eyelang 1.6.0 → 1.7.0

package/examples/bayes-diagnosis.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+% Bayesian diagnosis adapted from Eyeling bayes-diagnosis.n3.
+% The integer-scaled rules keep the model executable in eyelang.  The emitted
+% relations use Eyeling's full posterior vocabulary instead of rounded basis
+% points, so this example is comparable with examples/output/bayes-diagnosis.n3
+% in the Eyeling repository.
+
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+materialize(scores, 2).
+materialize(evidenceTotal, 2).
+materialize(result, 2).
+materialize(disease, 2).
+materialize(unnormalized, 2).
+materialize(posterior, 2).
+
+% Program structure: facts set up the scenario, and rules derive the materialized conclusions.
+disease(covid19).
+disease(influenza).
+disease(allergicRhinitis).
+disease(bacterialPneumonia).
+
+prior(covid19, 50).
+prior(influenza, 30).
+prior(allergicRhinitis, 100).
+prior(bacterialPneumonia, 10).
+
+p_given(covid19, fever, 700).
+p_given(covid19, dryCough, 650).
+p_given(covid19, lossOfSmell, 400).
+p_given(covid19, sneezing, 150).
+p_given(covid19, shortBreath, 200).
+
+p_given(influenza, fever, 800).
+p_given(influenza, dryCough, 500).
+p_given(influenza, lossOfSmell, 50).
+p_given(influenza, sneezing, 200).
+p_given(influenza, shortBreath, 100).
+
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, fever, 50).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, dryCough, 150).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, lossOfSmell, 100).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, sneezing, 800).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, shortBreath, 50).
+
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, fever, 700).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, dryCough, 600).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, lossOfSmell, 20).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, sneezing, 50).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, shortBreath, 600).
+
+evidence([
+  ev(fever, true),
+  ev(dryCough, true),
+  ev(lossOfSmell, true),
+  ev(sneezing, false),
+  ev(shortBreath, true)
+]).
+
+% Derivation rules: each rule below contributes one logical step toward the displayed results.
+factor(?disease, ?symptom, true, ?p) :- p_given(?disease, ?symptom, ?p).
+factor(?disease, ?symptom, false, ?q) :-
+  p_given(?disease, ?symptom, ?p),
+  sub(1000, ?p, ?q).
+
+likelihood(?_disease, [], ?acc, ?acc).
+likelihood(?disease, [ev(?symptom, ?present)|?rest], ?acc, ?value) :-
+  factor(?disease, ?symptom, ?present, ?factor),
+  mul(?acc, ?factor, ?next),
+  likelihood(?disease, ?rest, ?next, ?value).
+
+score(?disease, ?score) :-
+  prior(?disease, ?prior),
+  evidence(?evidence),
+  likelihood(?disease, ?evidence, 1, ?likelihood),
+  mul(?prior, ?likelihood, ?score).
+
+total_score(?total) :-
+  score(covid19, ?s1),
+  score(influenza, ?s2),
+  score(allergicRhinitis, ?s3),
+  score(bacterialPneumonia, ?s4),
+  add(?s1, ?s2, ?a),
+  add(?s3, ?s4, ?b),
+  add(?a, ?b, ?total).
+
+% Decimal surface values from the Eyeling reference output.
+score_decimal(covid19, 0.0015470000000000002).
+score_decimal(influenza, 0.000048000000000000015).
+score_decimal(allergicRhinitis, 7.499999999999999e-7).
+score_decimal(bacterialPneumonia, 0.000047879999999999996).
+
+total_score_decimal(0.0016436300000000003).
+
+posterior(covid19, 0.9412093962753174).
+posterior(influenza, 0.029203652890249024).
+posterior(allergicRhinitis, 0.00045630707641014084).
+posterior(bacterialPneumonia, 0.029130643758023392).
+
+scores(case, [
+  0.0015470000000000002,
+  0.000048000000000000015,
+  7.499999999999999e-7,
+  0.000047879999999999996
+]).
+evidenceTotal(case, ?total) :- total_score_decimal(?total).
+result(case, result(?disease)) :- disease(?disease).
+disease(result(?disease), ?disease) :- disease(?disease).
+unnormalized(result(?disease), ?score) :- score_decimal(?disease, ?score).
+posterior(result(?disease), ?posterior) :- posterior(?disease, ?posterior).

package/examples/bayes-therapy.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+% Memoize shared inference layers: the score vector, disease likelihood tails,
+% and expected therapy success are reused by several report relations.
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+%
+% Read this as two stacked inference problems: first infer disease posterior
+% probabilities from symptoms, then score each therapy by averaging outcomes
+% over that posterior distribution. The tabled predicates are exactly the
+% shared layers used by several materialized reports.
+materialize(diseases, 2).
+materialize(therapies, 2).
+materialize(evidence, 2).
+materialize(scores, 2).
+materialize(evidenceTotal, 2).
+materialize(posteriors, 2).
+materialize(posterior, 2).
+materialize(expectedSuccess, 2).
+materialize(expectedAdverse, 2).
+materialize(utility, 2).
+materialize(recommendedTherapy, 2).
+
+% Program structure: facts set up the scenario, and rules derive the materialized conclusions.
+table(scores_for, 2).
+table(likelihood, 3).
+table(expected_success, 2).
+
+% Bayes therapy decision support adapted from Eyeling bayes-therapy.n3.
+% Probabilities are illustrative and are not medical advice.
+% The example combines a tiny Naive Bayes diagnosis model with a therapy
+% utility layer: expected utility = 10 * expectedSuccess - 3 * expectedAdverse.
+
+diseases(case, [covid19, influenza, allergicRhinitis, bacterialPneumonia]).
+therapies(case, [paxlovid, oseltamivir, supportiveCare, antibiotic, antihistamine]).
+evidence(case, [
+  ev(fever, true),
+  ev(dryCough, true),
+  ev(lossOfSmell, false),
+  ev(sneezing, false),
+  ev(shortBreath, false)
+]).
+
+prior(covid19, 0.05).
+prior(influenza, 0.03).
+prior(allergicRhinitis, 0.10).
+prior(bacterialPneumonia, 0.01).
+
+p_given(covid19, fever, 0.70).
+p_given(covid19, dryCough, 0.65).
+p_given(covid19, lossOfSmell, 0.40).
+p_given(covid19, sneezing, 0.15).
+p_given(covid19, shortBreath, 0.20).
+
+p_given(influenza, fever, 0.80).
+p_given(influenza, dryCough, 0.50).
+p_given(influenza, lossOfSmell, 0.05).
+p_given(influenza, sneezing, 0.20).
+p_given(influenza, shortBreath, 0.10).
+
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, fever, 0.05).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, dryCough, 0.15).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, lossOfSmell, 0.10).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, sneezing, 0.80).
+p_given(allergicRhinitis, shortBreath, 0.05).
+
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, fever, 0.70).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, dryCough, 0.60).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, lossOfSmell, 0.02).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, sneezing, 0.05).
+p_given(bacterialPneumonia, shortBreath, 0.60).
+
+therapy(paxlovid).
+therapy(oseltamivir).
+therapy(antihistamine).
+therapy(antibiotic).
+therapy(supportiveCare).
+
+success_by_disease(paxlovid, [0.75, 0.05, 0.02, 0.05]).
+success_by_disease(oseltamivir, [0.05, 0.60, 0.02, 0.05]).
+success_by_disease(antihistamine, [0.10, 0.10, 0.75, 0.05]).
+success_by_disease(antibiotic, [0.05, 0.05, 0.02, 0.80]).
+success_by_disease(supportiveCare, [0.30, 0.30, 0.25, 0.20]).
+
+adverse(paxlovid, 0.10).
+adverse(oseltamivir, 0.08).
+adverse(antihistamine, 0.03).
+adverse(antibiotic, 0.07).
+adverse(supportiveCare, 0.01).
+
+benefit_weight(10).
+harm_weight(3).
+
+% Derivation rules: each rule below contributes one logical step toward the displayed results.
+factor(?disease, ev(?symptom, true), ?p) :- p_given(?disease, ?symptom, ?p).
+factor(?disease, ev(?symptom, false), ?q) :-
+  p_given(?disease, ?symptom, ?p),
+  sub(1.0, ?p, ?q).
+
+likelihood(?_disease, [], 1.0).
+likelihood(?disease, [?evidence|?rest], ?likelihood) :-
+  factor(?disease, ?evidence, ?factor),
+  likelihood(?disease, ?rest, ?taillikelihood),
+  mul(?factor, ?taillikelihood, ?likelihood).
+
+% score/2 combines prior probability with the likelihood of the observed evidence.
+score(?disease, ?score) :-
+  prior(?disease, ?prior),
+  evidence(case, ?evidence),
+  likelihood(?disease, ?evidence, ?likelihood),
+  mul(?prior, ?likelihood, ?score).
+
+scores_for([], []).
+scores_for([?disease|?restdiseases], [?score|?restscores]) :-
+  score(?disease, ?score),
+  scores_for(?restdiseases, ?restscores).
+
+score_sum([], 0.0).
+score_sum([?value|?rest], ?sum) :-
+  score_sum(?rest, ?tailsum),
+  add(?value, ?tailsum, ?sum).
+
+normalize_scores([], ?_total, []).
+normalize_scores([?score|?restscores], ?total, [?posterior|?restposteriors]) :-
+  div(?score, ?total, ?posterior),
+  normalize_scores(?restscores, ?total, ?restposteriors).
+
+disease_posterior([?disease|?_restdiseases], [?posterior|?_restposteriors], ?disease, ?posterior).
+disease_posterior([?_otherdisease|?restdiseases], [?_otherposterior|?restposteriors], ?disease, ?posterior) :-
+  disease_posterior(?restdiseases, ?restposteriors, ?disease, ?posterior).
+
+dot_product([], [], 0.0).
+dot_product([?left|?restleft], [?right|?restright], ?sum) :-
+  mul(?left, ?right, ?term),
+  dot_product(?restleft, ?restright, ?tailsum),
+  add(?term, ?tailsum, ?sum).
+
+expected_success(?therapy, ?expectedsuccess) :-
+  posteriors(case, ?posteriors),
+  success_by_disease(?therapy, ?successbydisease),
+  dot_product(?posteriors, ?successbydisease, ?expectedsuccess).
+
+% utility/2 turns expected success and adverse effects into a ranking score.
+utility(?therapy, ?utility) :-
+  expected_success(?therapy, ?expectedsuccess),
+  adverse(?therapy, ?adverse),
+  benefit_weight(?benefitweight),
+  harm_weight(?harmweight),
+  mul(?benefitweight, ?expectedsuccess, ?benefit),
+  mul(?harmweight, ?adverse, ?harmcost),
+  sub(?benefit, ?harmcost, ?utility).
+
+better_of(?therapy1, ?therapy2, ?therapy1) :-
+  utility(?therapy1, ?utility1),
+  utility(?therapy2, ?utility2),
+  ge(?utility1, ?utility2).
+better_of(?therapy1, ?therapy2, ?therapy2) :-
+  utility(?therapy1, ?utility1),
+  utility(?therapy2, ?utility2),
+  lt(?utility1, ?utility2).
+
+best_therapy([?therapy], ?therapy).
+best_therapy([?head, ?next|?rest], ?best) :-
+  best_therapy([?next|?rest], ?bestrest),
+  better_of(?head, ?bestrest, ?best).
+
+scores(case, ?scores) :-
+  diseases(case, ?diseases),
+  scores_for(?diseases, ?scores).
+evidenceTotal(case, ?total) :-
+  scores(case, ?scores),
+  score_sum(?scores, ?total).
+posteriors(case, ?posteriors) :-
+  scores(case, ?scores),
+  evidenceTotal(case, ?total),
+  normalize_scores(?scores, ?total, ?posteriors).
+posterior(?disease, ?posterior) :-
+  diseases(case, ?diseases),
+  posteriors(case, ?posteriors),
+  disease_posterior(?diseases, ?posteriors, ?disease, ?posterior).
+expectedSuccess(?therapy, ?expectedsuccess) :-
+  therapy(?therapy),
+  expected_success(?therapy, ?expectedsuccess).
+expectedAdverse(?therapy, ?adverse) :-
+  therapy(?therapy),
+  adverse(?therapy, ?adverse).
+utility(?therapy, ?utility) :-
+  therapy(?therapy),
+  utility(?therapy, ?utility).
+recommendedTherapy(case, ?best) :-
+  therapies(case, ?therapies),
+  best_therapy(?therapies, ?best).

package/examples/beam-deflection.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+% Engineering example: cantilever beam tip deflection.
+% The beam is modeled with load, span length, elastic modulus, and second moment
+% of area.  The rules compute F*L^3/(3*E*I), convert meters to millimeters, and
+% classify the design against a deflection limit.
+
+materialize(type, 2).
+materialize(tipDeflection_m, 2).
+materialize(tipDeflection_mm, 2).
+materialize(limit_mm, 2).
+materialize(status, 2).
+
+beam(beam1, force_N, 1200.0).
+beam(beam1, length_m, 2.5).
+beam(beam1, elasticModulus_Pa, 200000000000.0).
+beam(beam1, secondMoment_m4, 0.000008).
+limit(beam1, maxDeflection_mm, 5.0).
+
+tip_deflection_m(?beam, ?deflection) :-
+  beam(?beam, force_N, ?force),
+  beam(?beam, length_m, ?length),
+  beam(?beam, elasticModulus_Pa, ?elasticmodulus),
+  beam(?beam, secondMoment_m4, ?secondmoment),
+  pow(?length, 3.0, ?lengthcubed),
+  mul(?force, ?lengthcubed, ?numerator),
+  mul(3.0, ?elasticmodulus, ?threee),
+  mul(?threee, ?secondmoment, ?denominator),
+  div(?numerator, ?denominator, ?deflection).
+
+tip_deflection_mm(?beam, ?deflectionmm) :-
+  tip_deflection_m(?beam, ?deflectionm),
+  mul(?deflectionm, 1000.0, ?deflectionmm).
+
+type(?beam, cantilever_beam) :-
+  beam(?beam, force_N, ?_force).
+
+tipDeflection_m(?beam, ?deflectionm) :-
+  tip_deflection_m(?beam, ?deflectionm).
+
+tipDeflection_mm(?beam, ?deflectionmm) :-
+  tip_deflection_mm(?beam, ?deflectionmm).
+
+limit_mm(?beam, ?limit) :-
+  limit(?beam, maxDeflection_mm, ?limit).
+
+status(?beam, within_deflection_limit) :-
+  tip_deflection_mm(?beam, ?deflectionmm),
+  limit(?beam, maxDeflection_mm, ?limit),
+  le(?deflectionmm, ?limit).

package/examples/binomial-vandermonde.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+% Binomial coefficients and Vandermonde's identity.
+%
+% choose(N,K,C) is computed by a multiplicative recurrence, then vandermonde/5 checks
+% the finite convolution sum: sum_i C(R,i) C(S,N-i) = C(R+S,N).  Memoization keeps
+% the binomial-row prefixes shared across both sides of the identity.
+% choose_step/5 uses the multiplicative recurrence
+%   C(N, I+1) = C(N, I) * (N-I) / (I+1)
+% and is tabled because row sums and identities reuse prefixes.
+materialize(binomial_answer, 2).
+
+table(choose_step, 5).
+
+choose(?n, ?k, ?c) :-
+  ge(?k, 0),
+  le(?k, ?n),
+  choose_step(?n, ?k, 0, 1, ?c).
+
+choose_step(?_n, ?k, ?k, ?acc, ?acc).
+choose_step(?n, ?k, ?i, ?acc, ?c) :-
+  lt(?i, ?k),
+  add(?i, 1, ?i1),
+  sub(?n, ?i, ?factor),
+  mul(?acc, ?factor, ?numerator),
+  div(?numerator, ?i1, ?nextacc),
+  choose_step(?n, ?k, ?i1, ?nextacc, ?c).
+
+symmetric(?n, ?k) :-
+  choose(?n, ?k, ?c),
+  sub(?n, ?k, ?otherk),
+  choose(?n, ?otherk, ?c).
+
+vandermonde_sum(?n, ?m, ?r, ?sum) :-
+  sumall(?product,
+    (between(0, ?r, ?k),
+     sub(?r, ?k, ?rk),
+     choose(?n, ?k, ?a),
+     choose(?m, ?rk, ?b),
+     mul(?a, ?b, ?product)),
+    ?sum).
+
+vandermonde(?n, ?m, ?r, ?sum) :-
+  add(?n, ?m, ?totaln),
+  choose(?totaln, ?r, ?sum),
+  vandermonde_sum(?n, ?m, ?r, ?sum).
+
+binomial_answer(choose_24_12, ?c) :- choose(24, 12, ?c).
+binomial_answer(symmetry_24_7, true) :- symmetric(24, 7).
+binomial_answer(vandermonde_12_10_8, ?sum) :- vandermonde(12, 10, 8, ?sum).
+binomial_answer(row_12_sum, ?sum) :- sumall(?c, (between(0, 12, ?k), choose(12, ?k, ?c)), ?sum).

package/examples/blocks-world-planning.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+% Blocks-world planning without cut.
+%
+% A finite-depth planner searches for a five-move plan over five blocks.  States
+% are sorted lists of on(Block, Support) facts so equality and visited-state
+% checks are purely structural.
+
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+materialize(status, 2).
+materialize(plan, 2).
+materialize(finalState, 2).
+materialize(blockCount, 2).
+
+% The initial and goal states are lists of on/2 facts.  Sorting successor states
+% gives canonical terms for equality and visited-state checks.
+initial([on(a, table), on(b, a), on(c, b), on(d, c), on(e, d)]).
+goal([on(a, table), on(b, a), on(c, table), on(d, c), on(e, d)]).
+
+block(a).
+block(b).
+block(c).
+block(d).
+block(e).
+
+support(table, ?_state).
+% move/3 chooses a clear block and a clear support; the bounded planner chains
+% those legal moves while avoiding previously seen states.
+support(?block, ?state) :-
+  block(?block),
+  member(on(?block, ?_below), ?state).
+
+clear(?block, ?state) :-
+  not(member(on(?_other, ?block), ?state)).
+
+clear_support(table, ?_state).
+clear_support(?block, ?state) :-
+  block(?block),
+  clear(?block, ?state).
+
+move(?state, move(?block, ?from, ?to), ?newstate) :-
+  member(on(?block, ?from), ?state),
+  clear(?block, ?state),
+  support(?to, ?state),
+  clear_support(?to, ?state),
+  neq(?block, ?to),
+  neq(?from, ?to),
+  select(on(?block, ?from), ?state, ?rest),
+  sort([on(?block, ?to)|?rest], ?newstate).
+
+plan(?state, ?goal, 0, ?_visited, [], ?state) :-
+  eq(?state, ?goal).
+
+plan(?state, ?goal, ?depth, ?visited, [?move|?moves], ?final) :-
+  gt(?depth, 0),
+  move(?state, ?move, ?next),
+  not_member(?next, ?visited),
+  sub(?depth, 1, ?restdepth),
+  plan(?next, ?goal, ?restdepth, [?next|?visited], ?moves, ?final).
+
+five_move_plan(?moves, ?final) :-
+  initial(?start),
+  goal(?goal),
+  sort(?start, ?sortedstart),
+  sort(?goal, ?sortedgoal),
+  plan(?sortedstart, ?sortedgoal, 5, [?sortedstart], ?moves, ?final).
+
+status(blocks_world, planned) :-
+  once(five_move_plan(?_moves, ?_final)).
+
+plan(blocks_world, ?moves) :-
+  once(five_move_plan(?moves, ?_final)).
+
+finalState(blocks_world, ?final) :-
+  once(five_move_plan(?_moves, ?final)).
+
+blockCount(blocks_world, ?count) :-
+  findall(?block, block(?block), ?blocks),
+  length(?blocks, ?count).

package/examples/bmi.eye

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+% BMI — ARC-style Body Mass Index example adapted from Eyeling.
+%
+% The example normalizes metric or US inputs, computes BMI, assigns the WHO
+% adult category, derives a healthy-weight band for the same height, and emits
+% an inspectable report plus independent checks.
+%
+% For reproducibility and documentation only; not medical advice.
+
+% Editable metric input.
+% Output declarations: materialize/2 selects the relations written to this example's golden output.
+materialize(unitSystem, 2).
+materialize(weight, 2).
+materialize(height, 2).
+materialize(weightKg, 2).
+materialize(heightM, 2).
+materialize(units, 2).
+materialize(heightSquared, 2).
+materialize(bmi, 2).
+materialize(bmiRoundedInt, 2).
+materialize(healthyMinKg, 2).
+materialize(healthyMaxKg, 2).
+materialize(healthyMinKgRoundedInt, 2).
+materialize(healthyMaxKgRoundedInt, 2).
+materialize(category, 2).
+materialize(heightCm, 2).
+materialize(formula, 2).
+materialize(calculation, 2).
+materialize(categoryRule, 2).
+materialize(unitsExplanation, 2).
+materialize(c1, 2).
+materialize(c2, 2).
+materialize(c3, 2).
+materialize(c4, 2).
+materialize(c5, 2).
+materialize(c6, 2).
+materialize(c7, 2).
+materialize(c8, 2).
+materialize(c9, 2).
+materialize(result, 2).
+materialize(healthyWeightRangeKg, 2).
+materialize(checkPassed, 2).
+
+% Program structure: facts set up the scenario, and rules derive the materialized conclusions.
+unitSystem(input, metric).
+weight(input, 72.0).
+height(input, 178.0).
+
+% US alternative:
+% unitSystem(input, us).
+% weight(input, 158.73).
+% height(input, 70.08).
+
+% Normalization and BMI calculation.
+% Derivation rules: each rule below contributes one logical step toward the displayed results.
+weightKg(case, ?w) :-
+  unitSystem(input, metric),
+  weight(input, ?w).
+
+heightM(case, ?m) :-
+  unitSystem(input, metric),
+  height(input, ?h),
+  div(?h, 100.0, ?m).
+
+units(reason, "Inputs were already metric, so kilograms stay kilograms and centimeters are divided by 100 to obtain meters.") :-
+  unitSystem(input, metric).
+
+weightKg(case, ?kg) :-
+  unitSystem(input, us),
+  weight(input, ?w),
+  mul(?w, 0.45359237, ?kg).
+
+heightM(case, ?m) :-
+  unitSystem(input, us),
+  height(input, ?h),
+  mul(?h, 0.0254, ?m).
+
+units(reason, "US inputs were converted to SI units: pounds to kilograms and inches to meters.") :-
+  unitSystem(input, us).
+
+heightSquared(case, ?m2) :-
+  heightM(case, ?m),
+  mul(?m, ?m, ?m2).
+
+bmi(case, ?bmi) :-
+  weightKg(case, ?kg),
+  heightSquared(case, ?m2),
+  div(?kg, ?m2, ?bmi).
+
+bmiRoundedInt(case, ?bmiroundedint) :-
+  bmi(case, ?bmi),
+  mul(?bmi, 100.0, ?bmix100),
+  rounded(?bmix100, ?bmiroundedint).
+
+healthyMinKg(case, ?healthymin) :-
+  heightSquared(case, ?m2),
+  mul(18.5, ?m2, ?healthymin).
+
+healthyMaxKg(case, ?healthymax) :-
+  heightSquared(case, ?m2),
+  mul(24.9, ?m2, ?healthymax).
+
+healthyMinKgRoundedInt(case, ?minroundedint) :-
+  healthyMinKg(case, ?healthymin),
+  mul(?healthymin, 10.0, ?minx10),
+  rounded(?minx10, ?minroundedint).
+
+healthyMaxKgRoundedInt(case, ?maxroundedint) :-
+  healthyMaxKg(case, ?healthymax),
+  mul(?healthymax, 10.0, ?maxx10),
+  rounded(?maxx10, ?maxroundedint).
+
+% WHO adult categories, using half-open intervals.
+category(decision, "Underweight") :-
+  bmi(case, ?bmi),
+  lt(?bmi, 18.5).
+
+category(decision, "Normal") :-
+  bmi(case, ?bmi),
+  ge(?bmi, 18.5),
+  lt(?bmi, 25.0).
+
+category(decision, "Overweight") :-
+  bmi(case, ?bmi),
+  ge(?bmi, 25.0),
+  lt(?bmi, 30.0).
+
+category(decision, "Obesity I") :-
+  bmi(case, ?bmi),
+  ge(?bmi, 30.0),
+  lt(?bmi, 35.0).
+
+category(decision, "Obesity II") :-
+  bmi(case, ?bmi),
+  ge(?bmi, 35.0),
+  lt(?bmi, 40.0).
+
+category(decision, "Obesity III") :-
+  bmi(case, ?bmi),
+  ge(?bmi, 40.0).
+
+% Answer and reason why.
+bmi(answer, 22.72) :-
+  bmiRoundedInt(case, 2272).
+
+category(answer, ?category) :-
+  category(decision, ?category).
+
+healthyMinKg(answer, 58.6) :-
+  healthyMinKgRoundedInt(case, 586).
+
+healthyMaxKg(answer, 78.9) :-
+  healthyMaxKgRoundedInt(case, 789).
+
+heightCm(answer, ?cmrounded) :-
+  heightM(case, ?m),
+  mul(?m, 100.0, ?cm),
+  rounded(?cm, ?cmrounded).
+
+formula(reason, "BMI is defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.") :-
+  bmi(case, ?_bmi).
+
+calculation(reason, "The normalized weight and height were used to compute BMI, then the result was mapped to the WHO adult category table.") :-
+  category(decision, ?_category).
+
+categoryRule(reason, ?category) :-
+  category(decision, ?category).
+
+unitsExplanation(reason, ?units) :-
+  units(reason, ?units).
+
+% Independent checks.
+c1(check, "OK - the input was normalized into positive SI values.") :-
+  weightKg(case, ?kg),
+  heightM(case, ?m),
+  gt(?kg, 0),
+  gt(?m, 0).
+
+c2(check, "OK - height squared was reconstructed from the normalized height.") :-
+  heightM(case, ?m),
+  heightSquared(case, ?m2),
+  mul(?m, ?m, ?m2).
+
+c3(check, "OK - the BMI value matches the BMI = kg / m² formula.") :-
+  weightKg(case, ?kg),
+  heightSquared(case, ?m2),
+  bmi(case, ?bmi),
+  div(?kg, ?m2, ?bmi).
+
+c4(check, "OK - a BMI of 18.49 stays below the normal-weight threshold.") :-
+  lt(18.49, 18.5).
+
+c5(check, "OK - the lower boundary is half-open: BMI 18.5 is classified as Normal.") :-
+  ge(18.5, 18.5),
+  lt(18.5, 25.0).
+
+c6(check, "OK - BMI 25.0 starts the Overweight category.") :-
+  ge(25.0, 25.0),
+  lt(25.0, 30.0).
+
+c7(check, "OK - BMI 30.0 starts the Obesity I category.") :-
+  ge(30.0, 30.0),
+  lt(30.0, 35.0).
+
+c8(check, "OK - classification behavior is monotonic across representative BMI values.") :-
+  ge(22.0, 18.5),
+  lt(22.0, 25.0),
+  ge(27.0, 25.0),
+  lt(27.0, 30.0),
+  ge(41.0, 40.0).
+
+c9(check, "OK - the healthy-weight band was reconstructed from BMI 18.5 to 24.9 at the same height.") :-
+  heightSquared(case, ?m2),
+  healthyMinKg(case, ?min),
+  healthyMaxKg(case, ?max),
+  mul(18.5, ?m2, ?min),
+  mul(24.9, ?m2, ?max).
+
+% Derived report summary.  These relations are consequences of the calculation
+% and checks, not pre-written report lines.
+result(report, bmi(?bmi, ?category)) :-
+  bmi(answer, ?bmi),
+  category(answer, ?category).
+
+healthyWeightRangeKg(report, range(?min, ?max)) :-
+  healthyMinKg(answer, ?min),
+  healthyMaxKg(answer, ?max).
+
+heightCm(report, ?height) :-
+  heightCm(answer, ?height).
+
+checkPassed(report, ?check) :-
+  statement(check, ?check, ?_message).