eyelang 1.6.0 → 1.7.0

package/examples/braking-safety-worlds.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+% EYE reasoning-inspired example: braking safety in alternative worlds.
+%
+% Four simplified models classify the same road scenarios. The example is not a
+% real safety calculator; it demonstrates rule-level model comparison.
+
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+materialize(safeInWorld, 2).
+materialize(riskyInWorld, 2).
+materialize(status, 2).
+materialize(reason, 2).
+
+% Program structure: facts set up the scenario, and rules derive the materialized conclusions.
+scenario(city_dry, 13.9, 0.8, 40.0).
+scenario(highway_dry_short_gap, 27.8, 0.8, 60.0).
+scenario(city_wet, 13.9, 0.4, 40.0).
+scenario(city_ice, 13.9, 0.2, 30.0).
+
+world(w0, "physics-based stopping distance with reaction time").
+world(w1, "simplified braking-only rule without reaction time").
+world(w2, "naive dry-road friction assumption").
+world(w3, "cautious factor over the physics model").
+
+% Derivation rules: each rule below contributes one logical step toward the displayed results.
+stop_distance(?scenario, w0, ?distance) :-
+  scenario(?scenario, ?v, ?mu, ?avail),
+  mul(?v, 1.0, ?reaction),
+  pow(?v, 2.0, ?v2),
+  mul(?mu, 2.0, ?m2),
+  mul(?m2, 9.8, ?denom),
+  div(?v2, ?denom, ?braking),
+  add(?reaction, ?braking, ?distance).
+
+stop_distance(?scenario, w1, ?distance) :-
+  scenario(?scenario, ?v, ?mu, ?avail),
+  pow(?v, 2.0, ?v2),
+  mul(?mu, 2.0, ?m2),
+  mul(?m2, 10.0, ?denom),
+  div(?v2, ?denom, ?distance).
+
+stop_distance(?scenario, w2, ?distance) :-
+  scenario(?scenario, ?v, ?mu, ?avail),
+  pow(?v, 2.0, ?v2),
+  div(?v2, 14.0, ?distance).
+
+stop_distance(?scenario, w3, ?distance) :-
+  stop_distance(?scenario, w0, ?w0distance),
+  mul(?w0distance, 1.5, ?distance).
+
+safe_in_world(?scenario, ?world) :-
+  scenario(?scenario, ?v, ?mu, ?avail),
+  stop_distance(?scenario, ?world, ?distance),
+  le(?distance, ?avail).
+
+risky_in_world(?scenario, ?world) :-
+  scenario(?scenario, ?v, ?mu, ?avail),
+  stop_distance(?scenario, ?world, ?distance),
+  gt(?distance, ?avail).
+
+pattern_matches(report) :-
+  safe_in_world(city_dry, w0), safe_in_world(city_dry, w1), safe_in_world(city_dry, w2), safe_in_world(city_dry, w3),
+  risky_in_world(highway_dry_short_gap, w0), risky_in_world(highway_dry_short_gap, w3),
+  safe_in_world(highway_dry_short_gap, w1), safe_in_world(highway_dry_short_gap, w2),
+  safe_in_world(city_wet, w0), safe_in_world(city_wet, w1), safe_in_world(city_wet, w2), risky_in_world(city_wet, w3),
+  risky_in_world(city_ice, w0), risky_in_world(city_ice, w1), risky_in_world(city_ice, w3), safe_in_world(city_ice, w2).
+
+safeInWorld(?scenario, ?world) :- safe_in_world(?scenario, ?world).
+riskyInWorld(?scenario, ?world) :- risky_in_world(?scenario, ?world).
+status(braking_safety_worlds, expected_world_pattern) :- pattern_matches(report).
+reason(braking_safety_worlds, "simplified and naive worlds can be optimistic while the cautious world tightens the reference model") :- pattern_matches(report).

package/examples/buck-converter-design.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+% Engineering example: buck-converter ripple check.
+%
+% A simplified continuous-conduction buck converter model computes duty cycle,
+% inductor ripple current, capacitor ripple voltage, and checks design limits.
+
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+%
+% The constants describe one regulator design. The rules intentionally keep
+% each engineering equation separate so proof output can point to the exact
+% calculation that made the design pass or fail.
+materialize(dutyCycle, 2).
+materialize(inductorRipple_A, 2).
+materialize(rippleRatio, 2).
+materialize(capacitorRipple_V, 2).
+materialize(status, 2).
+materialize(reason, 2).
+
+% Program structure: facts set up the scenario, and rules derive the materialized conclusions.
+converter(regulator1, inputVoltage_V, 24.0).
+converter(regulator1, outputVoltage_V, 5.0).
+converter(regulator1, loadCurrent_A, 2.0).
+converter(regulator1, switchingFrequency_Hz, 500000.0).
+converter(regulator1, inductance_H, 0.000022).
+converter(regulator1, capacitance_F, 0.000047).
+limit(regulator1, maxRippleRatio, 0.30).
+limit(regulator1, maxOutputRipple_V, 0.05).
+
+% Derivation rules: each rule below contributes one logical step toward the displayed results.
+duty_cycle(?converter, ?duty) :-
+  converter(?converter, outputVoltage_V, ?outputvoltage),
+  converter(?converter, inputVoltage_V, ?inputvoltage),
+  div(?outputvoltage, ?inputvoltage, ?duty).
+
+inductor_ripple_current(?converter, ?ripplecurrent) :-
+  converter(?converter, inputVoltage_V, ?inputvoltage),
+  converter(?converter, outputVoltage_V, ?outputvoltage),
+  converter(?converter, inductance_H, ?inductance),
+  converter(?converter, switchingFrequency_Hz, ?frequency),
+  duty_cycle(?converter, ?duty),
+  sub(?inputvoltage, ?outputvoltage, ?voltageacrossinductor),
+  mul(?voltageacrossinductor, ?duty, ?numerator),
+  mul(?inductance, ?frequency, ?denominator),
+  div(?numerator, ?denominator, ?ripplecurrent).
+
+ripple_ratio(?converter, ?ratio) :-
+  inductor_ripple_current(?converter, ?ripplecurrent),
+  converter(?converter, loadCurrent_A, ?loadcurrent),
+  div(?ripplecurrent, ?loadcurrent, ?ratio).
+
+capacitor_ripple_voltage(?converter, ?ripplevoltage) :-
+  inductor_ripple_current(?converter, ?ripplecurrent),
+  converter(?converter, switchingFrequency_Hz, ?frequency),
+  converter(?converter, capacitance_F, ?capacitance),
+  mul(8.0, ?frequency, ?eightf),
+  mul(?eightf, ?capacitance, ?denominator),
+  div(?ripplecurrent, ?denominator, ?ripplevoltage).
+
+% within_ripple_limits/1 is the design gate for ripple current and output voltage.
+within_ripple_limits(?converter) :-
+  ripple_ratio(?converter, ?ratio),
+  limit(?converter, maxRippleRatio, ?maxratio),
+  lt(?ratio, ?maxratio),
+  capacitor_ripple_voltage(?converter, ?ripplevoltage),
+  limit(?converter, maxOutputRipple_V, ?maxripplevoltage),
+  lt(?ripplevoltage, ?maxripplevoltage).
+
+dutyCycle(?converter, ?duty) :-
+  duty_cycle(?converter, ?duty).
+
+inductorRipple_A(?converter, ?ripplecurrent) :-
+  inductor_ripple_current(?converter, ?ripplecurrent).
+
+rippleRatio(?converter, ?ratio) :-
+  ripple_ratio(?converter, ?ratio).
+
+capacitorRipple_V(?converter, ?ripplevoltage) :-
+  capacitor_ripple_voltage(?converter, ?ripplevoltage).
+
+status(?converter, stable_ripple_design) :-
+  within_ripple_limits(?converter).
+
+reason(?converter, "inductor-current and output-voltage ripple are below design limits") :-
+  within_ripple_limits(?converter).

package/examples/cache-performance.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+% Technology example: cache performance summary.
+%
+% A service has cache hits and misses with different response latencies. The
+% rules compute hit rate and weighted average latency, then classify whether
+% the cache is effective.
+
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+materialize(hitRate, 2).
+materialize(averageLatency_ms, 2).
+materialize(status, 2).
+materialize(reason, 2).
+
+% cache_sample/5 contains hits, misses, and the two latency classes; threshold/3
+% contains the operational targets used by the status rule.
+cache_sample(api_cache, 8600.0, 1400.0, 5.0, 80.0).
+threshold(api_cache, minimum_hit_rate, 0.80).
+threshold(api_cache, maximum_average_latency_ms, 20.0).
+
+% The rules compute total requests, hit rate, and weighted latency before
+% applying both acceptance thresholds together.
+total_requests(?cache, ?total) :-
+  cache_sample(?cache, ?hits, ?misses, ?_hitlatency, ?_misslatency),
+  add(?hits, ?misses, ?total).
+
+hit_rate(?cache, ?rate) :-
+  cache_sample(?cache, ?hits, ?_misses, ?_hitlatency, ?_misslatency),
+  total_requests(?cache, ?total),
+  div(?hits, ?total, ?rate).
+
+average_latency(?cache, ?average) :-
+  cache_sample(?cache, ?hits, ?misses, ?hitlatency, ?misslatency),
+  mul(?hits, ?hitlatency, ?hitcost),
+  mul(?misses, ?misslatency, ?misscost),
+  add(?hitcost, ?misscost, ?totalcost),
+  total_requests(?cache, ?total),
+  div(?totalcost, ?total, ?average).
+
+cache_effective(?cache) :-
+  hit_rate(?cache, ?rate),
+  threshold(?cache, minimum_hit_rate, ?minimumrate),
+  gt(?rate, ?minimumrate),
+  average_latency(?cache, ?average),
+  threshold(?cache, maximum_average_latency_ms, ?maximumlatency),
+  lt(?average, ?maximumlatency).
+
+hitRate(?cache, ?rate) :-
+  hit_rate(?cache, ?rate).
+
+averageLatency_ms(?cache, ?average) :-
+  average_latency(?cache, ?average).
+
+status(?cache, cache_effective) :-
+  cache_effective(?cache).
+
+reason(?cache, "hit rate is above target and average latency is below limit") :-
+  cache_effective(?cache).

package/examples/canary-release.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+% Technology example: canary release decision.
+%
+% A canary deployment is rolled back when its measured error rate exceeds the
+% allowed budget, even when latency is still acceptable.
+
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+materialize(errorRate, 2).
+materialize(p95Latency_ms, 2).
+materialize(latencyCheck, 2).
+materialize(status, 2).
+materialize(reason, 2).
+
+% canary/4 records request count, error count, and p95 latency; thresholds
+% make the rollout policy explicit data rather than constants hidden in rules.
+canary(canary42, 5000.0, 75.0, 180.0).
+threshold(canary42, maximum_error_rate, 0.01).
+threshold(canary42, maximum_p95_latency_ms, 200.0).
+
+% The latency and error-budget checks are independent so the final rollback
+% reason can point to the failing guard.
+error_rate(?release, ?rate) :-
+  canary(?release, ?requests, ?errors, ?_p95latency),
+  div(?errors, ?requests, ?rate).
+
+latency_ok(?release) :-
+  canary(?release, ?_requests, ?_errors, ?p95latency),
+  threshold(?release, maximum_p95_latency_ms, ?maximum),
+  lt(?p95latency, ?maximum).
+
+error_budget_exceeded(?release) :-
+  error_rate(?release, ?rate),
+  threshold(?release, maximum_error_rate, ?maximum),
+  gt(?rate, ?maximum).
+
+rollback_recommended(?release) :-
+  error_budget_exceeded(?release).
+
+errorRate(?release, ?rate) :-
+  error_rate(?release, ?rate).
+
+p95Latency_ms(?release, ?p95latency) :-
+  canary(?release, ?_requests, ?_errors, ?p95latency).
+
+latencyCheck(?release, ok) :-
+  latency_ok(?release).
+
+status(?release, rollback_recommended) :-
+  rollback_recommended(?release).
+
+reason(?release, "canary error rate exceeds the allowed budget") :-
+  rollback_recommended(?release).

package/examples/cat-koko.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+% Cat Koko, adapted from Eyeling's examples/cat-koko.n3.
+%
+% The Eyeling output contains two existential witnesses. eyelang has no blank
+% node constructor in the portable core, so this adaptation names those
+% witnesses sk_0 and sk_1.
+
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+materialize(type, 2).
+materialize(is, 2).
+
+% Program structure: facts set up the scenario, and rules derive the materialized conclusions.
+animal(koko).
+
+witness(cat, sk_0).
+witness(british_short_hair, sk_1).
+
+% Derivation rules: each rule below contributes one logical step toward the displayed results.
+type(?x, cat) :- animal(koko), witness(cat, ?x).
+type(?x, british_short_hair) :- animal(koko), witness(british_short_hair, ?x).
+
+is(test, true) :-
+  type(?x, cat),
+  type(?y, british_short_hair),
+  neq(?x, ?y).

package/examples/catalan-convolution.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+% Catalan numbers by tabled convolution.
+%
+% catalan(N,C) sums all splits of N-1 into left and right substructures.  The same
+% Catalan values appear in binary tree shapes, parenthesizations, and polygon
+% triangulations, shown here with small wrapper predicates.
+materialize(catalan_answer, 2).
+
+table(catalan, 2).
+
+% C_0 = 1; higher values are computed by the convolution sum.
+catalan(0, 1).
+catalan(?n, ?c) :-
+  gt(?n, 0),
+  sub(?n, 1, ?n1),
+  sumall(?product,
+    (between(0, ?n1, ?i),
+     sub(?n1, ?i, ?j),
+     catalan(?i, ?a),
+     catalan(?j, ?b),
+     mul(?a, ?b, ?product)),
+    ?c).
+
+% An n-gon has C_(n-2) triangulations.
+polygon_triangulations(?sides, ?count) :-
+  ge(?sides, 3),
+  sub(?sides, 2, ?n),
+  catalan(?n, ?count).
+
+parenthesizations(?factors, ?count) :-
+  ge(?factors, 1),
+  sub(?factors, 1, ?n),
+  catalan(?n, ?count).
+
+catalan_answer(catalan_12, ?c) :- catalan(12, ?c).
+catalan_answer(triangulations_14_gon, ?count) :- polygon_triangulations(14, ?count).
+catalan_answer(parenthesizations_13_factors, ?count) :- parenthesizations(13, ?count).
+catalan_answer(first_ten_sum, ?sum) :- sumall(?c, (between(0, 9, ?n), catalan(?n, ?c)), ?sum).

package/examples/chart-parser.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+% A tiny tabled chart parser for a context-free grammar.
+%
+% span(Sentence, Category, Start, End) is the dynamic-programming chart item:
+% Category covers a half-open token interval.  Memoizing span/4 turns recursive
+% grammar recognition into chart parsing, so ambiguous phrases share subparses.
+materialize(chart_parser_answer, 2).
+
+table(span, 4).
+
+% Two sample sentences share the same tiny grammar but have different parse counts.
+
+sentence(command, 5).
+sentence(ambiguous_pp, 8).
+
+word(command, 0, the).
+word(command, 1, robot).
+word(command, 2, moves).
+word(command, 3, the).
+word(command, 4, box).
+
+word(ambiguous_pp, 0, the).
+word(ambiguous_pp, 1, robot).
+word(ambiguous_pp, 2, sees).
+word(ambiguous_pp, 3, the).
+word(ambiguous_pp, 4, box).
+word(ambiguous_pp, 5, with).
+word(ambiguous_pp, 6, the).
+word(ambiguous_pp, 7, telescope).
+
+terminal(det, the).
+terminal(noun, robot).
+terminal(noun, box).
+terminal(noun, telescope).
+terminal(verb, moves).
+terminal(verb, sees).
+terminal(prep, with).
+
+rule(s, np, vp).
+rule(np, det, noun).
+rule(np, np, pp).
+rule(vp, verb, np).
+rule(vp, vp, pp).
+rule(pp, prep, np).
+
+% Lexical chart items come directly from words and terminal categories.
+span(?sentence, ?category, ?start, ?end) :-
+  word(?sentence, ?start, ?token),
+  terminal(?category, ?token),
+  add(?start, 1, ?end).
+% Nonterminal chart items split the interval at a Middle point.
+span(?sentence, ?category, ?start, ?end) :-
+  rule(?category, ?left, ?right),
+  span(?sentence, ?left, ?start, ?middle),
+  span(?sentence, ?right, ?middle, ?end).
+
+chart_parser_answer(parsed, ?sentence) :-
+  sentence(?sentence, ?length),
+  span(?sentence, s, 0, ?length).
+chart_parser_answer(parse_count, count(?sentence, ?count)) :-
+  sentence(?sentence, ?length),
+  countall(span(?sentence, s, 0, ?length), ?count).
+chart_parser_answer(noun_phrase_count, count(?sentence, ?count)) :-
+  sentence(?sentence, ?length),
+  countall(span(?sentence, np, ?_start, ?_end), ?count),
+  gt(?length, 0).

package/examples/clinical-trial-screening.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+% Representative example: clinical-trial screening.
+%
+% The program models a small diabetes trial screening workflow. Helper
+% predicates keep the inclusion/exclusion logic separate from the concise
+% public relation report.
+
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+%
+% Inclusion criteria are positive requirements; exclusion criteria veto a
+% candidate even when the inclusion checks pass. The emitted reason/2 facts are
+% the audit trail a coordinator would need for a screen-failure report.
+materialize(type, 2).
+materialize(status, 2).
+materialize(reason, 2).
+
+% Program structure: facts set up the scenario, and rules derive the materialized conclusions.
+patient(p001).
+patient(p002).
+patient(p003).
+patient(p004).
+
+age(p001, 54).
+age(p002, 67).
+age(p003, 31).
+age(p004, 45).
+
+diagnosis(p001, type2_diabetes).
+diagnosis(p002, type2_diabetes).
+diagnosis(p003, type2_diabetes).
+diagnosis(p004, type2_diabetes).
+
+lab(p001, hba1c_pct, 8.4).
+lab(p002, hba1c_pct, 7.9).
+lab(p003, hba1c_pct, 9.1).
+lab(p004, hba1c_pct, 6.4).
+
+lab(p001, egfr_ml_min, 83.0).
+lab(p002, egfr_ml_min, 38.0).
+lab(p003, egfr_ml_min, 91.0).
+lab(p004, egfr_ml_min, 72.0).
+
+condition(p003, pregnant).
+
+% Derivation rules: each rule below contributes one logical step toward the displayed results.
+inclusion_adult(?patient) :-
+  patient(?patient),
+  age(?patient, ?age),
+  ge(?age, 18).
+
+inclusion_diagnosis(?patient) :-
+  diagnosis(?patient, type2_diabetes).
+
+inclusion_hba1c(?patient) :-
+  lab(?patient, hba1c_pct, ?hba1c),
+  ge(?hba1c, 7.0),
+  le(?hba1c, 10.5).
+
+exclusion_renal(?patient) :-
+  lab(?patient, egfr_ml_min, ?egfr),
+  lt(?egfr, 45.0).
+
+exclusion_pregnancy(?patient) :-
+  condition(?patient, pregnant).
+
+% A patient is eligible only when all inclusion checks pass and no exclusion is proven.
+screen_eligible(?patient) :-
+  inclusion_adult(?patient),
+  inclusion_diagnosis(?patient),
+  inclusion_hba1c(?patient),
+  not(exclusion_renal(?patient)),
+  not(exclusion_pregnancy(?patient)).
+
+screen_fail(?patient) :- exclusion_renal(?patient).
+screen_fail(?patient) :- exclusion_pregnancy(?patient).
+screen_fail(?patient) :- patient(?patient), not(inclusion_hba1c(?patient)).
+
+type(?patient, trial_candidate) :-
+  screen_eligible(?patient).
+
+status(?patient, eligible) :-
+  screen_eligible(?patient).
+
+reason(?patient, "meets inclusion criteria and no listed exclusion") :-
+  screen_eligible(?patient).
+
+status(?patient, screen_fail) :-
+  screen_fail(?patient).
+
+reason(?patient, "eGFR below renal safety threshold") :-
+  exclusion_renal(?patient).
+
+reason(?patient, "pregnancy exclusion applies") :-
+  exclusion_pregnancy(?patient).
+
+reason(?patient, "HbA1c is outside protocol range") :-
+  patient(?patient),
+  not(inclusion_hba1c(?patient)).

package/examples/collatz-1000.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+% Collatz conjecture suite translated from Eyeling's examples/collatz-1000.n3.
+% It enumerates starts N = 1000, 999, ..., 1 by deriving N = 1000 - N0
+% from a repeat relation, then materializes each full trajectory.
+%
+% Source N3:
+% https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eyereasoner/eyeling/refs/heads/main/examples/collatz-1000.n3
+
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+% table/2 caches shared suffix trajectories so the 1000 starts do not recompute
+% the same Collatz tails hundreds of times.
+materialize(collatzTrajectory, 2).
+table(collatz, 2).
+
+% Program structure: facts set up the scenario, and rules derive the materialized conclusions.
+% The N3 source defines repeat/2 recursively; this Eyelang version uses the
+% equivalent bounded generator so the 1000-case regression remains stack-safe.
+
+% Query / materialization of the test suite.
+% Generate N in {1000..1} and ask the backward-defined collatz/2 predicate
+% for the full trajectory list M.
+collatzTrajectory(?n, ?m) :-
+  repeat(1000, ?n0),
+  sub(1000, ?n0, ?n),
+  collatz(?n, ?m).
+
+% Range generator.
+% repeat(N, I) enumerates all integers I in the half-open interval [0..N-1].
+repeat(?n, ?i) :-
+  sub(?n, 1, ?last),
+  between(0, ?last, ?i).
+
+% Backward Collatz relation.
+% collatz(N, M) relates a start value N to its full trajectory list M.
+collatz(1, [1]).
+collatz(?n, [?n|?j]) :-
+  gt(?n, 1),
+  mod(?n, 2, 0),
+  div(?n, 2, ?n1),
+  collatz(?n1, ?j).
+collatz(?n, [?n|?j]) :-
+  gt(?n, 1),
+  mod(?n, 2, 1),
+  mul(3, ?n, ?t),
+  add(?t, 1, ?n1),
+  collatz(?n1, ?j).

package/examples/combinatorics-findall-sort.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+% Eyelet-inspired combinations example using findall/3 and sort/2.
+%
+% combination/3 generates the same subset in several selection orders.  findall/3
+% collects those candidates, and sort/2 canonicalizes the list so each unordered
+% 3-combination of five items is reported once.
+materialize(combinations, 2).
+materialize(count, 2).
+materialize(reason, 2).
+
+% select/3 nondeterministically removes one item from a list; because it is an
+% ordinary rule, the example also demonstrates user-level list recursion.
+select(?item, [?item | ?rest], ?rest).
+% The recursive clause keeps the non-selected head and searches the tail.
+select(?item, [?head | ?tail], [?head | ?rest]) :-
+  select(?item, ?tail, ?rest).
+
+% combination/3 builds an unordered K-combination by repeated selection.
+combination(0, ?_items, []).
+combination(?i, ?items, ?combination) :-
+  gt(?i, 0),
+  select(?item, ?items, ?remaining),
+  sub(?i, 1, ?j),
+  combination(?j, ?remaining, ?partial),
+  sort([?item | ?partial], ?combination).
+
+% findall collects all generation orders; sort canonicalizes and deduplicates.
+unique_combinations(?k, ?items, ?unique) :-
+  findall(?c, combination(?k, ?items, ?c), ?all),
+  sort(?all, ?unique).
+
+combinations(combinations_5_choose_3, ?unique) :-
+  unique_combinations(3, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], ?unique).
+
+count(combinations_5_choose_3, ?count) :-
+  unique_combinations(3, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], ?unique),
+  length(?unique, ?count).
+
+reason(combinations_5_choose_3, "findall gathers generated combinations and sort removes duplicates").

package/examples/competitive-enzyme-kinetics.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+% Science example: competitive enzyme inhibition.
+%
+% Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a competitive inhibitor:
+%   Km_effective = Km * (1 + Inhibitor / Ki)
+%   rate = Vmax * Substrate / (Km_effective + Substrate)
+
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+materialize(effectiveKm_uM, 2).
+materialize(uninhibitedRate_uM_s, 2).
+materialize(inhibitedRate_uM_s, 2).
+materialize(inhibitionFraction, 2).
+materialize(status, 2).
+materialize(reason, 2).
+
+% Program structure: facts set up the scenario, and rules derive the materialized conclusions.
+assay(assay1, vmax_uM_s, 120.0).
+assay(assay1, substrate_uM, 50.0).
+assay(assay1, km_uM, 30.0).
+assay(assay1, inhibitor_uM, 10.0).
+assay(assay1, ki_uM, 5.0).
+threshold(assay1, significant_inhibition_fraction, 0.25).
+
+% Derivation rules: each rule below contributes one logical step toward the displayed results.
+competitive_multiplier(?assay, ?multiplier) :-
+  assay(?assay, inhibitor_uM, ?inhibitor),
+  assay(?assay, ki_uM, ?ki),
+  div(?inhibitor, ?ki, ?ratio),
+  add(1.0, ?ratio, ?multiplier).
+
+effective_km(?assay, ?effectivekm) :-
+  assay(?assay, km_uM, ?km),
+  competitive_multiplier(?assay, ?multiplier),
+  mul(?km, ?multiplier, ?effectivekm).
+
+uninhibited_rate(?assay, ?rate) :-
+  assay(?assay, vmax_uM_s, ?vmax),
+  assay(?assay, substrate_uM, ?substrate),
+  assay(?assay, km_uM, ?km),
+  mul(?vmax, ?substrate, ?numerator),
+  add(?km, ?substrate, ?denominator),
+  div(?numerator, ?denominator, ?rate).
+
+inhibited_rate(?assay, ?rate) :-
+  assay(?assay, vmax_uM_s, ?vmax),
+  assay(?assay, substrate_uM, ?substrate),
+  effective_km(?assay, ?effectivekm),
+  mul(?vmax, ?substrate, ?numerator),
+  add(?effectivekm, ?substrate, ?denominator),
+  div(?numerator, ?denominator, ?rate).
+
+inhibition_fraction(?assay, ?fraction) :-
+  uninhibited_rate(?assay, ?uninhibited),
+  inhibited_rate(?assay, ?inhibited),
+  sub(?uninhibited, ?inhibited, ?delta),
+  div(?delta, ?uninhibited, ?fraction).
+
+significant_inhibition(?assay) :-
+  inhibition_fraction(?assay, ?fraction),
+  threshold(?assay, significant_inhibition_fraction, ?limit),
+  gt(?fraction, ?limit).
+
+effectiveKm_uM(?assay, ?effectivekm) :-
+  effective_km(?assay, ?effectivekm).
+
+uninhibitedRate_uM_s(?assay, ?rate) :-
+  uninhibited_rate(?assay, ?rate).
+
+inhibitedRate_uM_s(?assay, ?rate) :-
+  inhibited_rate(?assay, ?rate).
+
+inhibitionFraction(?assay, ?fraction) :-
+  inhibition_fraction(?assay, ?fraction).
+
+status(?assay, significant_inhibition) :-
+  significant_inhibition(?assay).
+
+reason(?assay, "competitive inhibitor raises effective Km and lowers reaction rate") :-
+  significant_inhibition(?assay).