litclaude-ai 0.2.2

package/plugins/litclaude/skills/programming/references/python/async-anyio.md

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+# AnyIO Reference: Replacing asyncio Idioms
+
+> **Skill mandate**: `import asyncio` is BANNED. Use `import anyio` exclusively.
+> This reference targets AnyIO 4.x (2026 Python projects).
+
+---
+
+## 1. Task Groups (The Core Primitive)
+
+AnyIO uses **structured concurrency** via task groups. A task group is an async context manager that guarantees all child tasks finish before the block exits.
+
+### `start_soon` — fire-and-forget
+
+```python
+import anyio
+
+async def worker(n: int) -> None:
+    await anyio.sleep(1)
+    print(f"task {n} done")
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
+        for i in range(3):
+            tg.start_soon(worker, i)
+    print("all tasks finished")
+
+anyio.run(main)
+```
+
+**Signature**: `tg.start_soon(func, *args, name=None)`  
+- `func` must be a **coroutine function** (not a coroutine object).  
+- `name` is optional, for introspection/debugging.  
+- No return value; exceptions propagate as `ExceptionGroup` on exit.
+
+### `start` — wait for ready signal
+
+Use when a task must initialize before the caller proceeds (e.g., starting a server and then connecting to it).
+
+```python
+from anyio import TASK_STATUS_IGNORED, create_task_group, run
+from anyio.abc import TaskStatus
+
+async def start_server(port: int, *, task_status: TaskStatus[None] = TASK_STATUS_IGNORED) -> None:
+    listener = await anyio.create_tcp_listener(local_host="127.0.0.1", local_port=port)
+    task_status.started()  # unblocks tg.start()
+    await listener.serve(handler)
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    async with create_task_group() as tg:
+        await tg.start(start_server, 8080)  # blocks until task_status.started()
+        # server is guaranteed ready here
+        async with await anyio.connect_tcp("127.0.0.1", 8080) as client:
+            ...
+
+run(main)
+```
+
+**Rule of thumb**:
+- Use `start_soon` when you don't need to know when the task is ready.
+- Use `start` when the task must signal readiness before you continue.
+
+### `create_task` — retrieving return values (AnyIO 4.14+)
+
+```python
+async def add(x: int, y: int) -> int:
+    return x + y
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
+        handle = tg.create_task(add(2, 4))
+        result = await handle  # == 6
+        print(handle.return_value)  # also 6
+
+anyio.run(main)
+```
+
+**Signature**: `tg.create_task(coro, *, name=None, context=None) -> TaskHandle[T]`  
+- Returns a `TaskHandle` you can `await` for the result.  
+- If the task raises, awaiting raises `TaskFailed` (or `TaskCancelled`).  
+- This is the canonical replacement for `asyncio.gather` when you need results.
+
+---
+
+## 2. asyncio → anyio Cheat Sheet
+
+| asyncio | anyio | Notes |
+|---------|-------|-------|
+| `asyncio.gather(a, b, c)` | `tg.create_task(a); tg.create_task(b); tg.create_task(c); results = [await h for h in handles]` | No direct gather; structured concurrency requires explicit task group scope. For fire-and-forget, use `tg.start_soon`. |
+| `asyncio.create_task(coro)` | `tg.start_soon(func, *args)` or `tg.create_task(coro)` | `start_soon` takes a coroutine **function** + args. `create_task` takes a coroutine **object** and returns a handle. |
+| `asyncio.sleep(n)` | `anyio.sleep(n)` | Identical semantics. |
+| `asyncio.wait_for(coro, timeout)` | `with anyio.fail_after(timeout): await coro` | Raises `TimeoutError`. Use `move_on_after` for silent timeout. |
+| `asyncio.Event()` | `anyio.Event()` | AnyIO events are **not reusable**; create a new one instead of `.clear()`. |
+| `asyncio.Lock()` | `anyio.Lock()` | Use `async with lock:`. Pass `fast_acquire=True` if performance-critical. |
+| `asyncio.Semaphore(n)` | `anyio.Semaphore(n)` | Same. Pass `fast_acquire=True` if performance-critical. |
+| `asyncio.Condition()` | `anyio.Condition()` | Same semantics. |
+| `asyncio.run(main())` | `anyio.run(main)` | Backend-agnostic entry point. |
+| `asyncio.Queue(maxsize=N)` | `anyio.create_memory_object_stream[T](max_buffer_size=N)` | Returns `(send_stream, receive_stream)`. Supports `async for` on receive end. |
+| `asyncio.to_thread(fn, *args)` | `anyio.to_thread.run_sync(fn, *args)` | Supports `abandon_on_cancel=True` and custom `limiter`. |
+| `asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(coro, loop)` | `anyio.from_thread.run(func, *args)` | Call async code from a worker thread. |
+| `loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback)` | `anyio.from_thread.run_sync(func, *args)` | Call sync code in event loop thread from worker thread, **with return value**. |
+| `asyncio.shield(coro)` | `with anyio.CancelScope(shield=True): ...` | AnyIO shielding does not orphan tasks. |
+| `asyncio.timeout(delay)` | `with anyio.fail_after(delay): ...` | AnyIO uses level cancellation, not edge cancellation. |
+| `asyncio.CancelledError` | `anyio.get_cancelled_exc_class()` | Use this to catch cancellation portably across backends. |
+
+---
+
+## 3. Cancellation & CancelScope
+
+AnyIO uses **level cancellation** (inspired by Trio), not asyncio's **edge cancellation**.
+
+- **Edge cancellation** (asyncio): A `CancelledError` is injected once. If caught and not re-raised, the task keeps running.
+- **Level cancellation** (anyio): As long as a task is inside an effectively cancelled scope, every yield point raises a new cancellation exception.
+
+### Basic CancelScope
+
+```python
+from anyio import CancelScope, create_task_group, get_cancelled_exc_class, sleep, run
+
+async def worker() -> None:
+    try:
+        await sleep(10)
+    except get_cancelled_exc_class():
+        print("cancelled!")
+        raise  # ALWAYS re-raise cancellation exceptions
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    async with create_task_group() as tg:
+        tg.start_soon(worker)
+        await sleep(0.1)
+        tg.cancel_scope.cancel()  # cancels all children
+
+run(main)
+```
+
+### Shielding
+
+Shield a block from external cancellation. Essential for cleanup.
+
+```python
+from anyio import CancelScope, create_task_group, sleep, run
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    async with create_task_group() as tg:
+        with CancelScope(shield=True):
+            tg.start_soon(some_task)
+            tg.cancel_scope.cancel()  # shielded block is protected
+            await sleep(1)  # this still runs
+
+run(main)
+```
+
+**Combine with timeouts for graceful shutdown**:
+
+```python
+from anyio import CancelScope, move_on_after
+
+async def do_something(resource) -> None:
+    try:
+        await run_async_stuff()
+    except BaseException:
+        # Allow up to 10s for cleanup, then move on
+        with move_on_after(10, shield=True):
+            await resource.aclose()
+        raise
+```
+
+### Structured Concurrency Guarantee
+
+A task group contains its own `CancelScope`. If any child task raises an exception:
+1. The task group's cancel scope is cancelled.
+2. All other child tasks receive cancellation.
+3. The task group waits for all children to finish.
+4. The original exception (wrapped in `ExceptionGroup` if multiple) is re-raised.
+
+---
+
+## 4. Timeouts
+
+Two context managers. Both create a `CancelScope` internally.
+
+### `fail_after` — raises on timeout
+
+```python
+from anyio import fail_after, sleep, run
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    try:
+        with fail_after(5) as scope:
+            await sleep(10)
+    except TimeoutError:
+        print("timed out")
+        print(scope.cancelled_caught)  # True
+
+run(main)
+```
+
+### `move_on_after` — silent timeout
+
+```python
+from anyio import move_on_after, sleep, run
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    with move_on_after(5) as scope:
+        await sleep(10)
+        print("this never prints")
+
+    print("exited scope, cancelled =", scope.cancelled_caught)
+
+run(main)
+```
+
+### Combined with shielding
+
+```python
+from anyio import move_on_after
+
+# Give cleanup 10 seconds, but don't let outer cancellation interrupt it
+with move_on_after(10, shield=True):
+    await resource.aclose()
+```
+
+---
+
+## 5. Memory Object Streams (Queue Replacement)
+
+Replaces `asyncio.Queue` with a safer, typed, structured-concurrency-friendly construct.
+
+```python
+from anyio import create_task_group, create_memory_object_stream, run
+from anyio.streams.memory import MemoryObjectReceiveStream
+
+async def consumer(stream: MemoryObjectReceiveStream[str]) -> None:
+    async with stream:  # closes receive end on exit
+        async for item in stream:
+            print("received", item)
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    # Type-annotated stream creation (AnyIO 4+ syntax)
+    send_stream, receive_stream = create_memory_object_stream[str](max_buffer_size=10)
+
+    async with create_task_group() as tg:
+        tg.start_soon(consumer, receive_stream)
+        async with send_stream:
+            for i in range(5):
+                await send_stream.send(f"item {i}")
+        # send_stream closed → consumer's async for loop exits naturally
+
+run(main)
+```
+
+**Key differences from `asyncio.Queue`**:
+- **Bounded by default**: `max_buffer_size=0` means send blocks until a receiver is ready.
+- **Cloneable**: Each producer/consumer can close its own clone. The stream only ends when **all** clones of one end are closed.
+- **Async iterable**: `async for item in receive_stream:` works out of the box.
+- **Type-safe**: Generic `create_memory_object_stream[T]()`.
+- **Synchronous close**: Both `close()` and `async with` work.
+
+---
+
+## 6. Backend Selection
+
+AnyIO is backend-agnostic. Code written against AnyIO APIs runs on both asyncio and Trio.
+
+```python
+import anyio
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    print("running on", anyio.current_async_library())
+    await anyio.sleep(1)
+
+# Default backend (asyncio)
+anyio.run(main)
+
+# Explicit backend
+anyio.run(main, backend="trio")
+anyio.run(main, backend="asyncio", backend_options={"debug": True})
+```
+
+**Library design rule**: Never hardcode a backend. Let the application choose via `anyio.run()`. Libraries should only import `anyio` and avoid backend-specific APIs.
+
+---
+
+## 7. Compatibility with asyncio-only libraries
+
+### Using asyncio libraries under the asyncio backend
+
+If a third-party library exposes only an asyncio interface (returns asyncio coroutine objects), it works directly under the asyncio backend because AnyIO runs on top of asyncio's event loop:
+
+```python
+import anyio
+import some_asyncio_only_lib  # returns asyncio.Future/coroutine objects
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    # This works because under the asyncio backend, await passes through
+    result = await some_asyncio_only_lib.fetch_data()
+
+anyio.run(main, backend="asyncio")
+```
+
+**Important**: This only works on the `asyncio` backend. On the `trio` backend, asyncio-native objects will not work.
+
+### When you MUST use asyncio APIs
+
+Some APIs have no AnyIO equivalent and require direct event loop access:
+
+| Scenario | asyncio API | AnyIO approach |
+|----------|-------------|----------------|
+| Signal handlers | `loop.add_signal_handler()` | `anyio.open_signal_receiver()` |
+| Custom protocols | `asyncio.Protocol` | Use AnyIO streams / sockets |
+| Direct Future manipulation | `asyncio.Future` | Avoid; use AnyIO primitives |
+| Eager task factories | `asyncio.eager_task_factory` | Experimental in AnyIO; avoid |
+
+If you absolutely need the running loop:
+
+```python
+import asyncio
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    # ... do something loop-specific ...
+    # WARNING: this breaks backend-agnosticism
+
+anyio.run(main, backend="asyncio")
+```
+
+**Best practice**: Wrap asyncio-only code in a backend-agnostic facade, and document that the feature requires the asyncio backend.
+
+---
+
+## 8. Idiomatic Code Snippets
+
+### Snippet 1: Parallel HTTP requests with timeout and cleanup
+
+```python
+import anyio
+
+async def fetch(url: str) -> bytes:
+    await anyio.sleep(0.5)  # simulate
+    return b"data"
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    urls = ["a", "b", "c"]
+    async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
+        with anyio.move_on_after(5):
+            for url in urls:
+                tg.start_soon(fetch, url)
+        # All tasks are cancelled on timeout; task group waits for cleanup
+
+anyio.run(main)
+```
+
+### Snippet 2: Producer-consumer with memory object stream
+
+```python
+import anyio
+from anyio.streams.memory import MemoryObjectReceiveStream
+
+async def producer(send_stream: anyio.streams.memory.MemoryObjectSendStream[int]) -> None:
+    async with send_stream:
+        for i in range(100):
+            await send_stream.send(i)
+
+async def consumer(receive_stream: MemoryObjectReceiveStream[int]) -> None:
+    async with receive_stream:
+        async for item in receive_stream:
+            print(f"consumed {item}")
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    send, receive = anyio.create_memory_object_stream[int](max_buffer_size=5)
+    async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
+        tg.start_soon(producer, send)
+        tg.start_soon(consumer, receive)
+
+anyio.run(main)
+```
+
+### Snippet 3: Calling sync code from async
+
+```python
+import time
+import anyio
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    # Run blocking function in worker thread
+    result = await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(time.sleep, 2)
+    print("done")
+
+anyio.run(main)
+```
+
+### Snippet 4: Calling async code from a worker thread
+
+```python
+import anyio
+
+def blocking_callback() -> None:
+    # Inside a worker thread, call back into the event loop
+    anyio.from_thread.run(anyio.sleep, 1)
+    anyio.from_thread.run_sync(print, "hello from thread")
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(blocking_callback)
+
+anyio.run(main)
+```
+
+### Snippet 5: Graceful shutdown with shielded cleanup
+
+```python
+import anyio
+
+async def worker() -> None:
+    try:
+        await anyio.sleep_forever()
+    except anyio.get_cancelled_exc_class():
+        with anyio.CancelScope(shield=True):
+            await anyio.sleep(0.5)  # cleanup
+            print("cleaned up")
+        raise
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
+        tg.start_soon(worker)
+        await anyio.sleep(1)
+        tg.cancel_scope.cancel()
+
+anyio.run(main)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Sources
+
+- AnyIO Documentation (stable): https://anyio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
+- AnyIO GitHub (HEAD `cb245dba`): https://github.com/agronholm/anyio
+- Task Groups: https://anyio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tasks.html
+- Cancellation & Timeouts: https://anyio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/cancellation.html
+- Streams: https://anyio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/streams.html
+- Synchronization: https://anyio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/synchronization.html
+- Threads: https://anyio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/threads.html
+- Basics / Backends: https://anyio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/basics.html
+- Design Rationale (why asyncio is problematic): https://anyio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/why.html

package/plugins/litclaude/skills/programming/references/python/data-modeling.md

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+# Data Modeling
+
+Which container to use, how to structure data, and why frozen is the default.
+
+---
+
+## Decision flowchart
+
+```
+Is it a fixed set of named constants?
+  YES → StrEnum / IntEnum
+  NO ↓
+Is it just branding a primitive (int, str, float)?
+  YES → NewType("X", base)
+  NO ↓
+Is it an interface / contract ("this thing can do X")?
+  ├─ Shape only, no shared code → Protocol
+  └─ Shared method implementation needed → ABC
+  NO ↓
+Does the data cross a trust boundary (user input, API, file, external DB)?
+  YES → pydantic.BaseModel (frozen=True) — validates + serializes
+  NO ↓
+Is it a dict shape needed for JSON compat / **kwargs typing?
+  YES → TypedDict
+  NO ↓
+Is it structured data with named fields?
+  YES → @dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+  NO ↓
+Is it a tuple with positional semantics (x, y coords / DB row)?
+  YES → NamedTuple
+  NO → you probably don't need a new type
+```
+
+---
+
+## Container reference
+
+### @dataclass — internal value object
+
+The default for structured data inside your codebase. Zero overhead, no framework coupling.
+
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import NewType
+
+UserId = NewType("UserId", int)
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class User:
+    id: UserId
+    name: str
+    email: str
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class Point:
+    x: float
+    y: float
+```
+
+Always `frozen=True, slots=True`. Mutable only when mutation is the documented purpose — opt out with `# noqa: MUTABLE_OK`.
+
+### Pydantic BaseModel — trust boundary guardian
+
+Use when data enters or leaves your system. Validates at construction, serializes to JSON, generates OpenAPI schema.
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, EmailStr
+
+class CreateUserRequest(BaseModel):
+    model_config = ConfigDict(frozen=True)
+
+    name: str
+    email: EmailStr
+    age: int
+
+class UserResponse(BaseModel):
+    model_config = ConfigDict(frozen=True)
+
+    id: int
+    name: str
+    email: str
+```
+
+**The one rule**: data crosses a trust boundary → Pydantic. Everything else → dataclass.
+Never use Pydantic for internal-only data just because it's convenient. The validation cost is real.
+
+### TypedDict — dict that knows its shape
+
+Use when the value must stay a `dict` at runtime — JSON blobs, `**kwargs`, third-party APIs expecting dicts.
+
+```python
+from typing import TypedDict, NotRequired
+
+class Headers(TypedDict):
+    content_type: str
+    authorization: NotRequired[str]
+
+def make_request(url: str, headers: Headers) -> None: ...
+
+make_request("https://api.example.com", {"content_type": "application/json"})
+```
+
+### Protocol — structural interface
+
+"Anything that has method X" — no inheritance required.
+
+```python
+from typing import Protocol
+
+class Renderable(Protocol):
+    def render(self) -> str: ...
+
+class Saveable(Protocol):
+    async def save(self) -> None: ...
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class MarkdownDoc:
+    content: str
+    def render(self) -> str:
+        return self.content
+
+def publish(doc: Renderable) -> None:
+    print(doc.render())  # MarkdownDoc works — no inheritance needed
+```
+
+Default to Protocol for interfaces. ABC only when you need shared method implementations.
+
+### ABC — interface with shared code
+
+Only when Protocol isn't enough.
+
+```python
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+class BaseRepository(ABC):
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def get(self, id: int) -> Model | None: ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def save(self, model: Model) -> None: ...
+
+    async def get_or_raise(self, id: int) -> Model:
+        result = await self.get(id)
+        if result is None:
+            msg = f"{type(self).__name__}: id {id} not found"
+            raise LookupError(msg)
+        return result
+```
+
+### NamedTuple — positional + named (rare)
+
+Only when you need tuple protocol (unpacking, indexing).
+
+```python
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+class Coordinate(NamedTuple):
+    x: float
+    y: float
+
+x, y = Coordinate(1.0, 2.0)  # tuple unpacking
+```
+
+99% of the time, `@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)` is better.
+
+---
+
+## Quick lookup
+
+| Situation | Use | Why |
+|---|---|---|
+| User input, API request/response | `Pydantic BaseModel` | Validation, JSON schema, serialization |
+| DB row ↔ Python (ORM) | SQLAlchemy `Mapped[]` model | ORM integration, async session |
+| Internal value object | `@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)` | Zero overhead, no validation needed |
+| Multiple outcomes from function | Union of frozen dataclasses | Distinct types for `match` |
+| Dict shape for JSON / `**kwargs` | `TypedDict` | Stays a dict at runtime |
+| Fixed constants | `StrEnum` / `IntEnum` | Exhaustive match, no typos |
+| Distinct primitive | `NewType("X", int)` | Zero runtime cost, type-level only |
+| Contract / capability | `Protocol` | Structural typing, no inheritance |
+| Contract + shared impl | `ABC` | When Protocol isn't enough |
+
+---
+
+## Comparison matrix
+
+| Feature | dataclass | Pydantic | TypedDict | Protocol | NamedTuple | NewType | Enum |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Validation | - | ✓ | - | - | - | - | - |
+| JSON serialization | manual | built-in | native dict | - | - | - | `.value` |
+| Immutable | frozen=True | frozen=True | - (dict) | N/A | always | N/A | always |
+| Runtime cost | ~zero | validation | zero | zero | ~zero | zero | ~zero |
+| `match` support | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✓ |
+| `slots` support | ✓ | - | - | - | - | - | - |
+
+---
+
+## Parse, don't validate
+
+Validate at the boundary. Inside the boundary, types are proof of validity.
+
+```python
+# BAD — validate then pass raw data
+def process_email(email: str) -> None:
+    if "@" not in email:
+        raise ValueError("invalid email")
+    # still a raw str everywhere downstream
+
+# GOOD — parse into typed value at boundary
+from typing import NewType
+
+Email = NewType("Email", str)
+
+def parse_email(raw: str) -> Email:
+    if "@" not in raw or "." not in raw.split("@")[1]:
+        msg = f"invalid email: {raw}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    return Email(raw.lower().strip())
+
+# Downstream only sees Email, never raw str
+def send_welcome(email: Email) -> None: ...
+```
+
+With Pydantic this happens automatically — `EmailStr` is already a parsed type. Once constructed, `.email` is always valid. No re-validation needed.
+
+---
+
+## Sources
+
+- Python docs: [dataclasses](https://docs.python.org/3/library/dataclasses.html)
+- Pydantic v2: [docs.pydantic.dev](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/)
+- Python docs: [typing — Protocol](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Protocol)
+- Python docs: [typing — TypedDict](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.TypedDict)
+- Alexis King: [Parse, don't validate](https://lexi-lambda.github.io/blog/2019/11/05/parse-don-t-validate/)