effect 2.0.0-next.44 → 2.0.0-next.46

package/src/List.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,942 @@
+/**
+ * A data type for immutable linked lists representing ordered collections of elements of type `A`.
+ *
+ * This data type is optimal for last-in-first-out (LIFO), stack-like access patterns. If you need another access pattern, for example, random access or FIFO, consider using a collection more suited to this than `List`.
+ *
+ * **Performance**
+ *
+ * - Time: `List` has `O(1)` prepend and head/tail access. Most other operations are `O(n)` on the number of elements in the list. This includes the index-based lookup of elements, `length`, `append` and `reverse`.
+ * - Space: `List` implements structural sharing of the tail list. This means that many operations are either zero- or constant-memory cost.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+
+/**
+ * This file is ported from
+ *
+ * Scala (https://www.scala-lang.org)
+ *
+ * Copyright EPFL and Lightbend, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under Apache License 2.0
+ * (http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0).
+ */
+import * as Chunk from "./Chunk"
+import * as Either from "./Either"
+import * as Equal from "./Equal"
+import * as Equivalence from "./Equivalence"
+import { dual, identity, unsafeCoerce } from "./Function"
+import * as Hash from "./Hash"
+import { type Inspectable, NodeInspectSymbol, toJSON, toString } from "./Inspectable"
+import * as Option from "./Option"
+import type { Pipeable } from "./Pipeable"
+import { pipeArguments } from "./Pipeable"
+import type { Predicate, Refinement } from "./Predicate"
+import { isObject } from "./Predicate"
+import * as ReadonlyArray from "./ReadonlyArray"
+
+/**
+ * Represents an immutable linked list of elements of type `A`.
+ *
+ * A `List` is optimal for last-in-first-out (LIFO), stack-like access patterns.
+ * If you need another access pattern, for example, random access or FIFO,
+ * consider using a collection more suited for that other than `List`.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export type List<A> = Cons<A> | Nil<A>
+
+/**
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category symbol
+ */
+export const TypeId: unique symbol = Symbol.for("effect/List")
+
+/**
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category symbol
+ */
+export type TypeId = typeof TypeId
+
+/**
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export interface Nil<A> extends Iterable<A>, Equal.Equal, Pipeable, Inspectable {
+  readonly [TypeId]: TypeId
+  readonly _tag: "Nil"
+}
+
+/**
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category models
+ */
+export interface Cons<A> extends Iterable<A>, Equal.Equal, Pipeable, Inspectable {
+  readonly [TypeId]: TypeId
+  readonly _tag: "Cons"
+  readonly head: A
+  readonly tail: List<A>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts the specified `List` to a `ReadonlyArray`.
+ *
+ * @category conversions
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const toReadonlyArray = <A>(self: List<A>): ReadonlyArray<A> => Array.from(self)
+
+/**
+ * @category equivalence
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const getEquivalence = <A>(isEquivalent: Equivalence.Equivalence<A>): Equivalence.Equivalence<List<A>> =>
+  Equivalence.mapInput(ReadonlyArray.getEquivalence(isEquivalent), toReadonlyArray<A>)
+
+const _equivalence = getEquivalence(Equal.equals)
+
+const ConsProto: Omit<Cons<unknown>, "head" | "tail"> = {
+  [TypeId]: TypeId,
+  _tag: "Cons",
+  toString(this: Cons<unknown>) {
+    return toString(this.toJSON())
+  },
+  toJSON(this: Cons<unknown>) {
+    return {
+      _id: "List",
+      _tag: "Cons",
+      values: toReadonlyArray(this).map(toJSON)
+    }
+  },
+  [NodeInspectSymbol]() {
+    return this.toJSON()
+  },
+  [Equal.symbol](this: Cons<unknown>, that: unknown): boolean {
+    return isList(that) &&
+      this._tag === that._tag &&
+      _equivalence(this, that)
+  },
+  [Hash.symbol](this: Cons<unknown>): number {
+    return Hash.array(toReadonlyArray(this))
+  },
+  [Symbol.iterator](this: Cons<unknown>): Iterator<unknown> {
+    let done = false
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-this-alias
+    let self: List<unknown> = this
+    return {
+      next() {
+        if (done) {
+          return this.return!()
+        }
+        if (self._tag === "Nil") {
+          done = true
+          return this.return!()
+        }
+        const value: unknown = self.head
+        self = self.tail
+        return { done, value }
+      },
+      return(value?: unknown) {
+        if (!done) {
+          done = true
+        }
+        return { done: true, value }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  pipe() {
+    return pipeArguments(this, arguments)
+  }
+}
+
+interface MutableCons<A> extends Cons<A> {
+  head: A
+  tail: List<A>
+}
+
+const makeCons = <A>(head: A, tail: List<A>): MutableCons<A> => {
+  const cons = Object.create(ConsProto)
+  cons.head = head
+  cons.tail = tail
+  return cons
+}
+
+const NilProto: Nil<unknown> = {
+  [TypeId]: TypeId,
+  _tag: "Nil",
+  toString() {
+    return toString(this.toJSON())
+  },
+  toJSON() {
+    return {
+      _id: "List",
+      _tag: "Nil"
+    }
+  },
+  [NodeInspectSymbol]() {
+    return this.toJSON()
+  },
+  [Hash.symbol](): number {
+    return Hash.array(toReadonlyArray(this))
+  },
+  [Equal.symbol](that: unknown): boolean {
+    return isList(that) && this._tag === that._tag
+  },
+  [Symbol.iterator](): Iterator<unknown> {
+    return {
+      next() {
+        return { done: true, value: undefined }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  pipe() {
+    return pipeArguments(this, arguments)
+  }
+} as const
+
+const _Nil = Object.create(NilProto) as Nil<never>
+
+/**
+ * Returns `true` if the specified value is a `List`, `false` otherwise.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category refinements
+ */
+export const isList: {
+  <A>(u: Iterable<A>): u is List<A>
+  (u: unknown): u is List<unknown>
+} = (u: unknown): u is List<unknown> => isObject(u) && TypeId in u
+
+/**
+ * Returns `true` if the specified value is a `List.Nil<A>`, `false` otherwise.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category refinements
+ */
+export const isNil = <A>(self: List<A>): self is Nil<A> => self._tag === "Nil"
+
+/**
+ * Returns `true` if the specified value is a `List.Cons<A>`, `false` otherwise.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category refinements
+ */
+export const isCons = <A>(self: List<A>): self is Cons<A> => self._tag === "Cons"
+
+/**
+ * Returns the number of elements contained in the specified `List`
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category getters
+ */
+export const size = <A>(self: List<A>): number => {
+  let these = self
+  let len = 0
+  while (!isNil(these)) {
+    len += 1
+    these = these.tail
+  }
+  return len
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new empty `List<A>`.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category constructors
+ */
+export const nil = <A = never>(): List<A> => _Nil
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new `List.Cons<A>` from the specified `head` and `tail` values.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category constructors
+ */
+export const cons = <A>(head: A, tail: List<A>): Cons<A> => makeCons(head, tail)
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new empty `List<A>`.
+ *
+ * Alias of {@link nil}.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category constructors
+ */
+export const empty = nil
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new `List<A>` from the specified value.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category constructors
+ */
+export const of = <A>(value: A): Cons<A> => makeCons(value, _Nil)
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new `List<A>` from the specified `Iterable<A>`.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category constructors
+ */
+export const fromIterable = <A>(prefix: Iterable<A>): List<A> => {
+  const iterator = prefix[Symbol.iterator]()
+  let next: IteratorResult<A>
+  if ((next = iterator.next()) && !next.done) {
+    const result = makeCons(next.value, _Nil)
+    let curr = result
+    while ((next = iterator.next()) && !next.done) {
+      const temp = makeCons(next.value, _Nil)
+      curr.tail = temp
+      curr = temp
+    }
+    return result
+  } else {
+    return _Nil
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Constructs a new `List<A>` from the specified values.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category constructors
+ */
+export const make = <Elements extends readonly [any, ...Array<any>]>(
+  ...elements: Elements
+): Cons<Elements[number]> => fromIterable(elements) as any
+
+/**
+ * Appends the specified element to the end of the `List`, creating a new `Cons`.
+ *
+ * @category concatenating
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const append: {
+  <B>(element: B): <A>(self: List<A>) => Cons<A | B>
+  <A, B>(self: List<A>, element: B): Cons<A | B>
+} = dual(2, <A, B>(self: List<A>, element: B): Cons<A | B> => appendAllNonEmpty(self, of(element)))
+
+/**
+ * Concatentates the specified lists together.
+ *
+ * @category concatenating
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const appendAll: {
+  <B>(that: List<B>): <A>(self: List<A>) => List<A | B>
+  <A, B>(self: List<A>, that: List<B>): List<A | B>
+} = dual(2, <A, B>(self: List<A>, that: List<B>): List<A | B> => prependAll(that, self))
+
+/**
+ * @category concatenating
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const appendAllNonEmpty: {
+  <B>(that: Cons<B>): <A>(self: List<A>) => Cons<B | A>
+  <B>(that: List<B>): <A>(self: Cons<A>) => Cons<B | A>
+  <A, B>(self: List<A>, that: Cons<B>): Cons<A | B>
+  <A, B>(self: Cons<A>, that: List<B>): Cons<A | B>
+} = dual(2, <A, B>(self: Cons<A>, that: List<B>): Cons<A | B> => appendAll(self, that) as any)
+
+/**
+ * Prepends the specified element to the beginning of the list.
+ *
+ * @category concatenating
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const prepend: {
+  <B>(element: B): <A>(self: List<A>) => Cons<A | B>
+  <A, B>(self: List<A>, element: B): Cons<A | B>
+} = dual(2, <A, B>(self: List<A>, element: B): Cons<A | B> => cons<A | B>(element, self))
+
+/**
+ * Prepends the specified prefix list to the beginning of the specified list.
+ *
+ * @category concatenating
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const prependAll: {
+  <B>(prefix: List<B>): <A>(self: List<A>) => List<A | B>
+  <A, B>(self: List<A>, prefix: List<B>): List<A | B>
+} = dual(2, <A, B>(self: List<A>, prefix: List<B>): List<A | B> => {
+  if (isNil(self)) {
+    return prefix
+  } else if (isNil(prefix)) {
+    return self
+  } else {
+    const result = makeCons<A | B>(prefix.head, self)
+    let curr = result
+    let that = prefix.tail
+    while (!isNil(that)) {
+      const temp = makeCons<A | B>(that.head, self)
+      curr.tail = temp
+      curr = temp
+      that = that.tail
+    }
+    return result
+  }
+})
+
+/**
+ * @category concatenating
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const prependAllNonEmpty: {
+  <B>(that: Cons<B>): <A>(self: List<A>) => Cons<B | A>
+  <B>(that: List<B>): <A>(self: Cons<A>) => Cons<B | A>
+  <A, B>(self: List<A>, that: Cons<B>): Cons<A | B>
+  <A, B>(self: Cons<A>, that: List<B>): Cons<A | B>
+} = dual(2, <A, B>(self: Cons<A>, that: List<B>): Cons<A | B> => prependAll(self, that) as any)
+
+/**
+ * Prepends the specified prefix list (in reverse order) to the beginning of the
+ * specified list.
+ *
+ * @category concatenating
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const prependAllReversed: {
+  <B>(prefix: List<B>): <A>(self: List<A>) => List<A | B>
+  <A, B>(self: List<A>, prefix: List<B>): List<A | B>
+} = dual(2, <A, B>(self: List<A>, prefix: List<B>): List<A | B> => {
+  let out: List<A | B> = self
+  let pres = prefix
+  while (isCons(pres)) {
+    out = makeCons(pres.head, out)
+    pres = pres.tail
+  }
+  return out
+})
+
+/**
+ * Drops the first `n` elements from the specified list.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category combinators
+ */
+export const drop: {
+  (n: number): <A>(self: List<A>) => List<A>
+  <A>(self: List<A>, n: number): List<A>
+} = dual(2, <A>(self: List<A>, n: number): List<A> => {
+  if (n <= 0) {
+    return self
+  }
+  if (n >= size(self)) {
+    return _Nil
+  }
+  let these = self
+  let i = 0
+  while (!isNil(these) && i < n) {
+    these = these.tail
+    i += 1
+  }
+  return these
+})
+
+/**
+ * Check if a predicate holds true for every `List` element.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category elements
+ */
+export const every: {
+  <A, B extends A>(refinement: Refinement<A, B>): (self: List<A>) => self is List<B>
+  <A>(predicate: Predicate<A>): (self: List<A>) => boolean
+  <A, B extends A>(self: List<A>, refinement: Refinement<A, B>): self is List<B>
+  <A>(self: List<A>, predicate: Predicate<A>): boolean
+} = dual(2, <A, B extends A>(self: List<A>, refinement: Refinement<A, B>): self is List<B> => {
+  for (const a of self) {
+    if (!refinement(a)) {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+  return true
+})
+
+/**
+ * Check if a predicate holds true for some `List` element.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category elements
+ */
+export const some: {
+  <A>(predicate: Predicate<A>): <B extends A>(self: List<B>) => self is Cons<B>
+  <B extends A, A = B>(self: List<B>, predicate: Predicate<A>): self is Cons<B>
+} = dual(2, <B extends A, A = B>(self: List<B>, predicate: Predicate<A>): self is Cons<B> => {
+  let these = self
+  while (!isNil(these)) {
+    if (predicate(these.head)) {
+      return true
+    }
+    these = these.tail
+  }
+  return false
+})
+
+/**
+ * Filters a list using the specified predicate.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category combinators
+ */
+export const filter: {
+  <C extends A, B extends A, A = C>(refinement: Refinement<A, B>): (self: List<C>) => List<B>
+  <B extends A, A = B>(predicate: Predicate<A>): (self: List<B>) => List<B>
+  <C extends A, B extends A, A = C>(self: List<C>, refinement: Refinement<A, B>): List<B>
+  <B extends A, A = B>(self: List<B>, predicate: Predicate<A>): List<B>
+} = dual(2, <B extends A, A = B>(self: List<B>, predicate: Predicate<A>): List<B> => noneIn(self, predicate, false))
+
+// everything seen so far is not included
+const noneIn = <A>(
+  self: List<A>,
+  predicate: Predicate<A>,
+  isFlipped: boolean
+): List<A> => {
+  /* eslint-disable no-constant-condition */
+  while (true) {
+    if (isNil(self)) {
+      return _Nil
+    } else {
+      if (predicate(self.head) !== isFlipped) {
+        return allIn(self, self.tail, predicate, isFlipped)
+      } else {
+        self = self.tail
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// everything from 'start' is included, if everything from this point is in we can return the origin
+// start otherwise if we discover an element that is out we must create a new partial list.
+const allIn = <A>(
+  start: List<A>,
+  remaining: List<A>,
+  predicate: Predicate<A>,
+  isFlipped: boolean
+): List<A> => {
+  /* eslint-disable no-constant-condition */
+  while (true) {
+    if (isNil(remaining)) {
+      return start
+    } else {
+      if (predicate(remaining.head) !== isFlipped) {
+        remaining = remaining.tail
+      } else {
+        return partialFill(start, remaining, predicate, isFlipped)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// we have seen elements that should be included then one that should be excluded, start building
+const partialFill = <A>(
+  origStart: List<A>,
+  firstMiss: List<A>,
+  predicate: Predicate<A>,
+  isFlipped: boolean
+): List<A> => {
+  const newHead = makeCons<A>(unsafeHead(origStart)!, _Nil)
+  let toProcess = unsafeTail(origStart)! as Cons<A>
+  let currentLast = newHead
+
+  // we know that all elements are :: until at least firstMiss.tail
+  while (!(toProcess === firstMiss)) {
+    const newElem = makeCons(unsafeHead(toProcess)!, _Nil)
+    currentLast.tail = newElem
+    currentLast = unsafeCoerce(newElem)
+    toProcess = unsafeCoerce(toProcess.tail)
+  }
+
+  // at this point newHead points to a list which is a duplicate of all the 'in' elements up to the first miss.
+  // currentLast is the last element in that list.
+
+  // now we are going to try and share as much of the tail as we can, only moving elements across when we have to.
+  let next = firstMiss.tail
+  let nextToCopy: Cons<A> = unsafeCoerce(next) // the next element we would need to copy to our list if we cant share.
+  while (!isNil(next)) {
+    // generally recommended is next.isNonEmpty but this incurs an extra method call.
+    const head = unsafeHead(next)!
+    if (predicate(head) !== isFlipped) {
+      next = next.tail
+    } else {
+      // its not a match - do we have outstanding elements?
+      while (!(nextToCopy === next)) {
+        const newElem = makeCons(unsafeHead(nextToCopy)!, _Nil)
+        currentLast.tail = newElem
+        currentLast = newElem
+        nextToCopy = unsafeCoerce(nextToCopy.tail)
+      }
+      nextToCopy = unsafeCoerce(next.tail)
+      next = next.tail
+    }
+  }
+
+  // we have remaining elements - they are unchanged attach them to the end
+  if (!isNil(nextToCopy)) {
+    currentLast.tail = nextToCopy
+  }
+  return newHead
+}
+
+/**
+ * Filters and maps a list using the specified partial function. The resulting
+ * list may be smaller than the input list due to the possibility of the partial
+ * function not being defined for some elements.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category combinators
+ */
+export const filterMap: {
+  <A, B>(f: (a: A) => Option.Option<B>): (self: List<A>) => List<B>
+  <A, B>(self: List<A>, f: (a: A) => Option.Option<B>): List<B>
+} = dual(2, <A, B>(self: List<A>, f: (a: A) => Option.Option<B>): List<B> => {
+  const bs: Array<B> = []
+  for (const a of self) {
+    const oa = f(a)
+    if (Option.isSome(oa)) {
+      bs.push(oa.value)
+    }
+  }
+  return fromIterable(bs)
+})
+
+/**
+ * Removes all `None` values from the specified list.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category combinators
+ */
+export const compact = <A>(self: List<Option.Option<A>>): List<A> => filterMap(self, identity)
+
+/**
+ * Returns the first element that satisfies the specified
+ * predicate, or `None` if no such element exists.
+ *
+ * @category elements
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const findFirst: {
+  <A, B extends A>(refinement: Refinement<A, B>): (self: List<A>) => Option.Option<B>
+  <A>(predicate: Predicate<A>): (self: List<A>) => Option.Option<A>
+  <A, B extends A>(self: List<A>, refinement: Refinement<A, B>): Option.Option<B>
+  <A>(self: List<A>, predicate: Predicate<A>): Option.Option<A>
+} = dual(2, <A>(self: List<A>, predicate: Predicate<A>): Option.Option<A> => {
+  let these = self
+  while (!isNil(these)) {
+    if (predicate(these.head)) {
+      return Option.some(these.head)
+    }
+    these = these.tail
+  }
+  return Option.none()
+})
+
+/**
+ * Flat maps a list using the specified function.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category sequencing
+ */
+export const flatMap: {
+  <A, B>(f: (a: A) => List<B>): (self: List<A>) => List<B>
+  <A, B>(self: List<A>, f: (a: A) => List<B>): List<B>
+} = dual(2, <A, B>(self: List<A>, f: (a: A) => List<B>): List<B> => {
+  let rest = self
+  let head: MutableCons<B> | undefined = undefined
+  let tail: MutableCons<B> | undefined = undefined
+  while (!isNil(rest)) {
+    let bs = f(rest.head)
+    while (!isNil(bs)) {
+      const next = makeCons(bs.head, _Nil)
+      if (tail === undefined) {
+        head = next
+      } else {
+        tail.tail = next
+      }
+      tail = next
+      bs = bs.tail
+    }
+    rest = rest.tail
+  }
+  if (head === undefined) {
+    return _Nil
+  }
+  return head
+})
+
+/**
+ * @category sequencing
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const flatMapNonEmpty: {
+  <A, B>(f: (a: A, i: number) => Cons<B>): (self: Cons<A>) => Cons<B>
+  <A, B>(self: Cons<A>, f: (a: A, i: number) => Cons<B>): Cons<B>
+} = flatMap as any
+
+/**
+ * Applies the specified function to each element of the `List`.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category combinators
+ */
+export const forEach: {
+  <A, B>(f: (a: A) => B): (self: List<A>) => void
+  <A, B>(self: List<A>, f: (a: A) => B): void
+} = dual(2, <A, B>(self: List<A>, f: (a: A) => B): void => {
+  let these = self
+  while (!isNil(these)) {
+    f(these.head)
+    these = these.tail
+  }
+})
+
+/**
+ * Returns the first element of the specified list, or `None` if the list is
+ * empty.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category getters
+ */
+export const head = <A>(self: List<A>): Option.Option<A> => isNil(self) ? Option.none() : Option.some(self.head)
+
+/**
+ * Returns the last element of the specified list, or `None` if the list is
+ * empty.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category getters
+ */
+export const last = <A>(self: List<A>): Option.Option<A> => isNil(self) ? Option.none() : Option.some(unsafeLast(self)!)
+
+/**
+ * Applies the specified mapping function to each element of the list.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category combinators
+ */
+export const map: {
+  <A, B>(f: (a: A) => B): (self: List<A>) => List<B>
+  <A, B>(self: List<A>, f: (a: A) => B): List<B>
+} = dual(2, <A, B>(self: List<A>, f: (a: A) => B): List<B> => {
+  if (isNil(self)) {
+    return self as unknown as List<B>
+  } else {
+    const head = makeCons(f(self.head), _Nil)
+    let nextHead = head
+    let rest = self.tail
+    while (!isNil(rest)) {
+      const next = makeCons(f(rest.head), _Nil)
+      nextHead.tail = next
+      nextHead = next
+      rest = rest.tail
+    }
+    return head
+  }
+})
+
+/**
+ * Partition a list into two lists, where the first list contains all elements
+ * that did not satisfy the specified predicate, and the second list contains
+ * all elements that did satisfy the specified predicate.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category combinators
+ */
+export const partition: {
+  <C extends A, B extends A, A = C>(refinement: Refinement<A, B>): (self: List<C>) => [List<Exclude<C, B>>, List<B>]
+  <B extends A, A = B>(predicate: (a: A) => boolean): (self: List<B>) => [List<B>, List<B>]
+  <C extends A, B extends A, A = C>(self: List<C>, refinement: Refinement<A, B>): [List<Exclude<C, B>>, List<B>]
+  <B extends A, A = B>(self: List<B>, predicate: (a: A) => boolean): [List<B>, List<B>]
+} = dual(2, <B extends A, A = B>(self: List<B>, predicate: (a: A) => boolean): [List<B>, List<B>] => {
+  const left: Array<B> = []
+  const right: Array<B> = []
+  for (const a of self) {
+    if (predicate(a)) {
+      right.push(a)
+    } else {
+      left.push(a)
+    }
+  }
+  return [fromIterable(left), fromIterable(right)]
+})
+
+/**
+ * Partition a list into two lists, where the first list contains all elements
+ * for which the specified function returned a `Left`, and the second list
+ * contains all elements for which the specified function returned a `Right`.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category combinators
+ */
+export const partitionMap: {
+  <A, B, C>(f: (a: A) => Either.Either<B, C>): (self: List<A>) => readonly [List<B>, List<C>]
+  <A, B, C>(self: List<A>, f: (a: A) => Either.Either<B, C>): readonly [List<B>, List<C>]
+} = dual(2, <A, B, C>(self: List<A>, f: (a: A) => Either.Either<B, C>): readonly [List<B>, List<C>] => {
+  const left: Array<B> = []
+  const right: Array<C> = []
+  for (const a of self) {
+    const e = f(a)
+    if (Either.isLeft(e)) {
+      left.push(e.left)
+    } else {
+      right.push(e.right)
+    }
+  }
+  return [fromIterable(left), fromIterable(right)]
+})
+
+/**
+ * Folds over the elements of the list using the specified function, using the
+ * specified initial value.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category folding
+ */
+export const reduce: {
+  <Z, A>(zero: Z, f: (b: Z, a: A) => Z): (self: List<A>) => Z
+  <A, Z>(self: List<A>, zero: Z, f: (b: Z, a: A) => Z): Z
+} = dual(3, <A, Z>(self: List<A>, zero: Z, f: (b: Z, a: A) => Z): Z => {
+  let acc = zero
+  let these = self
+  while (!isNil(these)) {
+    acc = f(acc, these.head)
+    these = these.tail
+  }
+  return acc
+})
+
+/**
+ * Folds over the elements of the list using the specified function, beginning
+ * with the last element of the list, using the specified initial value.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category folding
+ */
+export const reduceRight: {
+  <Z, A>(zero: Z, f: (accumulator: Z, value: A) => Z): (self: List<A>) => Z
+  <Z, A>(self: List<A>, zero: Z, f: (accumulator: Z, value: A) => Z): Z
+} = dual(3, <Z, A>(self: List<A>, zero: Z, f: (accumulator: Z, value: A) => Z): Z => {
+  let acc = zero
+  let these = reverse(self)
+  while (!isNil(these)) {
+    acc = f(acc, these.head)
+    these = these.tail
+  }
+  return acc
+})
+
+/**
+ * Returns a new list with the elements of the specified list in reverse order.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category elements
+ */
+export const reverse = <A>(self: List<A>): List<A> => {
+  let result = empty<A>()
+  let these = self
+  while (!isNil(these)) {
+    result = prepend(result, these.head)
+    these = these.tail
+  }
+  return result
+}
+
+/**
+ * Splits the specified list into two lists at the specified index.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category combinators
+ */
+export const splitAt: {
+  (n: number): <A>(self: List<A>) => readonly [List<A>, List<A>]
+  <A>(self: List<A>, n: number): readonly [List<A>, List<A>]
+} = dual(2, <A>(self: List<A>, n: number): readonly [List<A>, List<A>] => [take(self, n), drop(self, n)])
+
+/**
+ * Returns the tail of the specified list, or `None` if the list is empty.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category getters
+ */
+export const tail = <A>(self: List<A>): Option.Option<List<A>> => isNil(self) ? Option.none() : Option.some(self.tail)
+
+/**
+ * Takes the specified number of elements from the beginning of the specified
+ * list.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category combinators
+ */
+export const take: {
+  (n: number): <A>(self: List<A>) => List<A>
+  <A>(self: List<A>, n: number): List<A>
+} = dual(2, <A>(self: List<A>, n: number): List<A> => {
+  if (n <= 0) {
+    return _Nil
+  }
+  if (n >= size(self)) {
+    return self
+  }
+  let these = make(unsafeHead(self))
+  let current = unsafeTail(self)!
+  for (let i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+    these = makeCons(unsafeHead(current), these)
+    current = unsafeTail(current!)
+  }
+  return reverse(these)
+})
+
+/**
+ * Converts the specified `List` to a `Chunk`.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category conversions
+ */
+export const toChunk = <A>(self: List<A>): Chunk.Chunk<A> => Chunk.fromIterable(self)
+
+/**
+ * Unsafely returns the first element of the specified `List`.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category unsafe
+ */
+export const unsafeHead = <A>(self: List<A>): A => {
+  if (isNil(self)) {
+    throw new Error("Expected List to be non-empty")
+  }
+  return self.head
+}
+
+/**
+ * Unsafely returns the last element of the specified `List`.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category unsafe
+ */
+export const unsafeLast = <A>(self: List<A>): A => {
+  if (isNil(self)) {
+    throw new Error("Expected List to be non-empty")
+  }
+  let these = self
+  let scout = self.tail
+  while (!isNil(scout)) {
+    these = scout
+    scout = scout.tail
+  }
+  return these.head
+}
+
+/**
+ * Unsafely returns the tail of the specified `List`.
+ *
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category unsafe
+ */
+export const unsafeTail = <A>(self: List<A>): List<A> => {
+  if (isNil(self)) {
+    throw new Error("Expected List to be non-empty")
+  }
+  return self.tail
+}