node-opcua-address-space 2.180.0 → 2.181.0

package/impl/ua_variable_impl.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2559 @@
+/**
+ * @module node-opcua-address-space
+ */
+import { types } from "node:util";
+import chalk from "chalk";
+import type {
+    BindVariableOptions,
+    CloneFilter,
+    CloneOptions,
+    ISessionContext,
+    IVariableHistorian,
+    ListenerSignature,
+    TimestampGetFunc,
+    TimestampSetFunc,
+    UADataType,
+    UAVariable,
+    UAVariableEvents,
+    UAVariableT,
+    UAVariableType
+} from "node-opcua-address-space-base";
+import {
+    type BindExtensionObjectOptions,
+    type CloneExtraInfo,
+    type ContinuationData,
+    defaultCloneFilter,
+    type GetFunc,
+    makeDefaultCloneExtraInfo,
+    type SetFunc,
+    type VariableDataValueGetterSync,
+    type VariableDataValueSetterWithCallback,
+    type VariableSetter
+} from "node-opcua-address-space-base";
+import { assert } from "node-opcua-assert";
+import {
+    AccessLevelFlag,
+    AttributeIds,
+    convertAccessLevelFlagToByte,
+    isDataEncoding,
+    isValidDataEncoding,
+    makeAccessLevelFlag,
+    NodeClass,
+    type QualifiedName,
+    type QualifiedNameLike
+} from "node-opcua-data-model";
+import {
+    DataValue,
+    type DataValueLike,
+    type DataValueT,
+    extractRange,
+    makeNowDataValue,
+    sameDataValue
+} from "node-opcua-data-value";
+import { coerceClock, getCurrentClock, type PreciseClock } from "node-opcua-date-time";
+import { checkDebugFlag, make_debugLog, make_errorLog, make_warningLog } from "node-opcua-debug";
+import { ExtensionObject, OpaqueStructure } from "node-opcua-extension-object";
+import { NodeId, type NodeIdLike } from "node-opcua-nodeid";
+import type { UAHistoricalDataConfiguration } from "node-opcua-nodeset-ua";
+import { NumericRange } from "node-opcua-numeric-range";
+import { WriteValue } from "node-opcua-service-write";
+import type { StatusCodeCallback } from "node-opcua-status-code";
+import { type CallbackT, StatusCode, StatusCodes } from "node-opcua-status-code";
+import {
+    type HistoryReadDetails,
+    HistoryReadResult,
+    PermissionType,
+    type ReadAtTimeDetails,
+    type ReadEventDetails,
+    type ReadProcessedDetails,
+    type ReadRawModifiedDetails,
+    type WriteValueOptions
+} from "node-opcua-types";
+import {
+    adjustVariant,
+    DataType,
+    sameVariant,
+    Variant,
+    VariantArrayType,
+    type VariantLike,
+    verifyRankAndDimensions
+} from "node-opcua-variant";
+import { convertToCallbackFunction1 } from "../api/helpers/multiform_func.js";
+import { SessionContext } from "../api/session_context.js";
+import { apply_condition_refresh, type ConditionRefreshCache } from "./apply_condition_refresh.js";
+import { BaseNodeImpl, type InternalBaseNodeOptions } from "./base_node_impl.js";
+import { _clone, ToStringBuilder, UAVariable_toString, valueRankToString } from "./base_node_private.js";
+import { adjustDataValueStatusCode } from "./data_access/adjust_datavalue_status_code.js";
+import { _getBasicDataType } from "./get_basic_datatype.js";
+import { type EnumerationInfo, type IEnumItem, UADataTypeImpl } from "./ua_data_type_impl.js";
+import {
+    _bindExtensionObject,
+    _bindExtensionObjectArrayOrMatrix,
+    _installExtensionObjectBindingOnProperties,
+    extractPartialData,
+    incrementElement,
+    propagateTouchValueDownward,
+    propagateTouchValueDownwardArray,
+    propagateTouchValueUpward,
+    setExtensionObjectPartialValue
+} from "./ua_variable_impl_ext_obj.js";
+import { validateDataTypeCorrectness } from "./validate_data_type_correctness.js";
+
+const debugLog = make_debugLog("ua_variable_impl");
+const warningLog = make_warningLog("ua_variable_impl");
+const doDebug = checkDebugFlag("ua_variable_impl");
+const errorLog = make_errorLog("ua_variable_impl");
+
+const plainChalk = new Proxy(chalk, { get: () => (s: string) => s }) as typeof chalk;
+
+export function adjust_accessLevel(accessLevel: string | number | AccessLevelFlag | null | undefined): AccessLevelFlag {
+    const flag = makeAccessLevelFlag(accessLevel ?? "CurrentRead | CurrentWrite");
+    assert(Number.isFinite(flag));
+    return flag;
+}
+
+export function adjust_userAccessLevel(
+    userAccessLevel: string | number | AccessLevelFlag | null | undefined,
+    accessLevel: string | number | AccessLevelFlag | null
+): AccessLevelFlag | undefined {
+    if (userAccessLevel === undefined) {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    userAccessLevel = adjust_accessLevel(userAccessLevel);
+    accessLevel = adjust_accessLevel(accessLevel);
+    return makeAccessLevelFlag(accessLevel & userAccessLevel);
+}
+
+function adjust_samplingInterval(minimumSamplingInterval: number): number {
+    assert(Number.isFinite(minimumSamplingInterval));
+    if (minimumSamplingInterval < 0) {
+        return -1; // only -1 is a valid negative value for samplingInterval and means "unspecified"
+    }
+    return minimumSamplingInterval;
+}
+
+function is_Variant(v: unknown): boolean {
+    return v instanceof Variant;
+}
+
+function is_StatusCode(v: unknown): boolean {
+    return !!(
+        v?.constructor &&
+        (v instanceof StatusCode ||
+            v.constructor.name === "ConstantStatusCode" ||
+            v.constructor.name === "StatusCode" ||
+            v.constructor.name === "ModifiableStatusCode")
+    );
+}
+
+function is_Variant_or_StatusCode(v: unknown): boolean {
+    if (is_Variant(v)) {
+        // /@@assert(v.isValid());
+    }
+    return is_Variant(v) || is_StatusCode(v);
+}
+
+function default_func(this: UAVariable, dataValue1: DataValue, callback1: CallbackT<StatusCode>) {
+    return _default_writable_timestamped_set_func.call(this, dataValue1, callback1);
+}
+
+interface UAVariableOptions extends InternalBaseNodeOptions {
+    value?: unknown;
+    dataType: NodeId | string;
+    /**
+     * This attribute indicates whether the Value attribute of the Variable is an array and how many dimensions the array has.
+     * It may have the following values:
+     *   * n > 1: the Value is an array with the specified number of dimensions.
+     *   * OneDimension (1): The value is an array with one dimension.
+     *   * OneOrMoreDimensions (0): The value is an array with one or more dimensions.
+     *   * Scalar (−1): The value is not an array.
+     *   * Any (−2): The value can be a scalar or an array with any number of dimensions.
+     *   * ScalarOrOneDimension (−3): The value can be a scalar or a one dimensional array.
+     *   * All DataTypes are considered to be scalar, even if they have array-like semantics like ByteString and String.
+     */
+    valueRank?: number;
+    arrayDimensions?: null | number[];
+    accessLevel?: keyof typeof AccessLevelFlag | AccessLevelFlag | null;
+    userAccessLevel?: keyof typeof AccessLevelFlag | AccessLevelFlag | null;
+    minimumSamplingInterval?: number; // default -1
+    historizing?: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A OPCUA Variable Node
+ *
+ * @class UAVariable
+ * @constructor
+ * @extends  BaseNode
+ *  The AccessLevel Attribute is used to indicate how the Value of a Variable can be accessed (read/write) and if it
+ *  contains current and/or historic data. The AccessLevel does not take any user access rights into account,
+ *  i.e. although the Variable is writable this may be restricted to a certain user / user group.
+ *  The AccessLevel is an 8-bit unsigned integer with the structure defined in the following table:
+ *
+ *  Field            Bit    Description
+ *  CurrentRead      0      Indicates if the current value is readable
+ *                          (0 means not readable, 1 means readable).
+ *  CurrentWrite     1      Indicates if the current value is writable
+ *                          (0 means not writable, 1 means writable).
+ *  HistoryRead      2      Indicates if the history of the value is readable
+ *                          (0 means not readable, 1 means readable).
+ *  HistoryWrite     3      Indicates if the history of the value is writable (0 means not writable, 1 means writable).
+ *  SemanticChange   4      Indicates if the Variable used as Property generates SemanticChangeEvents (see 9.31).
+ *  Reserved         5:7    Reserved for future use. Shall always be zero.
+ *
+ *  The first two bits also indicate if a current value of this Variable is available and the second two bits
+ *  indicates if the history of the Variable is available via the OPC UA server.
+ *
+ */
+export class UAVariableImpl<T extends UAVariableEvents & ListenerSignature<T> = UAVariableEvents>
+    extends BaseNodeImpl<T>
+    implements UAVariable<T>, UAVariableImplExtArray
+{
+    // -------------- UAvaraibleImplExArray
+    $$variableType?: UAVariableType;
+    $$dataType?: UADataType = undefined;
+    $$getElementBrowseName?: (extObject: ExtensionObject, index: number | number[]) => QualifiedName;
+    $$extensionObjectArray?: ExtensionObject[];
+    $$indexPropertyName?: string;
+    // --------------
+
+    public readonly nodeClass = NodeClass.Variable;
+
+    public dataType: NodeId;
+    private _basicDataType?: DataType;
+
+    // narrowing this to ExtensionObject breaks declaration-merging in ua_two_state_variable.ts and elsewhere
+    // (concrete *T variants bind $extensionObject to a different, more specific shape) — see the matching
+    // comment on UAVariable.$extensionObject in node-opcua-address-space-base for the documented precedent.
+    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: see comment above
+    public $extensionObject?: any;
+    public $set_ExtensionObject?: (newValue: ExtensionObject, sourceTimestamp: PreciseClock, cache: Set<UAVariableImpl>) => void;
+
+    public $historicalDataConfiguration?: UAHistoricalDataConfiguration;
+    public varHistorian?: IVariableHistorian;
+
+    /**
+     * @internal @private
+     */
+    public $dataValue: DataValue;
+    public accessLevel: number;
+    public userAccessLevel?: number;
+    public valueRank: number;
+    public minimumSamplingInterval: number;
+    public historizing: boolean;
+    public semantic_version: number;
+    public arrayDimensions: null | number[];
+
+    public _timestamped_get_func?: TimestampGetFunc | null;
+    public _timestamped_set_func?: VariableDataValueSetterWithCallback | null;
+    public _get_func?: GetFunc | null;
+    public _set_func?: ((value: Variant, callback: (err: Error | null, statusCode?: StatusCode) => void) => void) | null;
+    public refreshFunc?: (callback: CallbackT<DataValue>) => void;
+    public __waiting_callbacks?: CallbackT<DataValue>[];
+
+    get typeDefinitionObj(): UAVariableType {
+        // c8 ignore next
+        if (super.typeDefinitionObj && super.typeDefinitionObj.nodeClass !== NodeClass.VariableType) {
+            // this could happen in faulty external nodeset and has been seen once
+            // in an nano server
+            warningLog(super.typeDefinitionObj.toString());
+            const baseVariableType = this.addressSpace.findVariableType("BaseVariableType");
+            if (!baseVariableType) throw new Error("Cannot find BaseVariableType in address space");
+            return baseVariableType;
+        }
+        return super.typeDefinitionObj as UAVariableType;
+    }
+    get typeDefinition(): NodeId {
+        return super.typeDefinition;
+    }
+    constructor(options: UAVariableOptions) {
+        super(options);
+
+        verifyRankAndDimensions(options);
+        this.valueRank = options.valueRank ?? -1;
+        this.arrayDimensions = options.arrayDimensions ?? null;
+
+        this.dataType = this.resolveNodeId(options.dataType); // DataType (NodeId)
+
+        this.accessLevel = adjust_accessLevel(options.accessLevel);
+
+        this.userAccessLevel = adjust_userAccessLevel(options.userAccessLevel, this.accessLevel);
+
+        this.minimumSamplingInterval = adjust_samplingInterval(options.minimumSamplingInterval || 0);
+
+        this.historizing = !!options.historizing; // coerced to boolean"
+
+        // a Variant built from null takes the constructor's short path; the options form costs twice as much
+        this.$dataValue = new DataValue({ statusCode: StatusCodes.UncertainInitialValue, value: new Variant(null) });
+
+        if (options.value) {
+            this.bindVariable(options.value);
+        }
+
+        this.setMaxListeners(5000);
+
+        this.semantic_version = 0;
+    }
+    private checkAccessLevelPrivate(_context: ISessionContext, accessLevel: AccessLevelFlag): boolean {
+        if (this.userAccessLevel === undefined) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return (this.userAccessLevel & accessLevel) === accessLevel;
+    }
+    private checkPermissionPrivate(context: ISessionContext, permission: PermissionType): boolean {
+        if (!context) return true;
+        assert(context instanceof SessionContext);
+        if (context.checkPermission) {
+            if (!(context.checkPermission instanceof Function)) {
+                errorLog("context checkPermission is not a function");
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!context.checkPermission(this, permission)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    private checkPermissionAndAccessLevelPrivate(
+        context: ISessionContext,
+        permission: PermissionType,
+        accessLevel: AccessLevelFlag
+    ): boolean {
+        if (!this.checkPermissionPrivate(context, permission)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return this.checkAccessLevelPrivate(context, accessLevel);
+    }
+
+    public isReadable(_context: ISessionContext): boolean {
+        return (this.accessLevel & AccessLevelFlag.CurrentRead) === AccessLevelFlag.CurrentRead;
+    }
+
+    public isUserReadable(context: ISessionContext): boolean {
+        if (!this.isReadable(context)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!this.checkPermissionPrivate(context, PermissionType.Read)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return this.checkAccessLevelPrivate(context, AccessLevelFlag.CurrentRead);
+    }
+
+    public isWritable(_context: ISessionContext): boolean {
+        return (this.accessLevel & AccessLevelFlag.CurrentWrite) === AccessLevelFlag.CurrentWrite;
+    }
+
+    public isUserWritable(context: ISessionContext): boolean {
+        if (!this.isWritable(context)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return this.checkPermissionAndAccessLevelPrivate(context, PermissionType.Write, AccessLevelFlag.CurrentWrite);
+    }
+
+    public canUserReadHistory(context: ISessionContext): boolean {
+        return this.checkPermissionAndAccessLevelPrivate(context, PermissionType.ReadHistory, AccessLevelFlag.HistoryRead);
+    }
+    public canUserWriteHistorizingAttribute(context: ISessionContext): boolean {
+        if (context && !context.checkPermission(this, PermissionType.WriteHistorizing)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    public canUserInsertHistory(context: ISessionContext): boolean {
+        return this.checkPermissionAndAccessLevelPrivate(context, PermissionType.InsertHistory, AccessLevelFlag.HistoryWrite);
+    }
+    public canUserModifyHistory(context: ISessionContext): boolean {
+        return this.checkPermissionAndAccessLevelPrivate(context, PermissionType.ModifyHistory, AccessLevelFlag.HistoryWrite);
+    }
+    public canUserDeleteHistory(context: ISessionContext): boolean {
+        return this.checkPermissionAndAccessLevelPrivate(context, PermissionType.DeleteHistory, AccessLevelFlag.HistoryWrite);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     *
+     * from OPC.UA.Spec 1.02 part 4
+     *  5.10.2.4 StatusCodes
+     *  Table 51 defines values for the operation level statusCode contained in the DataValue structure of
+     *  each values element. Common StatusCodes are defined in Table 166.
+     *
+     * Table 51 Read Operation Level Result Codes
+     *
+     * | Symbolic Id                 | Description
+     * |-----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+     * |BadNodeIdInvalid             | The syntax of the node id is not valid.|
+     * |BadNodeIdUnknown            |The node id refers to a node that does not exist in the server address space.|
+     * |BadAttributeIdInvalid      | BadAttributeIdInvalid The attribute is not supported for the specified node.|
+     * |BadIndexRangeInvalid       | The syntax of the index range parameter is invalid.|
+     * |BadIndexRangeNoData        | No data exists within the range of indexes specified.|
+     * |BadDataEncodingInvalid     | The data encoding is invalid.|
+     * |                           | This result is used if no dataEncoding can be applied because an Attribute other|
+     * |                           | than Value was requested or the DataType of the Value Attribute is not a subtype|
+     * |                           | of the Structure DataType.|
+     * |BadDataEncodingUnsupported | The server does not support the requested data encoding for the node. |
+     * |                           | This result is used if a dataEncoding can be applied but the passed data encoding |
+     * |                           | is not known to the Server. |
+     * |BadNotReadable             | The access level does not allow reading or subscribing to the Node.|
+     * |BadUserAccessDenied        | User does not have permission to perform the requested operation. (table 165)|
+     */
+    public readValue(
+        context?: ISessionContext | null,
+        indexRange?: NumericRange,
+        dataEncoding?: QualifiedNameLike | null
+    ): DataValue {
+        if (!context) {
+            context = SessionContext.defaultContext;
+        }
+
+        if (context.isAccessRestricted(this)) {
+            return new DataValue({ statusCode: StatusCodes.BadSecurityModeInsufficient });
+        }
+
+        if (!this.isReadable(context)) {
+            return new DataValue({ statusCode: StatusCodes.BadNotReadable });
+        }
+        if (!this.checkPermissionPrivate(context, PermissionType.Read)) {
+            return new DataValue({ statusCode: StatusCodes.BadUserAccessDenied });
+        }
+        if (!this.isUserReadable(context)) {
+            return new DataValue({ statusCode: StatusCodes.BadNotReadable });
+        }
+        if (!isValidDataEncoding(dataEncoding)) {
+            // Table 51: no encoding can be applied to a non-Structure value. The CTT
+            // (Attribute Read 037) still expects the requested timestamps on this Bad
+            // result, and a DataValue may carry them whatever its status.
+            return makeNowDataValue({ statusCode: StatusCodes.BadDataEncodingInvalid });
+        }
+
+        if (this._timestamped_get_func) {
+            if (this._timestamped_get_func.length === 0) {
+                const dataValueOrPromise = (this._timestamped_get_func as VariableDataValueGetterSync)();
+                if (!Object.hasOwn(dataValueOrPromise.constructor.prototype, "then")) {
+                    if (dataValueOrPromise !== this.$dataValue) {
+                        // we may have a problem here if we use a getter that returns a dataValue that is a ExtensionObject
+                        if (dataValueOrPromise.value?.dataType === DataType.ExtensionObject) {
+                            if (this.$extensionObject || this.$$extensionObjectArray) {
+                                // we have an extension object already bound to this node
+                                // the client is asking us to replace the object entirely by a new one
+                                // const ext = dataValue.value.value;
+                                this._internal_set_dataValue(dataValueOrPromise);
+                                return dataValueOrPromise;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        // TO DO : is this necessary ? this may interfere with current use of $dataValue
+                        this.$dataValue = dataValueOrPromise as DataValue;
+                        if (this.$dataValue.statusCode.isGoodish()) {
+                            this.verifyVariantCompatibility(this.$dataValue.value);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    errorLog(
+                        "[NODE-OPCUA-E28] Unsupported: _timestamped_get_func returns a Promise ! , when the uaVariable has an async getter. Fix your application code."
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let dataValue = this.$dataValue;
+
+        if (dataValue.statusCode.isGoodish()) {
+            // note : extractRange will clone the dataValue
+            dataValue = extractRange(dataValue, indexRange);
+        }
+
+        /* c8 ignore next */
+        if (
+            dataValue.statusCode.equals(StatusCodes.BadWaitingForInitialData) ||
+            dataValue.statusCode.equals(StatusCodes.UncertainInitialValue)
+        ) {
+            // c8 ignore next
+            doDebug &&
+                debugLog(
+                    chalk.red(" Warning:  UAVariable#readValue ") +
+                        chalk.cyan(this.browseName.toString()) +
+                        " (" +
+                        chalk.yellow(this.nodeId.toString()) +
+                        ") exists but dataValue has not been defined"
+                );
+        }
+        return dataValue;
+    }
+
+    public isEnumeration(): boolean {
+        return this.addressSpacePrivate.isEnumeration(this.dataType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * return true if the DataType is of type Extension object
+     * this is not taking into account the valueRank of the variable
+     */
+    public isExtensionObject(): boolean {
+        // DataType must be one of Structure
+        if (this.dataType.isEmpty()) return false;
+        const dataTypeNode = this.addressSpace.findDataType(this.dataType) as UADataType;
+        if (!dataTypeNode) {
+            throw new Error(` Cannot find  DataType  ${this.dataType.toString()} in standard address Space`);
+        }
+        const structureNode = this.addressSpace.findDataType("Structure");
+        if (!structureNode) {
+            throw new Error(" Cannot find 'Structure' DataType in standard address Space");
+        }
+        return dataTypeNode.isSubtypeOf(structureNode);
+    }
+
+    public _getEnumerationInfo(): EnumerationInfo {
+        // DataType must be one of Enumeration
+        assert(this.isEnumeration(), "Variable is not an enumeration");
+        const dataTypeNode = this.addressSpace.findDataType(this.dataType) as UADataTypeImpl;
+        return dataTypeNode._getEnumerationInfo();
+    }
+
+    public asyncRefresh(oldestDate: PreciseClock, callback: CallbackT<DataValue>): void;
+    public asyncRefresh(oldestDate: PreciseClock): Promise<DataValue>;
+    public asyncRefresh(oldestDate: PreciseClock, callback?: CallbackT<DataValue>): Promise<DataValue> | undefined {
+        // asyncRefresh is always invoked with a callback at runtime: the public overload without
+        // a callback is only reachable through the withCallback() wrapper installed below, which
+        // synthesizes one before calling into this implementation.
+        const cb = callback as CallbackT<DataValue>;
+        if (this.$dataValue.statusCode.isGoodish()) {
+            this.verifyVariantCompatibility(this.$dataValue.value);
+        }
+
+        const lessOrEqual = (a: PreciseClock, b: PreciseClock) => {
+            return (
+                a.timestamp.getTime() < b.timestamp.getTime() ||
+                (a.timestamp.getTime() === b.timestamp.getTime() && a.picoseconds <= b.picoseconds)
+            );
+        };
+
+        if (!this.refreshFunc) {
+            // no refresh func
+            const dataValue = this.readValue();
+            dataValue.serverTimestamp = oldestDate.timestamp;
+            dataValue.serverPicoseconds = oldestDate.picoseconds;
+            const serverClock = coerceClock(dataValue.serverTimestamp, dataValue.serverPicoseconds);
+            if (lessOrEqual(oldestDate, serverClock)) {
+                cb(null, dataValue);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                // fake
+                cb(null, dataValue);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        const c1 = this.$dataValue.serverTimestamp
+            ? coerceClock(this.$dataValue.serverTimestamp, this.$dataValue.serverPicoseconds)
+            : null;
+
+        if (c1 && lessOrEqual(oldestDate, c1)) {
+            const dataValue = this.readValue().clone();
+            dataValue.serverTimestamp = oldestDate.timestamp;
+            dataValue.serverPicoseconds = oldestDate.picoseconds;
+            cb(null, dataValue);
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            this.refreshFunc.call(this, (err: Error | null, dataValue?: DataValueLike) => {
+                // c8 ignore next
+                if (err || !dataValue) {
+                    errorLog(
+                        "-------------- refresh call failed",
+                        this.browseName.toString(),
+                        this.nodeId.toString(),
+                        err?.message
+                    );
+                    dataValue = { statusCode: StatusCodes.BadNoDataAvailable };
+                }
+                if (dataValue && dataValue !== this.$dataValue) {
+                    this._internal_set_dataValue(coerceDataValue(dataValue), null);
+                }
+                cb(err, this.$dataValue);
+            });
+        } catch (err) {
+            errorLog("-------------- refresh call failed 2", this.browseName.toString(), this.nodeId.toString());
+            errorLog(err);
+            const dataValue = new DataValue({ statusCode: StatusCodes.BadInternalError });
+            this._internal_set_dataValue(dataValue, null);
+            cb(err as Error, this.$dataValue);
+        }
+        return undefined;
+    }
+
+    public readEnumValue(): IEnumItem {
+        const value = this.readValue().value.value as number;
+        const enumInfo = this._getEnumerationInfo();
+        const enumV = enumInfo.valueIndex[value];
+        return { value, name: enumV ? enumV.name : "?????" };
+    }
+
+    public writeEnumValue(value: string | number): void {
+        const enumInfo = this._getEnumerationInfo();
+
+        if (typeof value === "string") {
+            if (!Object.hasOwn(enumInfo.nameIndex, value)) {
+                const possibleValues = Object.keys(enumInfo.nameIndex).join(",");
+                throw new Error(`UAVariable#writeEnumValue: cannot find value ${value} in [${possibleValues}]`);
+            }
+            const valueIndex = enumInfo.nameIndex[value].value;
+            value = valueIndex;
+        }
+        if (Number.isFinite(value)) {
+            const possibleValues = Object.keys(enumInfo.nameIndex).join(",");
+
+            if (!enumInfo.valueIndex[value]) {
+                throw new Error(`UAVariable#writeEnumValue : value out of range ${value} in [${possibleValues}]`);
+            }
+            this.setValueFromSource({
+                dataType: DataType.Int32,
+                value
+            });
+        } else {
+            throw new Error("UAVariable#writeEnumValue:  value type mismatch");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public readAttribute(
+        context: ISessionContext | null,
+        attributeId: AttributeIds,
+        indexRange?: NumericRange,
+        dataEncoding?: QualifiedNameLike | null
+    ): DataValue {
+        context = context || SessionContext.defaultContext;
+        assert(context instanceof SessionContext);
+
+        const options: DataValueLike = {};
+
+        if (attributeId !== AttributeIds.Value) {
+            if (indexRange?.isDefined()) {
+                options.statusCode = StatusCodes.BadIndexRangeNoData;
+                return new DataValue(options);
+            }
+            if (isDataEncoding(dataEncoding)) {
+                options.statusCode = StatusCodes.BadDataEncodingInvalid;
+                return new DataValue(options);
+            }
+        }
+
+        switch (attributeId) {
+            case AttributeIds.Value:
+                return this.readValue(context, indexRange, dataEncoding);
+
+            case AttributeIds.DataType:
+                return this._readDataType();
+
+            case AttributeIds.ValueRank:
+                return this._readValueRank();
+
+            case AttributeIds.ArrayDimensions:
+                return this._readArrayDimensions();
+
+            case AttributeIds.AccessLevel:
+                return this._readAccessLevel(context);
+
+            case AttributeIds.UserAccessLevel:
+                return this._readUserAccessLevel(context);
+
+            case AttributeIds.MinimumSamplingInterval:
+                return this._readMinimumSamplingInterval();
+
+            case AttributeIds.Historizing:
+                return this._readHistorizing();
+
+            case AttributeIds.AccessLevelEx:
+                return this._readAccessLevelEx(context);
+            default:
+                return BaseNodeImpl.prototype.readAttribute.call(this, context, attributeId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public getBasicDataType(): DataType {
+        return _getBasicDataType(this);
+    }
+    public adjustVariant(variant: Variant): Variant {
+        return adjustVariant(variant, this.valueRank, this.getBasicDataType());
+    }
+    public verifyVariantCompatibility(variant: Variant): void {
+        try {
+            // c8 ignore next
+            if (Object.hasOwn(variant, "value")) {
+                if (variant.dataType === null || variant.dataType === undefined) {
+                    throw new Error(
+                        "Variant must provide a valid dataType : variant = " +
+                            variant.toString() +
+                            " this.dataType= " +
+                            this.dataType.toString()
+                    );
+                }
+                if (
+                    variant.dataType === DataType.Boolean &&
+                    (this.dataType.namespace !== 0 || this.dataType.value !== DataType.Boolean)
+                ) {
+                    throw new Error(
+                        "Variant must provide a valid Boolean : variant = " +
+                            variant.toString() +
+                            " this.dataType= " +
+                            this.dataType.toString()
+                    );
+                }
+                if (
+                    this.dataType.namespace === 0 &&
+                    this.dataType.value === DataType.LocalizedText &&
+                    variant.dataType !== DataType.LocalizedText &&
+                    variant.dataType !== DataType.Null
+                ) {
+                    throw new Error(
+                        "Variant must provide a valid LocalizedText : variant = " +
+                            variant.toString() +
+                            " this.dataType= " +
+                            this.dataType.toString()
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            const basicType = this.getBasicDataType();
+
+            if (basicType === DataType.String && variant.dataType === DataType.ByteString) {
+                return; // this is allowed
+            }
+            if (basicType === DataType.ByteString && variant.dataType === DataType.String) {
+                return; // this is allowed
+            }
+
+            if (
+                basicType !== DataType.Null &&
+                basicType !== DataType.Variant &&
+                variant.dataType !== DataType.Null &&
+                variant.dataType !== basicType
+            ) {
+                const message =
+                    "UAVariable.setValueFromSource " +
+                    this.browseName.toString() +
+                    " nodeId:" +
+                    this.nodeId.toString() +
+                    " dataType:" +
+                    this.dataType.toString() +
+                    ":\n" +
+                    "the provided variant must have the expected dataType!\n" +
+                    "   - the expected dataType is " +
+                    chalk.cyan(DataType[basicType]) +
+                    "\n" +
+                    "   - the actual dataType   is " +
+                    chalk.magenta(DataType[variant.dataType]) +
+                    "\n" +
+                    "   - " +
+                    variant.toString();
+                throw new Error(message);
+            }
+        } catch (err) {
+            errorLog("UAVariable  ", (err as Error)?.message, this.browseName.toString(), " nodeId=", this.nodeId.toString());
+            errorLog((err as Error).message);
+            errorLog((err as Error).stack);
+            throw err;
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * setValueFromSource is used to let the device sets the variable values
+     * this method also records the current time as sourceTimestamp and serverTimestamp.
+.     *
+    * The method will raise an exception if the value is not compatible with the dataType and expected dimension
+    *
+
+    * @param variant  {Variant}
+    * @param [statusCode  {StatusCode} = StatusCodes.Good]
+    * @param [sourceTimestamp= Now]
+    */
+    public setValueFromSource(variant: VariantLike, statusCode?: StatusCode, sourceTimestamp?: Date): void {
+        try {
+            statusCode = statusCode || StatusCodes.Good;
+            const variant1 = Variant.coerce(variant);
+            this.verifyVariantCompatibility(variant1);
+            const now = coerceClock(sourceTimestamp, 0);
+
+            const dataValue = new DataValue(null);
+            dataValue.serverPicoseconds = now.picoseconds;
+            dataValue.serverTimestamp = now.timestamp;
+            dataValue.sourcePicoseconds = now.picoseconds;
+            dataValue.sourceTimestamp = now.timestamp;
+            dataValue.statusCode = statusCode;
+            dataValue.value = variant1;
+
+            if (dataValue.value.dataType === DataType.ExtensionObject) {
+                // early, detailed diagnostics on a malformed extension object (the actual throw
+                // happens below in _internal_set_dataValue).
+                const valueIsCorrect = this.checkExtensionObjectIsCorrect(dataValue.value.value);
+                if (!valueIsCorrect) {
+                    errorLog("setValueFromSource Invalid value !");
+                    errorLog(this.toString());
+                    errorLog(dataValue.toString());
+                }
+            }
+            // Route every value - scalar or ExtensionObject - through _internal_set_dataValue.
+            // This guarantees the change is consistently propagated to observers (historian,
+            // monitored items) and, when the node is a bound extension object (or a bound
+            // sub-structure child), cascaded through the proxy field setters by the overridden
+            // _inner_replace_dataValue. Previously ExtensionObject values were special-cased with a
+            // silent "this.$dataValue = dataValue" assignment that skipped notification for plain
+            // (unbound) extension object variables and threw on bound sub-structure children.
+            this._internal_set_dataValue(dataValue);
+        } catch (err) {
+            errorLog("UAVariable#setValueFromString Error : ", this.browseName.toString(), this.nodeId.toString());
+            errorLog((err as Error).message);
+            errorLog(this.parent?.toString());
+            throw err;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The initial value of a variable a nodeset file declares, or the default of its data type.
+     *
+     * What setValueFromSource does, minus what a variable nobody has seen yet cannot need: the
+     * clone of the previous value and the comparison with it, the change event and the touch of
+     * the parents. The compatibility checks stay, since a wrong <Value> in a third-party nodeset
+     * is exactly what they catch. A variable that is bound already (an extension object proxy,
+     * a setter) takes the full path.
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public _setInitialDataValue(variant: VariantLike, statusCode: StatusCode = StatusCodes.Good): void {
+        // the loader creates every variable with an empty value object, which the constructor
+        // binds, so a bound setter is the norm here and not a reason to take the long path:
+        // setValueFromSource never consults it either. A bound extension object is.
+        if (this.$$extensionObjectArray || this.$set_ExtensionObject) {
+            this.setValueFromSource(variant, statusCode);
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            const variant1 = Variant.coerce(variant);
+            this.verifyVariantCompatibility(variant1);
+            if (variant1.dataType === DataType.ExtensionObject && !this.checkExtensionObjectIsCorrect(variant1.value)) {
+                throw new Error("invalid extension object");
+            }
+            const now = getCurrentClock();
+            this.$dataValue = new DataValue({
+                value: variant1,
+                statusCode,
+                sourceTimestamp: now.timestamp,
+                sourcePicoseconds: now.picoseconds,
+                serverTimestamp: now.timestamp,
+                serverPicoseconds: now.picoseconds
+            });
+        } catch (err) {
+            throw new Error(
+                `UAVariable#_setInitialDataValue ${this.browseName.toString()} ${this.nodeId.toString()}: ${(err as Error).message}`
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private adjustDataValueStatusCode(dataValue: DataValue): StatusCode {
+        const statusCode = adjustDataValueStatusCode(
+            this,
+            dataValue,
+            (this as unknown as { acceptValueOutOfRange?: boolean }).acceptValueOutOfRange || false
+        );
+        return statusCode;
+    }
+
+    public writeValue(
+        context: ISessionContext,
+        dataValue: DataValue,
+        indexRange: string | NumericRange | null,
+        callback: StatusCodeCallback
+    ): void;
+    public writeValue(context: ISessionContext, dataValue: DataValue, callback: StatusCodeCallback): void;
+    public writeValue(
+        context: ISessionContext,
+        dataValue: DataValue,
+        indexRange?: string | NumericRange | null
+    ): Promise<StatusCode>;
+    public writeValue(context: ISessionContext, dataValue: DataValue, ...args: unknown[]): Promise<StatusCode> | undefined {
+        context = context || SessionContext.defaultContext;
+        assert(context instanceof SessionContext);
+
+        if (!dataValue.sourceTimestamp) {
+            // source timestamp was not specified by the caller
+            // we will set the timestamp ourself with the current clock
+            if (context.currentTime) {
+                dataValue.sourceTimestamp = context.currentTime.timestamp;
+                dataValue.sourcePicoseconds = context.currentTime.picoseconds;
+            } else {
+                const { timestamp, picoseconds } = getCurrentClock();
+                dataValue.sourceTimestamp = timestamp;
+                dataValue.sourcePicoseconds = picoseconds;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (context.currentTime && !dataValue.serverTimestamp) {
+            dataValue.serverTimestamp = context.currentTime.timestamp;
+            dataValue.serverPicoseconds = context.currentTime.picoseconds;
+        }
+
+        // adjust arguments if optional indexRange Parameter is not given
+        let indexRange: NumericRange | null = null;
+        let callback: StatusCodeCallback;
+        if (args.length === 1) {
+            indexRange = new NumericRange();
+            callback = args[0] as StatusCodeCallback;
+        } else if (args.length === 2) {
+            indexRange = args[0] as NumericRange;
+            callback = args[1] as StatusCodeCallback;
+        } else {
+            throw new Error("Invalid Number of args");
+        }
+
+        assert(typeof callback === "function");
+        assert(dataValue instanceof DataValue);
+        // index range could be string
+        indexRange = NumericRange.coerce(indexRange);
+
+        // test write permission
+        if (!this.isWritable(context)) {
+            callback?.(null, StatusCodes.BadNotWritable);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!this.checkPermissionPrivate(context, PermissionType.Write)) {
+            callback?.(null, StatusCodes.BadUserAccessDenied);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // isWritable() and the role permission above already passed, so a false result
+        // here can only come from the UserAccessLevel attribute withholding CurrentWrite
+        // for this user (Part 3 5.6.3): that is an access decision, not an unsupported call.
+        if (!this.isUserWritable(context)) {
+            callback?.(null, StatusCodes.BadUserAccessDenied);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // adjust special case
+        const variant = adjustVariant2.call(this, dataValue.value);
+
+        const statusCode = this.checkVariantCompatibility(variant);
+        if (statusCode.isNot(StatusCodes.Good)) {
+            callback?.(null, statusCode);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // adjust dataValue.statusCode based on InstrumentRange and EngineeringUnits
+        const statusCode2 = this.adjustDataValueStatusCode(dataValue);
+        if (statusCode2.isNotGood()) {
+            callback?.(null, statusCode2);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const write_func = this._timestamped_set_func || default_func;
+
+        if (!write_func) {
+            warningLog(` warning ${this.nodeId.toString()} ${this.browseName.toString()} has no setter. \n`);
+            warningLog("Please make sure to bind the variable or to pass a valid value: new Variant({}) during construction time");
+            callback?.(null, StatusCodes.BadNotWritable);
+            return;
+        }
+        assert(write_func);
+
+        write_func.call(this, dataValue, (err?: Error | null, statusCode1?: StatusCode) => {
+            if (!err) {
+                dataValue && this.verifyVariantCompatibility(dataValue.value);
+
+                if (indexRange && !indexRange.isEmpty()) {
+                    if (!indexRange.isValid()) {
+                        callback?.(null, StatusCodes.BadIndexRangeInvalid);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    const newArrayOrMatrix = dataValue.value.value;
+
+                    if (dataValue.value.arrayType === VariantArrayType.Array) {
+                        if (this.$dataValue.value.arrayType !== VariantArrayType.Array) {
+                            callback(null, StatusCodes.BadTypeMismatch);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        // check that destination data is also an array
+                        assert(check_valid_array(this.$dataValue.value.dataType, this.$dataValue.value.value));
+                        const destArr = this.$dataValue.value.value;
+                        const result = indexRange.set_values(destArr, newArrayOrMatrix);
+
+                        if (result.statusCode.isNot(StatusCodes.Good)) {
+                            callback?.(null, result.statusCode);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        dataValue.value.value = result.array;
+
+                        // scrap original array so we detect range
+                        this.$dataValue.value.value = null;
+                    } else if (dataValue.value.arrayType === VariantArrayType.Matrix) {
+                        const dimensions = this.$dataValue.value.dimensions;
+                        if (this.$dataValue.value.arrayType !== VariantArrayType.Matrix || !dimensions) {
+                            // not a matrix !
+                            callback?.(null, StatusCodes.BadTypeMismatch);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        const matrix = this.$dataValue.value.value;
+                        const result = indexRange.set_values_matrix(
+                            {
+                                matrix,
+                                dimensions
+                            },
+                            newArrayOrMatrix
+                        );
+                        if (result.statusCode.isNot(StatusCodes.Good)) {
+                            callback?.(null, result.statusCode);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        dataValue.value.dimensions = this.$dataValue.value.dimensions;
+                        dataValue.value.value = result.matrix;
+
+                        // scrap original array so we detect range
+                        this.$dataValue.value.value = null;
+                    } else {
+                        callback?.(null, StatusCodes.BadTypeMismatch);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                try {
+                    this._internal_set_dataValue(dataValue, indexRange);
+                } catch (err) {
+                    if (types.isNativeError(err)) {
+                        warningLog(err.message);
+                    }
+                    callback?.(null, StatusCodes.BadInternalError);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            callback?.(err || null, statusCode1);
+        });
+        return undefined;
+    }
+
+    public writeAttribute(context: ISessionContext | null, writeValue: WriteValueOptions, callback: StatusCodeCallback): void;
+    public writeAttribute(context: ISessionContext | null, writeValue: WriteValueOptions): Promise<StatusCode>;
+    public writeAttribute(
+        context: ISessionContext | null,
+        writeValueOptions: WriteValueOptions,
+        callback?: (err: Error | null, statusCode?: StatusCode) => void
+    ): Promise<StatusCode> | undefined {
+        // c8 ignore next
+        if (!callback) {
+            throw new Error("Internal error");
+        }
+
+        if (!this.canUserWriteAttribute(context, writeValueOptions.attributeId as AttributeIds)) {
+            callback(null, StatusCodes.BadUserAccessDenied);
+            return;
+        }
+        const writeValue: WriteValue =
+            writeValueOptions instanceof WriteValue ? (writeValueOptions as WriteValue) : new WriteValue(writeValueOptions);
+
+        context = context || SessionContext.defaultContext;
+
+        assert(context instanceof SessionContext);
+        assert(writeValue instanceof WriteValue);
+        assert(writeValue.value instanceof DataValue);
+        assert(writeValue.value?.value instanceof Variant);
+        assert(typeof callback === "function");
+
+        // Spec 1.0.2 Part 4 page 58
+        // If the SourceTimestamp or the ServerTimestamp is specified, the Server shall
+        // use these values.
+
+        // xx _apply_default_timestamps(writeValue.value);
+
+        switch (writeValue.attributeId) {
+            case AttributeIds.Value:
+                this.writeValue(context, writeValue.value as DataValue, writeValue.indexRange, callback);
+                break;
+            case AttributeIds.Historizing:
+                if (writeValue.value?.value.dataType !== DataType.Boolean) {
+                    callback(null, StatusCodes.BadTypeMismatch);
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (!this.checkPermissionPrivate(context, PermissionType.WriteHistorizing)) {
+                    callback(null, StatusCodes.BadUserAccessDenied);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (!this.canUserWriteHistorizingAttribute(context)) {
+                    callback(null, StatusCodes.BadHistoryOperationUnsupported);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // Historizing is a real, writable attribute of a Variable (Part 3 5.6.2); a node
+                // without an HA Configuration simply cannot honour it right now, which is
+                // BadNotWritable, not BadNotSupported (that would mean the attribute never applies).
+                if (!this.getChildByName("HA Configuration")) {
+                    callback(null, StatusCodes.BadNotWritable);
+                    break;
+                }
+                // check if user is allowed to do that !
+                // TODO
+                this.historizing = !!writeValue.value?.value.value; // yes ! indeed !
+                callback(null, StatusCodes.Good);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                super.writeAttribute(context, writeValue, callback);
+                break;
+        }
+        return undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+
+     * note:
+     *     this method is overridden in address-space-data-access
+     * @return {StatusCode}
+     */
+    public checkVariantCompatibility(value: Variant): StatusCode {
+        // test dataType
+        if (!this._validate_DataType(value.dataType)) {
+            return StatusCodes.BadTypeMismatch;
+        }
+        try {
+            this.verifyVariantCompatibility(value);
+        } catch (_err) {
+            return StatusCodes.BadTypeMismatch;
+        }
+        return StatusCodes.Good;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * touch the source timestamp of a Variable and cascade up the change
+     * to the parent variable if any.
+     */
+    public touchValue(optionalNow?: PreciseClock): void {
+        const now = optionalNow || getCurrentClock();
+        propagateTouchValueUpward(this, now);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * bind a variable with a get and set functions.
+     *
+     *  properties:
+     *    - value: a Variant or a status code
+     *    - sourceTimestamp
+     *    - sourcePicoseconds
+     * @param [options.timestamped_set]
+     * @param [options.refreshFunc]      the variable asynchronous getter function.
+     * @param [overwrite {Boolean} = false] set overwrite to true to overwrite existing binding
+     * @return void
+     *
+     *
+     * ### Providing read access to the underlying value
+     *
+     * #### Variation 1
+     *
+     * In this variation, the user provides a function that returns a Variant with the current value.
+     *
+     * The sourceTimestamp will be set automatically.
+     *
+     * The get function is called synchronously.
+     *
+     * @example
+     *
+     *
+     * ```javascript
+     *     ...
+     *     var options =  {
+     *       get : () => {
+     *          return new Variant({...});
+     *       },
+     *       set : function(variant) {
+     *          // store the variant somewhere
+     *          return StatusCodes.Good;
+     *       }
+     *    };
+     *    ...
+     *    engine.bindVariable(nodeId,options):
+     *    ...
+     * ```
+     *
+     *
+     * #### Variation 2:
+     *
+     * This variation can be used when the user wants to specify a specific '''sourceTimestamp''' associated
+     * with the current value of the UAVariable.
+     *
+     * The provided ```timestamped_get``` function should return an object with three properties:
+     * * value: containing the variant value or a error StatusCode,
+     * * sourceTimestamp
+     * * sourcePicoseconds
+     *
+     * ```javascript
+     * ...
+     * var myDataValue = new DataValue({
+     *   value: {dataType: DataType.Double , value: 10.0},
+     *   sourceTimestamp : new Date(),
+     *   sourcePicoseconds: 0
+     * });
+     * ...
+     * var options =  {
+     *   timestamped_get : () => { return myDataValue;  }
+     * };
+     * ...
+     * engine.bindVariable(nodeId,options):
+     * ...
+     * // record a new value
+     * myDataValue.value.value = 5.0;
+     * myDataValue.sourceTimestamp = new Date();
+     * ...
+     * ```
+     *
+     *
+     * #### Variation 3:
+     *
+     * This variation can be used when the value associated with the variables requires a asynchronous function call to be
+     * extracted. In this case, the user should provide an async method ```refreshFunc```.
+     *
+     *
+     * The ```refreshFunc``` shall do whatever is necessary to fetch the most up to date version of the variable value, and
+     * call the ```callback``` function when the data is ready.
+     *
+     *
+     * The ```callback``` function follow the standard callback function signature:
+     * * the first argument shall be **null** or **Error**, depending of the outcome of the fetch operation,
+     * * the second argument shall be a DataValue with the new UAVariable Value,  a StatusCode, and time stamps.
+     *
+     *
+     * Optionally, it is possible to pass a sourceTimestamp and a sourcePicoseconds value as a third and fourth arguments
+     * of the callback. When sourceTimestamp and sourcePicoseconds are missing, the system will set their default value
+     * to the current time..
+     *
+     *
+     * ```javascript
+     * ...
+     * var options =  {
+     *    refreshFunc : function(callback) {
+     *      ... do_some_async_stuff_to_get_the_new_variable_value
+     *      var dataValue = new DataValue({
+     *          value: new Variant({...}),
+     *          statusCode: StatusCodes.Good,
+     *          sourceTimestamp: new Date()
+     *      });
+     *      callback(null,dataValue);
+     *    }
+     * };
+     * ...
+     * variable.bindVariable(nodeId,options):
+     * ...
+     * ```
+     *
+     * ### Providing write access to the underlying value
+     *
+     * #### Variation1 - provide a simple synchronous set function
+     *
+     *
+     * #### Notes
+     *   to do : explain return StatusCodes.GoodCompletesAsynchronously;
+     *
+     */
+    public bindVariable(options?: BindVariableOptions, overwrite?: boolean): void {
+        if (overwrite) {
+            this._timestamped_set_func = null;
+            this._timestamped_get_func = null;
+            this._get_func = null;
+            this._set_func = null;
+            this.refreshFunc = undefined;
+            this._historyRead = UAVariableImpl.prototype._historyRead;
+        }
+
+        options = options || {};
+
+        assert(typeof this._timestamped_set_func !== "function", "UAVariable already bound");
+        assert(typeof this._timestamped_get_func !== "function", "UAVariable already bound");
+
+        bind_getter.call(this, options);
+        bind_setter.call(this, options);
+
+        const _historyRead = options.historyRead;
+        if (_historyRead) {
+            assert(typeof this._historyRead !== "function" || this._historyRead === UAVariableImpl.prototype._historyRead);
+            assert(typeof _historyRead === "function");
+
+            this._historyRead = _historyRead;
+            assert(this._historyRead.length === 6);
+        }
+        // post conditions
+        assert(typeof this._timestamped_set_func === "function");
+        assert(this._timestamped_set_func?.length === 2, "expecting 2 parameters");
+    }
+
+    /**
+
+     */
+    public readValueAsync(context: ISessionContext | null, callback: CallbackT<DataValue>): void;
+    public readValueAsync(context: ISessionContext | null): Promise<DataValue>;
+    public readValueAsync(context: ISessionContext | null, callback?: CallbackT<DataValue>): Promise<DataValue> | undefined {
+        assert(typeof callback === "function");
+
+        context = context || SessionContext.defaultContext;
+
+        this.__waiting_callbacks = this.__waiting_callbacks || [];
+        this.__waiting_callbacks.push(callback as CallbackT<DataValue>);
+
+        const _readValueAsync_in_progress = this.__waiting_callbacks.length >= 2;
+        if (_readValueAsync_in_progress) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (this.isDisposed()) {
+            callback?.(null, new DataValue({ statusCode: StatusCodes.BadNodeIdUnknown }));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const readImmediate = (innerCallback: (err: Error | null, dataValue: DataValue) => void) => {
+            assert(this.$dataValue instanceof DataValue);
+            const dataValue = this.readValue(context);
+            innerCallback(null, dataValue);
+        };
+
+        let func: (innerCallback: (err: Error | null, dataValue: DataValue) => void) => void;
+
+        const answerStatusOnly = (statusCode: StatusCode) => (innerCallback: (err: Error | null, dataValue: DataValue) => void) =>
+            innerCallback(null, new DataValue({ statusCode }));
+
+        if (context.isAccessRestricted(this)) {
+            // same gate as readValue(): a variable bound with a simple get()
+            // also gets a refreshFunc, sending every read down the asyncRefresh
+            // branch below - which calls the getter directly and never passes
+            // through readValue(). Without this check here, a node hardened
+            // with AccessRestrictions(EncryptionRequired) answered its value
+            // over an unencrypted channel.
+            func = answerStatusOnly(StatusCodes.BadSecurityModeInsufficient);
+        } else if (!this.isReadable(context)) {
+            func = answerStatusOnly(StatusCodes.BadNotReadable);
+        } else if (!this.checkPermissionPrivate(context, PermissionType.Read)) {
+            func = answerStatusOnly(StatusCodes.BadUserAccessDenied);
+        } else if (!this.isUserReadable(context)) {
+            func = answerStatusOnly(StatusCodes.BadNotReadable);
+        } else {
+            const clock = getCurrentClock();
+            func = typeof this.refreshFunc === "function" ? this.asyncRefresh.bind(this, clock) : readImmediate;
+        }
+
+        const satisfy_callbacks = (err: Error | null, dataValue?: DataValue) => {
+            // now call all pending callbacks
+            const callbacks = this.__waiting_callbacks || [];
+            this.__waiting_callbacks = [];
+            const _n = callbacks.length;
+            for (const callback1 of callbacks) {
+                callback1.call(this, err, dataValue);
+            }
+        };
+
+        try {
+            func.call(this, satisfy_callbacks);
+        } catch (err) {
+            // c8 ignore next
+            if (doDebug) {
+                debugLog(chalk.red("func readValueAsync has failed "));
+                if (types.isNativeError(err)) {
+                    debugLog(" stack", err.stack);
+                }
+            }
+            satisfy_callbacks(err as Error);
+        }
+        return undefined;
+    }
+
+    public getWriteMask(): number {
+        return super.getWriteMask();
+    }
+
+    public getUserWriteMask(): number {
+        return super.getUserWriteMask();
+    }
+
+    public clone(options: CloneOptions, optionalFilter?: CloneFilter, extraInfo?: CloneExtraInfo): UAVariable {
+        options = {
+            ...options,
+            // check this eventNotifier: this.eventNotifier,
+            // check this symbolicName: this.symbolicName,
+
+            accessLevel: this.accessLevel,
+            arrayDimensions: this.arrayDimensions,
+            dataType: this.dataType,
+            historizing: this.historizing,
+            minimumSamplingInterval: this.minimumSamplingInterval,
+            userAccessLevel: this.userAccessLevel,
+            valueRank: this.valueRank
+        };
+
+        const newVariable = _clone(
+            this,
+            UAVariableImpl<T>,
+            options,
+            optionalFilter || defaultCloneFilter,
+            extraInfo || makeDefaultCloneExtraInfo(this)
+        ) as UAVariableImpl<T>;
+
+        newVariable.bindVariable();
+
+        assert(typeof newVariable._timestamped_set_func === "function");
+
+        assert(newVariable.dataType === this.dataType);
+        newVariable.$dataValue = this.$dataValue.clone();
+
+        // also bind extension object
+        const v = newVariable.$dataValue.value;
+        if (v.dataType === DataType.ExtensionObject && v.value && v.arrayType === VariantArrayType.Scalar) {
+            try {
+                newVariable.bindExtensionObject(newVariable.$dataValue.value.value);
+            } catch (err) {
+                errorLog("Error binding extension objects");
+                errorLog((err as Error).message);
+                errorLog(this.toString());
+                errorLog("---------------------------------------");
+                errorLog(this.$dataValue.toString());
+                errorLog("---------------------------------------");
+                errorLog(newVariable.$dataValue.toString());
+                throw err;
+            }
+        }
+        return newVariable;
+    }
+
+    public getDataTypeNode(): UADataType {
+        const addressSpace = this.addressSpace;
+        if (this.dataType.isEmpty()) {
+            this.dataType = this.resolveNodeId(DataType.Variant);
+        }
+        const dt = addressSpace.findNode(this.dataType);
+        // c8 ignore next
+        if (!dt) {
+            throw new Error(`getDataTypeNode: cannot find dataType ${this.dataType.toString()}`);
+        }
+        return dt as UADataType;
+    }
+
+    public get dataTypeObj(): UADataType {
+        return this.getDataTypeNode();
+    }
+
+    public checkExtensionObjectIsCorrect(extObj: ExtensionObject | ExtensionObject[] | null): boolean {
+        if (!extObj) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        const addressSpace = this.addressSpace;
+        if (!addressSpace) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        const dataType = addressSpace.findDataType(this.dataType);
+        if (!dataType) {
+            // may be we are in the process of loading a xml file and the corresponding dataType
+            // has not yet been loaded !
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (dataType.nodeId.namespace === 0 && dataType.nodeId.value === DataType.ExtensionObject) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        const Constructor = addressSpace.getExtensionObjectConstructor(this.dataType);
+
+        if (this.valueRank === -1) {
+            /** Scalar */
+            if (Array.isArray(extObj)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return checkExtensionObjectIsCorrectScalar.call(this, extObj);
+        } else if (this.valueRank >= 1) {
+            /** array */
+            if (!Array.isArray(extObj)) {
+                // let's coerce this scalar into an 1-element array if it is a valid extension object
+                if (checkExtensionObjectIsCorrectScalar.call(this, extObj)) {
+                    warningLog(
+                        `warning: checkExtensionObjectIsCorrect : expecting a array but got a scalar (value rank of '${this.browseName.toString()}' is 1)\nautomatic conversion from scalar to array with 1 element is taking place.`
+                    );
+                    extObj = [extObj];
+                } else {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            return checkExtensionObjectIsCorrectArray.call(this, extObj);
+        } else if (this.valueRank === 0) {
+            // Scalar or Array
+            const isCorrectScalar = !Array.isArray(extObj) && checkExtensionObjectIsCorrectScalar.call(this, extObj);
+            const isCorrectArray =
+                Array.isArray(extObj) && checkExtensionObjectIsCorrectArray.call(this, extObj as ExtensionObject[]);
+            return isCorrectArray || isCorrectScalar;
+        } else {
+            throw new Error(
+                `checkExtensionObjectIsCorrect: Not Implemented case, please contact sterfive : this.valueRank =${this.valueRank}`
+            );
+        }
+        function checkExtensionObjectIsCorrectScalar(this: UAVariableImpl, extObj: ExtensionObject | null): boolean {
+            // c8 ignore next
+            if (!extObj?.constructor) {
+                errorLog(extObj);
+                throw new Error("expecting an valid extension object");
+            }
+
+            if (extObj.constructor.name === Constructor.name) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (extObj instanceof OpaqueStructure) {
+                throw new Error("An opaque structure is not expected here");
+            }
+            // let's verify that the constructor is a sub-class of Constructor
+            let current: IStructuredTypeSchema | null = extObj.schema;
+            while (current) {
+                if (current.name === Constructor.name) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                current = current.getBaseSchema();
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        function checkExtensionObjectIsCorrectArray(this: UAVariableImpl, extObjArray: ExtensionObject[]): boolean {
+            // c8 ignore next
+            for (const extObj of extObjArray) {
+                if (!extObj?.constructor) {
+                    errorLog(extObj);
+                    throw new Error("expecting an valid extension object");
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                for (const e of extObjArray) {
+                    if (!e) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (e.constructor.name !== Constructor.name) {
+                        // c8 ignore next
+                        doDebug && debugLog("extObj.constructor.name ", e.constructor.name, "expected", Constructor.name);
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                return true;
+            } catch (err) {
+                errorLog(err);
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public changeDataType(newDataType: NodeIdLike, newValue?: VariantLike): void {
+        changeUAVariableDataType(this, newDataType, newValue);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @private
+     * install UAVariable to exposed th
+     *
+     * precondition:
+     */
+    public installExtensionObjectVariables(): void {
+        _installExtensionObjectBindingOnProperties(this, { createMissingProp: true });
+    }
+    /**
+
+     * @return {ExtensionObject}
+     */
+    public bindExtensionObjectScalar(
+        optionalExtensionObject?: ExtensionObject,
+        options?: BindExtensionObjectOptions
+    ): ExtensionObject | null {
+        assert(this.valueRank === -1, "expecting an Scalar variable here");
+        return _bindExtensionObject(this, optionalExtensionObject, options) as ExtensionObject;
+    }
+
+    public bindExtensionObjectArray(
+        optionalExtensionObject?: ExtensionObject[],
+        options?: BindExtensionObjectOptions
+    ): ExtensionObject[] | null {
+        assert(this.valueRank >= 1, "expecting an Array or a Matrix variable here");
+        return _bindExtensionObjectArrayOrMatrix(this, optionalExtensionObject, options);
+    }
+
+    public bindExtensionObject(
+        optionalExtensionObject?: ExtensionObject | ExtensionObject[],
+        options?: BindExtensionObjectOptions
+    ): ExtensionObject | ExtensionObject[] | null {
+        // coerce to ExtensionObject[] when this.valueRank === 1
+        if (
+            optionalExtensionObject &&
+            this.valueRank === 1 &&
+            !Array.isArray(optionalExtensionObject) &&
+            optionalExtensionObject instanceof ExtensionObject
+        ) {
+            warningLog(
+                "bindExtensionObject: coerce to ExtensionObject[] when valueRank === 1 and value is a scalar extension object"
+            );
+            optionalExtensionObject = [optionalExtensionObject];
+        }
+
+        if (optionalExtensionObject) {
+            if (Array.isArray(optionalExtensionObject)) {
+                assert(this.valueRank >= 1, "bindExtensionObject: expecting an Array of Matrix variable here");
+                return _bindExtensionObjectArrayOrMatrix(this, optionalExtensionObject, options);
+            } else {
+                if (this.valueRank !== -1 && this.valueRank !== 0) {
+                    throw new Error(`bindExtensionObject: expecting an Scalar variable here but got value rank ${this.valueRank}`);
+                }
+                return _bindExtensionObject(this, optionalExtensionObject, options) as ExtensionObject;
+            }
+        }
+        assert(optionalExtensionObject === undefined || optionalExtensionObject === null);
+        if (this.valueRank === -1) {
+            return _bindExtensionObject(this, undefined, options) as ExtensionObject;
+        } else if (this.valueRank === 1) {
+            return _bindExtensionObjectArrayOrMatrix(this, undefined, options);
+        } else if (this.valueRank > 1) {
+            return _bindExtensionObjectArrayOrMatrix(this, undefined, options);
+        }
+        //  unsupported case ...
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public updateExtensionObjectPartial(partialExtensionObject?: Record<string, unknown>): ExtensionObject {
+        setExtensionObjectPartialValue(this, partialExtensionObject);
+        return this.$extensionObject as ExtensionObject;
+    }
+
+    public incrementExtensionObjectPartial(path: string | string[]): void {
+        const extensionObject = this.readValue().value.value as ExtensionObject;
+        const partialData = extractPartialData(path, extensionObject);
+        incrementElement(path, partialData);
+        setExtensionObjectPartialValue(this, partialData);
+    }
+
+    public toString(): string {
+        const options = new ToStringBuilder();
+        UAVariable_toString.call(this, options);
+        return options.toString();
+    }
+
+    public toJSON(): Record<string, unknown> {
+        let value: unknown;
+        let statusCode: string | undefined;
+        try {
+            const dv = this.$dataValue;
+            if (dv) {
+                statusCode = dv.statusCode?.toString();
+                if (dv.value && !(dv.value.value instanceof OpaqueStructure)) {
+                    value = dv.value.value;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch {
+            // ignore — value access may fail for bound variables
+        }
+        return {
+            ...super.toJSON(),
+            typeDefinition: this.typeDefinitionObj?.browseName.toString(),
+            dataType: this.dataType?.toString(),
+            valueRank: this.valueRank,
+            arrayDimensions: this.arrayDimensions,
+            accessLevel: AccessLevelFlag[this.accessLevel],
+            statusCode,
+            value
+        };
+    }
+
+    public [Symbol.for("nodejs.util.inspect.custom")](depth: number | null, inspectOptions: { colors?: boolean }): string {
+        const c = inspectOptions?.colors === false ? plainChalk : chalk;
+        const typeName = this.typeDefinitionObj?.browseName.toString() ?? "?";
+        const displayName = this.displayName.length ? this.displayName.map((d) => d.text).join(" | ") : "";
+        if (depth !== null && depth <= 0) {
+            return `${c.cyan("UAVariable<")}${c.green(this.browseName.toString())}${c.grey(` ${this.nodeId.toString()}`)}${c.cyan(">")}`;
+        }
+        const dt = this.dataType?.toString() ?? "?";
+        let valueStr = "";
+        let statusStr = "";
+        try {
+            const dv = this.$dataValue;
+            if (dv) {
+                if (dv.statusCode) statusStr = dv.statusCode.toString();
+                if (
+                    dv.value &&
+                    dv.value.value !== undefined &&
+                    dv.value.value !== null &&
+                    !(dv.value.value instanceof OpaqueStructure)
+                ) {
+                    const v = dv.value.value;
+                    valueStr = typeof v === "object" ? Object.prototype.toString.call(v) : String(v);
+                    if (valueStr.length > 80) valueStr = `${valueStr.slice(0, 77)}...`;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch {
+            // ignore
+        }
+        const lines = [
+            `${c.cyan("UAVariable ")}${c.green(this.browseName.toString())}${c.grey(` ${this.nodeId.toString()}`)}`,
+            c.yellow("  typeDefinition : ") + typeName,
+            c.yellow("  displayName    : ") + displayName,
+            c.yellow("  dataType       : ") + dt,
+            c.yellow("  valueRank      : ") + valueRankToString(this.valueRank),
+            c.yellow("  accessLevel    : ") + AccessLevelFlag[this.accessLevel]
+        ];
+        if (this.arrayDimensions?.length) {
+            lines.push(c.yellow("  arrayDimensions: ") + JSON.stringify(this.arrayDimensions));
+        }
+        if (valueStr) {
+            lines.push(c.yellow("  value          : ") + valueStr);
+        }
+        if (statusStr && statusStr !== "Good (0x00000000)") {
+            lines.push(c.yellow("  statusCode     : ") + statusStr);
+        }
+        if (this.description?.text) {
+            lines.push(c.yellow("  description    : ") + this.description.text);
+        }
+        return lines.join("\n");
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // History
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    public historyRead(
+        context: ISessionContext,
+        historyReadDetails:
+            | HistoryReadDetails
+            | ReadRawModifiedDetails
+            | ReadEventDetails
+            | ReadProcessedDetails
+            | ReadAtTimeDetails,
+        indexRange: NumericRange | null,
+        dataEncoding: QualifiedNameLike | null,
+        continuationData: ContinuationData
+    ): Promise<HistoryReadResult>;
+
+    public historyRead(
+        context: ISessionContext,
+        historyReadDetails:
+            | HistoryReadDetails
+            | ReadRawModifiedDetails
+            | ReadEventDetails
+            | ReadProcessedDetails
+            | ReadAtTimeDetails,
+        indexRange: NumericRange | null,
+        dataEncoding: QualifiedNameLike | null,
+        continuationData: ContinuationData,
+        callback: CallbackT<HistoryReadResult>
+    ): void;
+    public historyRead(
+        context: ISessionContext,
+        historyReadDetails:
+            | HistoryReadDetails
+            | ReadRawModifiedDetails
+            | ReadEventDetails
+            | ReadProcessedDetails
+            | ReadAtTimeDetails,
+        indexRange: NumericRange | null,
+        dataEncoding: QualifiedNameLike | null,
+        continuationData: ContinuationData,
+        callback?: CallbackT<HistoryReadResult>
+    ): Promise<HistoryReadResult> | undefined {
+        assert(context instanceof SessionContext);
+        assert(typeof callback === "function");
+        if (typeof this._historyRead !== "function") {
+            callback?.(null, new HistoryReadResult({ statusCode: StatusCodes.BadNotReadable }));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this._historyRead(
+            context,
+            historyReadDetails,
+            indexRange,
+            dataEncoding,
+            continuationData,
+            callback as CallbackT<HistoryReadResult>
+        );
+        return undefined;
+    }
+
+    public _historyReadRaw(
+        _context: ISessionContext,
+        _historyReadRawModifiedDetails: ReadRawModifiedDetails,
+        _indexRange: NumericRange | null,
+        _dataEncoding: QualifiedNameLike | null,
+        _continuationData: ContinuationData,
+        _callback: CallbackT<HistoryReadResult>
+    ): void {
+        throw new Error("");
+    }
+
+    public _historyReadRawModify(
+        _context: ISessionContext,
+        _historyReadRawModifiedDetails: ReadRawModifiedDetails,
+        _indexRange: NumericRange | null,
+        _dataEncoding: QualifiedNameLike | null,
+        _continuationData: ContinuationData,
+        _callback?: CallbackT<HistoryReadResult>
+    ): void {
+        throw new Error("");
+    }
+
+    public _historyRead(
+        context: ISessionContext,
+        _historyReadDetails:
+            | HistoryReadDetails
+            | ReadRawModifiedDetails
+            | ReadEventDetails
+            | ReadProcessedDetails
+            | ReadAtTimeDetails,
+        _indexRange: NumericRange | null,
+        _dataEncoding: QualifiedNameLike | null,
+        _continuationData: ContinuationData,
+        callback: CallbackT<HistoryReadResult>
+    ): void {
+        if (!this.checkPermissionPrivate(context, PermissionType.ReadHistory)) {
+            const result = new HistoryReadResult({
+                statusCode: StatusCodes.BadUserAccessDenied
+            });
+            callback(null, result);
+        }
+        if (!this.canUserReadHistory(context)) {
+            const result = new HistoryReadResult({
+                statusCode: StatusCodes.BadHistoryOperationUnsupported
+            });
+            callback(null, result);
+        }
+        const result = new HistoryReadResult({
+            statusCode: StatusCodes.BadHistoryOperationUnsupported
+        });
+        callback(null, result);
+    }
+
+    public _historyPush(_newDataValue: DataValue): void {
+        throw new Error("");
+    }
+
+    public _historyReadRawAsync(
+        _historyReadRawModifiedDetails: ReadRawModifiedDetails,
+        _maxNumberToExtract: number,
+        _isReversed: boolean,
+        _reverseDataValue: boolean,
+        _callback: CallbackT<DataValue[]>
+    ): void {
+        throw new Error("");
+    }
+
+    public _historyReadModify(
+        _context: ISessionContext,
+        _historyReadRawModifiedDetails: ReadRawModifiedDetails,
+        _indexRange: NumericRange | null,
+        _dataEncoding: QualifiedNameLike | null,
+        _continuationData: ContinuationData,
+        _callback: CallbackT<HistoryReadResult>
+    ): void {
+        throw new Error("");
+    }
+
+    public _update_startOfOnlineArchive(_newDate: Date): void {
+        // please install
+        throw new Error("");
+    }
+
+    public _update_startOfArchive(_newDate: Date): void {
+        throw new Error("");
+    }
+
+    public _validate_DataType(variantDataType: DataType): boolean {
+        return validateDataTypeCorrectness(this.addressSpace, this.dataType, variantDataType, /* allow Nulls */ false, this.nodeId);
+    }
+
+    public _internal_set_value(value: Variant): void {
+        if (value.dataType !== DataType.Null) {
+            this.verifyVariantCompatibility(value);
+        }
+        this.$dataValue.value = value;
+    }
+
+    public _internal_set_dataValue(dataValue: DataValue, indexRange?: NumericRange | null): void {
+        assert(dataValue, "expecting a dataValue");
+        assert(dataValue instanceof DataValue, "expecting dataValue to be a DataValue");
+        assert(dataValue !== this.$dataValue, "expecting dataValue to be different from previous DataValue instance");
+
+        const addressSpace = this.addressSpace;
+
+        // c8 ignore next
+        if (!addressSpace) {
+            warningLog("UAVariable#_internal_set_dataValue : no addressSpace ! may be node has already been deleted ?");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // c8 ignore next
+        if (dataValue.value.arrayType === VariantArrayType.Matrix) {
+            if (!dataValue.value.dimensions) {
+                throw new Error("missing dimensions: a Matrix Variant needs a dimension");
+            }
+            const nbElements = dataValue.value.dimensions.reduce((acc, x) => acc * x, 1);
+            if (dataValue.value.value.length !== 0 && dataValue.value.value.length !== nbElements) {
+                throw new Error(
+                    `Internal Error: matrix dimension doesn't match the number of element in the array : ${dataValue.toString()} "\n expecting ${nbElements} elements but got ${
+                        dataValue.value.value.length
+                    }`
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // c8 ignore next
+        if (dataValue.value.dataType === DataType.ExtensionObject) {
+            // c8 ignore next
+            if (!this.checkExtensionObjectIsCorrect(dataValue.value.value)) {
+                warningLog(dataValue.toString());
+                throw new Error(`Invalid Extension Object on nodeId =${this.nodeId.toString()}`);
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.verifyVariantCompatibility(dataValue.value);
+
+        this._inner_replace_dataValue(dataValue, indexRange);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @private
+     */
+    public _inner_replace_dataValue(dataValue: DataValue, indexRange?: NumericRange | null) {
+        assert(this.$dataValue.value instanceof Variant);
+        const old_dataValue = this.$dataValue.clone();
+
+        if (this.$$extensionObjectArray && dataValue.value.arrayType !== VariantArrayType.Scalar) {
+            // we have a bounded array or matrix
+            assert(Array.isArray(dataValue.value.value));
+            if (this.$$extensionObjectArray !== this.$dataValue.value.value) {
+                throw new Error("internal error");
+            }
+            this.$$extensionObjectArray = dataValue.value.value;
+            this.$dataValue.value.value = dataValue.value.value;
+
+            this.$dataValue.statusCode = dataValue.statusCode || StatusCodes.Good;
+            this.$dataValue.serverTimestamp = dataValue.serverTimestamp;
+            this.$dataValue.serverPicoseconds = dataValue.serverPicoseconds;
+            this.$dataValue.sourceTimestamp = dataValue.sourceTimestamp;
+            this.$dataValue.sourcePicoseconds = dataValue.sourcePicoseconds;
+        } else if (
+            this._basicDataType === DataType.ExtensionObject &&
+            this.valueRank === -1 &&
+            this.$set_ExtensionObject &&
+            dataValue.value.arrayType === VariantArrayType.Scalar
+        ) {
+            // the entire extension object is changed.
+            this.$dataValue.statusCode = this.$dataValue.statusCode || StatusCodes.Good;
+            const preciseClock = coerceClock(this.$dataValue.sourceTimestamp, this.$dataValue.sourcePicoseconds);
+            this.$set_ExtensionObject(dataValue.value.value, preciseClock, new Set());
+        } else {
+            this.$dataValue = dataValue;
+            this.$dataValue.statusCode = this.$dataValue.statusCode || StatusCodes.Good;
+        }
+        // repair missing timestamps
+        const now = new Date();
+        if (!dataValue.serverTimestamp) {
+            this.$dataValue.serverTimestamp = old_dataValue.serverTimestamp || now;
+            this.$dataValue.serverPicoseconds = old_dataValue.serverPicoseconds || 0;
+        }
+        if (!dataValue.sourceTimestamp) {
+            this.$dataValue.sourceTimestamp = old_dataValue.sourceTimestamp || now;
+            this.$dataValue.sourcePicoseconds = old_dataValue.sourcePicoseconds || 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!sameDataValue(old_dataValue, dataValue)) {
+            if (this.getBasicDataType() === DataType.ExtensionObject) {
+                const preciseClock = coerceClock(this.$dataValue.sourceTimestamp, this.$dataValue.sourcePicoseconds);
+                const cache: Set<UAVariable> = new Set();
+                if (this.$$extensionObjectArray) {
+                    this.touchValue(preciseClock);
+                    propagateTouchValueDownwardArray(this, preciseClock, cache);
+                } else {
+                    this.touchValue(preciseClock);
+                    propagateTouchValueDownward(this, preciseClock, cache);
+                }
+            } else {
+                (this as UAVariable).emit("value_changed", this.$dataValue.clone(), indexRange);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public _conditionRefresh(_cache?: ConditionRefreshCache): void {
+        apply_condition_refresh.call(this, _cache);
+    }
+
+    public handle_semantic_changed(_dataValue: DataValue): void {
+        this.semantic_version = this.semantic_version + 1;
+        (this as UAVariable).emit("semantic_changed");
+    }
+
+    private _readDataType(): DataValue {
+        assert(this.dataType instanceof NodeId);
+        const options = {
+            statusCode: StatusCodes.Good,
+            value: {
+                dataType: DataType.NodeId,
+                value: this.dataType
+            }
+        };
+        return new DataValue(options);
+    }
+
+    private _readValueRank(): DataValue {
+        assert(typeof this.valueRank === "number");
+        const options = {
+            statusCode: StatusCodes.Good,
+            value: { dataType: DataType.Int32, value: this.valueRank }
+        };
+        return new DataValue(options);
+    }
+
+    private _readArrayDimensions(): DataValue {
+        assert(Array.isArray(this.arrayDimensions) || this.arrayDimensions === null);
+        assert(!this.arrayDimensions || this.valueRank > 0, "arrayDimension must be null if valueRank <0");
+        const options = {
+            statusCode: StatusCodes.Good,
+            value: { dataType: DataType.UInt32, arrayType: VariantArrayType.Array, value: this.arrayDimensions }
+        };
+        return new DataValue(options);
+    }
+
+    private _readAccessLevel(context: ISessionContext): DataValue {
+        assert(context instanceof SessionContext);
+        const options = {
+            statusCode: StatusCodes.Good,
+            value: { dataType: DataType.Byte, value: convertAccessLevelFlagToByte(this.accessLevel) }
+        };
+        return new DataValue(options);
+    }
+
+    private _readAccessLevelEx(context: ISessionContext): DataValue {
+        assert(context instanceof SessionContext);
+        const options = {
+            statusCode: StatusCodes.Good,
+            // Extra flags are not supported yet. to do:
+            value: { dataType: DataType.UInt32, value: convertAccessLevelFlagToByte(this.accessLevel) }
+        };
+        return new DataValue(options);
+    }
+
+    private _readUserAccessLevel(context: ISessionContext): DataValue {
+        assert(context instanceof SessionContext);
+
+        const effectiveUserAccessLevel = _calculateEffectiveUserAccessLevelFromPermission(this, context, this.userAccessLevel);
+
+        const options = {
+            value: {
+                dataType: DataType.Byte,
+                statusCode: StatusCodes.Good,
+                value: convertAccessLevelFlagToByte(effectiveUserAccessLevel)
+            }
+        };
+        return new DataValue(options);
+    }
+
+    private _readMinimumSamplingInterval(): DataValue {
+        // expect a Duration => Double
+        const options: DataValueLike = {};
+        if (this.minimumSamplingInterval === undefined) {
+            options.statusCode = StatusCodes.BadAttributeIdInvalid;
+        } else {
+            options.value = { dataType: DataType.Double, value: this.minimumSamplingInterval };
+            options.statusCode = StatusCodes.Good;
+        }
+        return new DataValue(options);
+    }
+
+    private _readHistorizing(): DataValue {
+        assert(typeof this.historizing === "boolean");
+        const options = {
+            statusCode: StatusCodes.Good,
+            value: { dataType: DataType.Boolean, value: !!this.historizing }
+        };
+        return new DataValue(options);
+    }
+}
+
+import type { IStructuredTypeSchema } from "node-opcua-factory";
+import { withCallback } from "thenify-ex";
+
+UAVariableImpl.prototype.asyncRefresh = withCallback(UAVariableImpl.prototype.asyncRefresh);
+UAVariableImpl.prototype.writeValue = withCallback(UAVariableImpl.prototype.writeValue);
+UAVariableImpl.prototype.writeAttribute = withCallback(UAVariableImpl.prototype.writeAttribute);
+UAVariableImpl.prototype.historyRead = withCallback(UAVariableImpl.prototype.historyRead);
+UAVariableImpl.prototype.readValueAsync = withCallback(UAVariableImpl.prototype.readValueAsync);
+
+export interface UAVariableImplExtArray {
+    $$variableType?: UAVariableType;
+    $$dataType?: UADataType;
+    $$getElementBrowseName?: (extObject: ExtensionObject, index: number | number[]) => QualifiedName;
+    $$extensionObjectArray?: ExtensionObject[];
+    $$indexPropertyName?: string;
+}
+
+function check_valid_array(dataType: DataType, array: unknown): boolean {
+    if (Array.isArray(array)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    switch (dataType) {
+        case DataType.Double:
+            return array instanceof Float64Array;
+        case DataType.Float:
+            return array instanceof Float32Array;
+        case DataType.Int32:
+            return array instanceof Int32Array;
+        case DataType.Int16:
+            return array instanceof Int16Array;
+        case DataType.SByte:
+            return array instanceof Int8Array;
+        case DataType.UInt32:
+            return array instanceof Uint32Array;
+        case DataType.UInt16:
+            return array instanceof Uint16Array;
+        case DataType.Byte:
+            return array instanceof Uint8Array || array instanceof Buffer;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+// function _apply_default_timestamps(dataValue: DataValue): void {
+//     const now = getCurrentClock();
+//     assert(dataValue instanceof DataValue);
+
+//     if (!dataValue.sourceTimestamp) {
+//         dataValue.sourceTimestamp = now.timestamp;
+//         dataValue.sourcePicoseconds = now.picoseconds;
+//     }
+//     if (!dataValue.serverTimestamp) {
+//         dataValue.serverTimestamp = now.timestamp;
+//         dataValue.serverPicoseconds = now.picoseconds;
+//     }
+// }
+
+function unsetFlag(flags: number, mask: number): number {
+    return flags & ~mask;
+}
+function _setFlag(flags: number, mask: number): number {
+    return flags | mask;
+}
+
+function _calculateEffectiveUserAccessLevelFromPermission(
+    node: UAVariable,
+    context: ISessionContext,
+    userAccessLevel: AccessLevelFlag | undefined
+): AccessLevelFlag {
+    function __adjustFlag(
+        permissionType: PermissionType,
+        access: AccessLevelFlag,
+        userAccessLevel1: AccessLevelFlag
+    ): AccessLevelFlag {
+        if ((node.accessLevel & access) === 0 || (userAccessLevel1 & access) === 0) {
+            userAccessLevel1 = unsetFlag(userAccessLevel1, access);
+        } else {
+            if (!context.checkPermission(node, permissionType)) {
+                userAccessLevel1 = unsetFlag(userAccessLevel1, access);
+            }
+        }
+        return userAccessLevel1;
+    }
+    userAccessLevel = node.userAccessLevel === undefined ? node.accessLevel : node.userAccessLevel & node.accessLevel;
+    if (context.checkPermission) {
+        assert(context.checkPermission instanceof Function);
+        userAccessLevel = __adjustFlag(PermissionType.Read, AccessLevelFlag.CurrentRead, userAccessLevel);
+        userAccessLevel = __adjustFlag(PermissionType.Write, AccessLevelFlag.CurrentWrite, userAccessLevel);
+        userAccessLevel = __adjustFlag(PermissionType.Write, AccessLevelFlag.StatusWrite, userAccessLevel);
+        userAccessLevel = __adjustFlag(PermissionType.Write, AccessLevelFlag.TimestampWrite, userAccessLevel);
+        userAccessLevel = __adjustFlag(PermissionType.ReadHistory, AccessLevelFlag.HistoryRead, userAccessLevel);
+        userAccessLevel = __adjustFlag(PermissionType.DeleteHistory, AccessLevelFlag.HistoryWrite, userAccessLevel);
+        return userAccessLevel;
+    } else {
+        return userAccessLevel;
+    }
+}
+
+function adjustVariant2(this: UAVariableImpl, variant: Variant): Variant {
+    // convert Variant( Scalar|ByteString) =>  Variant(Array|ByteArray)
+    const _addressSpace = this.addressSpace;
+    const basicType = this.getBasicDataType();
+    variant = adjustVariant(variant, this.valueRank, basicType);
+    return variant;
+}
+
+function _not_writable_timestamped_set_func(
+    dataValue: DataValue,
+    callback: (err: Error | null, statusCode: StatusCode, dataValue?: DataValue | null) => void
+) {
+    assert(dataValue instanceof DataValue);
+    callback(null, StatusCodes.BadNotWritable, null);
+}
+
+function _default_writable_timestamped_set_func(
+    dataValue: DataValue,
+    callback: (err: Error | null, statusCode: StatusCode, dataValue?: DataValue | null) => void
+) {
+    assert(dataValue instanceof DataValue);
+    callback(null, StatusCodes.Good, dataValue);
+}
+
+type f1<T, D, R> = (this: T, data: D) => R;
+type f2<T, D, R> = (this: T, data: D) => Promise<R>;
+type f3<T, D, R> = (this: T, data: D, callback: (err: Error | null, r?: R) => void) => void;
+
+function turn_sync_to_async<T, D, R>(f: f1<T, D, R> | f2<T, D, R> | f3<T, D, R>, numberOfArgs: number): f3<T, D, R> {
+    if (f.length <= numberOfArgs) {
+        return function (this: T, data: D, callback: (err: Error | null, r?: R) => void) {
+            new Promise<R>((resolve, reject) => {
+                try {
+                    // const ff1 = f as f1<T, D, R>;
+                    const ff2 = f as f2<T, D, R>;
+                    const r: R | Promise<R> = ff2.call(this, data);
+                    if (r instanceof Promise) {
+                        r.then(resolve, reject);
+                    } else {
+                        resolve(r);
+                    }
+                } catch (err) {
+                    reject(err);
+                }
+            })
+                .then((r) => {
+                    callback(null, r);
+                })
+                .catch((err) => {
+                    callback(err as Error);
+                });
+        };
+    } else {
+        assert(f.length === numberOfArgs + 1);
+        return f;
+    }
+}
+
+const _default_minimumSamplingInterval = 1000;
+
+function coerceDataValue(dataValue: DataValue | DataValueLike): DataValue {
+    if (dataValue instanceof DataValue) {
+        return dataValue;
+    }
+    return new DataValue(dataValue);
+}
+
+// variation #3 :
+function _Variable_bind_with_async_refresh(
+    this: UAVariableImpl,
+    options: { refreshFunc: RefreshFunc; get?: undefined; timestamped_get?: undefined }
+) {
+    assert(this instanceof UAVariableImpl);
+
+    assert(typeof options.refreshFunc === "function");
+    assert(!options.get, "a getter shall not be specified when refreshFunc is set");
+    assert(!options.timestamped_get, "a getter shall not be specified when refreshFunc is set");
+
+    assert(!this.refreshFunc);
+
+    this.refreshFunc = options.refreshFunc;
+    /*
+    // TO DO : REVISIT THIS ASSUMPTION
+    if (false && this.minimumSamplingInterval === 0) {
+        // when a getter /timestamped_getter or async_getter is provided
+        // samplingInterval cannot be 0, as the item value must be scanned to be updated.
+        this.minimumSamplingInterval = _default_minimumSamplingInterval; // MonitoredItem.minimumSamplingInterval;
+        // c8 ignore next
+        doDebug && debugLog(`adapting minimumSamplingInterval on ${this.browseName.toString()} to ${this.minimumSamplingInterval}`);
+    }
+        */
+}
+
+// variation 2
+function _Variable_bind_with_timestamped_get(
+    this: UAVariableImpl,
+    options: {
+        get: undefined;
+        timestamped_get: TimestampGetFunc;
+    }
+) {
+    /* jshint validthis: true */
+    assert(this instanceof UAVariableImpl);
+    assert(typeof options.timestamped_get === "function");
+    assert(!options.get, "should not specify 'get' when 'timestamped_get' exists ");
+    assert(!this._timestamped_get_func);
+
+    const async_refresh_func = (callback: (err: Error | null, dataValue?: DataValue) => void) => {
+        Promise.resolve((this._timestamped_get_func as VariableDataValueGetterSync).call(this))
+            .then((dataValue) => callback(null, dataValue))
+            .catch((err) => {
+                errorLog("asyncRefresh error: Variable is  ", this.nodeId.toString(), this.browseName.toString());
+                callback(err as Error);
+            });
+    };
+    const pThis = this as UAVariable;
+    if (options.timestamped_get.length === 0) {
+        const timestamped_get = options.timestamped_get as (this: UAVariable) => DataValue | Promise<DataValue>;
+        // sync version | Promise version
+        this._timestamped_get_func = timestamped_get;
+
+        const dataValue_verify = timestamped_get.call(pThis);
+        // dataValue_verify should be a DataValue or a Promise
+        /* c8 ignore next */
+        if (!(dataValue_verify instanceof DataValue) && typeof dataValue_verify.then !== "function") {
+            errorLog(
+                chalk.red(" Bind variable error: "),
+                " the timestamped_get function must return a DataValue or a Promise<DataValue>" +
+                    "\n value_check.constructor.name ",
+                dataValue_verify ? dataValue_verify.constructor.name : "null"
+            );
+
+            throw new Error(" Bind variable error: " + " the timestamped_get function must return a DataValue");
+        }
+        _Variable_bind_with_async_refresh.call(this, { refreshFunc: async_refresh_func });
+    } else if (options.timestamped_get.length === 1) {
+        _Variable_bind_with_async_refresh.call(this, { refreshFunc: options.timestamped_get });
+    } else {
+        errorLog("timestamped_get has a invalid number of argument , should be 0 or 1  ");
+        throw new Error("timestamped_get has a invalid number of argument , should be 0 or 1  ");
+    }
+}
+
+// variation 1
+function _Variable_bind_with_simple_get(this: UAVariableImpl, options: GetterOptions) {
+    assert(this instanceof UAVariableImpl);
+    assert(typeof options.get === "function", "should specify get function");
+    assert(options.get?.length === 0, "get function should not have arguments");
+    assert(!options.timestamped_get, "should not specify a timestamped_get function when get is specified");
+    assert(!this._timestamped_get_func);
+    assert(!this._get_func);
+
+    this._get_func = options.get;
+
+    const timestamped_get_func_from__Variable_bind_with_simple_get = () => {
+        const value: Variant | StatusCode = (this._get_func as GetFunc)();
+
+        /* c8 ignore next */
+        if (!is_Variant_or_StatusCode(value)) {
+            errorLog(
+                chalk.red(" Bind variable error: "),
+                " : the getter must return a Variant or a StatusCode" + "\nvalue_check.constructor.name ",
+                value ? value.constructor.name : "null"
+            );
+            throw new Error(
+                " bindVariable : the value getter function returns a invalid result ( expecting a Variant or a StatusCode !!!"
+            );
+        }
+        if (is_StatusCode(value)) {
+            return new DataValue({ statusCode: value as StatusCode });
+        } else {
+            if (!this.$dataValue?.statusCode.isGoodish() || !sameVariant(this.$dataValue.value, value as Variant)) {
+                // rebuilding artificially timestamps with current clock as they are not provided
+                // by the underlying getter function
+                const { timestamp: sourceTimestamp, picoseconds: sourcePicoseconds } = getCurrentClock();
+                const serverTimestamp = sourceTimestamp;
+                const serverPicoseconds = sourcePicoseconds;
+                this._inner_replace_dataValue(
+                    new DataValue({ value, sourceTimestamp, sourcePicoseconds, serverTimestamp, serverPicoseconds })
+                );
+            }
+            return this.$dataValue;
+        }
+    };
+
+    _Variable_bind_with_timestamped_get.call(this, {
+        get: undefined,
+        timestamped_get: timestamped_get_func_from__Variable_bind_with_simple_get
+    });
+}
+
+type SimpleSetOptions = { set?: SetFunc; timestamped_set: undefined };
+function _Variable_bind_with_simple_set(this: UAVariableImpl, options: SimpleSetOptions) {
+    assert(this instanceof UAVariableImpl);
+    assert(typeof options.set === "function", "should specify set function");
+    assert(!options.timestamped_set, "should not specify a timestamped_set function");
+
+    assert(!this._timestamped_set_func);
+    assert(!this._set_func);
+
+    //
+    const set_func = turn_sync_to_async<UAVariable, Variant, StatusCode>(options.set as VariableSetter, 1);
+    this._set_func = set_func;
+
+    assert(set_func.length === 2, " set function must have 2 arguments ( variant, callback)");
+
+    this._timestamped_set_func = (
+        timestamped_value: DataValue,
+        callback: (err: Error | null, statusCode: StatusCode, dataValue: DataValue) => void
+    ) => {
+        assert(timestamped_value instanceof DataValue);
+        set_func.call(this, timestamped_value.value, (err: Error | null, statusCode?: StatusCode) => {
+            // c8 ignore next
+            if (!err && !statusCode) {
+                errorLog(
+                    chalk.red("UAVariable Binding Error _set_func must return a StatusCode, check the bindVariable parameters")
+                );
+                errorLog(chalk.yellow("StatusCode.Good is assumed"));
+                return callback(err, StatusCodes.Good, timestamped_value);
+            }
+            if (statusCode?.isNotGood()) {
+                // record the value but still record the statusCode !
+                timestamped_value.statusCode = statusCode;
+            }
+            callback(err, statusCode ?? StatusCodes.BadInternalError, timestamped_value);
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+function _Variable_bind_with_timestamped_set(
+    this: UAVariableImpl,
+    options: {
+        timestamped_set: TimestampSetFunc;
+        set: undefined;
+    }
+) {
+    assert(
+        options.timestamped_set.length === 2 || options.timestamped_set.length === 1,
+        "timestamped_set must have 2 parameters  timestamped_set: function(dataValue,callback){} or one paramater  timestamped_set: function(dataValue): Promise<StatusCode>{}"
+    );
+    assert(!options.set, "should not specify set when timestamped_set_func exists ");
+    this._timestamped_set_func = convertToCallbackFunction1<StatusCode, DataValue, UAVariable>(options.timestamped_set);
+}
+
+interface SetterOptions {
+    set?: SetFunc;
+    timestamped_set?: TimestampSetFunc;
+    timestamped_get?: TimestampGetFunc;
+}
+function bind_setter(this: UAVariableImpl, options: SetterOptions) {
+    if (options.set && typeof options.set === "function") {
+        // variation 1
+        if (options.timestamped_set === undefined) {
+            _Variable_bind_with_simple_set.call(this, options as SimpleSetOptions);
+        } else {
+            throw new Error("bind_setter : options should not specify both set and timestamped_set ");
+        }
+    } else if (typeof options.timestamped_set === "function") {
+        // variation 2
+        assert(typeof options.timestamped_get === "function", "timestamped_set must be used with timestamped_get ");
+        _Variable_bind_with_timestamped_set.call(this, {
+            set: undefined,
+            timestamped_set: options.timestamped_set
+        });
+    } else if (typeof options.timestamped_get === "function") {
+        // timestamped_get is  specified but timestamped_set is not
+        // => Value is read-only
+        _Variable_bind_with_timestamped_set.call(this, {
+            set: undefined,
+            timestamped_set: _not_writable_timestamped_set_func
+        });
+    } else {
+        _Variable_bind_with_timestamped_set.call(this, {
+            set: undefined,
+            timestamped_set: _default_writable_timestamped_set_func
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+type RefreshFunc = (callback: CallbackT<DataValue>) => void;
+interface GetterOptions {
+    get?: GetFunc;
+    timestamped_get?: TimestampGetFunc;
+    refreshFunc?: RefreshFunc;
+    dataType?: DataType | string;
+    value?: unknown;
+}
+function bind_getter(this: UAVariableImpl, options: GetterOptions) {
+    if (typeof options.get === "function") {
+        // variation 1
+        _Variable_bind_with_simple_get.call(this, options);
+    } else if (typeof options.timestamped_get === "function") {
+        // variation 2
+        _Variable_bind_with_timestamped_get.call(this, {
+            get: undefined,
+            timestamped_get: options.timestamped_get
+        });
+    } else if (typeof options.refreshFunc === "function") {
+        // variation 3
+        if (options.get !== undefined || options.timestamped_get !== undefined) {
+            throw new Error("bind_getter : options should not specify both get and timestamped_get ");
+        }
+        _Variable_bind_with_async_refresh.call(this, { refreshFunc: options.refreshFunc });
+    } else {
+        assert(!Object.hasOwn(options, "set"), "getter is missing : a getter must be provided if a setter is provided");
+        // xx bind_variant.call(this,options);
+        if (options.dataType !== undefined) {
+            // if (options.dataType !== DataType.ExtensionObject) {
+            this.setValueFromSource(options as VariantLike);
+            // }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+export class UAVariableImplT<T, DT extends DataType> extends UAVariableImpl implements UAVariableT<T, DT> {
+    public readValue(
+        context?: ISessionContext | null,
+        indexRange?: NumericRange,
+        dataEncoding?: QualifiedNameLike | null
+    ): DataValueT<T, DT> {
+        return super.readValue(context, indexRange, dataEncoding) as DataValueT<T, DT>;
+    }
+
+    public readValueAsync(context: ISessionContext | null): Promise<DataValueT<T, DT>>;
+    public readValueAsync(context: ISessionContext | null, callback: CallbackT<DataValueT<T, DT>>): void;
+    public readValueAsync(
+        context: ISessionContext | null,
+        callback?: CallbackT<DataValueT<T, DT>>
+    ): Promise<DataValueT<T, DT>> | undefined {
+        // forward the arguments we were actually given. The base method is thenified, and
+        // thenify decides between promise and callback form by argument count, so passing an
+        // explicit undefined callback makes it hand that undefined straight through.
+        if (callback === undefined) {
+            return super.readValueAsync(context) as Promise<DataValueT<T, DT>>;
+        }
+        super.readValueAsync(context, callback as CallbackT<DataValue>);
+        return undefined;
+    }
+
+    public writeValue(
+        context: ISessionContext,
+        dataValue: DataValueT<T, DT>,
+        indexRange: NumericRange | null,
+        callback: StatusCodeCallback
+    ): void;
+    public writeValue(context: ISessionContext, dataValue: DataValueT<T, DT>, callback: StatusCodeCallback): void;
+    public writeValue(
+        context: ISessionContext,
+        dataValue: DataValueT<T, DT>,
+        indexRange?: NumericRange | null
+    ): Promise<StatusCode>;
+    public writeValue(
+        context: ISessionContext,
+        dataValue: DataValueT<T, DT>,
+        indexRangeOrCallback?: NumericRange | null | StatusCodeCallback,
+        callback?: StatusCodeCallback
+    ): Promise<StatusCode> | undefined {
+        // same reason as readValueAsync above: forward the arity we were called with, and
+        // keep the call on `super.writeValue` so it stays a method call - binding it to a
+        // local would drop `this`
+        type Write = (...args: unknown[]) => Promise<StatusCode> | undefined;
+        if (callback === undefined) {
+            if (indexRangeOrCallback === undefined) {
+                return (super.writeValue as Write)(context, dataValue);
+            }
+            return (super.writeValue as Write)(context, dataValue, indexRangeOrCallback);
+        }
+        return (super.writeValue as Write)(context, dataValue, indexRangeOrCallback, callback);
+    }
+}
+
+function changeUAVariableDataType(uaVariable: UAVariableImpl, newDataType: NodeIdLike, valueLike?: VariantLike) {
+    let value: Variant | null = valueLike ? (valueLike instanceof Variant ? valueLike : new Variant(valueLike)) : null;
+
+    const addressSpace = uaVariable.addressSpace;
+    const newDataTypeNode = addressSpace.findNode(newDataType) as UADataType;
+    // c8 ignore next
+    if (!newDataTypeNode || !(newDataTypeNode instanceof UADataTypeImpl)) {
+        throw new Error(`Cannot find newDataTypeNode ${newDataType.toString()}`);
+    }
+
+    const newBaseDataType: DataType = newDataTypeNode.basicDataType;
+    // c8 ignore next
+    if (newBaseDataType === DataType.Null) {
+        throw new Error("newDataTypeNode must be a DataType");
+    }
+    if (!value) {
+        value = uaVariable.readValue().value;
+        value.dataType = newBaseDataType;
+    }
+    if (newBaseDataType !== value.dataType) {
+        throw new Error("newDataTypeNode must be of the same base dataType as the value");
+    }
+
+    // change uaVariable.dataType
+    uaVariable.dataType = newDataTypeNode.nodeId;
+    (uaVariable as unknown as { _basicDataType?: DataType | null })._basicDataType = null;
+    uaVariable.$dataValue.value.dataType = newBaseDataType;
+    uaVariable.$dataValue.value = value;
+    // also change the value to ensure that we have a default value with the correct dataType
+    uaVariable._internal_set_value(value);
+}