litclaude-ai 0.2.2

package/plugins/litclaude/skills/programming/references/rust/async-tokio.md

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+# Async with Tokio
+
+Structured concurrency, cancellation, blocking-work isolation, channel selection. The patterns the agent should reach for by default.
+
+## Runtime selection
+
+```rust
+// Default for services and CLIs that do real work
+#[tokio::main(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 8)]
+async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> { ... }
+
+// For tiny CLIs or wasm where you measured single-thread is enough
+#[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
+async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> { ... }
+```
+
+Pick worker count explicitly. The default (`num_cpus`) is fine for servers; for desktop tools you usually want 2-4.
+
+## Spawning
+
+`tokio::spawn` returns a `JoinHandle<T>`. The future runs to completion even if the handle is dropped (detached). To enforce structured concurrency, use `JoinSet`:
+
+```rust
+use tokio::task::JoinSet;
+
+let mut set = JoinSet::new();
+for url in urls {
+    let client = client.clone();
+    set.spawn(async move { fetch(&client, &url).await });
+}
+
+let mut results = Vec::new();
+while let Some(joined) = set.join_next().await {
+    match joined {
+        Ok(Ok(body)) => results.push(body),
+        Ok(Err(error)) => tracing::warn!(%error, "fetch failed"),
+        Err(panicked) if panicked.is_panic() => {
+            tracing::error!(?panicked, "worker panicked");
+            // Choose: re-raise, or continue with degraded result set.
+        }
+        Err(other) => tracing::error!(?other, "worker join error"),
+    }
+}
+```
+
+`JoinSet`:
+- Knows when all spawned tasks finish.
+- Dropping the set aborts every still-running task.
+- Lets you handle failures one by one rather than all-or-nothing.
+
+For wait-for-all semantics with one type, `join!`:
+
+```rust
+let (a, b, c) = tokio::join!(load_a(), load_b(), load_c());
+let a = a?; let b = b?; let c = c?;
+```
+
+For first-of-many, `select!`:
+
+```rust
+tokio::select! {
+    biased;  // bias to top-to-bottom checking when ordering matters
+    _ = shutdown.recv() => {
+        tracing::info!("shutdown signal");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    request = listener.accept() => {
+        handle_request(request?).await?;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Without `biased`, branches are polled in random order each iteration (good for fairness). Use `biased` only when you need deterministic priority (shutdown signal first, etc).
+
+## Cancellation
+
+A future is cancelled when it is dropped (e.g., the `select!` arm wins another branch). **Always think: if this future is dropped mid-await, what state is left behind?**
+
+Cancel-safe futures (you can drop without lasting effect):
+- `recv()` on channels
+- `accept()` on listeners
+- `wait_for` on `watch::Receiver`
+- `read_buf`/`write_all` on streams **only when buffers are owned by the future**, otherwise no
+
+Cancel-unsafe futures (dropping mid-way leaves partial state):
+- Manual `read_exact` into an external buffer
+- Custom futures that perform partial side effects before suspending
+
+If a function is cancel-unsafe, document it in a rustdoc `# Cancel Safety` section.
+
+To explicitly opt out of cancellation, use `tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken`:
+
+```rust
+use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
+
+let token = CancellationToken::new();
+let child = token.child_token();
+tokio::spawn(async move {
+    tokio::select! {
+        _ = child.cancelled() => { /* clean up */ }
+        result = work() => { /* normal */ }
+    }
+});
+// later
+token.cancel();
+```
+
+Pass child tokens down the call tree so the whole tree can be cancelled together.
+
+## Timeouts
+
+```rust
+use tokio::time::{timeout, Duration};
+
+match timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), fetch(url)).await {
+    Ok(Ok(body)) => Ok(body),
+    Ok(Err(error)) => Err(error.into()),
+    Err(_elapsed) => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("timed out fetching {url}")),
+}
+```
+
+Set timeouts on every external I/O boundary. Defaults of "wait forever" are bugs.
+
+## Blocking work
+
+NEVER block inside an async task. Symptoms: deadlock, every future stalled, latency cliffs.
+
+Heavy CPU or sync I/O → `spawn_blocking`:
+
+```rust
+let result = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(|| {
+    // CPU-bound: parsing, hashing, image processing
+    // Or sync I/O: rusqlite, OS APIs without async wrappers
+    expensive_pure_computation()
+}).await?;
+```
+
+Long-running blocking jobs (more than ~1 second of CPU) → use a dedicated thread pool (`rayon`), not tokio's blocking pool which is sized for short bursts.
+
+## Channels
+
+| Need | Use |
+|---|---|
+| 1-many producers → 1 consumer, async | `tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(cap)` |
+| Same as above, both sync + async | `flume::bounded(cap)` |
+| 1 → many fan-out, latest-value semantics | `tokio::sync::watch::channel(initial)` |
+| 1 → many fan-out, queued | `tokio::sync::broadcast::channel(cap)` |
+| One-shot reply | `tokio::sync::oneshot::channel()` |
+| Backpressure-driven stream of items | `tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver` + `ReceiverStream` |
+
+Mpsc pattern:
+
+```rust
+let (tx, mut rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel::<Job>(256);
+
+tokio::spawn(async move {
+    while let Some(job) = rx.recv().await {
+        if let Err(error) = process(job).await {
+            tracing::warn!(%error, "job failed");
+        }
+    }
+    tracing::info!("queue closed, shutting down worker");
+});
+
+tx.send(Job { ... }).await?;  // blocks if full, applies backpressure
+```
+
+Always bound channels. Unbounded channels are a memory leak waiting to happen.
+
+## Streams
+
+`futures::Stream` is the async analogue of `Iterator`. Use it for paginated fetches, long-poll responses, file lines.
+
+```rust
+use futures::stream::{StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
+
+let urls: Vec<String> = ...;
+let bodies: Vec<String> = futures::stream::iter(urls)
+    .map(|url| async move { fetch(&url).await })
+    .buffer_unordered(8)  // up to 8 in flight
+    .try_collect()
+    .await?;
+```
+
+`buffer_unordered(n)` is the throttle. Use it instead of spawning N tasks manually.
+
+For producing a stream from a channel:
+
+```rust
+use tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream;
+
+let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel::<Event>(64);
+let stream = ReceiverStream::new(rx);
+serve_sse(stream).await
+```
+
+## Graceful shutdown
+
+```rust
+use tokio::signal;
+
+async fn shutdown_signal() {
+    let ctrl_c = async { signal::ctrl_c().await.expect("ctrl_c handler") };
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    let terminate = async {
+        signal::unix::signal(signal::unix::SignalKind::terminate())
+            .expect("install signal handler")
+            .recv()
+            .await;
+    };
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    let terminate = std::future::pending::<()>();
+
+    tokio::select! {
+        _ = ctrl_c => {},
+        _ = terminate => {},
+    }
+    tracing::info!("shutdown signal received");
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let token = CancellationToken::new();
+    let server = tokio::spawn(run_server(token.child_token()));
+    shutdown_signal().await;
+    token.cancel();
+    let _ = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), server).await;
+    Ok(())
+}
+```
+
+Pattern: catch signal → cancel a token shared with the server → server's `select!` arms see the cancel and exit cleanly → wait with a timeout so a hung worker can't deadlock shutdown.
+
+## Concurrency primitives
+
+- `tokio::sync::Mutex` — async mutex. Use for state shared between async tasks. **Do not hold across `.await` without thinking** (you'll serialize the whole system).
+- `tokio::sync::RwLock` — async read-write lock. Same caveat.
+- `parking_lot::Mutex` — sync mutex, faster than `std::sync::Mutex`, no poisoning. Use when the lock is held briefly and you do not need to `.await` while holding it.
+- `tokio::sync::Semaphore` — bound concurrent operations. Perfect for "max 10 in-flight HTTP requests" or "max 3 DB writers".
+
+```rust
+let sem = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Semaphore::new(10));
+for url in urls {
+    let permit = sem.clone().acquire_owned().await?;
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let _permit = permit;  // released on task end
+        fetch(&url).await
+    });
+}
+```
+
+## Common mistakes
+
+1. **Holding a sync mutex across `.await`.** Compiles and runs, deadlocks at scale. Solution: refactor to release before await, or use `tokio::sync::Mutex`.
+2. **Forgetting `?` on `JoinHandle`.** A panicked task returns `Err(JoinError)`; if you `.await` and ignore, panics are silently swallowed.
+3. **`tokio::spawn` instead of `JoinSet`.** Detached tasks survive past their parent, causing leaks. Default to `JoinSet` for structured concurrency.
+4. **Unbounded channels.** Always set a capacity.
+5. **`block_on` inside an async context.** Causes deadlock under `current_thread` runtime, performance cliff under `multi_thread`.
+6. **CPU-heavy work in async fn.** Move to `spawn_blocking` or `rayon`.
+7. **No timeout on external I/O.** Every `await` that touches the network or filesystem needs `tokio::time::timeout` wrapping.
+
+## Testing async code
+
+```rust
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn fetches_and_parses() {
+    let server = wiremock::MockServer::start().await;
+    wiremock::Mock::given(wiremock::matchers::method("GET"))
+        .respond_with(wiremock::ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_string("{\"id\":1}"))
+        .mount(&server)
+        .await;
+
+    let result = my_client::fetch(&server.uri()).await.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result.id, 1);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 4)]
+async fn parallel_work() { ... }
+```
+
+For time-sensitive tests, advance virtual time:
+
+```rust
+#[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
+async fn time_travel() {
+    let start = tokio::time::Instant::now();
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(3600)).await;
+    assert!(start.elapsed() >= Duration::from_secs(3600));
+    // Real wallclock elapsed: ~0ms.
+}
+```
+
+## When NOT to use async
+
+- Single-threaded CPU-heavy code that does no I/O — plain `fn` + `rayon` is simpler and often faster.
+- Trivial scripts that do one HTTP call — `ureq` (sync) is simpler.
+- FFI heavy code where the FFI side is sync.
+
+Async pays off when you have many concurrent I/O operations or need cancellation as a first-class primitive.