforcement of a six-month restraint. A court gives weight to what the parties negotiated, though the parties' own statement that a clause is reasonable is not conclusive [^olson-negotiated-weight].
+
+For mid-employment restraints — covenants introduced after the employee is already on foot — the practical concern is consideration and reasonableness assessed at the time the new clause is agreed. New South Wales courts test validity as at the date the restraint is made [^hanna-assessed-at-contract], so a restraint bolted on later is judged on the circumstances then, not on the original hiring.
+
+On garden leave for senior people, *Pearson v HRX Holdings Pty Ltd* [2012] FCAFC 111 illustrates that a generously remunerated, fixed-term garden-leave arrangement for a key executive can be enforced, but it remains subject to the same underlying reasonableness scrutiny rather than being automatically valid.
+
+## What if the employer wrongfully dismissed the employee? {#employer-breach}
+
+**Short answer.** The restraint may fall away. The employer carries the onus of proving the restraint is reasonable in the first place [^lindner-onus-reasonable], so an employer seeking an injunction starts from a position where it must justify the covenant. Beyond that, the long-standing common-law principle associated with *General Billposting Co Ltd v Atkinson* [1909] AC 118 is that an employer who wrongfully dismisses an employee — for example by repudiating the contract through a dismissal without the notice the contract requires — generally cannot afterwards enforce a post-employment restraint against that employee. The staged New South Wales authorities here do not themselves decide that point, so it is best treated as a general principle a court may apply rather than a settled NSW rule.
+
+The reasonableness analysis assumes a clause an employer is entitled to rely on, and the employer bears the onus of establishing that reasonableness [^lindner-onus-reasonable]. Where the employer is the party in serious breach, a court may, applying the general common-law principle, treat the employee as released from the covenant, and in any event the equitable remedies an employer needs — chiefly an injunction — are discretionary and sensitive to the employer's own conduct.
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> **Practice note.**
+>
+> The employer already bears the onus of proving the restraint reasonable before any question of its own breach arises [^lindner-onus-reasonable]. On top of that, an employer that terminates abruptly — without giving contractual notice or paying in lieu — may risk losing the very non-compete it wants to rely on, because under the general common-law principle a repudiatory breach by the employer can release the employee from the restraint. That repudiation point is not settled by the NSW authorities discussed here, so treat it as a risk rather than a certainty: before suing to enforce a covenant, confirm that the termination itself complied with the contract.
+
+## Does a New South Wales non-compete pause or extend if the employee breaches? {#tolling}
+
+**Short answer.** This is an open question, and an employer should not assume the clock stops. No settled New South Wales authority holds that a restraint period tolls — pauses and then resumes — while a former employee is in breach or while litigation runs. Australian courts treat rolling or indefinite restraints with suspicion and generally prefer to address a breach through damages or a tailored injunction rather than by extending the restraint period [^lindner-prima-facie-void-tolling].
+
+The reasonableness of a restraint is judged as at the date the contract was made [^olson-tested-at-contract-tolling], which sits uneasily with a clause that purports to lengthen the restraint automatically depending on the employee's later conduct. A drafting device that extends the period by the length of any breach pushes the effective duration beyond what was assessed as reasonable at the outset, and there is no clear NSW authority validating it. The safer assumption is that the stated period is the maximum the employer can rely on.
+
+> [!CAUTION]
+> **Drafting note.**
+>
+> Do not rely on a clause that purports to extend the non-compete by the length of any breach. No clear New South Wales authority validates tolling of the restraint period, and because reasonableness is tested as at the date of the contract, an automatic extension risks being treated as unreasonable. Treat the stated duration as the maximum and address an actual breach through an injunction or a damages claim instead [^olson-tested-at-contract-tolling].
+
+## Do New South Wales restraint rules differ for contractors and business sales? {#contractors-and-sale}
+
+**Short answer.** Yes, in opposite directions. Restraints on independent contractors are assessed under the same restraint-of-trade doctrine as employee covenants, and courts may give a contractor slightly more latitude because the relationship is treated as more commercial than a pure employment relationship. Restraints given by the seller of a business are judged much more leniently, because a buyer is entitled to protect the goodwill it paid for and the parties bargain on more equal terms [^lindner-sale-distinction].
+
+The sale-of-business leniency is long-standing. A restraint in a sale agreement is more easily upheld than the same restraint in an employment contract [^lindner-sale-more-easily], because the policy concerns that make employment covenants suspect — unequal bargaining power and the risk of locking a person out of their livelihood — are weaker when a vendor sells a business for value and promises not to immediately compete away the goodwill just sold. A multi-year restraint can be reasonable in that setting.
+
+For contractors, the key question is the same one that governs employees: is there a legitimate interest, and is the scope no wider than necessary to protect it. The label matters less than the substance of the relationship and the interest at stake.
+
+## Is a federal ban on non-competes coming to Australia? {#federal-reform}
+
+**Short answer.** A ban has been proposed but is not yet law, and as of June 2026 the common-law and Restraints of Trade Act framework above still governs in New South Wales [^rota-s4-1-reform]. According to Australian Government Treasury material and law-firm commentary, the Government announced in the 2025–26 Federal Budget that it intends to ban post-employment non-competes for workers earning under the Fair Work Act high-income threshold (reported at around AUD $183,100), with Treasury running a consultation on the design, and the reform expected to be legislated during 2026 and to take effect from 2027, operating prospectively. Those figures and dates come from that secondary material — Treasury announcements and commentary — not from the Restraints of Trade Act, which does not address the proposed federal scheme. Until any ban is enacted, the existing statutory and common-law framework continues to govern [^rota-s4-1-reform].
+
+The proposal, as described in current Treasury material and law-firm commentary rather than in any enacted statute, would cover most employees earning below the high-income threshold while excluding sale-of-business covenants and restraints on higher earners and contractors. Non-solicitation, no-poach, and wage-fixing arrangements are also reported to be under consideration. None of this is in force, and the precise scope, threshold, and commencement could change before any legislation passes; the threshold figure and the 2026/2027 timeline in particular are drawn from secondary reporting and should be re-checked against the enacted text when it appears.
+
+Because this is a future legislative matter, employers should treat the timeline and detail as provisional rather than settled. A covenant entered into now is governed by existing law; whether and how a future ban would affect existing or new agreements will depend on the enacted text and its transitional provisions.
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> **Practice note.**
+>
+> Do not draft to a federal ban that does not yet exist. As of June 2026 no Commonwealth statute bans employee non-competes, so enforceability in New South Wales still turns on the common-law reasonableness test and the Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW). Track the proposal through to enacted legislation before changing practice, because its threshold, scope, and commencement remain proposals subject to change [^rota-s4-1-reform].
+
+[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org). Last reviewed 2026-06-10. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is not admitted to practise law in New South Wales, Australia. This article summarizes publicly available New South Wales, Australia legal sources for general information only — it is not legal advice and does not create a lawyer–client relationship. It may not reflect the most recent legal developments and is provided without warranty as to accuracy or completeness; verify against the primary sources cited and consult a locally qualified lawyer before relying on it.
+
+[^lindner-prima-facie-void]: **Lindner v Murdock's Garage** — "Any contractual restraint of trade is prima facie unlawful and invalid." *Lindner v Murdock's Garage [1950] HCA 48; (1950) 83 CLR 628 (per Kitto J).* <https://www.hcourt.gov.au/sites/default/files/eresources/1950/HCA/48.pdf>
+
+[^rota-s4-1]: **Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW) s 4(1)** — "A restraint of trade is valid to the extent to which it is not against public policy, whether it is in severable terms or not." *Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW) s 4(1).* <https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-1976-067>
+
+[^olson-justifiable-reasonable]: **Woolworths Ltd v Olson** — "A restraint of trade is justifiable only if the restriction is reasonable in reference to the interests of the parties and of the public" *Woolworths Ltd v Olson [2004] NSWCA 372.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549fb2db3004262463b8633d>
+
+[^olson-stricter-employment]: **Woolworths Ltd v Olson** — "The courts in general take a stricter and less favourable view of covenants in restraint of trade entered into between employer and employee than of similar covenants in commercial agreements" *Woolworths Ltd v Olson [2004] NSWCA 372.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549fb2db3004262463b8633d>
+
+[^olson-common-law-no-severance]: **Woolworths Ltd v Olson** — "The common law did not countenance the severance of an excessive and therefore unreasonable restraint." *Woolworths Ltd v Olson [2004] NSWCA 372.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549fb2db3004262463b8633d>
+
+[^olson-s4-overturned]: **Woolworths Ltd v Olson** — "Section 4(1) of the Restraints of Trade Act 1976 overturned this." *Woolworths Ltd v Olson [2004] NSWCA 372.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549fb2db3004262463b8633d>
+
+[^olson-s4-ignore-excess]: **Woolworths Ltd v Olson** — "Section 4(1) allows the court to ignore the fact that the restraint goes beyond what is reasonable, provided the restraint can be enforced to an extent that is reasonable." *Woolworths Ltd v Olson [2004] NSWCA 372.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549fb2db3004262463b8633d>
+
+[^olson-amputation]: **Woolworths Ltd v Olson** — "a restraint validated by the section must fall wholly within the scope of the contractual provision. Amputation is directed but reconstruction is not." *Woolworths Ltd v Olson [2004] NSWCA 372, quoting ICT Pty Ltd v Sea Containers Ltd (1995) 39 NSWLR 640.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549fb2db3004262463b8633d>
+
+[^olson-no-remake]: **Woolworths Ltd v Olson** — "The court may not rewrite the covenant while exercising the power under s4(1)." *Woolworths Ltd v Olson [2004] NSWCA 372.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549fb2db3004262463b8633d>
+
+[^rota-s4-3]: **Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW) s 4(3)** — "a manifest failure by a person who created or joined in creating the restraint to attempt to make the restraint a reasonable restraint" *Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW) s 4(3).* <https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-1976-067>
+
+[^hanna-nine-restraints]: **Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd** — "Thus there were nine restraints, from the widest (15 months in Australia) to the narrowest (12 months, in Mr Hanna's case, in the metropolitan area of Sydney)." *Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd [2010] NSWCA 267.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549ff3313004262463c5979a>
+
+[^hanna-no-mechanism]: **Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd** — "Neither their operation nor any principle of law concerned with certainty of contract requires a mechanism or hierarchy of order of operation." *Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd [2010] NSWCA 267.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549ff3313004262463c5979a>
+
+[^hanna-why-cascading]: **Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd** — "Given the common law rules and, in particular, those concerning severance and the so-called ‘blue-pencil’ test, it is understandable why commercial parties seek to employ multiple severable clauses." *Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd [2010] NSWCA 267.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549ff3313004262463c5979a>
+
+[^hanna-not-against-policy]: **Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd** — "The restraint deed is not against public policy by reason of the multiple and several operation of cll 2 and 4." *Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd [2010] NSWCA 267.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549ff3313004262463c5979a>
+
+[^rota-s4-3-cascade]: **Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW) s 4(3)** — "a manifest failure by a person who created or joined in creating the restraint to attempt to make the restraint a reasonable restraint" *Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW) s 4(3).* <https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-1976-067>
+
+[^lindner-not-competition-per-se]: **Lindner v Murdock's Garage** — "An employer must be prepared to face the competition of a former employee if it comes." *Lindner v Murdock's Garage [1950] HCA 48; (1950) 83 CLR 628 (per McTiernan J).* <https://www.hcourt.gov.au/sites/default/files/eresources/1950/HCA/48.pdf>
+
+[^lindner-trade-connection]: **Lindner v Murdock's Garage** — "The knowledge which, because its use may deprive the employer of the business connection which he is entitled to preserve as his own, he may require his employee to abstain from using, is objective knowledge of customers, their peculiarities, their credit and so forth" *Lindner v Murdock's Garage [1950] HCA 48; (1950) 83 CLR 628 (per Kitto J).* <https://www.hcourt.gov.au/sites/default/files/eresources/1950/HCA/48.pdf>
+
+[^olson-tested-at-contract]: **Woolworths Ltd v Olson** — "The validity of the restraint is to be tested at the time of entering into the contract" *Woolworths Ltd v Olson [2004] NSWCA 372.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549fb2db3004262463b8633d>
+
+[^lindner-area-too-wide]: **Lindner v Murdock's Garage** — "I think it must be held that the area was unreasonably wide." *Lindner v Murdock's Garage [1950] HCA 48; (1950) 83 CLR 628 (per McTiernan J).* <https://www.hcourt.gov.au/sites/default/files/eresources/1950/HCA/48.pdf>
+
+[^hanna-no-required-test]: **Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd** — "There is no legally required test in these circumstances." *Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd [2010] NSWCA 267.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549ff3313004262463c5979a>
+
+[^hanna-test-depends-on-facts]: **Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd** — "The use of one test or another depends on the facts and the evaluation of the approach that is reasonable." *Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd [2010] NSWCA 267.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549ff3313004262463c5979a>
+
+[^olson-negotiated-weight]: **Woolworths Ltd v Olson** — "The court gives considerable weight to what parties have negotiated and embodied in their contracts, but a contractual consensus cannot be regarded as conclusive" *Woolworths Ltd v Olson [2004] NSWCA 372.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549fb2db3004262463b8633d>
+
+[^hanna-assessed-at-contract]: **Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd** — "it was common ground that the reasonableness and validity of the restraint clause should be assessed at the time of entry into the contract" *Hanna v OAMPS Insurance Brokers Ltd [2010] NSWCA 267.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549ff3313004262463c5979a>
+
+[^lindner-onus-reasonable]: **Lindner v Murdock's Garage** — "The onus was on the plaintiff firm to prove circumstances showing that the restriction on the defendant's freedom to work was reasonable." *Lindner v Murdock's Garage [1950] HCA 48; (1950) 83 CLR 628 (per McTiernan J).* <https://www.hcourt.gov.au/sites/default/files/eresources/1950/HCA/48.pdf>
+
+[^lindner-prima-facie-void-tolling]: **Lindner v Murdock's Garage** — "Any contractual restraint of trade is prima facie unlawful and invalid." *Lindner v Murdock's Garage [1950] HCA 48; (1950) 83 CLR 628 (per Kitto J).* <https://www.hcourt.gov.au/sites/default/files/eresources/1950/HCA/48.pdf>
+
+[^olson-tested-at-contract-tolling]: **Woolworths Ltd v Olson** — "The validity of the restraint is to be tested at the time of entering into the contract" *Woolworths Ltd v Olson [2004] NSWCA 372.* <https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549fb2db3004262463b8633d>
+
+[^lindner-sale-distinction]: **Lindner v Murdock's Garage** — "A distinction is drawn between a restraint upon trade included in an agreement for the sale of a business and a restraint included in an agreement with an employee." *Lindner v Murdock's Garage [1950] HCA 48; (1950) 83 CLR 628 (per Latham CJ).* <https://www.hcourt.gov.au/sites/default/files/eresources/1950/HCA/48.pdf>
+
+[^lindner-sale-more-easily]: **Lindner v Murdock's Garage** — "The restraint is more easily upheld in the former than in the latter case." *Lindner v Murdock's Garage [1950] HCA 48; (1950) 83 CLR 628 (per Latham CJ).* <https://www.hcourt.gov.au/sites/default/files/eresources/1950/HCA/48.pdf>
+
+[^rota-s4-1-reform]: **Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW) s 4(1)** — "A restraint of trade is valid to the extent to which it is not against public policy, whether it is in severable terms or not." *Restraints of Trade Act 1976 (NSW) s 4(1).* <https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-1976-067>

package/skills/{non-compete-contract-explainer → legal-explainers/non-compete-contract-explainer}/content/new-york.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 jurisdiction: "New York"
 slug: new-york
 countryCode: US
-snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-08"
+snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-19"
 lastReviewed: "2026-06-03"
-canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/legal/non-compete/new-york
+canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/new-york
 license: CC BY 4.0
 stale: false
 ---
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ stale: false
 > relationship, and is not a substitute for a licensed attorney in the relevant jurisdiction.
 > Laws change; verify against the canonical version before relying on it.
 >
-> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/legal/non-compete/new-york · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-08 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © UseJunior
+> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/new-york · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-19 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © openagreements.org
 
 # Non-Competes in New York[^about]
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ The *unique or extraordinary services* category is demanding. It is not enough t
 
 **Short answer.** Sometimes, but partial enforcement is discretionary, not automatic. New York rejects a per se rule voiding every overbroad covenant, yet a court will rewrite one to a reasonable scope only when the employer acted in good faith and did not overreach [^bdo-rejects-per-se][^bdo-partial-enforcement-standard].
 
-The decisive factor is the employer's conduct. If the employer shows an absence of overreaching, coercive use of bargaining power, or other anti-competitive misconduct, and sought in good faith to protect a legitimate interest, partial enforcement may be justified [^bdo-partial-enforcement-standard]. The Attorney General's guidance describes the same possibility — a court may enforce some parts of a covenant for a shorter time or smaller area while disregarding unreasonable portions [^ag-faq-partial-enforcement].
+The decisive factor is the employer's conduct. If the employer shows an absence of overreaching, coercive use of bargaining power, or other anti-competitive misconduct, and sought in good faith to protect a legitimate interest, partial enforcement may be justified [^bdo-partial-enforcement-standard]. The Attorney General's guidance describes the same possibility — a court may enforce some parts of a covenant for a shorter time or smaller area while disregarding unreasonable portions [^ag-faq-partial-enforcement]. For a clause-by-clause pass over a specific agreement under these drafting constraints, the [New York non-compete review checklist](/checklists/non-compete/us/new-york) walks the full covenant suite item by item with each requirement's force level.
 
 But there is no severance to perform when the covenant protects no legitimate interest at all; in that case the agreement is simply unenforceable [^natural-organics-no-severance].
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ This is the one place New York has a statutory non-compete prohibition rather th
 >
 > Do not advise clients that New York has *banned* non-competes. As of this review, no statewide ban is in effect — S3100A was vetoed and S4641A has not passed the Assembly — so the common-law reasonableness test still governs. Re-check the status of S4641A before relying on the current rule [^s3100a-vetoed-ban][^s4641a-pending-ban].
 
-[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org) · Maintained by [UseJunior](https://usejunior.com). Last reviewed 2026-06-03. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York. This article synthesizes New York primary law and is not legal advice. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
+[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org). Last reviewed 2026-06-03. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York. This article synthesizes New York primary law and is not legal advice. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
 
 [^bdo-reasonableness-standard]: **BDO Seidman v. Hirshberg** — "The modern, prevailing common-law standard of reasonableness for employee agreements not to compete applies a three-pronged test." *BDO Seidman v. Hirshberg, 93 N.Y.2d 382, 388 (1999).* <https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2117265/bdo-seidman-v-hirshberg/#:~:text=The%20modern%2C%20prevailing%20common%2Dlaw%20standard,compete%20applies%20a%20three%2Dpronged%20test.>
 

package/skills/{non-compete-contract-explainer → legal-explainers/non-compete-contract-explainer}/content/north-carolina.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 jurisdiction: "North Carolina"
 slug: north-carolina
 countryCode: US
-snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-08"
+snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-19"
 lastReviewed: "2026-06-03"
-canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/legal/non-compete/north-carolina
+canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/north-carolina
 license: CC BY 4.0
 stale: false
 ---
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ stale: false
 > relationship, and is not a substitute for a licensed attorney in the relevant jurisdiction.
 > Laws change; verify against the canonical version before relying on it.
 >
-> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/legal/non-compete/north-carolina · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-08 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © UseJunior
+> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/north-carolina · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-19 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © openagreements.org
 
 # Non-Competes in North Carolina[^about]
 
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ The Court of Appeals draws the same line: a court may decline to enforce a disti
 
 "A court at most may choose not to enforce a distinctly separable part of a covenant in order to render the provision reasonable."[^q5-hartman-separable]
 
-Critically, a contractual clause purporting to authorize the court to revise the covenant does not work. The Supreme Court held that parties cannot confer a power the court does not possess.
+Critically, a contractual clause purporting to authorize the court to revise the covenant does not work. The Supreme Court held that parties cannot confer a power the court does not possess. For a clause-by-clause pass over a specific agreement against these drafting rules, the [North Carolina non-compete review checklist](/checklists/non-compete/us/north-carolina) walks the full covenant suite item by item with each requirement's force level.
 
 "However, parties cannot contract to give a court power that it does not have."[^q5-beverage-contract]
 
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ SB 673 would impose a categorical ban for hospital-employed health-care professi
 >
 > Track HB 269 and SB 673 before relying on a covenant for a lower-paid worker or a hospital-employed clinician, but draft to current law. Both bills remain pending in committee and have not been enacted, so the existing common-law test still controls [^q12-hb269-policy][^q12-sb673].
 
-[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org) · Maintained by [UseJunior](https://usejunior.com). Last reviewed 2026-06-03. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York, not North Carolina. This article synthesizes North Carolina primary law and is not legal advice from a North Carolina-admitted attorney. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
+[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org). Last reviewed 2026-06-03. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York, not North Carolina. This article synthesizes North Carolina primary law and is not legal advice from a North Carolina-admitted attorney. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
 
 [^q1-ridgway-five-factor]: **Medical Staffing Network, Inc. v. Ridgway** — "To be enforceable under North Carolina law, a non-competition agreement must be: (1) in writing; (2) part of an employment contract; (3) based on valuable consideration; (4) reasonable as to time and territory; and (5) designed to protect a legitimate business interest." *Med. Staffing Network, Inc. v. Ridgway, 194 N.C. App. 649 (2009).* <https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1156110/medical-staffing-network-inc-v-ridgway/#:~:text=To%20be%20enforceable%20under%20North,protect%20a%20legitimate%20business%20interest.>
 

package/skills/{non-compete-contract-explainer → legal-explainers/non-compete-contract-explainer}/content/north-dakota.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 jurisdiction: "North Dakota"
 slug: north-dakota
 countryCode: US
-snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-08"
+snapshotAsOf: "2026-06-19"
 lastReviewed: "2026-06-02"
-canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/legal/non-compete/north-dakota
+canonicalUrl: https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/north-dakota
 license: CC BY 4.0
 stale: false
 ---
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ stale: false
 > relationship, and is not a substitute for a licensed attorney in the relevant jurisdiction.
 > Laws change; verify against the canonical version before relying on it.
 >
-> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/legal/non-compete/north-dakota · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-08 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © UseJunior
+> **Canonical:** https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/north-dakota · **Snapshot as of:** 2026-06-19 · License: CC BY 4.0 · © openagreements.org
 
 # Non-Competes in North Dakota[^about]
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ North Dakota voids employee non-competes under N.D. Cent. Code § 9-08-06, one o
 
 For employees, that is a prohibition, not a reasonableness test. The two statutory exceptions cover sale-of-goodwill and owner dissociation settings; ordinary employment non-competes do not fit either exception. North Dakota cases apply the rule strictly, including to insurance agents and emergency-room physicians [^werlinger-employee-noncompete-void][^spectrum-physician-employment-void].
 
-That does not make every workplace covenant invalid. A confidentiality clause, trade-secret remedy, or during-employment loyalty claim may stand on different law. But a post-employment covenant that keeps a worker from practicing the same lawful trade is usually void.
+That does not make every workplace covenant invalid. A confidentiality clause, trade-secret remedy, or during-employment loyalty claim may stand on different law. But a post-employment covenant that keeps a worker from practicing the same lawful trade is usually void. For a clause-by-clause pass over a specific agreement under these rules, the [North Dakota non-compete review checklist](/checklists/non-compete/us/north-dakota) walks the surviving covenant suite item by item with each requirement's force level.
 
 ## What statutory exceptions permit North Dakota non-competes? {#statutory-exceptions}
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Employers also can enforce ordinary loyalty duties while employment continues. S
 >
 > Do not repackage a non-compete as confidentiality. A valid alternative should target misuse of protected information or disloyal conduct, not ordinary work for a competitor after employment ends [^north-dakota-trade-secret-definition].
 
-[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org) · Maintained by [UseJunior](https://usejunior.com). Last reviewed 2026-06-02. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York, not North Dakota. This article synthesizes North Dakota primary law and is not legal advice from a North Dakota-admitted attorney. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
+[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org). Last reviewed 2026-06-02. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York, not North Dakota. This article synthesizes North Dakota primary law and is not legal advice from a North Dakota-admitted attorney. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
 
 [^north-dakota-business-restraint-void]: **N.D. Cent. Code § 9-08-06** — "A contract by which anyone is restrained from exercising a lawful profession, trade, or business of any kind is to that extent void, except: 1. A person that sells the goodwill of a business and the person's partners, members, or shareholders may agree with the buyer to refrain from carrying on a similar business within a reasonable geographic area and for a reasonable length of time, if the buyer or any person deriving title to the goodwill from the buyer carries on a like business in that area." *N.D. Cent. Code § 9-08-06.* <https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t09c08.pdf>