koffi 0.9.4 → 0.9.5

package/vendor/dragonbox/subproject/3rdparty/schubfach/schubfach_32.cc

@@ -1,699 +1,699 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Alexander Bolz
-//
-// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
-//  (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
-
-#include "schubfach_32.h"
-
-//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// This file contains an implementation of the Schubfach algorithm as described in
-//
-// [1] Raffaello Giulietti, "The Schubfach way to render doubles",
-//     https://drive.google.com/open?id=1luHhyQF9zKlM8yJ1nebU0OgVYhfC6CBN
-//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#include <cassert>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <limits>
-#if _MSC_VER
-#include <intrin.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifndef SF_ASSERT
-#define SF_ASSERT(X) assert(X)
-#endif
-
-//==================================================================================================
-//
-//==================================================================================================
-
-template <typename Dest, typename Source>
-static inline Dest ReinterpretBits(Source source)
-{
-    static_assert(sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source), "size mismatch");
-
-    Dest dest;
-    std::memcpy(&dest, &source, sizeof(Source));
-    return dest;
-}
-
-namespace {
-struct Single
-{
-    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<float>::is_iec559
-               && std::numeric_limits<float>::digits == 24
-               && std::numeric_limits<float>::max_exponent == 128,
-        "IEEE-754 single-precision implementation required");
-
-    using value_type = float;
-    using bits_type = uint32_t;
-
-//  static constexpr int32_t   MaxDigits10     = std::numeric_limits<value_type>::max_digits10;
-    static constexpr int32_t   SignificandSize = std::numeric_limits<value_type>::digits; // = p   (includes the hidden bit)
-    static constexpr int32_t   ExponentBias    = std::numeric_limits<value_type>::max_exponent - 1 + (SignificandSize - 1);
-//  static constexpr int32_t   MaxExponent     = std::numeric_limits<value_type>::max_exponent - 1 - (SignificandSize - 1);
-//  static constexpr int32_t   MinExponent     = std::numeric_limits<value_type>::min_exponent - 1 - (SignificandSize - 1);
-    static constexpr bits_type MaxIeeeExponent = bits_type{2 * std::numeric_limits<value_type>::max_exponent - 1};
-    static constexpr bits_type HiddenBit       = bits_type{1} << (SignificandSize - 1);   // = 2^(p-1)
-    static constexpr bits_type SignificandMask = HiddenBit - 1;                           // = 2^(p-1) - 1
-    static constexpr bits_type ExponentMask    = MaxIeeeExponent << (SignificandSize - 1);
-    static constexpr bits_type SignMask        = ~(~bits_type{0} >> 1);
-
-    bits_type bits;
-
-    explicit Single(bits_type bits_) : bits(bits_) {}
-    explicit Single(value_type value) : bits(ReinterpretBits<bits_type>(value)) {}
-
-    bits_type PhysicalSignificand() const {
-        return bits & SignificandMask;
-    }
-
-    bits_type PhysicalExponent() const {
-        return (bits & ExponentMask) >> (SignificandSize - 1);
-    }
-
-    bool IsFinite() const {
-        return (bits & ExponentMask) != ExponentMask;
-    }
-
-    bool IsInf() const {
-        return (bits & ExponentMask) == ExponentMask && (bits & SignificandMask) == 0;
-    }
-
-    bool IsNaN() const {
-        return (bits & ExponentMask) == ExponentMask && (bits & SignificandMask) != 0;
-    }
-
-    bool IsZero() const {
-        return (bits & ~SignMask) == 0;
-    }
-
-    bool SignBit() const {
-        return (bits & SignMask) != 0;
-    }
-};
-} // namespace
-
-//==================================================================================================
-//
-//==================================================================================================
-
-// Returns floor(x / 2^n).
-//
-// Technically, right-shift of negative integers is implementation defined...
-// Should easily be optimized into SAR (or equivalent) instruction.
-static inline int32_t FloorDivPow2(int32_t x, int32_t n)
-{
-#if 0
-    return x < 0 ? ~(~x >> n) : (x >> n);
-#else
-    return x >> n;
-#endif
-}
-
-// Returns floor(log_10(2^e))
-// static inline int32_t FloorLog10Pow2(int32_t e)
-// {
-//     SF_ASSERT(e >= -1500);
-//     SF_ASSERT(e <=  1500);
-//     return FloorDivPow2(e * 1262611, 22);
-// }
-
-// Returns floor(log_10(3/4 2^e))
-// static inline int32_t FloorLog10ThreeQuartersPow2(int32_t e)
-// {
-//     SF_ASSERT(e >= -1500);
-//     SF_ASSERT(e <=  1500);
-//     return FloorDivPow2(e * 1262611 - 524031, 22);
-// }
-
-// Returns floor(log_2(10^e))
-static inline int32_t FloorLog2Pow10(int32_t e)
-{
-    SF_ASSERT(e >= -1233);
-    SF_ASSERT(e <=  1233);
-    return FloorDivPow2(e * 1741647, 19);
-}
-
-//==================================================================================================
-//
-//==================================================================================================
-
-static inline uint64_t ComputePow10(int32_t k)
-{
-    // There are unique beta and r such that 10^k = beta 2^r and
-    // 2^63 <= beta < 2^64, namely r = floor(log_2 10^k) - 63 and
-    // beta = 2^-r 10^k.
-    // Let g = ceil(beta), so (g-1) 2^r < 10^k <= g 2^r, with the latter
-    // value being a pretty good overestimate for 10^k.
-
-    // NB: Since for all the required exponents k, we have g < 2^64,
-    //     all constants can be stored in 128-bit integers.
-
-    static constexpr int32_t kMin = -31;
-    static constexpr int32_t kMax =  45;
-    static constexpr uint64_t g[kMax - kMin + 1] = {
-        0x81CEB32C4B43FCF5, // -31
-        0xA2425FF75E14FC32, // -30
-        0xCAD2F7F5359A3B3F, // -29
-        0xFD87B5F28300CA0E, // -28
-        0x9E74D1B791E07E49, // -27
-        0xC612062576589DDB, // -26
-        0xF79687AED3EEC552, // -25
-        0x9ABE14CD44753B53, // -24
-        0xC16D9A0095928A28, // -23
-        0xF1C90080BAF72CB2, // -22
-        0x971DA05074DA7BEF, // -21
-        0xBCE5086492111AEB, // -20
-        0xEC1E4A7DB69561A6, // -19
-        0x9392EE8E921D5D08, // -18
-        0xB877AA3236A4B44A, // -17
-        0xE69594BEC44DE15C, // -16
-        0x901D7CF73AB0ACDA, // -15
-        0xB424DC35095CD810, // -14
-        0xE12E13424BB40E14, // -13
-        0x8CBCCC096F5088CC, // -12
-        0xAFEBFF0BCB24AAFF, // -11
-        0xDBE6FECEBDEDD5BF, // -10
-        0x89705F4136B4A598, //  -9
-        0xABCC77118461CEFD, //  -8
-        0xD6BF94D5E57A42BD, //  -7
-        0x8637BD05AF6C69B6, //  -6
-        0xA7C5AC471B478424, //  -5
-        0xD1B71758E219652C, //  -4
-        0x83126E978D4FDF3C, //  -3
-        0xA3D70A3D70A3D70B, //  -2
-        0xCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCD, //  -1
-        0x8000000000000000, //   0
-        0xA000000000000000, //   1
-        0xC800000000000000, //   2
-        0xFA00000000000000, //   3
-        0x9C40000000000000, //   4
-        0xC350000000000000, //   5
-        0xF424000000000000, //   6
-        0x9896800000000000, //   7
-        0xBEBC200000000000, //   8
-        0xEE6B280000000000, //   9
-        0x9502F90000000000, //  10
-        0xBA43B74000000000, //  11
-        0xE8D4A51000000000, //  12
-        0x9184E72A00000000, //  13
-        0xB5E620F480000000, //  14
-        0xE35FA931A0000000, //  15
-        0x8E1BC9BF04000000, //  16
-        0xB1A2BC2EC5000000, //  17
-        0xDE0B6B3A76400000, //  18
-        0x8AC7230489E80000, //  19
-        0xAD78EBC5AC620000, //  20
-        0xD8D726B7177A8000, //  21
-        0x878678326EAC9000, //  22
-        0xA968163F0A57B400, //  23
-        0xD3C21BCECCEDA100, //  24
-        0x84595161401484A0, //  25
-        0xA56FA5B99019A5C8, //  26
-        0xCECB8F27F4200F3A, //  27
-        0x813F3978F8940985, //  28
-        0xA18F07D736B90BE6, //  29
-        0xC9F2C9CD04674EDF, //  30
-        0xFC6F7C4045812297, //  31
-        0x9DC5ADA82B70B59E, //  32
-        0xC5371912364CE306, //  33
-        0xF684DF56C3E01BC7, //  34
-        0x9A130B963A6C115D, //  35
-        0xC097CE7BC90715B4, //  36
-        0xF0BDC21ABB48DB21, //  37
-        0x96769950B50D88F5, //  38
-        0xBC143FA4E250EB32, //  39
-        0xEB194F8E1AE525FE, //  40
-        0x92EFD1B8D0CF37BF, //  41
-        0xB7ABC627050305AE, //  42
-        0xE596B7B0C643C71A, //  43
-        0x8F7E32CE7BEA5C70, //  44
-        0xB35DBF821AE4F38C, //  45
-    };
-
-    SF_ASSERT(k >= kMin);
-    SF_ASSERT(k <= kMax);
-    return g[static_cast<uint32_t>(k - kMin)];
-}
-
-static inline uint32_t Lo32(uint64_t x)
-{
-    return static_cast<uint32_t>(x);
-}
-
-static inline uint32_t Hi32(uint64_t x)
-{
-    return static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32);
-}
-
-#if defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__)
-
-static inline uint32_t RoundToOdd(uint64_t g, uint32_t cp)
-{
-    __extension__ using uint128_t = unsigned __int128;
-
-    const uint128_t p = uint128_t{g} * cp;
-
-    const uint32_t y1 = Lo32(static_cast<uint64_t>(p >> 64));
-    const uint32_t y0 = Hi32(static_cast<uint64_t>(p));
-
-    return y1 | (y0 > 1);
-}
-
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
-
-static inline uint32_t RoundToOdd(uint64_t g, uint32_t cpHi)
-{
-    uint64_t p1 = 0;
-    uint64_t p0 = _umul128(g, cpHi, &p1);
-
-    const uint32_t y1 = Lo32(p1);
-    const uint32_t y0 = Hi32(p0);
-
-    return y1 | (y0 > 1);
-}
-
-#else
-
-static inline uint32_t RoundToOdd(uint64_t g, uint32_t cp)
-{
-    const uint64_t b01 = uint64_t{Lo32(g)} * cp;
-    const uint64_t b11 = uint64_t{Hi32(g)} * cp;
-    const uint64_t hi = b11 + Hi32(b01);
-
-    const uint32_t y1 = Hi32(hi);
-    const uint32_t y0 = Lo32(hi);
-
-    return y1 | (y0 > 1);
-}
-
-#endif
-
-// Returns whether value is divisible by 2^e2
-static inline bool MultipleOfPow2(uint32_t value, int32_t e2)
-{
-    SF_ASSERT(e2 >= 0);
-    SF_ASSERT(e2 <= 31);
-    return (value & ((uint32_t{1} << e2) - 1)) == 0;
-}
-
-namespace {
-struct FloatingDecimal32 {
-    uint32_t digits; // num_digits <= 9
-    int32_t exponent;
-};
-}
-
-static inline FloatingDecimal32 ToDecimal32(uint32_t ieee_significand, uint32_t ieee_exponent)
-{
-    uint32_t c;
-    int32_t q;
-    if (ieee_exponent != 0)
-    {
-        c = Single::HiddenBit | ieee_significand;
-        q = static_cast<int32_t>(ieee_exponent) - Single::ExponentBias;
-
-        if (0 <= -q && -q < Single::SignificandSize && MultipleOfPow2(c, -q))
-        {
-            return {c >> -q, 0};
-        }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        c = ieee_significand;
-        q = 1 - Single::ExponentBias;
-    }
-
-    const bool is_even = (c % 2 == 0);
-    const bool accept_lower = is_even;
-    const bool accept_upper = is_even;
-
-    const bool lower_boundary_is_closer = (ieee_significand == 0 && ieee_exponent > 1);
-
-//  const int32_t qb = q - 2;
-    const uint32_t cbl = 4 * c - 2 + lower_boundary_is_closer;
-    const uint32_t cb  = 4 * c;
-    const uint32_t cbr = 4 * c + 2;
-
-    // (q * 1262611         ) >> 22 == floor(log_10(    2^q))
-    // (q * 1262611 - 524031) >> 22 == floor(log_10(3/4 2^q))
-    SF_ASSERT(q >= -1500);
-    SF_ASSERT(q <=  1500);
-    const int32_t k = FloorDivPow2(q * 1262611 - (lower_boundary_is_closer ? 524031 : 0), 22);
-
-    const int32_t h = q + FloorLog2Pow10(-k) + 1;
-    SF_ASSERT(h >= 1);
-    SF_ASSERT(h <= 4);
-
-    const uint64_t pow10 = ComputePow10(-k);
-    const uint32_t vbl = RoundToOdd(pow10, cbl << h);
-    const uint32_t vb  = RoundToOdd(pow10, cb  << h);
-    const uint32_t vbr = RoundToOdd(pow10, cbr << h);
-
-    const uint32_t lower = vbl + !accept_lower;
-    const uint32_t upper = vbr - !accept_upper;
-
-    // See Figure 4 in [1].
-    // And the modifications in Figure 6.
-
-    const uint32_t s = vb / 4; // NB: 4 * s == vb & ~3 == vb & -4
-
-    if (s >= 10) // vb >= 40
-    {
-        const uint32_t sp = s / 10; // = vb / 40
-        const bool up_inside = lower <= 40 * sp;
-        const bool wp_inside =          40 * sp + 40 <= upper;
-//      if (up_inside || wp_inside) // NB: At most one of u' and w' is in R_v.
-        if (up_inside != wp_inside)
-        {
-            return {sp + wp_inside, k + 1};
-        }
-    }
-
-    const bool u_inside = lower <= 4 * s;
-    const bool w_inside =          4 * s + 4 <= upper;
-    if (u_inside != w_inside)
-    {
-        return {s + w_inside, k};
-    }
-
-    // NB: s & 1 == vb & 0x4
-    const uint32_t mid = 4 * s + 2; // = 2(s + t)
-    const bool round_up = vb > mid || (vb == mid && (s & 1) != 0);
-
-    return {s + round_up, k};
-}
-
-//==================================================================================================
-// ToChars
-//==================================================================================================
-
-static inline void Utoa_2Digits(char* buf, uint32_t digits)
-{
-    static constexpr char Digits100[200] = {
-        '0','0','0','1','0','2','0','3','0','4','0','5','0','6','0','7','0','8','0','9',
-        '1','0','1','1','1','2','1','3','1','4','1','5','1','6','1','7','1','8','1','9',
-        '2','0','2','1','2','2','2','3','2','4','2','5','2','6','2','7','2','8','2','9',
-        '3','0','3','1','3','2','3','3','3','4','3','5','3','6','3','7','3','8','3','9',
-        '4','0','4','1','4','2','4','3','4','4','4','5','4','6','4','7','4','8','4','9',
-        '5','0','5','1','5','2','5','3','5','4','5','5','5','6','5','7','5','8','5','9',
-        '6','0','6','1','6','2','6','3','6','4','6','5','6','6','6','7','6','8','6','9',
-        '7','0','7','1','7','2','7','3','7','4','7','5','7','6','7','7','7','8','7','9',
-        '8','0','8','1','8','2','8','3','8','4','8','5','8','6','8','7','8','8','8','9',
-        '9','0','9','1','9','2','9','3','9','4','9','5','9','6','9','7','9','8','9','9',
-    };
-
-    SF_ASSERT(digits <= 99);
-    std::memcpy(buf, &Digits100[2 * digits], 2 * sizeof(char));
-}
-
-static inline int TrailingZeros_2Digits(uint32_t digits)
-{
-    static constexpr int8_t TrailingZeros100[100] = {
-        2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-    };
-
-    SF_ASSERT(digits <= 99);
-    return TrailingZeros100[digits];
-}
-
-static inline int PrintDecimalDigitsBackwards(char* buf, uint32_t output)
-{
-    int tz = 0; // number of trailing zeros removed.
-    int nd = 0; // number of decimal digits processed.
-
-    // At most 9 digits remaining
-
-    if (output >= 10000)
-    {
-        const uint32_t q = output / 10000;
-        const uint32_t r = output % 10000;
-        output = q;
-        buf -= 4;
-        if (r != 0)
-        {
-            const uint32_t rH = r / 100;
-            const uint32_t rL = r % 100;
-            Utoa_2Digits(buf + 0, rH);
-            Utoa_2Digits(buf + 2, rL);
-
-            tz = TrailingZeros_2Digits(rL == 0 ? rH : rL) + (rL == 0 ? 2 : 0);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            tz = 4;
-        }
-        nd = 4;
-    }
-
-    // At most 5 digits remaining.
-
-    if (output >= 100)
-    {
-        const uint32_t q = output / 100;
-        const uint32_t r = output % 100;
-        output = q;
-        buf -= 2;
-        Utoa_2Digits(buf, r);
-        if (tz == nd)
-        {
-            tz += TrailingZeros_2Digits(r);
-        }
-        nd += 2;
-
-        if (output >= 100)
-        {
-            const uint32_t q2 = output / 100;
-            const uint32_t r2 = output % 100;
-            output = q2;
-            buf -= 2;
-            Utoa_2Digits(buf, r2);
-            if (tz == nd)
-            {
-                tz += TrailingZeros_2Digits(r2);
-            }
-            nd += 2;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // At most 2 digits remaining.
-
-    SF_ASSERT(output >= 1);
-    SF_ASSERT(output <= 99);
-
-    if (output >= 10)
-    {
-        const uint32_t q = output;
-        buf -= 2;
-        Utoa_2Digits(buf, q);
-        if (tz == nd)
-        {
-            tz += TrailingZeros_2Digits(q);
-        }
-//      nd += 2;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        const uint32_t q = output;
-        SF_ASSERT(q >= 1);
-        SF_ASSERT(q <= 9);
-        *--buf = static_cast<char>('0' + q);
-    }
-
-    return tz;
-}
-
-static inline int32_t DecimalLength(uint32_t v)
-{
-    SF_ASSERT(v >= 1);
-    SF_ASSERT(v <= 999999999u);
-
-    if (v >= 100000000u) { return 9; }
-    if (v >= 10000000u) { return 8; }
-    if (v >= 1000000u) { return 7; }
-    if (v >= 100000u) { return 6; }
-    if (v >= 10000u) { return 5; }
-    if (v >= 1000u) { return 4; }
-    if (v >= 100u) { return 3; }
-    if (v >= 10u) { return 2; }
-    return 1;
-}
-
-static inline char* FormatDigits(char* buffer, uint32_t digits, int32_t decimal_exponent, bool force_trailing_dot_zero = false)
-{
-    static constexpr int32_t MinFixedDecimalPoint = -4;
-    static constexpr int32_t MaxFixedDecimalPoint =  9;
-    static_assert(MinFixedDecimalPoint <= -1, "internal error");
-    static_assert(MaxFixedDecimalPoint >=  9, "internal error");
-
-    SF_ASSERT(digits >= 1);
-    SF_ASSERT(digits <= 999999999u);
-    SF_ASSERT(decimal_exponent >= -99);
-    SF_ASSERT(decimal_exponent <=  99);
-
-    int32_t num_digits = DecimalLength(digits);
-    const int32_t decimal_point = num_digits + decimal_exponent;
-
-    const bool use_fixed = MinFixedDecimalPoint <= decimal_point && decimal_point <= MaxFixedDecimalPoint;
-
-    // Prepare the buffer.
-    // Avoid calling memset/memcpy with variable arguments below...
-
-    std::memset(buffer, '0', 16);
-    static_assert(MinFixedDecimalPoint >= -14, "internal error");
-    static_assert(MaxFixedDecimalPoint <=  16, "internal error");
-
-    int32_t decimal_digits_position;
-    if (use_fixed)
-    {
-        if (decimal_point <= 0)
-        {
-            // 0.[000]digits
-            decimal_digits_position = 2 - decimal_point;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // dig.its
-            // digits[000]
-            decimal_digits_position = 0;
-        }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        // dE+123 or d.igitsE+123
-        decimal_digits_position = 1;
-    }
-
-    char* digits_end = buffer + decimal_digits_position + num_digits;
-
-    const int tz = PrintDecimalDigitsBackwards(digits_end, digits);
-    digits_end -= tz;
-    num_digits -= tz;
-//  decimal_exponent += tz; // => decimal_point unchanged.
-
-    if (use_fixed)
-    {
-        if (decimal_point <= 0)
-        {
-            // 0.[000]digits
-            buffer[1] = '.';
-            buffer = digits_end;
-        }
-        else if (decimal_point < num_digits)
-        {
-            // dig.its
-            std::memmove(buffer + decimal_point + 1, buffer + decimal_point, 8);
-            buffer[decimal_point] = '.';
-            buffer = digits_end + 1;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // digits[000]
-            buffer += decimal_point;
-            if (force_trailing_dot_zero)
-            {
-                std::memcpy(buffer, ".0", 2);
-                buffer += 2;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        buffer[0] = buffer[1];
-        if (num_digits == 1)
-        {
-            // dE+123
-            ++buffer;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // d.igitsE+123
-            buffer[1] = '.';
-            buffer = digits_end;
-        }
-
-        const int32_t scientific_exponent = decimal_point - 1;
-//      SF_ASSERT(scientific_exponent != 0);
-
-        std::memcpy(buffer, scientific_exponent < 0 ? "e-" : "e+", 2);
-        buffer += 2;
-
-        const uint32_t k = static_cast<uint32_t>(scientific_exponent < 0 ? -scientific_exponent : scientific_exponent);
-        if (k < 10)
-        {
-            *buffer++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            Utoa_2Digits(buffer, k);
-            buffer += 2;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return buffer;
-}
-
-static inline char* ToChars(char* buffer, float value, bool force_trailing_dot_zero = false)
-{
-    const Single v(value);
-
-    const uint32_t significand = v.PhysicalSignificand();
-    const uint32_t exponent = v.PhysicalExponent();
-
-    if (exponent != Single::MaxIeeeExponent) // [[likely]]
-    {
-        // Finite
-
-        buffer[0] = '-';
-        buffer += v.SignBit();
-
-        if (exponent != 0 || significand != 0) // [[likely]]
-        {
-            // != 0
-
-            const auto dec = ToDecimal32(significand, exponent);
-            return FormatDigits(buffer, dec.digits, dec.exponent, force_trailing_dot_zero);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            std::memcpy(buffer, "0.0 ", 4);
-            buffer += force_trailing_dot_zero ? 3 : 1;
-            return buffer;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (significand == 0)
-    {
-        buffer[0] = '-';
-        buffer += v.SignBit();
-
-        std::memcpy(buffer, "inf ", 4);
-        return buffer + 3;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        std::memcpy(buffer, "nan ", 4);
-        return buffer + 3;
-    }
-}
-
-//==================================================================================================
-//
-//==================================================================================================
-
-char* schubfach::Ftoa(char* buffer, float value)
-{
-    return ToChars(buffer, value);
-}
+// Copyright 2020 Alexander Bolz
+//
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+//  (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+#include "schubfach_32.h"
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// This file contains an implementation of the Schubfach algorithm as described in
+//
+// [1] Raffaello Giulietti, "The Schubfach way to render doubles",
+//     https://drive.google.com/open?id=1luHhyQF9zKlM8yJ1nebU0OgVYhfC6CBN
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <limits>
+#if _MSC_VER
+#include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SF_ASSERT
+#define SF_ASSERT(X) assert(X)
+#endif
+
+//==================================================================================================
+//
+//==================================================================================================
+
+template <typename Dest, typename Source>
+static inline Dest ReinterpretBits(Source source)
+{
+    static_assert(sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source), "size mismatch");
+
+    Dest dest;
+    std::memcpy(&dest, &source, sizeof(Source));
+    return dest;
+}
+
+namespace {
+struct Single
+{
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<float>::is_iec559
+               && std::numeric_limits<float>::digits == 24
+               && std::numeric_limits<float>::max_exponent == 128,
+        "IEEE-754 single-precision implementation required");
+
+    using value_type = float;
+    using bits_type = uint32_t;
+
+//  static constexpr int32_t   MaxDigits10     = std::numeric_limits<value_type>::max_digits10;
+    static constexpr int32_t   SignificandSize = std::numeric_limits<value_type>::digits; // = p   (includes the hidden bit)
+    static constexpr int32_t   ExponentBias    = std::numeric_limits<value_type>::max_exponent - 1 + (SignificandSize - 1);
+//  static constexpr int32_t   MaxExponent     = std::numeric_limits<value_type>::max_exponent - 1 - (SignificandSize - 1);
+//  static constexpr int32_t   MinExponent     = std::numeric_limits<value_type>::min_exponent - 1 - (SignificandSize - 1);
+    static constexpr bits_type MaxIeeeExponent = bits_type{2 * std::numeric_limits<value_type>::max_exponent - 1};
+    static constexpr bits_type HiddenBit       = bits_type{1} << (SignificandSize - 1);   // = 2^(p-1)
+    static constexpr bits_type SignificandMask = HiddenBit - 1;                           // = 2^(p-1) - 1
+    static constexpr bits_type ExponentMask    = MaxIeeeExponent << (SignificandSize - 1);
+    static constexpr bits_type SignMask        = ~(~bits_type{0} >> 1);
+
+    bits_type bits;
+
+    explicit Single(bits_type bits_) : bits(bits_) {}
+    explicit Single(value_type value) : bits(ReinterpretBits<bits_type>(value)) {}
+
+    bits_type PhysicalSignificand() const {
+        return bits & SignificandMask;
+    }
+
+    bits_type PhysicalExponent() const {
+        return (bits & ExponentMask) >> (SignificandSize - 1);
+    }
+
+    bool IsFinite() const {
+        return (bits & ExponentMask) != ExponentMask;
+    }
+
+    bool IsInf() const {
+        return (bits & ExponentMask) == ExponentMask && (bits & SignificandMask) == 0;
+    }
+
+    bool IsNaN() const {
+        return (bits & ExponentMask) == ExponentMask && (bits & SignificandMask) != 0;
+    }
+
+    bool IsZero() const {
+        return (bits & ~SignMask) == 0;
+    }
+
+    bool SignBit() const {
+        return (bits & SignMask) != 0;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace
+
+//==================================================================================================
+//
+//==================================================================================================
+
+// Returns floor(x / 2^n).
+//
+// Technically, right-shift of negative integers is implementation defined...
+// Should easily be optimized into SAR (or equivalent) instruction.
+static inline int32_t FloorDivPow2(int32_t x, int32_t n)
+{
+#if 0
+    return x < 0 ? ~(~x >> n) : (x >> n);
+#else
+    return x >> n;
+#endif
+}
+
+// Returns floor(log_10(2^e))
+// static inline int32_t FloorLog10Pow2(int32_t e)
+// {
+//     SF_ASSERT(e >= -1500);
+//     SF_ASSERT(e <=  1500);
+//     return FloorDivPow2(e * 1262611, 22);
+// }
+
+// Returns floor(log_10(3/4 2^e))
+// static inline int32_t FloorLog10ThreeQuartersPow2(int32_t e)
+// {
+//     SF_ASSERT(e >= -1500);
+//     SF_ASSERT(e <=  1500);
+//     return FloorDivPow2(e * 1262611 - 524031, 22);
+// }
+
+// Returns floor(log_2(10^e))
+static inline int32_t FloorLog2Pow10(int32_t e)
+{
+    SF_ASSERT(e >= -1233);
+    SF_ASSERT(e <=  1233);
+    return FloorDivPow2(e * 1741647, 19);
+}
+
+//==================================================================================================
+//
+//==================================================================================================
+
+static inline uint64_t ComputePow10(int32_t k)
+{
+    // There are unique beta and r such that 10^k = beta 2^r and
+    // 2^63 <= beta < 2^64, namely r = floor(log_2 10^k) - 63 and
+    // beta = 2^-r 10^k.
+    // Let g = ceil(beta), so (g-1) 2^r < 10^k <= g 2^r, with the latter
+    // value being a pretty good overestimate for 10^k.
+
+    // NB: Since for all the required exponents k, we have g < 2^64,
+    //     all constants can be stored in 128-bit integers.
+
+    static constexpr int32_t kMin = -31;
+    static constexpr int32_t kMax =  45;
+    static constexpr uint64_t g[kMax - kMin + 1] = {
+        0x81CEB32C4B43FCF5, // -31
+        0xA2425FF75E14FC32, // -30
+        0xCAD2F7F5359A3B3F, // -29
+        0xFD87B5F28300CA0E, // -28
+        0x9E74D1B791E07E49, // -27
+        0xC612062576589DDB, // -26
+        0xF79687AED3EEC552, // -25
+        0x9ABE14CD44753B53, // -24
+        0xC16D9A0095928A28, // -23
+        0xF1C90080BAF72CB2, // -22
+        0x971DA05074DA7BEF, // -21
+        0xBCE5086492111AEB, // -20
+        0xEC1E4A7DB69561A6, // -19
+        0x9392EE8E921D5D08, // -18
+        0xB877AA3236A4B44A, // -17
+        0xE69594BEC44DE15C, // -16
+        0x901D7CF73AB0ACDA, // -15
+        0xB424DC35095CD810, // -14
+        0xE12E13424BB40E14, // -13
+        0x8CBCCC096F5088CC, // -12
+        0xAFEBFF0BCB24AAFF, // -11
+        0xDBE6FECEBDEDD5BF, // -10
+        0x89705F4136B4A598, //  -9
+        0xABCC77118461CEFD, //  -8
+        0xD6BF94D5E57A42BD, //  -7
+        0x8637BD05AF6C69B6, //  -6
+        0xA7C5AC471B478424, //  -5
+        0xD1B71758E219652C, //  -4
+        0x83126E978D4FDF3C, //  -3
+        0xA3D70A3D70A3D70B, //  -2
+        0xCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCD, //  -1
+        0x8000000000000000, //   0
+        0xA000000000000000, //   1
+        0xC800000000000000, //   2
+        0xFA00000000000000, //   3
+        0x9C40000000000000, //   4
+        0xC350000000000000, //   5
+        0xF424000000000000, //   6
+        0x9896800000000000, //   7
+        0xBEBC200000000000, //   8
+        0xEE6B280000000000, //   9
+        0x9502F90000000000, //  10
+        0xBA43B74000000000, //  11
+        0xE8D4A51000000000, //  12
+        0x9184E72A00000000, //  13
+        0xB5E620F480000000, //  14
+        0xE35FA931A0000000, //  15
+        0x8E1BC9BF04000000, //  16
+        0xB1A2BC2EC5000000, //  17
+        0xDE0B6B3A76400000, //  18
+        0x8AC7230489E80000, //  19
+        0xAD78EBC5AC620000, //  20
+        0xD8D726B7177A8000, //  21
+        0x878678326EAC9000, //  22
+        0xA968163F0A57B400, //  23
+        0xD3C21BCECCEDA100, //  24
+        0x84595161401484A0, //  25
+        0xA56FA5B99019A5C8, //  26
+        0xCECB8F27F4200F3A, //  27
+        0x813F3978F8940985, //  28
+        0xA18F07D736B90BE6, //  29
+        0xC9F2C9CD04674EDF, //  30
+        0xFC6F7C4045812297, //  31
+        0x9DC5ADA82B70B59E, //  32
+        0xC5371912364CE306, //  33
+        0xF684DF56C3E01BC7, //  34
+        0x9A130B963A6C115D, //  35
+        0xC097CE7BC90715B4, //  36
+        0xF0BDC21ABB48DB21, //  37
+        0x96769950B50D88F5, //  38
+        0xBC143FA4E250EB32, //  39
+        0xEB194F8E1AE525FE, //  40
+        0x92EFD1B8D0CF37BF, //  41
+        0xB7ABC627050305AE, //  42
+        0xE596B7B0C643C71A, //  43
+        0x8F7E32CE7BEA5C70, //  44
+        0xB35DBF821AE4F38C, //  45
+    };
+
+    SF_ASSERT(k >= kMin);
+    SF_ASSERT(k <= kMax);
+    return g[static_cast<uint32_t>(k - kMin)];
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t Lo32(uint64_t x)
+{
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(x);
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t Hi32(uint64_t x)
+{
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32);
+}
+
+#if defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__)
+
+static inline uint32_t RoundToOdd(uint64_t g, uint32_t cp)
+{
+    __extension__ using uint128_t = unsigned __int128;
+
+    const uint128_t p = uint128_t{g} * cp;
+
+    const uint32_t y1 = Lo32(static_cast<uint64_t>(p >> 64));
+    const uint32_t y0 = Hi32(static_cast<uint64_t>(p));
+
+    return y1 | (y0 > 1);
+}
+
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+
+static inline uint32_t RoundToOdd(uint64_t g, uint32_t cpHi)
+{
+    uint64_t p1 = 0;
+    uint64_t p0 = _umul128(g, cpHi, &p1);
+
+    const uint32_t y1 = Lo32(p1);
+    const uint32_t y0 = Hi32(p0);
+
+    return y1 | (y0 > 1);
+}
+
+#else
+
+static inline uint32_t RoundToOdd(uint64_t g, uint32_t cp)
+{
+    const uint64_t b01 = uint64_t{Lo32(g)} * cp;
+    const uint64_t b11 = uint64_t{Hi32(g)} * cp;
+    const uint64_t hi = b11 + Hi32(b01);
+
+    const uint32_t y1 = Hi32(hi);
+    const uint32_t y0 = Lo32(hi);
+
+    return y1 | (y0 > 1);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+// Returns whether value is divisible by 2^e2
+static inline bool MultipleOfPow2(uint32_t value, int32_t e2)
+{
+    SF_ASSERT(e2 >= 0);
+    SF_ASSERT(e2 <= 31);
+    return (value & ((uint32_t{1} << e2) - 1)) == 0;
+}
+
+namespace {
+struct FloatingDecimal32 {
+    uint32_t digits; // num_digits <= 9
+    int32_t exponent;
+};
+}
+
+static inline FloatingDecimal32 ToDecimal32(uint32_t ieee_significand, uint32_t ieee_exponent)
+{
+    uint32_t c;
+    int32_t q;
+    if (ieee_exponent != 0)
+    {
+        c = Single::HiddenBit | ieee_significand;
+        q = static_cast<int32_t>(ieee_exponent) - Single::ExponentBias;
+
+        if (0 <= -q && -q < Single::SignificandSize && MultipleOfPow2(c, -q))
+        {
+            return {c >> -q, 0};
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        c = ieee_significand;
+        q = 1 - Single::ExponentBias;
+    }
+
+    const bool is_even = (c % 2 == 0);
+    const bool accept_lower = is_even;
+    const bool accept_upper = is_even;
+
+    const bool lower_boundary_is_closer = (ieee_significand == 0 && ieee_exponent > 1);
+
+//  const int32_t qb = q - 2;
+    const uint32_t cbl = 4 * c - 2 + lower_boundary_is_closer;
+    const uint32_t cb  = 4 * c;
+    const uint32_t cbr = 4 * c + 2;
+
+    // (q * 1262611         ) >> 22 == floor(log_10(    2^q))
+    // (q * 1262611 - 524031) >> 22 == floor(log_10(3/4 2^q))
+    SF_ASSERT(q >= -1500);
+    SF_ASSERT(q <=  1500);
+    const int32_t k = FloorDivPow2(q * 1262611 - (lower_boundary_is_closer ? 524031 : 0), 22);
+
+    const int32_t h = q + FloorLog2Pow10(-k) + 1;
+    SF_ASSERT(h >= 1);
+    SF_ASSERT(h <= 4);
+
+    const uint64_t pow10 = ComputePow10(-k);
+    const uint32_t vbl = RoundToOdd(pow10, cbl << h);
+    const uint32_t vb  = RoundToOdd(pow10, cb  << h);
+    const uint32_t vbr = RoundToOdd(pow10, cbr << h);
+
+    const uint32_t lower = vbl + !accept_lower;
+    const uint32_t upper = vbr - !accept_upper;
+
+    // See Figure 4 in [1].
+    // And the modifications in Figure 6.
+
+    const uint32_t s = vb / 4; // NB: 4 * s == vb & ~3 == vb & -4
+
+    if (s >= 10) // vb >= 40
+    {
+        const uint32_t sp = s / 10; // = vb / 40
+        const bool up_inside = lower <= 40 * sp;
+        const bool wp_inside =          40 * sp + 40 <= upper;
+//      if (up_inside || wp_inside) // NB: At most one of u' and w' is in R_v.
+        if (up_inside != wp_inside)
+        {
+            return {sp + wp_inside, k + 1};
+        }
+    }
+
+    const bool u_inside = lower <= 4 * s;
+    const bool w_inside =          4 * s + 4 <= upper;
+    if (u_inside != w_inside)
+    {
+        return {s + w_inside, k};
+    }
+
+    // NB: s & 1 == vb & 0x4
+    const uint32_t mid = 4 * s + 2; // = 2(s + t)
+    const bool round_up = vb > mid || (vb == mid && (s & 1) != 0);
+
+    return {s + round_up, k};
+}
+
+//==================================================================================================
+// ToChars
+//==================================================================================================
+
+static inline void Utoa_2Digits(char* buf, uint32_t digits)
+{
+    static constexpr char Digits100[200] = {
+        '0','0','0','1','0','2','0','3','0','4','0','5','0','6','0','7','0','8','0','9',
+        '1','0','1','1','1','2','1','3','1','4','1','5','1','6','1','7','1','8','1','9',
+        '2','0','2','1','2','2','2','3','2','4','2','5','2','6','2','7','2','8','2','9',
+        '3','0','3','1','3','2','3','3','3','4','3','5','3','6','3','7','3','8','3','9',
+        '4','0','4','1','4','2','4','3','4','4','4','5','4','6','4','7','4','8','4','9',
+        '5','0','5','1','5','2','5','3','5','4','5','5','5','6','5','7','5','8','5','9',
+        '6','0','6','1','6','2','6','3','6','4','6','5','6','6','6','7','6','8','6','9',
+        '7','0','7','1','7','2','7','3','7','4','7','5','7','6','7','7','7','8','7','9',
+        '8','0','8','1','8','2','8','3','8','4','8','5','8','6','8','7','8','8','8','9',
+        '9','0','9','1','9','2','9','3','9','4','9','5','9','6','9','7','9','8','9','9',
+    };
+
+    SF_ASSERT(digits <= 99);
+    std::memcpy(buf, &Digits100[2 * digits], 2 * sizeof(char));
+}
+
+static inline int TrailingZeros_2Digits(uint32_t digits)
+{
+    static constexpr int8_t TrailingZeros100[100] = {
+        2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    };
+
+    SF_ASSERT(digits <= 99);
+    return TrailingZeros100[digits];
+}
+
+static inline int PrintDecimalDigitsBackwards(char* buf, uint32_t output)
+{
+    int tz = 0; // number of trailing zeros removed.
+    int nd = 0; // number of decimal digits processed.
+
+    // At most 9 digits remaining
+
+    if (output >= 10000)
+    {
+        const uint32_t q = output / 10000;
+        const uint32_t r = output % 10000;
+        output = q;
+        buf -= 4;
+        if (r != 0)
+        {
+            const uint32_t rH = r / 100;
+            const uint32_t rL = r % 100;
+            Utoa_2Digits(buf + 0, rH);
+            Utoa_2Digits(buf + 2, rL);
+
+            tz = TrailingZeros_2Digits(rL == 0 ? rH : rL) + (rL == 0 ? 2 : 0);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            tz = 4;
+        }
+        nd = 4;
+    }
+
+    // At most 5 digits remaining.
+
+    if (output >= 100)
+    {
+        const uint32_t q = output / 100;
+        const uint32_t r = output % 100;
+        output = q;
+        buf -= 2;
+        Utoa_2Digits(buf, r);
+        if (tz == nd)
+        {
+            tz += TrailingZeros_2Digits(r);
+        }
+        nd += 2;
+
+        if (output >= 100)
+        {
+            const uint32_t q2 = output / 100;
+            const uint32_t r2 = output % 100;
+            output = q2;
+            buf -= 2;
+            Utoa_2Digits(buf, r2);
+            if (tz == nd)
+            {
+                tz += TrailingZeros_2Digits(r2);
+            }
+            nd += 2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // At most 2 digits remaining.
+
+    SF_ASSERT(output >= 1);
+    SF_ASSERT(output <= 99);
+
+    if (output >= 10)
+    {
+        const uint32_t q = output;
+        buf -= 2;
+        Utoa_2Digits(buf, q);
+        if (tz == nd)
+        {
+            tz += TrailingZeros_2Digits(q);
+        }
+//      nd += 2;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        const uint32_t q = output;
+        SF_ASSERT(q >= 1);
+        SF_ASSERT(q <= 9);
+        *--buf = static_cast<char>('0' + q);
+    }
+
+    return tz;
+}
+
+static inline int32_t DecimalLength(uint32_t v)
+{
+    SF_ASSERT(v >= 1);
+    SF_ASSERT(v <= 999999999u);
+
+    if (v >= 100000000u) { return 9; }
+    if (v >= 10000000u) { return 8; }
+    if (v >= 1000000u) { return 7; }
+    if (v >= 100000u) { return 6; }
+    if (v >= 10000u) { return 5; }
+    if (v >= 1000u) { return 4; }
+    if (v >= 100u) { return 3; }
+    if (v >= 10u) { return 2; }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static inline char* FormatDigits(char* buffer, uint32_t digits, int32_t decimal_exponent, bool force_trailing_dot_zero = false)
+{
+    static constexpr int32_t MinFixedDecimalPoint = -4;
+    static constexpr int32_t MaxFixedDecimalPoint =  9;
+    static_assert(MinFixedDecimalPoint <= -1, "internal error");
+    static_assert(MaxFixedDecimalPoint >=  9, "internal error");
+
+    SF_ASSERT(digits >= 1);
+    SF_ASSERT(digits <= 999999999u);
+    SF_ASSERT(decimal_exponent >= -99);
+    SF_ASSERT(decimal_exponent <=  99);
+
+    int32_t num_digits = DecimalLength(digits);
+    const int32_t decimal_point = num_digits + decimal_exponent;
+
+    const bool use_fixed = MinFixedDecimalPoint <= decimal_point && decimal_point <= MaxFixedDecimalPoint;
+
+    // Prepare the buffer.
+    // Avoid calling memset/memcpy with variable arguments below...
+
+    std::memset(buffer, '0', 16);
+    static_assert(MinFixedDecimalPoint >= -14, "internal error");
+    static_assert(MaxFixedDecimalPoint <=  16, "internal error");
+
+    int32_t decimal_digits_position;
+    if (use_fixed)
+    {
+        if (decimal_point <= 0)
+        {
+            // 0.[000]digits
+            decimal_digits_position = 2 - decimal_point;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // dig.its
+            // digits[000]
+            decimal_digits_position = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // dE+123 or d.igitsE+123
+        decimal_digits_position = 1;
+    }
+
+    char* digits_end = buffer + decimal_digits_position + num_digits;
+
+    const int tz = PrintDecimalDigitsBackwards(digits_end, digits);
+    digits_end -= tz;
+    num_digits -= tz;
+//  decimal_exponent += tz; // => decimal_point unchanged.
+
+    if (use_fixed)
+    {
+        if (decimal_point <= 0)
+        {
+            // 0.[000]digits
+            buffer[1] = '.';
+            buffer = digits_end;
+        }
+        else if (decimal_point < num_digits)
+        {
+            // dig.its
+            std::memmove(buffer + decimal_point + 1, buffer + decimal_point, 8);
+            buffer[decimal_point] = '.';
+            buffer = digits_end + 1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // digits[000]
+            buffer += decimal_point;
+            if (force_trailing_dot_zero)
+            {
+                std::memcpy(buffer, ".0", 2);
+                buffer += 2;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        buffer[0] = buffer[1];
+        if (num_digits == 1)
+        {
+            // dE+123
+            ++buffer;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // d.igitsE+123
+            buffer[1] = '.';
+            buffer = digits_end;
+        }
+
+        const int32_t scientific_exponent = decimal_point - 1;
+//      SF_ASSERT(scientific_exponent != 0);
+
+        std::memcpy(buffer, scientific_exponent < 0 ? "e-" : "e+", 2);
+        buffer += 2;
+
+        const uint32_t k = static_cast<uint32_t>(scientific_exponent < 0 ? -scientific_exponent : scientific_exponent);
+        if (k < 10)
+        {
+            *buffer++ = static_cast<char>('0' + k);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            Utoa_2Digits(buffer, k);
+            buffer += 2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return buffer;
+}
+
+static inline char* ToChars(char* buffer, float value, bool force_trailing_dot_zero = false)
+{
+    const Single v(value);
+
+    const uint32_t significand = v.PhysicalSignificand();
+    const uint32_t exponent = v.PhysicalExponent();
+
+    if (exponent != Single::MaxIeeeExponent) // [[likely]]
+    {
+        // Finite
+
+        buffer[0] = '-';
+        buffer += v.SignBit();
+
+        if (exponent != 0 || significand != 0) // [[likely]]
+        {
+            // != 0
+
+            const auto dec = ToDecimal32(significand, exponent);
+            return FormatDigits(buffer, dec.digits, dec.exponent, force_trailing_dot_zero);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            std::memcpy(buffer, "0.0 ", 4);
+            buffer += force_trailing_dot_zero ? 3 : 1;
+            return buffer;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (significand == 0)
+    {
+        buffer[0] = '-';
+        buffer += v.SignBit();
+
+        std::memcpy(buffer, "inf ", 4);
+        return buffer + 3;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        std::memcpy(buffer, "nan ", 4);
+        return buffer + 3;
+    }
+}
+
+//==================================================================================================
+//
+//==================================================================================================
+
+char* schubfach::Ftoa(char* buffer, float value)
+{
+    return ToChars(buffer, value);
+}