cui-llama.rn 1.4.4 → 1.4.6

package/cpp/common.cpp

@@ -1,1996 +1,2064 @@
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-#define _SILENCE_CXX17_CODECVT_HEADER_DEPRECATION_WARNING
-#endif
-
-#include "ggml.h"
-#include "gguf.h"
-
-#include "common.h"
-#include "log.h"
-// Change JSON_ASSERT from assert() to LM_GGML_ASSERT:
-#define JSON_ASSERT LM_GGML_ASSERT
-#include "json.hpp"
-#include "json-schema-to-grammar.h"
-#include "llama.h"
-#include "chat.hpp"
-#include "chat-template.hpp"
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cinttypes>
-#include <climits>
-#include <cmath>
-#include <codecvt>
-#include <cstdarg>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <ctime>
-#include <filesystem>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <regex>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <string>
-#include <thread>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <unordered_set>
-#include <vector>
-
-#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/sysctl.h>
-#endif
-
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-#ifndef NOMINMAX
-#   define NOMINMAX
-#endif
-#include <locale>
-#include <windows.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <io.h>
-#else
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-#if defined(LLAMA_USE_CURL)
-#include <curl/curl.h>
-#include <curl/easy.h>
-#include <future>
-#endif
-
-// build info
-int LLAMA_BUILD_NUMBER = 0;
-char const *LLAMA_COMMIT = "unknown";
-char const *LLAMA_COMPILER = "unknown";
-char const *LLAMA_BUILD_TARGET = "unknown";
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-#pragma warning(disable: 4244 4267) // possible loss of data
-#endif
-
-#if defined(LLAMA_USE_CURL)
-#ifdef __linux__
-#include <linux/limits.h>
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-#   if !defined(PATH_MAX)
-#   define PATH_MAX MAX_PATH
-#   endif
-#else
-#include <sys/syslimits.h>
-#endif
-#define LLAMA_CURL_MAX_URL_LENGTH 2084 // Maximum URL Length in Chrome: 2083
-
-//
-// CURL utils
-//
-
-using curl_ptr = std::unique_ptr<CURL, decltype(&curl_easy_cleanup)>;
-
-// cannot use unique_ptr for curl_slist, because we cannot update without destroying the old one
-struct curl_slist_ptr {
-    struct curl_slist * ptr = nullptr;
-    ~curl_slist_ptr() {
-        if (ptr) {
-            curl_slist_free_all(ptr);
-        }
-    }
-};
-#endif // LLAMA_USE_CURL
-
-using json = nlohmann::ordered_json;
-
-//
-// CPU utils
-//
-
-int32_t cpu_get_num_physical_cores() {
-#ifdef __linux__
-    // enumerate the set of thread siblings, num entries is num cores
-    std::unordered_set<std::string> siblings;
-    for (uint32_t cpu=0; cpu < UINT32_MAX; ++cpu) {
-        std::ifstream thread_siblings("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu"
-            + std::to_string(cpu) + "/topology/thread_siblings");
-        if (!thread_siblings.is_open()) {
-            break; // no more cpus
-        }
-        std::string line;
-        if (std::getline(thread_siblings, line)) {
-            siblings.insert(line);
-        }
-    }
-    if (!siblings.empty()) {
-        return static_cast<int32_t>(siblings.size());
-    }
-#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
-    int32_t num_physical_cores;
-    size_t len = sizeof(num_physical_cores);
-    int result = sysctlbyname("hw.perflevel0.physicalcpu", &num_physical_cores, &len, NULL, 0);
-    if (result == 0) {
-        return num_physical_cores;
-    }
-    result = sysctlbyname("hw.physicalcpu", &num_physical_cores, &len, NULL, 0);
-    if (result == 0) {
-        return num_physical_cores;
-    }
-#elif defined(_WIN32) && (_WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0601) && !defined(__MINGW64__) // windows 7 and later
-    // TODO: windows + arm64 + mingw64
-    unsigned int n_threads_win = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
-    unsigned int default_threads = n_threads_win > 0 ? (n_threads_win <= 4 ? n_threads_win : n_threads_win / 2) : 4;
-
-    DWORD buffer_size = 0;
-    if (!GetLogicalProcessorInformationEx(RelationProcessorCore, nullptr, &buffer_size)) {
-        if (GetLastError() != ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
-            return default_threads;
-        }
-    }
-
-    std::vector<char> buffer(buffer_size);
-    if (!GetLogicalProcessorInformationEx(RelationProcessorCore, reinterpret_cast<PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX>(buffer.data()), &buffer_size)) {
-        return default_threads;
-    }
-
-    int32_t num_physical_cores = 0;
-    PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX info = reinterpret_cast<PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX>(buffer.data());
-    while (buffer_size > 0) {
-        if (info->Relationship == RelationProcessorCore) {
-            num_physical_cores += info->Processor.GroupCount;
-        }
-        buffer_size -= info->Size;
-        info = reinterpret_cast<PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(info) + info->Size);
-    }
-
-    return num_physical_cores > 0 ? num_physical_cores : default_threads;
-#endif
-    unsigned int n_threads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
-    return n_threads > 0 ? (n_threads <= 4 ? n_threads : n_threads / 2) : 4;
-}
-
-#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
-#include <pthread.h>
-
-static void cpuid(unsigned leaf, unsigned subleaf,
-                  unsigned *eax, unsigned *ebx, unsigned *ecx, unsigned *edx) {
-    __asm__("movq\t%%rbx,%%rsi\n\t"
-            "cpuid\n\t"
-            "xchgq\t%%rbx,%%rsi"
-            : "=a"(*eax), "=S"(*ebx), "=c"(*ecx), "=d"(*edx)
-            : "0"(leaf), "2"(subleaf));
-}
-
-static int pin_cpu(int cpu) {
-    cpu_set_t mask;
-    CPU_ZERO(&mask);
-    CPU_SET(cpu, &mask);
-    return pthread_setaffinity_np(pthread_self(), sizeof(mask), &mask);
-}
-
-static bool is_hybrid_cpu(void) {
-    unsigned eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
-    cpuid(7, 0, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
-    return !!(edx & (1u << 15));
-}
-
-static bool is_running_on_efficiency_core(void) {
-    unsigned eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
-    cpuid(0x1a, 0, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
-    int intel_atom = 0x20;
-    int core_type = (eax & 0xff000000u) >> 24;
-    return core_type == intel_atom;
-}
-
-static int cpu_count_math_cpus(int n_cpu) {
-    int result = 0;
-    for (int cpu = 0; cpu < n_cpu; ++cpu) {
-        if (pin_cpu(cpu)) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        if (is_running_on_efficiency_core()) {
-            continue; // efficiency cores harm lockstep threading
-        }
-        ++cpu; // hyperthreading isn't useful for linear algebra
-        ++result;
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-#endif // __x86_64__ && __linux__
-
-/**
- * Returns number of CPUs on system that are useful for math.
- */
-int32_t cpu_get_num_math() {
-#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
-    int n_cpu = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
-    if (n_cpu < 1) {
-        return cpu_get_num_physical_cores();
-    }
-    if (is_hybrid_cpu()) {
-        cpu_set_t affinity;
-        if (!pthread_getaffinity_np(pthread_self(), sizeof(affinity), &affinity)) {
-            int result = cpu_count_math_cpus(n_cpu);
-            pthread_setaffinity_np(pthread_self(), sizeof(affinity), &affinity);
-            if (result > 0) {
-                return result;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-#endif
-    return cpu_get_num_physical_cores();
-}
-
-// Helper for setting process priority
-
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-
-bool set_process_priority(enum lm_ggml_sched_priority prio) {
-    if (prio == LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_NORMAL) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    DWORD p = NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS;
-    switch (prio) {
-        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_NORMAL:   p = NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS;       break;
-        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_MEDIUM:   p = ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS; break;
-        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_HIGH:     p = HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS;         break;
-        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_REALTIME: p = REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS;     break;
-    }
-
-    if (!SetPriorityClass(GetCurrentProcess(), p)) {
-        LOG_WRN("failed to set process priority class %d : (%d)\n", prio, (int) GetLastError());
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-#else // MacOS and POSIX
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/resource.h>
-
-bool set_process_priority(enum lm_ggml_sched_priority prio) {
-    if (prio == LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_NORMAL) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    int p = 0;
-    switch (prio) {
-        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_NORMAL:   p =  0;  break;
-        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_MEDIUM:   p = -5;  break;
-        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_HIGH:     p = -10; break;
-        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_REALTIME: p = -20; break;
-    }
-
-    if (!setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, p)) {
-        LOG_WRN("failed to set process priority %d : %s (%d)\n", prio, strerror(errno), errno);
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-#endif
-
-//
-// CLI argument parsing
-//
-
-
-void postprocess_cpu_params(cpu_params& cpuparams, const cpu_params* role_model) {
-    int32_t n_set = 0;
-
-    if (cpuparams.n_threads < 0) {
-        // Assuming everything about cpuparams is invalid
-        if (role_model != nullptr) {
-            cpuparams = *role_model;
-        } else {
-            cpuparams.n_threads = cpu_get_num_math();
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (int32_t i = 0; i < LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS; i++) {
-        if (cpuparams.cpumask[i]) {
-            n_set++;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (n_set && n_set < cpuparams.n_threads) {
-        // Not enough set bits, may experience performance issues.
-        LOG_WRN("Not enough set bits in CPU mask (%d) to satisfy requested thread count: %d\n", n_set, cpuparams.n_threads);
-    }
-}
-
-bool parse_cpu_range(const std::string & range, bool (&boolmask)[LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS]) {
-    size_t dash_loc = range.find('-');
-    if (dash_loc == std::string::npos) {
-        LOG_ERR("Format of CPU range is invalid! Expected [<start>]-[<end>].\n");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    size_t start_i;
-    size_t end_i;
-
-    if (dash_loc == 0) {
-        start_i = 0;
-    } else {
-        start_i = std::stoull(range.substr(0, dash_loc));
-        if (start_i >= LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS) {
-            LOG_ERR("Start index out of bounds!\n");
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (dash_loc == range.length() - 1) {
-        end_i = LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS - 1;
-    } else {
-        end_i = std::stoull(range.substr(dash_loc + 1));
-        if (end_i >= LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS) {
-            LOG_ERR("End index out of bounds!\n");
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (size_t i = start_i; i <= end_i; i++) {
-        boolmask[i] = true;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool parse_cpu_mask(const std::string & mask, bool (&boolmask)[LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS]) {
-    // Discard potential 0x prefix
-    size_t start_i = 0;
-    if (mask.length() >= 2 && mask.substr(0, 2) == "0x") {
-        start_i = 2;
-    }
-
-    size_t num_digits = mask.length() - start_i;
-    if (num_digits > 128) num_digits = 128;
-
-    size_t end_i = num_digits + start_i;
-
-    for (size_t i = start_i, n = (num_digits*4 - 1); i < end_i; i++, n-=4) {
-        char c = mask.at(i);
-        int8_t id = c;
-
-        if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9')) {
-            id -= '0';
-        } else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') {
-            id -= 'a' - 10;
-        } else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') {
-            id -= 'A' - 10;
-        } else {
-            LOG_ERR("Invalid hex character '%c' at position %d\n", c, int32_t(i));
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        boolmask[  n  ] = boolmask[  n  ] || ((id & 8) != 0);
-        boolmask[n - 1] = boolmask[n - 1] || ((id & 4) != 0);
-        boolmask[n - 2] = boolmask[n - 2] || ((id & 2) != 0);
-        boolmask[n - 3] = boolmask[n - 3] || ((id & 1) != 0);
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-void common_init() {
-    llama_log_set([](lm_ggml_log_level level, const char * text, void * /*user_data*/) {
-        if (LOG_DEFAULT_LLAMA <= common_log_verbosity_thold) {
-            common_log_add(common_log_main(), level, "%s", text);
-        }
-    }, NULL);
-
-#ifdef NDEBUG
-    const char * build_type = "";
-#else
-    const char * build_type = " (debug)";
-#endif
-
-    LOG_INF("build: %d (%s) with %s for %s%s\n", LLAMA_BUILD_NUMBER, LLAMA_COMMIT, LLAMA_COMPILER, LLAMA_BUILD_TARGET, build_type);
-}
-
-std::string common_params_get_system_info(const common_params & params) {
-    std::ostringstream os;
-
-    os << "system_info: n_threads = " << params.cpuparams.n_threads;
-    if (params.cpuparams_batch.n_threads != -1) {
-        os << " (n_threads_batch = " << params.cpuparams_batch.n_threads << ")";
-    }
-#if defined(_WIN32) && (_WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0601) && !defined(__MINGW64__) // windows 7 and later
-    // TODO: windows + arm64 + mingw64
-    DWORD logicalProcessorCount = GetActiveProcessorCount(ALL_PROCESSOR_GROUPS);
-    os << " / " << logicalProcessorCount << " | " << llama_print_system_info();
-#else
-    os << " / " << std::thread::hardware_concurrency() << " | " << llama_print_system_info();
-#endif
-
-    return os.str();
-}
-
-//
-// String utils
-//
-
-std::string string_format(const char * fmt, ...) {
-    va_list ap;
-    va_list ap2;
-    va_start(ap, fmt);
-    va_copy(ap2, ap);
-    int size = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, ap);
-    LM_GGML_ASSERT(size >= 0 && size < INT_MAX); // NOLINT
-    std::vector<char> buf(size + 1);
-    int size2 = vsnprintf(buf.data(), size + 1, fmt, ap2);
-    LM_GGML_ASSERT(size2 == size);
-    va_end(ap2);
-    va_end(ap);
-    return std::string(buf.data(), size);
-}
-
-std::string string_strip(const std::string & str) {
-    size_t start = 0;
-    size_t end = str.size();
-    while (start < end && std::isspace(str[start])) {
-        start++;
-    }
-    while (end > start && std::isspace(str[end - 1])) {
-        end--;
-    }
-    return str.substr(start, end - start);
-}
-
-std::string string_get_sortable_timestamp() {
-    using clock = std::chrono::system_clock;
-
-    const clock::time_point current_time = clock::now();
-    const time_t as_time_t = clock::to_time_t(current_time);
-    char timestamp_no_ns[100];
-    std::strftime(timestamp_no_ns, 100, "%Y_%m_%d-%H_%M_%S", std::localtime(&as_time_t));
-
-    const int64_t ns = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(
-        current_time.time_since_epoch() % 1000000000).count();
-    char timestamp_ns[11];
-    snprintf(timestamp_ns, 11, "%09" PRId64, ns);
-
-    return std::string(timestamp_no_ns) + "." + std::string(timestamp_ns);
-}
-
-void string_replace_all(std::string & s, const std::string & search, const std::string & replace) {
-    if (search.empty()) {
-        return;
-    }
-    std::string builder;
-    builder.reserve(s.length());
-    size_t pos = 0;
-    size_t last_pos = 0;
-    while ((pos = s.find(search, last_pos)) != std::string::npos) {
-        builder.append(s, last_pos, pos - last_pos);
-        builder.append(replace);
-        last_pos = pos + search.length();
-    }
-    builder.append(s, last_pos, std::string::npos);
-    s = std::move(builder);
-}
-
-std::string string_join(const std::vector<std::string> & values, const std::string & separator) {
-    std::ostringstream result;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < values.size(); ++i) {
-        if (i > 0) {
-            result << separator;
-        }
-        result << values[i];
-    }
-    return result.str();
-}
-
-std::vector<std::string> string_split(const std::string & str, const std::string & delimiter) {
-    std::vector<std::string> parts;
-    size_t start = 0;
-    size_t end = str.find(delimiter);
-
-    while (end != std::string::npos) {
-        parts.push_back(str.substr(start, end - start));
-        start = end + delimiter.length();
-        end = str.find(delimiter, start);
-    }
-
-    parts.push_back(str.substr(start));
-
-    return parts;
-}
-
-std::string string_repeat(const std::string & str, size_t n) {
-    if (n == 0) {
-        return "";
-    }
-
-    std::string result;
-    result.reserve(str.length() * n);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-        result += str;
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-std::string string_from(bool value) {
-    return value ? "true" : "false";
-}
-
-std::string string_from(const std::vector<int> & values) {
-    std::stringstream buf;
-
-    buf << "[ ";
-    bool first = true;
-    for (auto e : values) {
-        if (first) {
-            first = false;
-        } else {
-            buf << ", ";
-        }
-        buf << std::to_string(e);
-    }
-    buf << " ]";
-
-    return buf.str();
-}
-
-std::string string_from(const struct llama_context * ctx, const std::vector<llama_token> & tokens) {
-    std::stringstream buf;
-
-    buf << "[ ";
-
-    bool first = true;
-    for (const auto & token : tokens) {
-        if (!first) {
-            buf << ", ";
-        } else {
-            first = false;
-        }
-
-        auto detokenized = common_token_to_piece(ctx, token);
-
-        detokenized.erase(
-            std::remove_if(
-                detokenized.begin(),
-                detokenized.end(),
-                [](const unsigned char c) { return !std::isprint(c); }),
-            detokenized.end());
-
-        buf << "'" << detokenized << "'"
-            << ":" << std::to_string(token);
-    }
-
-    buf << " ]";
-
-    return buf.str();
-}
-
-std::string string_from(const struct llama_context * ctx, const struct llama_batch & batch) {
-    std::stringstream buf;
-
-    buf << "[ ";
-
-    bool first = true;
-    for (int i = 0; i < batch.n_tokens; ++i) {
-        if (!first) {
-            buf << ", ";
-        } else {
-            first = false;
-        }
-
-        auto detokenized = common_token_to_piece(ctx, batch.token[i]);
-
-        detokenized.erase(
-                std::remove_if(
-                    detokenized.begin(),
-                    detokenized.end(),
-                    [](const unsigned char c) { return !std::isprint(c); }),
-                detokenized.end());
-
-        buf << "\n"          << std::to_string(i)
-            << ", token '"   << detokenized << "'"
-            << ", pos "      << std::to_string(batch.pos[i])
-            << ", n_seq_id " << std::to_string(batch.n_seq_id[i])
-            << ", seq_id "   << std::to_string(batch.seq_id[i][0])
-            << ", logits "   << std::to_string(batch.logits[i]);
-    }
-
-    buf << " ]";
-
-    return buf.str();
-}
-
-void string_process_escapes(std::string & input) {
-    std::size_t input_len = input.length();
-    std::size_t output_idx = 0;
-
-    for (std::size_t input_idx = 0; input_idx < input_len; ++input_idx) {
-        if (input[input_idx] == '\\' && input_idx + 1 < input_len) {
-            switch (input[++input_idx]) {
-                case 'n':  input[output_idx++] = '\n'; break;
-                case 'r':  input[output_idx++] = '\r'; break;
-                case 't':  input[output_idx++] = '\t'; break;
-                case '\'': input[output_idx++] = '\''; break;
-                case '\"': input[output_idx++] = '\"'; break;
-                case '\\': input[output_idx++] = '\\'; break;
-                case 'x':
-                    // Handle \x12, etc
-                    if (input_idx + 2 < input_len) {
-                        const char x[3] = { input[input_idx + 1], input[input_idx + 2], 0 };
-                        char *err_p = nullptr;
-                        const long val = std::strtol(x, &err_p, 16);
-                        if (err_p == x + 2) {
-                            input_idx += 2;
-                            input[output_idx++] = char(val);
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    // fall through
-                default:   input[output_idx++] = '\\';
-                           input[output_idx++] = input[input_idx]; break;
-            }
-        } else {
-            input[output_idx++] = input[input_idx];
-        }
-    }
-
-    input.resize(output_idx);
-}
-
-bool string_parse_kv_override(const char * data, std::vector<llama_model_kv_override> & overrides) {
-    const char * sep = strchr(data, '=');
-    if (sep == nullptr || sep - data >= 128) {
-        LOG_ERR("%s: malformed KV override '%s'\n", __func__, data);
-        return false;
-    }
-    llama_model_kv_override kvo;
-    std::strncpy(kvo.key, data, sep - data);
-    kvo.key[sep - data] = 0;
-    sep++;
-    if (strncmp(sep, "int:", 4) == 0) {
-        sep += 4;
-        kvo.tag = LLAMA_KV_OVERRIDE_TYPE_INT;
-        kvo.val_i64 = std::atol(sep);
-    } else if (strncmp(sep, "float:", 6) == 0) {
-        sep += 6;
-        kvo.tag = LLAMA_KV_OVERRIDE_TYPE_FLOAT;
-        kvo.val_f64 = std::atof(sep);
-    } else if (strncmp(sep, "bool:", 5) == 0) {
-        sep += 5;
-        kvo.tag = LLAMA_KV_OVERRIDE_TYPE_BOOL;
-        if (std::strcmp(sep, "true") == 0) {
-            kvo.val_bool = true;
-        } else if (std::strcmp(sep, "false") == 0) {
-            kvo.val_bool = false;
-        } else {
-            LOG_ERR("%s: invalid boolean value for KV override '%s'\n", __func__, data);
-            return false;
-        }
-    } else if (strncmp(sep, "str:", 4) == 0) {
-        sep += 4;
-        kvo.tag = LLAMA_KV_OVERRIDE_TYPE_STR;
-        if (strlen(sep) > 127) {
-            LOG_ERR("%s: malformed KV override '%s', value cannot exceed 127 chars\n", __func__, data);
-            return false;
-        }
-        strncpy(kvo.val_str, sep, 127);
-        kvo.val_str[127] = '\0';
-    } else {
-        LOG_ERR("%s: invalid type for KV override '%s'\n", __func__, data);
-        return false;
-    }
-    overrides.emplace_back(std::move(kvo));
-    return true;
-}
-
-//
-// Filesystem utils
-//
-
-// Validate if a filename is safe to use
-// To validate a full path, split the path by the OS-specific path separator, and validate each part with this function
-bool fs_validate_filename(const std::string & filename) {
-    if (!filename.length()) {
-        // Empty filename invalid
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (filename.length() > 255) {
-        // Limit at common largest possible filename on Linux filesystems
-        // to avoid unnecessary further validation
-        // (On systems with smaller limits it will be caught by the OS)
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::u32string filename_utf32;
-    try {
-#if defined(__clang__)
-        // disable C++17 deprecation warning for std::codecvt_utf8
-#    pragma clang diagnostic push
-#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
-#endif
-        std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<char32_t>, char32_t> converter;
-
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#    pragma clang diagnostic pop
-#endif
-
-        filename_utf32 = converter.from_bytes(filename);
-
-        // If the reverse conversion mismatches, it means overlong UTF-8 sequences were used,
-        // or invalid encodings were encountered. Reject such attempts
-        std::string filename_reencoded = converter.to_bytes(filename_utf32);
-        if (filename_reencoded != filename) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    } catch (const std::exception &) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Check for forbidden codepoints:
-    // - Control characters
-    // - Unicode equivalents of illegal characters
-    // - UTF-16 surrogate pairs
-    // - UTF-8 replacement character
-    // - Byte order mark (BOM)
-    // - Illegal characters: / \ : * ? " < > |
-    for (char32_t c : filename_utf32) {
-        if (c <= 0x1F // Control characters (C0)
-            || c == 0x7F // Control characters (DEL)
-            || (c >= 0x80 && c <= 0x9F) // Control characters (C1)
-            || c == 0xFF0E // Fullwidth Full Stop (period equivalent)
-            || c == 0x2215 // Division Slash (forward slash equivalent)
-            || c == 0x2216 // Set Minus (backslash equivalent)
-            || (c >= 0xD800 && c <= 0xDFFF) // UTF-16 surrogate pairs
-            || c == 0xFFFD // Replacement Character (UTF-8)
-            || c == 0xFEFF // Byte Order Mark (BOM)
-            || c == '/' || c == '\\' || c == ':' || c == '*' // Illegal characters
-            || c == '?' || c == '"' || c == '<' || c == '>' || c == '|') {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Reject any leading or trailing ' ', or any trailing '.', these are stripped on Windows and will cause a different filename
-    // Unicode and other whitespace is not affected, only 0x20 space
-    if (filename.front() == ' ' || filename.back() == ' ' || filename.back() == '.') {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Reject any ".." (currently stricter than necessary, it should be fine to just check for == ".." instead)
-    if (filename.find("..") != std::string::npos) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Reject "."
-    if (filename == ".") {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-// returns true if successful, false otherwise
-bool fs_create_directory_with_parents(const std::string & path) {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>> converter;
-    std::wstring wpath = converter.from_bytes(path);
-
-    // if the path already exists, check whether it's a directory
-    const DWORD attributes = GetFileAttributesW(wpath.c_str());
-    if ((attributes != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES) && (attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    size_t pos_slash = 0;
-
-    // process path from front to back, procedurally creating directories
-    while ((pos_slash = path.find('\\', pos_slash)) != std::string::npos) {
-        const std::wstring subpath = wpath.substr(0, pos_slash);
-        const wchar_t * test = subpath.c_str();
-
-        const bool success = CreateDirectoryW(test, NULL);
-        if (!success) {
-            const DWORD error = GetLastError();
-
-            // if the path already exists, ensure that it's a directory
-            if (error == ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
-                const DWORD attributes = GetFileAttributesW(subpath.c_str());
-                if (attributes == INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES || !(attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            } else {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-
-        pos_slash += 1;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-#else
-    // if the path already exists, check whether it's a directory
-    struct stat info;
-    if (stat(path.c_str(), &info) == 0) {
-        return S_ISDIR(info.st_mode);
-    }
-
-    size_t pos_slash = 1; // skip leading slashes for directory creation
-
-    // process path from front to back, procedurally creating directories
-    while ((pos_slash = path.find('/', pos_slash)) != std::string::npos) {
-        const std::string subpath = path.substr(0, pos_slash);
-        struct stat info;
-
-        // if the path already exists, ensure that it's a directory
-        if (stat(subpath.c_str(), &info) == 0) {
-            if (!S_ISDIR(info.st_mode)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        } else {
-            // create parent directories
-            const int ret = mkdir(subpath.c_str(), 0755);
-            if (ret != 0) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-
-        pos_slash += 1;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-#endif // _WIN32
-}
-
-std::string fs_get_cache_directory() {
-    std::string cache_directory = "";
-    auto ensure_trailing_slash = [](std::string p) {
-        // Make sure to add trailing slash
-        if (p.back() != DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) {
-            p += DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
-        }
-        return p;
-    };
-    if (getenv("LLAMA_CACHE")) {
-        cache_directory = std::getenv("LLAMA_CACHE");
-    } else {
-#ifdef __linux__
-        if (std::getenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME")) {
-            cache_directory = std::getenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME");
-        } else {
-            cache_directory = std::getenv("HOME") + std::string("/.cache/");
-        }
-#elif defined(__APPLE__)
-        cache_directory = std::getenv("HOME") + std::string("/Library/Caches/");
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-        cache_directory = std::getenv("LOCALAPPDATA");
-#endif // __linux__
-        cache_directory = ensure_trailing_slash(cache_directory);
-        cache_directory += "llama.cpp";
-    }
-    return ensure_trailing_slash(cache_directory);
-}
-
-std::string fs_get_cache_file(const std::string & filename) {
-    LM_GGML_ASSERT(filename.find(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) == std::string::npos);
-    std::string cache_directory = fs_get_cache_directory();
-    const bool success = fs_create_directory_with_parents(cache_directory);
-    if (!success) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create cache directory: " + cache_directory);
-    }
-    return cache_directory + filename;
-}
-
-
-//
-// Model utils
-//
-struct common_init_result common_init_from_params(common_params & params) {
-    common_init_result iparams;
-    auto mparams = common_model_params_to_llama(params);
-
-    llama_model * model = nullptr;
-
-    if (!params.hf_repo.empty() && !params.hf_file.empty()) {
-        model = common_load_model_from_hf(params.hf_repo, params.hf_file, params.model, params.hf_token, mparams);
-    } else if (!params.model_url.empty()) {
-        model = common_load_model_from_url(params.model_url, params.model, params.hf_token, mparams);
-    } else {
-        model = llama_model_load_from_file(params.model.c_str(), mparams);
-    }
-
-    if (model == NULL) {
-        LOG_ERR("%s: failed to load model '%s'\n", __func__, params.model.c_str());
-        return iparams;
-    }
-
-    const llama_vocab * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(model);
-
-    if (params.reranking) {
-        bool ok = true;
-
-        if (llama_vocab_bos(vocab) == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
-            LOG_WRN("%s: warning: vocab does not have a  BOS token, reranking will not work\n", __func__);
-            ok = false;
-        }
-
-        if (llama_vocab_eos(vocab) == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
-            LOG_WRN("%s: warning: vocab does not have an EOS token, reranking will not work\n", __func__);
-            ok = false;
-        }
-
-        if (llama_vocab_sep(vocab) == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
-            LOG_WRN("%s: warning: vocab does not have a  SEP token, reranking will not work\n", __func__);
-            ok = false;
-        }
-
-        if (!ok) {
-            llama_model_free(model);
-
-            return iparams;
-        }
-    }
-
-    auto cparams = common_context_params_to_llama(params);
-
-    llama_context * lctx = llama_init_from_model(model, cparams);
-    if (lctx == NULL) {
-        LOG_ERR("%s: failed to create context with model '%s'\n", __func__, params.model.c_str());
-        llama_model_free(model);
-        return iparams;
-    }
-
-    if (params.ctx_shift && !llama_kv_cache_can_shift(lctx)) {
-        LOG_WRN("%s: KV cache shifting is not supported for this model, disabling KV cache shifting\n", __func__);
-        params.ctx_shift = false;
-    }
-
-    if (!params.control_vectors.empty()) {
-        if (params.control_vector_layer_start <= 0) params.control_vector_layer_start = 1;
-        if (params.control_vector_layer_end   <= 0) params.control_vector_layer_end   = llama_model_n_layer(model);
-
-        const auto cvec = common_control_vector_load(params.control_vectors);
-        if (cvec.n_embd == -1) {
-            llama_free(lctx);
-            llama_model_free(model);
-
-            return iparams;
-        }
-
-        int err = llama_apply_adapter_cvec(
-                lctx,
-                cvec.data.data(),
-                cvec.data.size(),
-                cvec.n_embd,
-                params.control_vector_layer_start,
-                params.control_vector_layer_end);
-        if (err) {
-            llama_free(lctx);
-            llama_model_free(model);
-
-            return iparams;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // load and optionally apply lora adapters
-    for (auto & la : params.lora_adapters) {
-        llama_adapter_lora_ptr lora;
-        lora.reset(llama_adapter_lora_init(model, la.path.c_str()));
-        if (lora == nullptr) {
-            LOG_ERR("%s: failed to apply lora adapter '%s'\n", __func__, la.path.c_str());
-            llama_free(lctx);
-            llama_model_free(model);
-            return iparams;
-        }
-
-        la.ptr = lora.get();
-        iparams.lora.emplace_back(std::move(lora)); // copy to list of loaded adapters
-    }
-
-    if (!params.lora_init_without_apply) {
-        common_set_adapter_lora(lctx, params.lora_adapters);
-    }
-
-    if (params.sampling.ignore_eos && llama_vocab_eos(vocab) == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
-        LOG_WRN("%s: warning: vocab does not have an EOS token, ignoring --ignore-eos\n", __func__);
-        params.sampling.ignore_eos = false;
-    }
-
-    if (params.sampling.ignore_eos) {
-        for (llama_token i = 0; i < llama_vocab_n_tokens(vocab); i++) {
-            if (llama_vocab_is_eog(vocab, i)) {
-                LOG_INF("%s: added %s logit bias = %f\n", __func__, common_token_to_piece(lctx, i).c_str(), -INFINITY);
-                params.sampling.logit_bias.push_back({i, -INFINITY});
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (params.sampling.penalty_last_n == -1) {
-        LOG_INF("%s: setting penalty_last_n to ctx_size = %d\n", __func__, llama_n_ctx(lctx));
-        params.sampling.penalty_last_n = llama_n_ctx(lctx);
-    }
-
-    if (params.sampling.dry_penalty_last_n == -1) {
-        LOG_INF("%s: setting dry_penalty_last_n to ctx_size = %d\n", __func__, llama_n_ctx(lctx));
-        params.sampling.dry_penalty_last_n = llama_n_ctx(lctx);
-    }
-
-    if (params.warmup) {
-        LOG_WRN("%s: warming up the model with an empty run - please wait ... (--no-warmup to disable)\n", __func__);
-
-        std::vector<llama_token> tmp;
-        llama_token bos = llama_vocab_bos(vocab);
-        llama_token eos = llama_vocab_eos(vocab);
-
-        // some models (e.g. T5) don't have a BOS token
-        if (bos != LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
-            tmp.push_back(bos);
-        }
-        if (eos != LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
-            tmp.push_back(eos);
-        }
-        if (tmp.empty()) {
-            tmp.push_back(0);
-        }
-
-        if (llama_model_has_encoder(model)) {
-            llama_encode(lctx, llama_batch_get_one(tmp.data(), tmp.size()));
-            llama_token decoder_start_token_id = llama_model_decoder_start_token(model);
-            if (decoder_start_token_id == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
-                decoder_start_token_id = bos;
-            }
-            tmp.clear();
-            tmp.push_back(decoder_start_token_id);
-        }
-        if (llama_model_has_decoder(model)) {
-            llama_decode(lctx, llama_batch_get_one(tmp.data(), std::min(tmp.size(), (size_t) params.n_batch)));
-        }
-        llama_kv_cache_clear(lctx);
-        llama_synchronize(lctx);
-        llama_perf_context_reset(lctx);
-    }
-
-    iparams.model.reset(model);
-    iparams.context.reset(lctx);
-
-    return iparams;
-}
-
-void common_set_adapter_lora(struct llama_context * ctx, std::vector<common_adapter_lora_info> & lora) {
-    llama_clear_adapter_lora(ctx);
-    for (auto & la : lora) {
-        if (la.scale != 0.0f) {
-            llama_set_adapter_lora(ctx, la.ptr, la.scale);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-struct llama_model_params common_model_params_to_llama(common_params & params) {
-    auto mparams = llama_model_default_params();
-
-    if (!params.devices.empty()) {
-        mparams.devices = params.devices.data();
-    }
-    if (params.n_gpu_layers != -1) {
-        mparams.n_gpu_layers = params.n_gpu_layers;
-    }
-    
-    mparams.progress_callback_user_data = params.progress_callback_user_data;
-    mparams.progress_callback = params.progress_callback;
-    mparams.vocab_only      = params.vocab_only;
-    mparams.main_gpu        = params.main_gpu;
-    mparams.split_mode      = params.split_mode;
-    mparams.tensor_split    = params.tensor_split;
-    mparams.use_mmap        = params.use_mmap;
-    mparams.use_mlock       = params.use_mlock;
-    mparams.check_tensors   = params.check_tensors;
-    if (params.kv_overrides.empty()) {
-        mparams.kv_overrides = NULL;
-    } else {
-        LM_GGML_ASSERT(params.kv_overrides.back().key[0] == 0 && "KV overrides not terminated with empty key");
-        mparams.kv_overrides = params.kv_overrides.data();
-    }
-
-    return mparams;
-}
-
-struct llama_context_params common_context_params_to_llama(const common_params & params) {
-    auto cparams = llama_context_default_params();
-
-    cparams.n_ctx             = params.n_ctx;
-    cparams.n_seq_max         = params.n_parallel;
-    cparams.n_batch           = params.n_batch;
-    cparams.n_ubatch          = params.n_ubatch;
-    cparams.n_threads         = params.cpuparams.n_threads;
-    cparams.n_threads_batch   = params.cpuparams_batch.n_threads == -1 ?
-                                params.cpuparams.n_threads : params.cpuparams_batch.n_threads;
-    cparams.logits_all        = params.logits_all;
-    cparams.embeddings        = params.embedding;
-    cparams.rope_scaling_type = params.rope_scaling_type;
-    cparams.rope_freq_base    = params.rope_freq_base;
-    cparams.rope_freq_scale   = params.rope_freq_scale;
-    cparams.yarn_ext_factor   = params.yarn_ext_factor;
-    cparams.yarn_attn_factor  = params.yarn_attn_factor;
-    cparams.yarn_beta_fast    = params.yarn_beta_fast;
-    cparams.yarn_beta_slow    = params.yarn_beta_slow;
-    cparams.yarn_orig_ctx     = params.yarn_orig_ctx;
-    cparams.pooling_type      = params.pooling_type;
-    cparams.attention_type    = params.attention_type;
-    cparams.defrag_thold      = params.defrag_thold;
-    cparams.cb_eval           = params.cb_eval;
-    cparams.cb_eval_user_data = params.cb_eval_user_data;
-    cparams.offload_kqv       = !params.no_kv_offload;
-    cparams.flash_attn        = params.flash_attn;
-    cparams.no_perf           = params.no_perf;
-
-    if (params.reranking) {
-        cparams.embeddings    = true;
-        cparams.pooling_type  = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_RANK;
-    }
-
-    cparams.type_k = params.cache_type_k;
-    cparams.type_v = params.cache_type_v;
-
-    return cparams;
-}
-
-struct lm_ggml_threadpool_params lm_ggml_threadpool_params_from_cpu_params(const cpu_params & params) {
-    struct lm_ggml_threadpool_params tpp;
-
-    lm_ggml_threadpool_params_init(&tpp, params.n_threads); // setup the defaults
-
-    if (params.mask_valid) {
-        std::memcpy(&tpp.cpumask, &params.cpumask, LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS);
-    }
-
-    tpp.prio       = params.priority;
-    tpp.poll       = params.poll;
-    tpp.strict_cpu = params.strict_cpu;
-
-    return tpp;
-}
-
-#ifdef LLAMA_USE_CURL
-
-#define CURL_MAX_RETRY 3
-#define CURL_RETRY_DELAY_SECONDS 2
-
-static bool curl_perform_with_retry(const std::string & url, CURL * curl, int max_attempts, int retry_delay_seconds) {
-    int remaining_attempts = max_attempts;
-
-    while (remaining_attempts > 0) {
-        LOG_INF("%s: Trying to download from %s (attempt %d of %d)...\n", __func__ , url.c_str(), max_attempts - remaining_attempts + 1, max_attempts);
-
-        CURLcode res = curl_easy_perform(curl);
-        if (res == CURLE_OK) {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        int exponential_backoff_delay = std::pow(retry_delay_seconds, max_attempts - remaining_attempts) * 1000;
-        LOG_WRN("%s: curl_easy_perform() failed: %s, retrying after %d milliseconds...\n", __func__, curl_easy_strerror(res), exponential_backoff_delay);
-
-        remaining_attempts--;
-        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(exponential_backoff_delay));
-    }
-
-    LOG_ERR("%s: curl_easy_perform() failed after %d attempts\n", __func__, max_attempts);
-
-    return false;
-}
-
-
-struct llama_model * common_load_model_from_url(
-        const std::string & model_url,
-        const std::string & local_path,
-        const std::string & hf_token,
-        const struct llama_model_params & params) {
-    // Basic validation of the model_url
-    if (model_url.empty()) {
-        LOG_ERR("%s: invalid model_url\n", __func__);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!common_download_file(model_url, local_path, hf_token)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    // check for additional GGUFs split to download
-    int n_split = 0;
-    {
-        struct lm_gguf_init_params lm_gguf_params = {
-            /*.no_alloc = */ true,
-            /*.ctx      = */ NULL,
-        };
-        auto * ctx_gguf = lm_gguf_init_from_file(local_path.c_str(), lm_gguf_params);
-        if (!ctx_gguf) {
-            LOG_ERR("\n%s:  failed to load input GGUF from %s\n", __func__, local_path.c_str());
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        auto key_n_split = lm_gguf_find_key(ctx_gguf, LLM_KV_SPLIT_COUNT);
-        if (key_n_split >= 0) {
-            n_split = lm_gguf_get_val_u16(ctx_gguf, key_n_split);
-        }
-
-        lm_gguf_free(ctx_gguf);
-    }
-
-    if (n_split > 1) {
-        char split_prefix[PATH_MAX] = {0};
-        char split_url_prefix[LLAMA_CURL_MAX_URL_LENGTH] = {0};
-
-        // Verify the first split file format
-        // and extract split URL and PATH prefixes
-        {
-            if (!llama_split_prefix(split_prefix, sizeof(split_prefix), local_path.c_str(), 0, n_split)) {
-                LOG_ERR("\n%s: unexpected model file name: %s n_split=%d\n", __func__, local_path.c_str(), n_split);
-                return NULL;
-            }
-
-            if (!llama_split_prefix(split_url_prefix, sizeof(split_url_prefix), model_url.c_str(), 0, n_split)) {
-                LOG_ERR("\n%s: unexpected model url: %s n_split=%d\n", __func__, model_url.c_str(), n_split);
-                return NULL;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Prepare download in parallel
-        std::vector<std::future<bool>> futures_download;
-        for (int idx = 1; idx < n_split; idx++) {
-            futures_download.push_back(std::async(std::launch::async, [&split_prefix, &split_url_prefix, &n_split, hf_token](int download_idx) -> bool {
-                char split_path[PATH_MAX] = {0};
-                llama_split_path(split_path, sizeof(split_path), split_prefix, download_idx, n_split);
-
-                char split_url[LLAMA_CURL_MAX_URL_LENGTH] = {0};
-                llama_split_path(split_url, sizeof(split_url), split_url_prefix, download_idx, n_split);
-
-                return common_download_file(split_url, split_path, hf_token);
-            }, idx));
-        }
-
-        // Wait for all downloads to complete
-        for (auto & f : futures_download) {
-            if (!f.get()) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    return llama_model_load_from_file(local_path.c_str(), params);
-}
-
-struct llama_model * common_load_model_from_hf(
-        const std::string & repo,
-        const std::string & remote_path,
-        const std::string & local_path,
-        const std::string & hf_token,
-        const struct llama_model_params & params) {
-    // construct hugging face model url:
-    //
-    //  --repo ggml-org/models --file tinyllama-1.1b/ggml-model-f16.gguf
-    //    https://huggingface.co/ggml-org/models/resolve/main/tinyllama-1.1b/ggml-model-f16.gguf
-    //
-    //  --repo TheBloke/Mixtral-8x7B-v0.1-GGUF --file mixtral-8x7b-v0.1.Q4_K_M.gguf
-    //    https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/Mixtral-8x7B-v0.1-GGUF/resolve/main/mixtral-8x7b-v0.1.Q4_K_M.gguf
-    //
-
-    std::string model_url = "https://huggingface.co/";
-    model_url += repo;
-    model_url += "/resolve/main/";
-    model_url += remote_path;
-
-    return common_load_model_from_url(model_url, local_path, hf_token, params);
-}
-
-/**
- * Allow getting the HF file from the HF repo with tag (like ollama), for example:
- * - bartowski/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct-GGUF:q4
- * - bartowski/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M
- * - bartowski/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct-GGUF:q5_k_s
- * Tag is optional, default to "latest" (meaning it checks for Q4_K_M first, then Q4, then if not found, return the first GGUF file in repo)
- *
- * Return pair of <repo, file> (with "repo" already having tag removed)
- *
- * Note: we use the Ollama-compatible HF API, but not using the blobId. Instead, we use the special "ggufFile" field which returns the value for "hf_file". This is done to be backward-compatible with existing cache files.
- */
-std::pair<std::string, std::string> common_get_hf_file(const std::string & hf_repo_with_tag, const std::string & hf_token) {
-    auto parts = string_split<std::string>(hf_repo_with_tag, ':');
-    std::string tag = parts.size() > 1 ? parts.back() : "latest";
-    std::string hf_repo = parts[0];
-    if (string_split<std::string>(hf_repo, '/').size() != 2) {
-        throw std::invalid_argument("error: invalid HF repo format, expected <user>/<model>[:quant]\n");
-    }
-
-    // fetch model info from Hugging Face Hub API
-    json model_info;
-    curl_ptr       curl(curl_easy_init(), &curl_easy_cleanup);
-    curl_slist_ptr http_headers;
-    std::string res_str;
-    std::string url = "https://huggingface.co/v2/" + hf_repo + "/manifests/" + tag;
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS, 1L);
-    typedef size_t(*CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION_PTR)(void * ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void * data);
-    auto write_callback = [](void * ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void * data) -> size_t {
-        static_cast<std::string *>(data)->append((char * ) ptr, size * nmemb);
-        return size * nmemb;
-    };
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, static_cast<CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION_PTR>(write_callback));
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &res_str);
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_SSL_OPTIONS, CURLSSLOPT_NATIVE_CA);
-#endif
-    if (!hf_token.empty()) {
-        std::string auth_header = "Authorization: Bearer " + hf_token;
-        http_headers.ptr = curl_slist_append(http_headers.ptr, auth_header.c_str());
-    }
-    // Important: the User-Agent must be "llama-cpp" to get the "ggufFile" field in the response
-    http_headers.ptr = curl_slist_append(http_headers.ptr, "User-Agent: llama-cpp");
-    http_headers.ptr = curl_slist_append(http_headers.ptr, "Accept: application/json");
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, http_headers.ptr);
-
-    CURLcode res = curl_easy_perform(curl.get());
-
-    if (res != CURLE_OK) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("error: cannot make GET request to HF API");
-    }
-
-    long res_code;
-    curl_easy_getinfo(curl.get(), CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &res_code);
-    if (res_code == 200) {
-        model_info = json::parse(res_str);
-    } else if (res_code == 401) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("error: model is private or does not exist; if you are accessing a gated model, please provide a valid HF token");
-    } else {
-        throw std::runtime_error(string_format("error from HF API, response code: %ld, data: %s", res_code, res_str.c_str()));
-    }
-
-    // check response
-    if (!model_info.contains("ggufFile")) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("error: model does not have ggufFile");
-    }
-    json & lm_gguf_file = model_info.at("ggufFile");
-    if (!lm_gguf_file.contains("rfilename")) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("error: ggufFile does not have rfilename");
-    }
-
-    return std::make_pair(hf_repo, lm_gguf_file.at("rfilename"));
-}
-
-#else
-
-struct llama_model * common_load_model_from_url(
-        const std::string & /*model_url*/,
-        const std::string & /*local_path*/,
-        const std::string & /*hf_token*/,
-        const struct llama_model_params & /*params*/) {
-    LOG_WRN("%s: llama.cpp built without libcurl, downloading from an url not supported.\n", __func__);
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-struct llama_model * common_load_model_from_hf(
-        const std::string & /*repo*/,
-        const std::string & /*remote_path*/,
-        const std::string & /*local_path*/,
-        const std::string & /*hf_token*/,
-        const struct llama_model_params & /*params*/) {
-    LOG_WRN("%s: llama.cpp built without libcurl, downloading from Hugging Face not supported.\n", __func__);
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-std::pair<std::string, std::string> common_get_hf_file(const std::string &, const std::string &) {
-    LOG_WRN("%s: llama.cpp built without libcurl, downloading from Hugging Face not supported.\n", __func__);
-    return std::make_pair("", "");
-}
-
-#endif // LLAMA_USE_CURL
-
-//
-// Batch utils
-//
-
-void common_batch_clear(struct llama_batch & batch) {
-    batch.n_tokens = 0;
-}
-
-void common_batch_add(
-                 struct llama_batch & batch,
-                        llama_token   id,
-                          llama_pos   pos,
-    const std::vector<llama_seq_id> & seq_ids,
-                               bool   logits) {
-    LM_GGML_ASSERT(batch.seq_id[batch.n_tokens] && "llama_batch size exceeded");
-
-    batch.token   [batch.n_tokens] = id;
-    batch.pos     [batch.n_tokens] = pos;
-    batch.n_seq_id[batch.n_tokens] = seq_ids.size();
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < seq_ids.size(); ++i) {
-        batch.seq_id[batch.n_tokens][i] = seq_ids[i];
-    }
-    batch.logits  [batch.n_tokens] = logits;
-
-    batch.n_tokens++;
-}
-
-//
-// Token utils
-//
-
-size_t common_lcp(const llama_tokens & a, const llama_tokens & b) {
-    size_t i;
-    for (i = 0; i < a.size() && i < b.size() && a[i] == b[i]; i++) {}
-
-    return i;
-}
-
-size_t common_lcs(const llama_tokens & a, const llama_tokens & b) {
-    // check for empty sequences
-    if (a.empty() || b.empty()) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    // get the lengths of the input sequences
-    size_t a_len = a.size();
-    size_t b_len = b.size();
-
-    // initialize the maximum length of the longest common subsequence (LCS)
-    size_t max_length = 0;
-
-    // use two rows instead of a 2D matrix to optimize space
-    std::vector<size_t> prev_row(b_len + 1, 0);
-    std::vector<size_t> curr_row(b_len + 1, 0);
-
-    // iterate through the elements of a
-    for (size_t i = 1; i <= a_len; i++) {
-        // iterate through the elements of b
-        for (size_t j = 1; j <= b_len; j++) {
-            // if elements at the current positions match
-            if (a[i - 1] == b[j - 1]) {
-                // if it's the first element of either sequences, set LCS length to 1
-                if (i == 1 || j == 1) {
-                    curr_row[j] = 1;
-                } else {
-                    // increment LCS length by 1 compared to the previous element
-                    curr_row[j] = prev_row[j - 1] + 1;
-                }
-
-                // update max_length if necessary
-                if (curr_row[j] > max_length) {
-                    max_length = curr_row[j];
-                }
-            } else {
-                // reset LCS length if elements don't match
-                curr_row[j] = 0;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // update the previous row for the next iteration
-        prev_row = curr_row;
-    }
-
-    // return the maximum length of the LCS
-    return max_length;
-}
-
-//
-// Vocab utils
-//
-
-std::vector<llama_token> common_tokenize(
-  const struct llama_context * ctx,
-           const std::string & text,
-                        bool   add_special,
-                        bool   parse_special) {
-    const llama_model * model = llama_get_model(ctx);
-    const llama_vocab * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(model);
-    return common_tokenize(vocab, text, add_special, parse_special);
-}
-
-std::vector<llama_token> common_tokenize(
-    const struct llama_vocab * vocab,
-           const std::string & text,
-                        bool   add_special,
-                        bool   parse_special) {
-    // upper limit for the number of tokens
-    int n_tokens = text.length() + 2 * add_special;
-    std::vector<llama_token> result(n_tokens);
-    n_tokens = llama_tokenize(vocab, text.data(), text.length(), result.data(), result.size(), add_special, parse_special);
-    if (n_tokens < 0) {
-        result.resize(-n_tokens);
-        int check = llama_tokenize(vocab, text.data(), text.length(), result.data(), result.size(), add_special, parse_special);
-        LM_GGML_ASSERT(check == -n_tokens);
-    } else {
-        result.resize(n_tokens);
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-std::string common_token_to_piece(const struct llama_context * ctx, llama_token token, bool special) {
-    const llama_model * model = llama_get_model(ctx);
-    const llama_vocab * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(model);
-    return common_token_to_piece(vocab, token, special);
-}
-
-std::string common_token_to_piece(const struct llama_vocab * vocab, llama_token token, bool special) {
-    std::string piece;
-    piece.resize(piece.capacity());  // using string internal cache, 15 bytes + '\n'
-    const int n_chars = llama_token_to_piece(vocab, token, &piece[0], piece.size(), 0, special);
-    if (n_chars < 0) {
-        piece.resize(-n_chars);
-        int check = llama_token_to_piece(vocab, token, &piece[0], piece.size(), 0, special);
-        LM_GGML_ASSERT(check == -n_chars);
-    }
-    else {
-        piece.resize(n_chars);
-    }
-
-    return piece;
-}
-
-std::string common_detokenize(const struct llama_context * ctx, const std::vector<llama_token> & tokens, bool special) {
-    const llama_model * model = llama_get_model(ctx);
-    const llama_vocab * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(model);
-    return common_detokenize(vocab, tokens, special);
-}
-
-std::string common_detokenize(const struct llama_vocab * vocab, const std::vector<llama_token> & tokens, bool special) {
-    std::string text;
-    text.resize(std::max(text.capacity(), tokens.size()));
-    int32_t n_chars = llama_detokenize(vocab, tokens.data(), (int32_t)tokens.size(), &text[0], (int32_t)text.size(), false, special);
-    if (n_chars < 0) {
-        text.resize(-n_chars);
-        n_chars = llama_detokenize(vocab, tokens.data(), (int32_t)tokens.size(), &text[0], (int32_t)text.size(), false, special);
-        LM_GGML_ASSERT(n_chars <= (int32_t)text.size());  // whitespace trimming is performed after per-token detokenization
-    }
-
-    text.resize(n_chars);
-
-    // NOTE: the original tokenizer decodes bytes after collecting the pieces.
-    return text;
-}
-
-//
-// Chat template utils
-//
-
-bool common_chat_verify_template(const std::string & tmpl, bool use_jinja) {
-    if (use_jinja) {
-        try {
-            auto chat_template = common_chat_template(tmpl, "<s>", "</s>");
-            common_chat_inputs inputs;
-            inputs.messages = json::array({{
-                {"role", "user"},
-                {"content", "test"},
-            }});
-            common_chat_params_init(chat_template, inputs);
-            return true;
-        } catch (const std::exception & e) {
-            LOG_ERR("%s: failed to apply template: %s\n", __func__, e.what());
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    llama_chat_message chat[] = {{"user", "test"}};
-    const int res = llama_chat_apply_template(tmpl.c_str(), chat, 1, true, nullptr, 0);
-    return res >= 0;
-}
-
-std::string common_chat_apply_template(
-        const common_chat_template & tmpl,
-        const std::vector<common_chat_msg> & msgs,
-        bool add_ass,
-        bool use_jinja) {
-    if (use_jinja) {
-        auto messages = json::array();
-        for (const auto & msg : msgs) {
-            messages.push_back({{"role", msg.role}, {"content", msg.content}});
-        }
-        common_chat_inputs inputs;
-        inputs.messages = messages;
-        inputs.add_generation_prompt = add_ass;
-        return common_chat_params_init(tmpl, inputs).prompt;
-    }
-
-    int alloc_size = 0;
-    std::vector<llama_chat_message> chat;
-    for (const auto & msg : msgs) {
-        chat.push_back({msg.role.c_str(), msg.content.c_str()});
-        alloc_size += (msg.role.size() + msg.content.size()) * 1.25;
-    }
-
-    std::vector<char> buf(alloc_size);
-
-    // run the first time to get the total output length
-    int32_t res = llama_chat_apply_template(tmpl.source().c_str(), chat.data(), chat.size(), add_ass, buf.data(), buf.size());
-
-    // error: chat template is not supported
-    if (res < 0) {
-        // if the custom "tmpl" is not supported, we throw an error
-        // this is a bit redundant (for good), since we're not sure if user validated the custom template with llama_chat_verify_template()
-        throw std::runtime_error("this custom template is not supported");
-    }
-
-    // if it turns out that our buffer is too small, we resize it
-    if ((size_t) res > buf.size()) {
-        buf.resize(res);
-        res = llama_chat_apply_template(tmpl.source().c_str(), chat.data(), chat.size(), add_ass, buf.data(), buf.size());
-    }
-
-    std::string formatted_chat(buf.data(), res);
-    return formatted_chat;
-}
-
-std::string common_chat_format_single(
-        const common_chat_template & tmpl,
-        const std::vector<common_chat_msg> & past_msg,
-        const common_chat_msg & new_msg,
-        bool add_ass,
-        bool use_jinja) {
-    std::ostringstream ss;
-    auto fmt_past_msg = past_msg.empty() ? "" : common_chat_apply_template(tmpl, past_msg, false, use_jinja);
-    std::vector<common_chat_msg> chat_new(past_msg);
-    // if the past_msg ends with a newline, we must preserve it in the formatted version
-    if (add_ass && !fmt_past_msg.empty() && fmt_past_msg.back() == '\n') {
-        ss << "\n";
-    };
-    // format chat with new_msg
-    chat_new.push_back(new_msg);
-    auto fmt_new_msg = common_chat_apply_template(tmpl, chat_new, add_ass, use_jinja);
-    // get the diff part
-    ss << fmt_new_msg.substr(fmt_past_msg.size(), fmt_new_msg.size() - fmt_past_msg.size());
-    return ss.str();
-}
-
-std::string common_chat_format_example(const common_chat_template & tmpl, bool use_jinja) {
-    std::vector<common_chat_msg> msgs = {
-        {"system",    "You are a helpful assistant", {}},
-        {"user",      "Hello", {}},
-        {"assistant", "Hi there", {}},
-        {"user",      "How are you?", {}},
-    };
-    return common_chat_apply_template(tmpl, msgs, true, use_jinja);
-}
-
-#define CHATML_TEMPLATE_SRC \
-    "{%- for message in messages -%}\n" \
-    "  {{- '<|im_start|>' + message.role + '\n' + message.content + '<|im_end|>\n' -}}\n" \
-    "{%- endfor -%}\n" \
-    "{%- if add_generation_prompt -%}\n" \
-    "  {{- '<|im_start|>assistant\n' -}}\n" \
-    "{%- endif -%}"
-
-common_chat_templates common_chat_templates_from_model(const struct llama_model * model, const std::string & chat_template_override)
-{
-    std::string default_template_src;
-    std::string template_tool_use_src;
-
-    bool has_explicit_template = !chat_template_override.empty();
-    if (chat_template_override.empty()) {
-        auto str = llama_model_chat_template(model, /* name */ nullptr);
-        if (str) {
-            default_template_src = str;
-            has_explicit_template = true;
-        }
-        str = llama_model_chat_template(model, /* name */ "tool_use");
-        if (str) {
-            template_tool_use_src = str;
-            has_explicit_template = true;
-        }
-    } else {
-        default_template_src = chat_template_override;
-    }
-    if (default_template_src.empty() || default_template_src == "chatml") {
-        if (!template_tool_use_src.empty()) {
-            default_template_src = template_tool_use_src;
-        } else {
-            default_template_src = CHATML_TEMPLATE_SRC;
-        }
-    }
-    auto vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(model);
-    const auto get_token = [&](llama_token token, const char * name, const char * jinja_variable_name) {
-        if (token == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
-            if (default_template_src.find(jinja_variable_name) != std::string::npos
-                || template_tool_use_src.find(jinja_variable_name) != std::string::npos) {
-                LOG_WRN("%s: warning: vocab does not have a %s token, jinja template won't work as intended.\n", __func__, name);
-            }
-            return std::string();
-        } else {
-            return common_token_to_piece(vocab, token, true);
-        }
-    };
-    auto token_bos = get_token(llama_vocab_bos(vocab), "BOS", "bos_token");
-    auto token_eos = get_token(llama_vocab_eos(vocab), "EOS", "eos_token");
-    try {
-        return {
-            has_explicit_template,
-            std::make_unique<minja::chat_template>(default_template_src, token_bos, token_eos),
-            template_tool_use_src.empty()
-                ? nullptr
-                : std::make_unique<minja::chat_template>(template_tool_use_src, token_bos, token_eos),
-        };
-    } catch (const std::exception & e) {
-        LOG_ERR("%s: failed to parse chat template: %s\n", __func__, e.what());
-        return {
-            has_explicit_template,
-            std::make_unique<minja::chat_template>(CHATML_TEMPLATE_SRC, token_bos, token_eos),
-            nullptr,
-        };
-    }
-}
-
-//
-// KV cache utils
-//
-
-void common_kv_cache_dump_view(const llama_kv_cache_view & view, int row_size) {
-    static const char slot_chars[] = ".123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz+";
-
-    printf("=== Dumping KV cache. total cells %d, max sequences per cell %d, populated cells %d, total tokens in cache %d, largest empty slot=%d @ %d",
-        view.n_cells, view.n_seq_max, view.used_cells, view.token_count, view.max_contiguous, view.max_contiguous_idx);
-
-    llama_kv_cache_view_cell * c_curr = view.cells;
-    llama_seq_id * cs_curr = view.cells_sequences;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < view.n_cells; i++, c_curr++, cs_curr += view.n_seq_max) {
-        if (i % row_size == 0) {
-            printf("\n%5d: ", i);
-        }
-        int seq_count = 0;
-        for (int j = 0; j < view.n_seq_max; j++) {
-            if (cs_curr[j] >= 0) { seq_count++; }
-        }
-        putchar(slot_chars[std::min(sizeof(slot_chars) - 2, size_t(seq_count))]);
-    }
-
-    printf("\n=== Done dumping\n");
-}
-
-void common_kv_cache_dump_view_seqs(const llama_kv_cache_view & view, int row_size) {
-    static const char slot_chars[] = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
-
-    printf("=== Dumping KV cache. total cells %d, max sequences per cell %d, populated cells %d, total tokens in cache %d, largest empty slot=%d @ %d\n",
-        view.n_cells, view.n_seq_max, view.used_cells, view.token_count, view.max_contiguous, view.max_contiguous_idx);
-
-    std::unordered_map<llama_seq_id, size_t> seqs;
-    llama_kv_cache_view_cell * c_curr = view.cells;
-    llama_seq_id * cs_curr = view.cells_sequences;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < view.n_cells; i++, c_curr++, cs_curr += view.n_seq_max) {
-        for (int j = 0; j < view.n_seq_max; j++) {
-            if (cs_curr[j] < 0) { continue; }
-            if (seqs.find(cs_curr[j]) == seqs.end()) {
-                if (seqs.size() + 1 >= sizeof(slot_chars)) { break; }
-                const size_t sz = seqs.size();
-                seqs[cs_curr[j]] = sz;
-            }
-        }
-        if (seqs.size() + 1 >= sizeof(slot_chars)) { break; }
-    }
-
-    printf("=== Sequence legend: ");
-    for (const auto & it : seqs) {
-        printf("%zu=%d, ", it.second, it.first);
-    }
-    printf("'+'=other sequence ids");
-
-    c_curr = view.cells;
-    cs_curr = view.cells_sequences;
-    for (int i = 0; i < view.n_cells; i++, c_curr++, cs_curr += view.n_seq_max) {
-        if (i % row_size == 0) {
-            printf("\n%5d: ", i);
-        }
-        for (int j = 0; j < view.n_seq_max; j++) {
-            if (cs_curr[j] >= 0) {
-                const auto & it = seqs.find(cs_curr[j]);
-                putchar(it != seqs.end() ? int(slot_chars[it->second]) : '+');
-            } else {
-                putchar('.');
-            }
-        }
-        putchar(' ');
-    }
-
-    printf("\n=== Done dumping\n");
-}
-
-//
-// Embedding utils
-//
-
-void common_embd_normalize(const float * inp, float * out, int n, int embd_norm) {
-    double sum = 0.0;
-
-    switch (embd_norm) {
-        case -1: // no normalisation
-            sum = 1.0;
-            break;
-        case 0: // max absolute
-            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-                if (sum < std::abs(inp[i])) {
-                    sum = std::abs(inp[i]);
-                }
-            }
-            sum /= 32760.0; // make an int16 range
-            break;
-        case 2: // euclidean
-            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-                sum += inp[i] * inp[i];
-            }
-            sum = std::sqrt(sum);
-            break;
-        default: // p-norm (euclidean is p-norm p=2)
-            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-                sum += std::pow(std::abs(inp[i]), embd_norm);
-            }
-            sum = std::pow(sum, 1.0 / embd_norm);
-            break;
-    }
-
-    const float norm = sum > 0.0 ? 1.0 / sum : 0.0f;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        out[i] = inp[i] * norm;
-    }
-}
-
-float common_embd_similarity_cos(const float * embd1, const float * embd2, int n){
-    double sum  = 0.0;
-    double sum1 = 0.0;
-    double sum2 = 0.0;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        sum  += embd1[i] * embd2[i];
-        sum1 += embd1[i] * embd1[i];
-        sum2 += embd2[i] * embd2[i];
-    }
-
-    // Handle the case where one or both vectors are zero vectors
-    if (sum1 == 0.0 || sum2 == 0.0) {
-        if (sum1 == 0.0 && sum2 == 0.0) {
-            return 1.0f; // two zero vectors are similar
-        }
-        return 0.0f;
-    }
-
-    return sum / (sqrt(sum1) * sqrt(sum2));
-}
-
-//
-// Control vector utils
-//
-
-static common_control_vector_data common_control_vector_load_one(const common_control_vector_load_info & load_info) {
-    common_control_vector_data result = { -1, {} };
-
-    lm_ggml_context * ctx = nullptr;
-    struct lm_gguf_init_params meta_lm_gguf_params = {
-        /* .no_alloc = */ false,
-        /* .ctx      = */ &ctx,
-    };
-    struct lm_gguf_context * ctx_gguf = lm_gguf_init_from_file(load_info.fname.c_str(), meta_lm_gguf_params);
-    if (!ctx_gguf) {
-        LOG_ERR("%s: failed to load control vector file from %s\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    int32_t n_tensors = lm_gguf_get_n_tensors(ctx_gguf);
-    if (n_tensors == 0) {
-        LOG_WRN("%s: no direction tensors found in %s\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < n_tensors; i++) {
-        std::string name = lm_gguf_get_tensor_name(ctx_gguf, i);
-
-        int layer_idx = -1;
-
-        // split on '.'
-        size_t dotpos = name.find('.');
-        if (dotpos != std::string::npos && name.substr(0, dotpos) == "direction") {
-            try {
-                layer_idx = std::stoi(name.substr(dotpos + 1));
-            } catch (...) {
-                layer_idx = -1;
-            }
-        }
-        if (layer_idx < 0) {
-            LOG_ERR("%s: invalid/unparsable direction tensor layer index in %s\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
-            result.n_embd = -1;
-            break;
-        } else if (layer_idx == 0) {
-            LOG_ERR("%s: invalid (zero) direction tensor layer index in %s\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
-            result.n_embd = -1;
-            break;
-        }
-
-        struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor = lm_ggml_get_tensor(ctx, name.c_str());
-        if (tensor->type != LM_GGML_TYPE_F32) {
-            LOG_ERR("%s: invalid (non-F32) direction tensor type in %s\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
-            result.n_embd = -1;
-            break;
-        }
-        if (lm_ggml_n_dims(tensor) != 1) {
-            LOG_ERR("%s: invalid (non-1D) direction tensor shape in %s\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
-            result.n_embd = -1;
-            break;
-        }
-
-        if (result.n_embd == -1) {
-            result.n_embd = lm_ggml_nelements(tensor);
-        } else if (lm_ggml_nelements(tensor) != result.n_embd) {
-            LOG_ERR("%s: direction tensor in %s does not match previous dimensions\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
-            result.n_embd = -1;
-            break;
-        }
-
-        // extend if necessary - do not store data for layer 0 (it's not used)
-        result.data.resize(std::max(result.data.size(), static_cast<size_t>(result.n_embd * layer_idx)), 0.0f);
-
-        const float * src = (const float *) tensor->data;
-        float * dst = result.data.data() + result.n_embd * (layer_idx - 1);  // layer 1 at [0]
-        for (int j = 0; j < result.n_embd; j++) {
-            dst[j] += src[j] * load_info.strength;  // allows multiple directions for same layer in same file
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    if (result.n_embd == -1) {
-        LOG_WRN("%s: skipping %s due to invalid direction tensors\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
-        result.data.clear();
-    }
-
-    lm_gguf_free(ctx_gguf);
-    lm_ggml_free(ctx);
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-common_control_vector_data common_control_vector_load(const std::vector<common_control_vector_load_info> & load_infos) {
-    common_control_vector_data result = { -1, {} };
-
-    for (const auto & info : load_infos) {
-        auto cur = common_control_vector_load_one(info);
-
-        if (cur.n_embd == -1) {
-            result.n_embd = -1;
-            break;
-        }
-        if (result.n_embd != -1 && result.n_embd != cur.n_embd) {
-            LOG_ERR("%s: control vectors in %s does not match previous dimensions\n", __func__, info.fname.c_str());
-            result.n_embd = -1;
-            break;
-        }
-
-        if (result.n_embd == -1) {
-            result = std::move(cur);
-        } else {
-            result.data.resize(std::max(result.data.size(), cur.data.size()), 0.0f);  // extend if necessary
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < cur.data.size(); i++) {
-                result.data[i] += cur.data[i];
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (result.n_embd == -1) {
-        LOG_ERR("%s: no valid control vector files passed\n", __func__);
-        result.data.clear();
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define _SILENCE_CXX17_CODECVT_HEADER_DEPRECATION_WARNING
+#endif
+
+#include "ggml.h"
+#include "gguf.h"
+
+#include "common.h"
+#include "log.h"
+// Change JSON_ASSERT from assert() to LM_GGML_ASSERT:
+#define JSON_ASSERT LM_GGML_ASSERT
+#include "json.hpp"
+#include "llama.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <codecvt>
+#include <cstdarg>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <regex>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/sysctl.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#ifndef NOMINMAX
+#   define NOMINMAX
+#endif
+#include <locale>
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <io.h>
+#else
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+#if defined(LLAMA_USE_CURL)
+#include <curl/curl.h>
+#include <curl/easy.h>
+#include <future>
+#endif
+
+// build info
+int LLAMA_BUILD_NUMBER = 0;
+char const *LLAMA_COMMIT = "unknown";
+char const *LLAMA_COMPILER = "unknown";
+char const *LLAMA_BUILD_TARGET = "unknown";
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(disable: 4244 4267) // possible loss of data
+#endif
+
+#if defined(LLAMA_USE_CURL)
+#ifdef __linux__
+#include <linux/limits.h>
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+#   if !defined(PATH_MAX)
+#   define PATH_MAX MAX_PATH
+#   endif
+#else
+#include <sys/syslimits.h>
+#endif
+#define LLAMA_CURL_MAX_URL_LENGTH 2084 // Maximum URL Length in Chrome: 2083
+
+//
+// CURL utils
+//
+
+using curl_ptr = std::unique_ptr<CURL, decltype(&curl_easy_cleanup)>;
+
+// cannot use unique_ptr for curl_slist, because we cannot update without destroying the old one
+struct curl_slist_ptr {
+    struct curl_slist * ptr = nullptr;
+    ~curl_slist_ptr() {
+        if (ptr) {
+            curl_slist_free_all(ptr);
+        }
+    }
+};
+#endif // LLAMA_USE_CURL
+
+using json = nlohmann::ordered_json;
+
+//
+// CPU utils
+//
+
+int32_t cpu_get_num_physical_cores() {
+#ifdef __linux__
+    // enumerate the set of thread siblings, num entries is num cores
+    std::unordered_set<std::string> siblings;
+    for (uint32_t cpu=0; cpu < UINT32_MAX; ++cpu) {
+        std::ifstream thread_siblings("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu"
+            + std::to_string(cpu) + "/topology/thread_siblings");
+        if (!thread_siblings.is_open()) {
+            break; // no more cpus
+        }
+        std::string line;
+        if (std::getline(thread_siblings, line)) {
+            siblings.insert(line);
+        }
+    }
+    if (!siblings.empty()) {
+        return static_cast<int32_t>(siblings.size());
+    }
+#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
+    int32_t num_physical_cores;
+    size_t len = sizeof(num_physical_cores);
+    int result = sysctlbyname("hw.perflevel0.physicalcpu", &num_physical_cores, &len, NULL, 0);
+    if (result == 0) {
+        return num_physical_cores;
+    }
+    result = sysctlbyname("hw.physicalcpu", &num_physical_cores, &len, NULL, 0);
+    if (result == 0) {
+        return num_physical_cores;
+    }
+#elif defined(_WIN32) && (_WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0601) && !defined(__MINGW64__) // windows 7 and later
+    // TODO: windows + arm64 + mingw64
+    unsigned int n_threads_win = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
+    unsigned int default_threads = n_threads_win > 0 ? (n_threads_win <= 4 ? n_threads_win : n_threads_win / 2) : 4;
+
+    DWORD buffer_size = 0;
+    if (!GetLogicalProcessorInformationEx(RelationProcessorCore, nullptr, &buffer_size)) {
+        if (GetLastError() != ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
+            return default_threads;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<char> buffer(buffer_size);
+    if (!GetLogicalProcessorInformationEx(RelationProcessorCore, reinterpret_cast<PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX>(buffer.data()), &buffer_size)) {
+        return default_threads;
+    }
+
+    int32_t num_physical_cores = 0;
+    PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX info = reinterpret_cast<PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX>(buffer.data());
+    while (buffer_size > 0) {
+        if (info->Relationship == RelationProcessorCore) {
+            num_physical_cores += info->Processor.GroupCount;
+        }
+        buffer_size -= info->Size;
+        info = reinterpret_cast<PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(info) + info->Size);
+    }
+
+    return num_physical_cores > 0 ? num_physical_cores : default_threads;
+#endif
+    unsigned int n_threads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
+    return n_threads > 0 ? (n_threads <= 4 ? n_threads : n_threads / 2) : 4;
+}
+
+#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+static void cpuid(unsigned leaf, unsigned subleaf,
+                  unsigned *eax, unsigned *ebx, unsigned *ecx, unsigned *edx) {
+    __asm__("movq\t%%rbx,%%rsi\n\t"
+            "cpuid\n\t"
+            "xchgq\t%%rbx,%%rsi"
+            : "=a"(*eax), "=S"(*ebx), "=c"(*ecx), "=d"(*edx)
+            : "0"(leaf), "2"(subleaf));
+}
+
+static int pin_cpu(int cpu) {
+    cpu_set_t mask;
+    CPU_ZERO(&mask);
+    CPU_SET(cpu, &mask);
+    return pthread_setaffinity_np(pthread_self(), sizeof(mask), &mask);
+}
+
+static bool is_hybrid_cpu(void) {
+    unsigned eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
+    cpuid(7, 0, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
+    return !!(edx & (1u << 15));
+}
+
+static bool is_running_on_efficiency_core(void) {
+    unsigned eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
+    cpuid(0x1a, 0, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
+    int intel_atom = 0x20;
+    int core_type = (eax & 0xff000000u) >> 24;
+    return core_type == intel_atom;
+}
+
+static int cpu_count_math_cpus(int n_cpu) {
+    int result = 0;
+    for (int cpu = 0; cpu < n_cpu; ++cpu) {
+        if (pin_cpu(cpu)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (is_running_on_efficiency_core()) {
+            continue; // efficiency cores harm lockstep threading
+        }
+        ++cpu; // hyperthreading isn't useful for linear algebra
+        ++result;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+#endif // __x86_64__ && __linux__
+
+/**
+ * Returns number of CPUs on system that are useful for math.
+ */
+int32_t cpu_get_num_math() {
+#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
+    int n_cpu = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
+    if (n_cpu < 1) {
+        return cpu_get_num_physical_cores();
+    }
+    if (is_hybrid_cpu()) {
+        cpu_set_t affinity;
+        if (!pthread_getaffinity_np(pthread_self(), sizeof(affinity), &affinity)) {
+            int result = cpu_count_math_cpus(n_cpu);
+            pthread_setaffinity_np(pthread_self(), sizeof(affinity), &affinity);
+            if (result > 0) {
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    return cpu_get_num_physical_cores();
+}
+
+// Helper for setting process priority
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+
+bool set_process_priority(enum lm_ggml_sched_priority prio) {
+    if (prio == LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_NORMAL) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    DWORD p = NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS;
+    switch (prio) {
+        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_NORMAL:   p = NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS;       break;
+        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_MEDIUM:   p = ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS; break;
+        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_HIGH:     p = HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS;         break;
+        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_REALTIME: p = REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS;     break;
+    }
+
+    if (!SetPriorityClass(GetCurrentProcess(), p)) {
+        LOG_WRN("failed to set process priority class %d : (%d)\n", prio, (int) GetLastError());
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+#else // MacOS and POSIX
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+
+bool set_process_priority(enum lm_ggml_sched_priority prio) {
+    if (prio == LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_NORMAL) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    int p = 0;
+    switch (prio) {
+        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_NORMAL:   p =  0;  break;
+        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_MEDIUM:   p = -5;  break;
+        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_HIGH:     p = -10; break;
+        case LM_GGML_SCHED_PRIO_REALTIME: p = -20; break;
+    }
+
+    if (!setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, p)) {
+        LOG_WRN("failed to set process priority %d : %s (%d)\n", prio, strerror(errno), errno);
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+//
+// CLI argument parsing
+//
+
+
+void postprocess_cpu_params(cpu_params& cpuparams, const cpu_params* role_model) {
+    int32_t n_set = 0;
+
+    if (cpuparams.n_threads < 0) {
+        // Assuming everything about cpuparams is invalid
+        if (role_model != nullptr) {
+            cpuparams = *role_model;
+        } else {
+            cpuparams.n_threads = cpu_get_num_math();
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS; i++) {
+        if (cpuparams.cpumask[i]) {
+            n_set++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (n_set && n_set < cpuparams.n_threads) {
+        // Not enough set bits, may experience performance issues.
+        LOG_WRN("Not enough set bits in CPU mask (%d) to satisfy requested thread count: %d\n", n_set, cpuparams.n_threads);
+    }
+}
+
+bool parse_cpu_range(const std::string & range, bool (&boolmask)[LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS]) {
+    size_t dash_loc = range.find('-');
+    if (dash_loc == std::string::npos) {
+        LOG_ERR("Format of CPU range is invalid! Expected [<start>]-[<end>].\n");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    size_t start_i;
+    size_t end_i;
+
+    if (dash_loc == 0) {
+        start_i = 0;
+    } else {
+        start_i = std::stoull(range.substr(0, dash_loc));
+        if (start_i >= LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS) {
+            LOG_ERR("Start index out of bounds!\n");
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (dash_loc == range.length() - 1) {
+        end_i = LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS - 1;
+    } else {
+        end_i = std::stoull(range.substr(dash_loc + 1));
+        if (end_i >= LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS) {
+            LOG_ERR("End index out of bounds!\n");
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = start_i; i <= end_i; i++) {
+        boolmask[i] = true;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool parse_cpu_mask(const std::string & mask, bool (&boolmask)[LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS]) {
+    // Discard potential 0x prefix
+    size_t start_i = 0;
+    if (mask.length() >= 2 && mask.substr(0, 2) == "0x") {
+        start_i = 2;
+    }
+
+    size_t num_digits = mask.length() - start_i;
+    if (num_digits > 128) num_digits = 128;
+
+    size_t end_i = num_digits + start_i;
+
+    for (size_t i = start_i, n = (num_digits*4 - 1); i < end_i; i++, n-=4) {
+        char c = mask.at(i);
+        int8_t id = c;
+
+        if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9')) {
+            id -= '0';
+        } else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') {
+            id -= 'a' - 10;
+        } else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') {
+            id -= 'A' - 10;
+        } else {
+            LOG_ERR("Invalid hex character '%c' at position %d\n", c, int32_t(i));
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        boolmask[  n  ] = boolmask[  n  ] || ((id & 8) != 0);
+        boolmask[n - 1] = boolmask[n - 1] || ((id & 4) != 0);
+        boolmask[n - 2] = boolmask[n - 2] || ((id & 2) != 0);
+        boolmask[n - 3] = boolmask[n - 3] || ((id & 1) != 0);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void common_init() {
+    llama_log_set([](lm_ggml_log_level level, const char * text, void * /*user_data*/) {
+        if (LOG_DEFAULT_LLAMA <= common_log_verbosity_thold) {
+            common_log_add(common_log_main(), level, "%s", text);
+        }
+    }, NULL);
+
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+    const char * build_type = "";
+#else
+    const char * build_type = " (debug)";
+#endif
+
+    LOG_INF("build: %d (%s) with %s for %s%s\n", LLAMA_BUILD_NUMBER, LLAMA_COMMIT, LLAMA_COMPILER, LLAMA_BUILD_TARGET, build_type);
+}
+
+std::string common_params_get_system_info(const common_params & params) {
+    std::ostringstream os;
+
+    os << "system_info: n_threads = " << params.cpuparams.n_threads;
+    if (params.cpuparams_batch.n_threads != -1) {
+        os << " (n_threads_batch = " << params.cpuparams_batch.n_threads << ")";
+    }
+#if defined(_WIN32) && (_WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0601) && !defined(__MINGW64__) // windows 7 and later
+    // TODO: windows + arm64 + mingw64
+    DWORD logicalProcessorCount = GetActiveProcessorCount(ALL_PROCESSOR_GROUPS);
+    os << " / " << logicalProcessorCount << " | " << llama_print_system_info();
+#else
+    os << " / " << std::thread::hardware_concurrency() << " | " << llama_print_system_info();
+#endif
+
+    return os.str();
+}
+
+//
+// String utils
+//
+
+std::string string_format(const char * fmt, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    va_list ap2;
+    va_start(ap, fmt);
+    va_copy(ap2, ap);
+    int size = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, ap);
+    LM_GGML_ASSERT(size >= 0 && size < INT_MAX); // NOLINT
+    std::vector<char> buf(size + 1);
+    int size2 = vsnprintf(buf.data(), size + 1, fmt, ap2);
+    LM_GGML_ASSERT(size2 == size);
+    va_end(ap2);
+    va_end(ap);
+    return std::string(buf.data(), size);
+}
+
+std::string string_strip(const std::string & str) {
+    size_t start = 0;
+    size_t end = str.size();
+    while (start < end && std::isspace(str[start])) {
+        start++;
+    }
+    while (end > start && std::isspace(str[end - 1])) {
+        end--;
+    }
+    return str.substr(start, end - start);
+}
+
+std::string string_get_sortable_timestamp() {
+    using clock = std::chrono::system_clock;
+
+    const clock::time_point current_time = clock::now();
+    const time_t as_time_t = clock::to_time_t(current_time);
+    char timestamp_no_ns[100];
+    std::strftime(timestamp_no_ns, 100, "%Y_%m_%d-%H_%M_%S", std::localtime(&as_time_t));
+
+    const int64_t ns = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(
+        current_time.time_since_epoch() % 1000000000).count();
+    char timestamp_ns[11];
+    snprintf(timestamp_ns, 11, "%09" PRId64, ns);
+
+    return std::string(timestamp_no_ns) + "." + std::string(timestamp_ns);
+}
+
+void string_replace_all(std::string & s, const std::string & search, const std::string & replace) {
+    if (search.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    std::string builder;
+    builder.reserve(s.length());
+    size_t pos = 0;
+    size_t last_pos = 0;
+    while ((pos = s.find(search, last_pos)) != std::string::npos) {
+        builder.append(s, last_pos, pos - last_pos);
+        builder.append(replace);
+        last_pos = pos + search.length();
+    }
+    builder.append(s, last_pos, std::string::npos);
+    s = std::move(builder);
+}
+
+std::string regex_escape(const std::string & s) {
+    static const std::regex special_chars("[.^$|()*+?\\[\\]{}\\\\]");
+    return std::regex_replace(s, special_chars, "\\$0");
+}
+
+std::string string_join(const std::vector<std::string> & values, const std::string & separator) {
+    std::ostringstream result;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < values.size(); ++i) {
+        if (i > 0) {
+            result << separator;
+        }
+        result << values[i];
+    }
+    return result.str();
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> string_split(const std::string & str, const std::string & delimiter) {
+    std::vector<std::string> parts;
+    size_t start = 0;
+    size_t end = str.find(delimiter);
+
+    while (end != std::string::npos) {
+        parts.push_back(str.substr(start, end - start));
+        start = end + delimiter.length();
+        end = str.find(delimiter, start);
+    }
+
+    parts.push_back(str.substr(start));
+
+    return parts;
+}
+
+std::string string_repeat(const std::string & str, size_t n) {
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    std::string result;
+    result.reserve(str.length() * n);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        result += str;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::string string_from(bool value) {
+    return value ? "true" : "false";
+}
+
+std::string string_from(const std::vector<int> & values) {
+    std::stringstream buf;
+
+    buf << "[ ";
+    bool first = true;
+    for (auto e : values) {
+        if (first) {
+            first = false;
+        } else {
+            buf << ", ";
+        }
+        buf << std::to_string(e);
+    }
+    buf << " ]";
+
+    return buf.str();
+}
+
+std::string string_from(const struct llama_context * ctx, const std::vector<llama_token> & tokens) {
+    std::stringstream buf;
+
+    buf << "[ ";
+
+    bool first = true;
+    for (const auto & token : tokens) {
+        if (!first) {
+            buf << ", ";
+        } else {
+            first = false;
+        }
+
+        auto detokenized = common_token_to_piece(ctx, token);
+
+        detokenized.erase(
+            std::remove_if(
+                detokenized.begin(),
+                detokenized.end(),
+                [](const unsigned char c) { return !std::isprint(c); }),
+            detokenized.end());
+
+        buf << "'" << detokenized << "'"
+            << ":" << std::to_string(token);
+    }
+
+    buf << " ]";
+
+    return buf.str();
+}
+
+std::string string_from(const struct llama_context * ctx, const struct llama_batch & batch) {
+    std::stringstream buf;
+
+    buf << "[ ";
+
+    bool first = true;
+    for (int i = 0; i < batch.n_tokens; ++i) {
+        if (!first) {
+            buf << ", ";
+        } else {
+            first = false;
+        }
+
+        auto detokenized = common_token_to_piece(ctx, batch.token[i]);
+
+        detokenized.erase(
+                std::remove_if(
+                    detokenized.begin(),
+                    detokenized.end(),
+                    [](const unsigned char c) { return !std::isprint(c); }),
+                detokenized.end());
+
+        buf << "\n"          << std::to_string(i)
+            << ", token '"   << detokenized << "'"
+            << ", pos "      << std::to_string(batch.pos[i])
+            << ", n_seq_id " << std::to_string(batch.n_seq_id[i])
+            << ", seq_id "   << std::to_string(batch.seq_id[i][0])
+            << ", logits "   << std::to_string(batch.logits[i]);
+    }
+
+    buf << " ]";
+
+    return buf.str();
+}
+
+void string_process_escapes(std::string & input) {
+    std::size_t input_len = input.length();
+    std::size_t output_idx = 0;
+
+    for (std::size_t input_idx = 0; input_idx < input_len; ++input_idx) {
+        if (input[input_idx] == '\\' && input_idx + 1 < input_len) {
+            switch (input[++input_idx]) {
+                case 'n':  input[output_idx++] = '\n'; break;
+                case 'r':  input[output_idx++] = '\r'; break;
+                case 't':  input[output_idx++] = '\t'; break;
+                case '\'': input[output_idx++] = '\''; break;
+                case '\"': input[output_idx++] = '\"'; break;
+                case '\\': input[output_idx++] = '\\'; break;
+                case 'x':
+                    // Handle \x12, etc
+                    if (input_idx + 2 < input_len) {
+                        const char x[3] = { input[input_idx + 1], input[input_idx + 2], 0 };
+                        char *err_p = nullptr;
+                        const long val = std::strtol(x, &err_p, 16);
+                        if (err_p == x + 2) {
+                            input_idx += 2;
+                            input[output_idx++] = char(val);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // fall through
+                default:   input[output_idx++] = '\\';
+                           input[output_idx++] = input[input_idx]; break;
+            }
+        } else {
+            input[output_idx++] = input[input_idx];
+        }
+    }
+
+    input.resize(output_idx);
+}
+
+bool string_parse_kv_override(const char * data, std::vector<llama_model_kv_override> & overrides) {
+    const char * sep = strchr(data, '=');
+    if (sep == nullptr || sep - data >= 128) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: malformed KV override '%s'\n", __func__, data);
+        return false;
+    }
+    llama_model_kv_override kvo;
+    std::strncpy(kvo.key, data, sep - data);
+    kvo.key[sep - data] = 0;
+    sep++;
+    if (strncmp(sep, "int:", 4) == 0) {
+        sep += 4;
+        kvo.tag = LLAMA_KV_OVERRIDE_TYPE_INT;
+        kvo.val_i64 = std::atol(sep);
+    } else if (strncmp(sep, "float:", 6) == 0) {
+        sep += 6;
+        kvo.tag = LLAMA_KV_OVERRIDE_TYPE_FLOAT;
+        kvo.val_f64 = std::atof(sep);
+    } else if (strncmp(sep, "bool:", 5) == 0) {
+        sep += 5;
+        kvo.tag = LLAMA_KV_OVERRIDE_TYPE_BOOL;
+        if (std::strcmp(sep, "true") == 0) {
+            kvo.val_bool = true;
+        } else if (std::strcmp(sep, "false") == 0) {
+            kvo.val_bool = false;
+        } else {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: invalid boolean value for KV override '%s'\n", __func__, data);
+            return false;
+        }
+    } else if (strncmp(sep, "str:", 4) == 0) {
+        sep += 4;
+        kvo.tag = LLAMA_KV_OVERRIDE_TYPE_STR;
+        if (strlen(sep) > 127) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: malformed KV override '%s', value cannot exceed 127 chars\n", __func__, data);
+            return false;
+        }
+        strncpy(kvo.val_str, sep, 127);
+        kvo.val_str[127] = '\0';
+    } else {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: invalid type for KV override '%s'\n", __func__, data);
+        return false;
+    }
+    overrides.emplace_back(std::move(kvo));
+    return true;
+}
+
+//
+// Filesystem utils
+//
+
+// Validate if a filename is safe to use
+// To validate a full path, split the path by the OS-specific path separator, and validate each part with this function
+bool fs_validate_filename(const std::string & filename) {
+    if (!filename.length()) {
+        // Empty filename invalid
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (filename.length() > 255) {
+        // Limit at common largest possible filename on Linux filesystems
+        // to avoid unnecessary further validation
+        // (On systems with smaller limits it will be caught by the OS)
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::u32string filename_utf32;
+    try {
+#if defined(__clang__)
+        // disable C++17 deprecation warning for std::codecvt_utf8
+#    pragma clang diagnostic push
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+#endif
+        std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<char32_t>, char32_t> converter;
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#    pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+        filename_utf32 = converter.from_bytes(filename);
+
+        // If the reverse conversion mismatches, it means overlong UTF-8 sequences were used,
+        // or invalid encodings were encountered. Reject such attempts
+        std::string filename_reencoded = converter.to_bytes(filename_utf32);
+        if (filename_reencoded != filename) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    } catch (const std::exception &) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Check for forbidden codepoints:
+    // - Control characters
+    // - Unicode equivalents of illegal characters
+    // - UTF-16 surrogate pairs
+    // - UTF-8 replacement character
+    // - Byte order mark (BOM)
+    // - Illegal characters: / \ : * ? " < > |
+    for (char32_t c : filename_utf32) {
+        if (c <= 0x1F // Control characters (C0)
+            || c == 0x7F // Control characters (DEL)
+            || (c >= 0x80 && c <= 0x9F) // Control characters (C1)
+            || c == 0xFF0E // Fullwidth Full Stop (period equivalent)
+            || c == 0x2215 // Division Slash (forward slash equivalent)
+            || c == 0x2216 // Set Minus (backslash equivalent)
+            || (c >= 0xD800 && c <= 0xDFFF) // UTF-16 surrogate pairs
+            || c == 0xFFFD // Replacement Character (UTF-8)
+            || c == 0xFEFF // Byte Order Mark (BOM)
+            || c == '/' || c == '\\' || c == ':' || c == '*' // Illegal characters
+            || c == '?' || c == '"' || c == '<' || c == '>' || c == '|') {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Reject any leading or trailing ' ', or any trailing '.', these are stripped on Windows and will cause a different filename
+    // Unicode and other whitespace is not affected, only 0x20 space
+    if (filename.front() == ' ' || filename.back() == ' ' || filename.back() == '.') {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Reject any ".." (currently stricter than necessary, it should be fine to just check for == ".." instead)
+    if (filename.find("..") != std::string::npos) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Reject "."
+    if (filename == ".") {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+// returns true if successful, false otherwise
+bool fs_create_directory_with_parents(const std::string & path) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>> converter;
+    std::wstring wpath = converter.from_bytes(path);
+
+    // if the path already exists, check whether it's a directory
+    const DWORD attributes = GetFileAttributesW(wpath.c_str());
+    if ((attributes != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES) && (attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    size_t pos_slash = 0;
+
+    // process path from front to back, procedurally creating directories
+    while ((pos_slash = path.find('\\', pos_slash)) != std::string::npos) {
+        const std::wstring subpath = wpath.substr(0, pos_slash);
+        const wchar_t * test = subpath.c_str();
+
+        const bool success = CreateDirectoryW(test, NULL);
+        if (!success) {
+            const DWORD error = GetLastError();
+
+            // if the path already exists, ensure that it's a directory
+            if (error == ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
+                const DWORD attributes = GetFileAttributesW(subpath.c_str());
+                if (attributes == INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES || !(attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        pos_slash += 1;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+#else
+    // if the path already exists, check whether it's a directory
+    struct stat info;
+    if (stat(path.c_str(), &info) == 0) {
+        return S_ISDIR(info.st_mode);
+    }
+
+    size_t pos_slash = 1; // skip leading slashes for directory creation
+
+    // process path from front to back, procedurally creating directories
+    while ((pos_slash = path.find('/', pos_slash)) != std::string::npos) {
+        const std::string subpath = path.substr(0, pos_slash);
+        struct stat info;
+
+        // if the path already exists, ensure that it's a directory
+        if (stat(subpath.c_str(), &info) == 0) {
+            if (!S_ISDIR(info.st_mode)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // create parent directories
+            const int ret = mkdir(subpath.c_str(), 0755);
+            if (ret != 0) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        pos_slash += 1;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+#endif // _WIN32
+}
+
+std::string fs_get_cache_directory() {
+    std::string cache_directory = "";
+    auto ensure_trailing_slash = [](std::string p) {
+        // Make sure to add trailing slash
+        if (p.back() != DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) {
+            p += DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+        }
+        return p;
+    };
+    if (getenv("LLAMA_CACHE")) {
+        cache_directory = std::getenv("LLAMA_CACHE");
+    } else {
+#ifdef __linux__
+        if (std::getenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME")) {
+            cache_directory = std::getenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME");
+        } else {
+            cache_directory = std::getenv("HOME") + std::string("/.cache/");
+        }
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
+        cache_directory = std::getenv("HOME") + std::string("/Library/Caches/");
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+        cache_directory = std::getenv("LOCALAPPDATA");
+#endif // __linux__
+        cache_directory = ensure_trailing_slash(cache_directory);
+        cache_directory += "llama.cpp";
+    }
+    return ensure_trailing_slash(cache_directory);
+}
+
+std::string fs_get_cache_file(const std::string & filename) {
+    LM_GGML_ASSERT(filename.find(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) == std::string::npos);
+    std::string cache_directory = fs_get_cache_directory();
+    const bool success = fs_create_directory_with_parents(cache_directory);
+    if (!success) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create cache directory: " + cache_directory);
+    }
+    return cache_directory + filename;
+}
+
+
+//
+// Model utils
+//
+struct common_init_result common_init_from_params(common_params & params) {
+    common_init_result iparams;
+    auto mparams = common_model_params_to_llama(params);
+
+    llama_model * model = nullptr;
+
+    if (!params.hf_repo.empty() && !params.hf_file.empty()) {
+        model = common_load_model_from_hf(params.hf_repo, params.hf_file, params.model, params.hf_token, mparams);
+    } else if (!params.model_url.empty()) {
+        model = common_load_model_from_url(params.model_url, params.model, params.hf_token, mparams);
+    } else {
+        model = llama_model_load_from_file(params.model.c_str(), mparams);
+    }
+
+    if (model == NULL) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: failed to load model '%s'\n", __func__, params.model.c_str());
+        return iparams;
+    }
+
+    const llama_vocab * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(model);
+
+    if (params.reranking) {
+        bool ok = true;
+
+        if (llama_vocab_bos(vocab) == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
+            LOG_WRN("%s: warning: vocab does not have a  BOS token, reranking will not work\n", __func__);
+            ok = false;
+        }
+
+        if (llama_vocab_eos(vocab) == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
+            LOG_WRN("%s: warning: vocab does not have an EOS token, reranking will not work\n", __func__);
+            ok = false;
+        }
+
+        if (llama_vocab_sep(vocab) == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
+            LOG_WRN("%s: warning: vocab does not have a  SEP token, reranking will not work\n", __func__);
+            ok = false;
+        }
+
+        if (!ok) {
+            llama_model_free(model);
+
+            return iparams;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto cparams = common_context_params_to_llama(params);
+
+    llama_context * lctx = llama_init_from_model(model, cparams);
+    if (lctx == NULL) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: failed to create context with model '%s'\n", __func__, params.model.c_str());
+        llama_model_free(model);
+        return iparams;
+    }
+
+    if (params.ctx_shift && !llama_kv_cache_can_shift(lctx)) {
+        LOG_WRN("%s: KV cache shifting is not supported for this model, disabling KV cache shifting\n", __func__);
+        params.ctx_shift = false;
+    }
+
+    if (!params.control_vectors.empty()) {
+        if (params.control_vector_layer_start <= 0) params.control_vector_layer_start = 1;
+        if (params.control_vector_layer_end   <= 0) params.control_vector_layer_end   = llama_model_n_layer(model);
+
+        const auto cvec = common_control_vector_load(params.control_vectors);
+        if (cvec.n_embd == -1) {
+            llama_free(lctx);
+            llama_model_free(model);
+
+            return iparams;
+        }
+
+        int err = llama_apply_adapter_cvec(
+                lctx,
+                cvec.data.data(),
+                cvec.data.size(),
+                cvec.n_embd,
+                params.control_vector_layer_start,
+                params.control_vector_layer_end);
+        if (err) {
+            llama_free(lctx);
+            llama_model_free(model);
+
+            return iparams;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // load and optionally apply lora adapters
+    for (auto & la : params.lora_adapters) {
+        llama_adapter_lora_ptr lora;
+        lora.reset(llama_adapter_lora_init(model, la.path.c_str()));
+        if (lora == nullptr) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: failed to apply lora adapter '%s'\n", __func__, la.path.c_str());
+            llama_free(lctx);
+            llama_model_free(model);
+            return iparams;
+        }
+
+        la.ptr = lora.get();
+        iparams.lora.emplace_back(std::move(lora)); // copy to list of loaded adapters
+    }
+
+    if (!params.lora_init_without_apply) {
+        common_set_adapter_lora(lctx, params.lora_adapters);
+    }
+
+    if (params.sampling.ignore_eos && llama_vocab_eos(vocab) == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
+        LOG_WRN("%s: warning: vocab does not have an EOS token, ignoring --ignore-eos\n", __func__);
+        params.sampling.ignore_eos = false;
+    }
+
+    if (params.sampling.ignore_eos) {
+        for (llama_token i = 0; i < llama_vocab_n_tokens(vocab); i++) {
+            if (llama_vocab_is_eog(vocab, i)) {
+                LOG_INF("%s: added %s logit bias = %f\n", __func__, common_token_to_piece(lctx, i).c_str(), -INFINITY);
+                params.sampling.logit_bias.push_back({i, -INFINITY});
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (params.sampling.penalty_last_n == -1) {
+        LOG_INF("%s: setting penalty_last_n to ctx_size = %d\n", __func__, llama_n_ctx(lctx));
+        params.sampling.penalty_last_n = llama_n_ctx(lctx);
+    }
+
+    if (params.sampling.dry_penalty_last_n == -1) {
+        LOG_INF("%s: setting dry_penalty_last_n to ctx_size = %d\n", __func__, llama_n_ctx(lctx));
+        params.sampling.dry_penalty_last_n = llama_n_ctx(lctx);
+    }
+
+    if (params.warmup) {
+        LOG_WRN("%s: warming up the model with an empty run - please wait ... (--no-warmup to disable)\n", __func__);
+
+        std::vector<llama_token> tmp;
+        llama_token bos = llama_vocab_bos(vocab);
+        llama_token eos = llama_vocab_eos(vocab);
+
+        // some models (e.g. T5) don't have a BOS token
+        if (bos != LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
+            tmp.push_back(bos);
+        }
+        if (eos != LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
+            tmp.push_back(eos);
+        }
+        if (tmp.empty()) {
+            tmp.push_back(0);
+        }
+
+        if (llama_model_has_encoder(model)) {
+            llama_encode(lctx, llama_batch_get_one(tmp.data(), tmp.size()));
+            llama_token decoder_start_token_id = llama_model_decoder_start_token(model);
+            if (decoder_start_token_id == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
+                decoder_start_token_id = bos;
+            }
+            tmp.clear();
+            tmp.push_back(decoder_start_token_id);
+        }
+        if (llama_model_has_decoder(model)) {
+            llama_decode(lctx, llama_batch_get_one(tmp.data(), std::min(tmp.size(), (size_t) params.n_batch)));
+        }
+        llama_kv_cache_clear(lctx);
+        llama_synchronize(lctx);
+        llama_perf_context_reset(lctx);
+    }
+
+    iparams.model.reset(model);
+    iparams.context.reset(lctx);
+
+    return iparams;
+}
+
+void common_set_adapter_lora(struct llama_context * ctx, std::vector<common_adapter_lora_info> & lora) {
+    llama_clear_adapter_lora(ctx);
+    for (auto & la : lora) {
+        if (la.scale != 0.0f) {
+            llama_set_adapter_lora(ctx, la.ptr, la.scale);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct llama_model_params common_model_params_to_llama(common_params & params) {
+    auto mparams = llama_model_default_params();
+
+    if (!params.devices.empty()) {
+        mparams.devices = params.devices.data();
+    }
+    if (params.n_gpu_layers != -1) {
+        mparams.n_gpu_layers = params.n_gpu_layers;
+    }
+    
+    mparams.progress_callback_user_data = params.progress_callback_user_data;
+    mparams.progress_callback = params.progress_callback;
+    mparams.vocab_only      = params.vocab_only;
+    mparams.main_gpu        = params.main_gpu;
+    mparams.split_mode      = params.split_mode;
+    mparams.tensor_split    = params.tensor_split;
+    mparams.use_mmap        = params.use_mmap;
+    mparams.use_mlock       = params.use_mlock;
+    mparams.check_tensors   = params.check_tensors;
+    if (params.kv_overrides.empty()) {
+        mparams.kv_overrides = NULL;
+    } else {
+        LM_GGML_ASSERT(params.kv_overrides.back().key[0] == 0 && "KV overrides not terminated with empty key");
+        mparams.kv_overrides = params.kv_overrides.data();
+    }
+
+    return mparams;
+}
+
+struct llama_context_params common_context_params_to_llama(const common_params & params) {
+    auto cparams = llama_context_default_params();
+
+    cparams.n_ctx             = params.n_ctx;
+    cparams.n_seq_max         = params.n_parallel;
+    cparams.n_batch           = params.n_batch;
+    cparams.n_ubatch          = params.n_ubatch;
+    cparams.n_threads         = params.cpuparams.n_threads;
+    cparams.n_threads_batch   = params.cpuparams_batch.n_threads == -1 ?
+                                params.cpuparams.n_threads : params.cpuparams_batch.n_threads;
+    cparams.logits_all        = params.logits_all;
+    cparams.embeddings        = params.embedding;
+    cparams.rope_scaling_type = params.rope_scaling_type;
+    cparams.rope_freq_base    = params.rope_freq_base;
+    cparams.rope_freq_scale   = params.rope_freq_scale;
+    cparams.yarn_ext_factor   = params.yarn_ext_factor;
+    cparams.yarn_attn_factor  = params.yarn_attn_factor;
+    cparams.yarn_beta_fast    = params.yarn_beta_fast;
+    cparams.yarn_beta_slow    = params.yarn_beta_slow;
+    cparams.yarn_orig_ctx     = params.yarn_orig_ctx;
+    cparams.pooling_type      = params.pooling_type;
+    cparams.attention_type    = params.attention_type;
+    cparams.defrag_thold      = params.defrag_thold;
+    cparams.cb_eval           = params.cb_eval;
+    cparams.cb_eval_user_data = params.cb_eval_user_data;
+    cparams.offload_kqv       = !params.no_kv_offload;
+    cparams.flash_attn        = params.flash_attn;
+    cparams.no_perf           = params.no_perf;
+
+    if (params.reranking) {
+        cparams.embeddings    = true;
+        cparams.pooling_type  = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_RANK;
+    }
+
+    cparams.type_k = params.cache_type_k;
+    cparams.type_v = params.cache_type_v;
+
+    return cparams;
+}
+
+struct lm_ggml_threadpool_params lm_ggml_threadpool_params_from_cpu_params(const cpu_params & params) {
+    struct lm_ggml_threadpool_params tpp;
+
+    lm_ggml_threadpool_params_init(&tpp, params.n_threads); // setup the defaults
+
+    if (params.mask_valid) {
+        std::memcpy(&tpp.cpumask, &params.cpumask, LM_GGML_MAX_N_THREADS);
+    }
+
+    tpp.prio       = params.priority;
+    tpp.poll       = params.poll;
+    tpp.strict_cpu = params.strict_cpu;
+
+    return tpp;
+}
+
+#ifdef LLAMA_USE_CURL
+
+#define CURL_MAX_RETRY 3
+#define CURL_RETRY_DELAY_SECONDS 2
+
+static bool curl_perform_with_retry(const std::string & url, CURL * curl, int max_attempts, int retry_delay_seconds) {
+    int remaining_attempts = max_attempts;
+
+    while (remaining_attempts > 0) {
+        LOG_INF("%s: Trying to download from %s (attempt %d of %d)...\n", __func__ , url.c_str(), max_attempts - remaining_attempts + 1, max_attempts);
+
+        CURLcode res = curl_easy_perform(curl);
+        if (res == CURLE_OK) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        int exponential_backoff_delay = std::pow(retry_delay_seconds, max_attempts - remaining_attempts) * 1000;
+        LOG_WRN("%s: curl_easy_perform() failed: %s, retrying after %d milliseconds...\n", __func__, curl_easy_strerror(res), exponential_backoff_delay);
+
+        remaining_attempts--;
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(exponential_backoff_delay));
+    }
+
+    LOG_ERR("%s: curl_easy_perform() failed after %d attempts\n", __func__, max_attempts);
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+static bool common_download_file(const std::string & url, const std::string & path, const std::string & hf_token) {
+    // Initialize libcurl
+    curl_ptr       curl(curl_easy_init(), &curl_easy_cleanup);
+    curl_slist_ptr http_headers;
+    if (!curl) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: error initializing libcurl\n", __func__);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool force_download = false;
+
+    // Set the URL, allow to follow http redirection
+    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
+    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1L);
+
+    // Check if hf-token or bearer-token was specified
+    if (!hf_token.empty()) {
+        std::string auth_header = "Authorization: Bearer " + hf_token;
+        http_headers.ptr = curl_slist_append(http_headers.ptr, auth_header.c_str());
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, http_headers.ptr);
+    }
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    // CURLSSLOPT_NATIVE_CA tells libcurl to use standard certificate store of
+    //   operating system. Currently implemented under MS-Windows.
+    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_SSL_OPTIONS, CURLSSLOPT_NATIVE_CA);
+#endif
+
+    // Check if the file already exists locally
+    auto file_exists = std::filesystem::exists(path);
+
+    // If the file exists, check its JSON metadata companion file.
+    std::string metadata_path = path + ".json";
+    nlohmann::json metadata;
+    std::string etag;
+    std::string last_modified;
+
+    if (file_exists) {
+        // Try and read the JSON metadata file (note: stream autoclosed upon exiting this block).
+        std::ifstream metadata_in(metadata_path);
+        if (metadata_in.good()) {
+            try {
+                metadata_in >> metadata;
+                LOG_INF("%s: previous metadata file found %s: %s\n", __func__, metadata_path.c_str(), metadata.dump().c_str());
+                if (metadata.contains("url") && metadata.at("url").is_string()) {
+                    auto previous_url = metadata.at("url").get<std::string>();
+                    if (previous_url != url) {
+                        LOG_ERR("%s: Model URL mismatch: %s != %s\n", __func__, url.c_str(), previous_url.c_str());
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (metadata.contains("etag") && metadata.at("etag").is_string()) {
+                    etag = metadata.at("etag");
+                }
+                if (metadata.contains("lastModified") && metadata.at("lastModified").is_string()) {
+                    last_modified = metadata.at("lastModified");
+                }
+            } catch (const nlohmann::json::exception & e) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: error reading metadata file %s: %s\n", __func__, metadata_path.c_str(), e.what());
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        LOG_INF("%s: no previous model file found %s\n", __func__, path.c_str());
+    }
+
+    // Send a HEAD request to retrieve the etag and last-modified headers
+    struct common_load_model_from_url_headers {
+        std::string etag;
+        std::string last_modified;
+    };
+
+    common_load_model_from_url_headers headers;
+
+    {
+        typedef size_t(*CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION_PTR)(char *, size_t, size_t, void *);
+        auto header_callback = [](char * buffer, size_t /*size*/, size_t n_items, void * userdata) -> size_t {
+            common_load_model_from_url_headers * headers = (common_load_model_from_url_headers *) userdata;
+
+            static std::regex header_regex("([^:]+): (.*)\r\n");
+            static std::regex etag_regex("ETag", std::regex_constants::icase);
+            static std::regex last_modified_regex("Last-Modified", std::regex_constants::icase);
+
+            std::string header(buffer, n_items);
+            std::smatch match;
+            if (std::regex_match(header, match, header_regex)) {
+                const std::string & key = match[1];
+                const std::string & value = match[2];
+                if (std::regex_match(key, match, etag_regex)) {
+                    headers->etag = value;
+                } else if (std::regex_match(key, match, last_modified_regex)) {
+                    headers->last_modified = value;
+                }
+            }
+            return n_items;
+        };
+
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_NOBODY, 1L); // will trigger the HEAD verb
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS, 1L); // hide head request progress
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION, static_cast<CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION_PTR>(header_callback));
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_HEADERDATA, &headers);
+
+        bool was_perform_successful = curl_perform_with_retry(url, curl.get(), CURL_MAX_RETRY, CURL_RETRY_DELAY_SECONDS);
+        if (!was_perform_successful) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        long http_code = 0;
+        curl_easy_getinfo(curl.get(), CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &http_code);
+        if (http_code != 200) {
+            // HEAD not supported, we don't know if the file has changed
+            // force trigger downloading
+            force_download = true;
+            LOG_ERR("%s: HEAD invalid http status code received: %ld\n", __func__, http_code);
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool should_download = !file_exists || force_download;
+    if (!should_download) {
+        if (!etag.empty() && etag != headers.etag) {
+            LOG_WRN("%s: ETag header is different (%s != %s): triggering a new download\n", __func__, etag.c_str(), headers.etag.c_str());
+            should_download = true;
+        } else if (!last_modified.empty() && last_modified != headers.last_modified) {
+            LOG_WRN("%s: Last-Modified header is different (%s != %s): triggering a new download\n", __func__, last_modified.c_str(), headers.last_modified.c_str());
+            should_download = true;
+        }
+    }
+    if (should_download) {
+        std::string path_temporary = path + ".downloadInProgress";
+        if (file_exists) {
+            LOG_WRN("%s: deleting previous downloaded file: %s\n", __func__, path.c_str());
+            if (remove(path.c_str()) != 0) {
+                LOG_ERR("%s: unable to delete file: %s\n", __func__, path.c_str());
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Set the output file
+
+        struct FILE_deleter {
+            void operator()(FILE * f) const {
+                fclose(f);
+            }
+        };
+
+        std::unique_ptr<FILE, FILE_deleter> outfile(fopen(path_temporary.c_str(), "wb"));
+        if (!outfile) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: error opening local file for writing: %s\n", __func__, path.c_str());
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        typedef size_t(*CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION_PTR)(void * data, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void * fd);
+        auto write_callback = [](void * data, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void * fd) -> size_t {
+            return fwrite(data, size, nmemb, (FILE *)fd);
+        };
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_NOBODY, 0L);
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, static_cast<CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION_PTR>(write_callback));
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, outfile.get());
+
+        //  display download progress
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS, 0L);
+
+        // helper function to hide password in URL
+        auto llama_download_hide_password_in_url = [](const std::string & url) -> std::string {
+            std::size_t protocol_pos = url.find("://");
+            if (protocol_pos == std::string::npos) {
+                return url;  // Malformed URL
+            }
+
+            std::size_t at_pos = url.find('@', protocol_pos + 3);
+            if (at_pos == std::string::npos) {
+                return url;  // No password in URL
+            }
+
+            return url.substr(0, protocol_pos + 3) + "********" + url.substr(at_pos);
+        };
+
+        // start the download
+        LOG_INF("%s: trying to download model from %s to %s (server_etag:%s, server_last_modified:%s)...\n", __func__,
+            llama_download_hide_password_in_url(url).c_str(), path.c_str(), headers.etag.c_str(), headers.last_modified.c_str());
+        bool was_perform_successful = curl_perform_with_retry(url, curl.get(), CURL_MAX_RETRY, CURL_RETRY_DELAY_SECONDS);
+        if (!was_perform_successful) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        long http_code = 0;
+        curl_easy_getinfo (curl.get(), CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &http_code);
+        if (http_code < 200 || http_code >= 400) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: invalid http status code received: %ld\n", __func__, http_code);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Causes file to be closed explicitly here before we rename it.
+        outfile.reset();
+
+        // Write the updated JSON metadata file.
+        metadata.update({
+            {"url", url},
+            {"etag", headers.etag},
+            {"lastModified", headers.last_modified}
+        });
+        std::ofstream(metadata_path) << metadata.dump(4);
+        LOG_INF("%s: file metadata saved: %s\n", __func__, metadata_path.c_str());
+
+        if (rename(path_temporary.c_str(), path.c_str()) != 0) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: unable to rename file: %s to %s\n", __func__, path_temporary.c_str(), path.c_str());
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+struct llama_model * common_load_model_from_url(
+        const std::string & model_url,
+        const std::string & local_path,
+        const std::string & hf_token,
+        const struct llama_model_params & params) {
+    // Basic validation of the model_url
+    if (model_url.empty()) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: invalid model_url\n", __func__);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!common_download_file(model_url, local_path, hf_token)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // check for additional GGUFs split to download
+    int n_split = 0;
+    {
+        struct lm_gguf_init_params lm_gguf_params = {
+            /*.no_alloc = */ true,
+            /*.ctx      = */ NULL,
+        };
+        auto * ctx_gguf = lm_gguf_init_from_file(local_path.c_str(), lm_gguf_params);
+        if (!ctx_gguf) {
+            LOG_ERR("\n%s:  failed to load input GGUF from %s\n", __func__, local_path.c_str());
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        auto key_n_split = lm_gguf_find_key(ctx_gguf, LLM_KV_SPLIT_COUNT);
+        if (key_n_split >= 0) {
+            n_split = lm_gguf_get_val_u16(ctx_gguf, key_n_split);
+        }
+
+        lm_gguf_free(ctx_gguf);
+    }
+
+    if (n_split > 1) {
+        char split_prefix[PATH_MAX] = {0};
+        char split_url_prefix[LLAMA_CURL_MAX_URL_LENGTH] = {0};
+
+        // Verify the first split file format
+        // and extract split URL and PATH prefixes
+        {
+            if (!llama_split_prefix(split_prefix, sizeof(split_prefix), local_path.c_str(), 0, n_split)) {
+                LOG_ERR("\n%s: unexpected model file name: %s n_split=%d\n", __func__, local_path.c_str(), n_split);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            if (!llama_split_prefix(split_url_prefix, sizeof(split_url_prefix), model_url.c_str(), 0, n_split)) {
+                LOG_ERR("\n%s: unexpected model url: %s n_split=%d\n", __func__, model_url.c_str(), n_split);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Prepare download in parallel
+        std::vector<std::future<bool>> futures_download;
+        for (int idx = 1; idx < n_split; idx++) {
+            futures_download.push_back(std::async(std::launch::async, [&split_prefix, &split_url_prefix, &n_split, hf_token](int download_idx) -> bool {
+                char split_path[PATH_MAX] = {0};
+                llama_split_path(split_path, sizeof(split_path), split_prefix, download_idx, n_split);
+
+                char split_url[LLAMA_CURL_MAX_URL_LENGTH] = {0};
+                llama_split_path(split_url, sizeof(split_url), split_url_prefix, download_idx, n_split);
+
+                return common_download_file(split_url, split_path, hf_token);
+            }, idx));
+        }
+
+        // Wait for all downloads to complete
+        for (auto & f : futures_download) {
+            if (!f.get()) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return llama_model_load_from_file(local_path.c_str(), params);
+}
+
+struct llama_model * common_load_model_from_hf(
+        const std::string & repo,
+        const std::string & remote_path,
+        const std::string & local_path,
+        const std::string & hf_token,
+        const struct llama_model_params & params) {
+    // construct hugging face model url:
+    //
+    //  --repo ggml-org/models --file tinyllama-1.1b/ggml-model-f16.gguf
+    //    https://huggingface.co/ggml-org/models/resolve/main/tinyllama-1.1b/ggml-model-f16.gguf
+    //
+    //  --repo TheBloke/Mixtral-8x7B-v0.1-GGUF --file mixtral-8x7b-v0.1.Q4_K_M.gguf
+    //    https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/Mixtral-8x7B-v0.1-GGUF/resolve/main/mixtral-8x7b-v0.1.Q4_K_M.gguf
+    //
+
+    std::string model_url = "https://huggingface.co/";
+    model_url += repo;
+    model_url += "/resolve/main/";
+    model_url += remote_path;
+
+    return common_load_model_from_url(model_url, local_path, hf_token, params);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allow getting the HF file from the HF repo with tag (like ollama), for example:
+ * - bartowski/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct-GGUF:q4
+ * - bartowski/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M
+ * - bartowski/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct-GGUF:q5_k_s
+ * Tag is optional, default to "latest" (meaning it checks for Q4_K_M first, then Q4, then if not found, return the first GGUF file in repo)
+ *
+ * Return pair of <repo, file> (with "repo" already having tag removed)
+ *
+ * Note: we use the Ollama-compatible HF API, but not using the blobId. Instead, we use the special "ggufFile" field which returns the value for "hf_file". This is done to be backward-compatible with existing cache files.
+ */
+std::pair<std::string, std::string> common_get_hf_file(const std::string & hf_repo_with_tag, const std::string & hf_token) {
+    auto parts = string_split<std::string>(hf_repo_with_tag, ':');
+    std::string tag = parts.size() > 1 ? parts.back() : "latest";
+    std::string hf_repo = parts[0];
+    if (string_split<std::string>(hf_repo, '/').size() != 2) {
+        throw std::invalid_argument("error: invalid HF repo format, expected <user>/<model>[:quant]\n");
+    }
+
+    // fetch model info from Hugging Face Hub API
+    json model_info;
+    curl_ptr       curl(curl_easy_init(), &curl_easy_cleanup);
+    curl_slist_ptr http_headers;
+    std::string res_str;
+    std::string url = "https://huggingface.co/v2/" + hf_repo + "/manifests/" + tag;
+    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
+    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS, 1L);
+    typedef size_t(*CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION_PTR)(void * ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void * data);
+    auto write_callback = [](void * ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void * data) -> size_t {
+        static_cast<std::string *>(data)->append((char * ) ptr, size * nmemb);
+        return size * nmemb;
+    };
+    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, static_cast<CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION_PTR>(write_callback));
+    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &res_str);
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_SSL_OPTIONS, CURLSSLOPT_NATIVE_CA);
+#endif
+    if (!hf_token.empty()) {
+        std::string auth_header = "Authorization: Bearer " + hf_token;
+        http_headers.ptr = curl_slist_append(http_headers.ptr, auth_header.c_str());
+    }
+    // Important: the User-Agent must be "llama-cpp" to get the "ggufFile" field in the response
+    http_headers.ptr = curl_slist_append(http_headers.ptr, "User-Agent: llama-cpp");
+    http_headers.ptr = curl_slist_append(http_headers.ptr, "Accept: application/json");
+    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, http_headers.ptr);
+
+    CURLcode res = curl_easy_perform(curl.get());
+
+    if (res != CURLE_OK) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("error: cannot make GET request to HF API");
+    }
+
+    long res_code;
+    curl_easy_getinfo(curl.get(), CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &res_code);
+    if (res_code == 200) {
+        model_info = json::parse(res_str);
+    } else if (res_code == 401) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("error: model is private or does not exist; if you are accessing a gated model, please provide a valid HF token");
+    } else {
+        throw std::runtime_error(string_format("error from HF API, response code: %ld, data: %s", res_code, res_str.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    // check response
+    if (!model_info.contains("ggufFile")) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("error: model does not have ggufFile");
+    }
+    json & lm_gguf_file = model_info.at("ggufFile");
+    if (!lm_gguf_file.contains("rfilename")) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("error: ggufFile does not have rfilename");
+    }
+
+    return std::make_pair(hf_repo, lm_gguf_file.at("rfilename"));
+}
+
+#else
+
+struct llama_model * common_load_model_from_url(
+        const std::string & /*model_url*/,
+        const std::string & /*local_path*/,
+        const std::string & /*hf_token*/,
+        const struct llama_model_params & /*params*/) {
+    LOG_WRN("%s: llama.cpp built without libcurl, downloading from an url not supported.\n", __func__);
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+struct llama_model * common_load_model_from_hf(
+        const std::string & /*repo*/,
+        const std::string & /*remote_path*/,
+        const std::string & /*local_path*/,
+        const std::string & /*hf_token*/,
+        const struct llama_model_params & /*params*/) {
+    LOG_WRN("%s: llama.cpp built without libcurl, downloading from Hugging Face not supported.\n", __func__);
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+std::pair<std::string, std::string> common_get_hf_file(const std::string &, const std::string &) {
+    LOG_WRN("%s: llama.cpp built without libcurl, downloading from Hugging Face not supported.\n", __func__);
+    return std::make_pair("", "");
+}
+
+#endif // LLAMA_USE_CURL
+
+//
+// Batch utils
+//
+
+void common_batch_clear(struct llama_batch & batch) {
+    batch.n_tokens = 0;
+}
+
+void common_batch_add(
+                 struct llama_batch & batch,
+                        llama_token   id,
+                          llama_pos   pos,
+    const std::vector<llama_seq_id> & seq_ids,
+                               bool   logits) {
+    LM_GGML_ASSERT(batch.seq_id[batch.n_tokens] && "llama_batch size exceeded");
+
+    batch.token   [batch.n_tokens] = id;
+    batch.pos     [batch.n_tokens] = pos;
+    batch.n_seq_id[batch.n_tokens] = seq_ids.size();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < seq_ids.size(); ++i) {
+        batch.seq_id[batch.n_tokens][i] = seq_ids[i];
+    }
+    batch.logits  [batch.n_tokens] = logits;
+
+    batch.n_tokens++;
+}
+
+//
+// Token utils
+//
+
+size_t common_lcp(const llama_tokens & a, const llama_tokens & b) {
+    size_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < a.size() && i < b.size() && a[i] == b[i]; i++) {}
+
+    return i;
+}
+
+size_t common_lcs(const llama_tokens & a, const llama_tokens & b) {
+    // check for empty sequences
+    if (a.empty() || b.empty()) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // get the lengths of the input sequences
+    size_t a_len = a.size();
+    size_t b_len = b.size();
+
+    // initialize the maximum length of the longest common subsequence (LCS)
+    size_t max_length = 0;
+
+    // use two rows instead of a 2D matrix to optimize space
+    std::vector<size_t> prev_row(b_len + 1, 0);
+    std::vector<size_t> curr_row(b_len + 1, 0);
+
+    // iterate through the elements of a
+    for (size_t i = 1; i <= a_len; i++) {
+        // iterate through the elements of b
+        for (size_t j = 1; j <= b_len; j++) {
+            // if elements at the current positions match
+            if (a[i - 1] == b[j - 1]) {
+                // if it's the first element of either sequences, set LCS length to 1
+                if (i == 1 || j == 1) {
+                    curr_row[j] = 1;
+                } else {
+                    // increment LCS length by 1 compared to the previous element
+                    curr_row[j] = prev_row[j - 1] + 1;
+                }
+
+                // update max_length if necessary
+                if (curr_row[j] > max_length) {
+                    max_length = curr_row[j];
+                }
+            } else {
+                // reset LCS length if elements don't match
+                curr_row[j] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // update the previous row for the next iteration
+        prev_row = curr_row;
+    }
+
+    // return the maximum length of the LCS
+    return max_length;
+}
+
+//
+// Vocab utils
+//
+
+std::vector<llama_token> common_tokenize(
+  const struct llama_context * ctx,
+           const std::string & text,
+                        bool   add_special,
+                        bool   parse_special) {
+    const llama_model * model = llama_get_model(ctx);
+    const llama_vocab * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(model);
+    return common_tokenize(vocab, text, add_special, parse_special);
+}
+
+std::vector<llama_token> common_tokenize(
+    const struct llama_vocab * vocab,
+           const std::string & text,
+                        bool   add_special,
+                        bool   parse_special) {
+    // upper limit for the number of tokens
+    int n_tokens = text.length() + 2 * add_special;
+    std::vector<llama_token> result(n_tokens);
+    n_tokens = llama_tokenize(vocab, text.data(), text.length(), result.data(), result.size(), add_special, parse_special);
+    if (n_tokens < 0) {
+        result.resize(-n_tokens);
+        int check = llama_tokenize(vocab, text.data(), text.length(), result.data(), result.size(), add_special, parse_special);
+        LM_GGML_ASSERT(check == -n_tokens);
+    } else {
+        result.resize(n_tokens);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::string common_token_to_piece(const struct llama_context * ctx, llama_token token, bool special) {
+    const llama_model * model = llama_get_model(ctx);
+    const llama_vocab * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(model);
+    return common_token_to_piece(vocab, token, special);
+}
+
+std::string common_token_to_piece(const struct llama_vocab * vocab, llama_token token, bool special) {
+    std::string piece;
+    piece.resize(piece.capacity());  // using string internal cache, 15 bytes + '\n'
+    const int n_chars = llama_token_to_piece(vocab, token, &piece[0], piece.size(), 0, special);
+    if (n_chars < 0) {
+        piece.resize(-n_chars);
+        int check = llama_token_to_piece(vocab, token, &piece[0], piece.size(), 0, special);
+        LM_GGML_ASSERT(check == -n_chars);
+    }
+    else {
+        piece.resize(n_chars);
+    }
+
+    return piece;
+}
+
+std::string common_detokenize(const struct llama_context * ctx, const std::vector<llama_token> & tokens, bool special) {
+    const llama_model * model = llama_get_model(ctx);
+    const llama_vocab * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(model);
+    return common_detokenize(vocab, tokens, special);
+}
+
+std::string common_detokenize(const struct llama_vocab * vocab, const std::vector<llama_token> & tokens, bool special) {
+    std::string text;
+    text.resize(std::max(text.capacity(), tokens.size()));
+    int32_t n_chars = llama_detokenize(vocab, tokens.data(), (int32_t)tokens.size(), &text[0], (int32_t)text.size(), false, special);
+    if (n_chars < 0) {
+        text.resize(-n_chars);
+        n_chars = llama_detokenize(vocab, tokens.data(), (int32_t)tokens.size(), &text[0], (int32_t)text.size(), false, special);
+        LM_GGML_ASSERT(n_chars <= (int32_t)text.size());  // whitespace trimming is performed after per-token detokenization
+    }
+
+    text.resize(n_chars);
+
+    // NOTE: the original tokenizer decodes bytes after collecting the pieces.
+    return text;
+}
+
+//
+// KV cache utils
+//
+
+void common_kv_cache_dump_view(const llama_kv_cache_view & view, int row_size) {
+    static const char slot_chars[] = ".123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz+";
+
+    printf("=== Dumping KV cache. total cells %d, max sequences per cell %d, populated cells %d, total tokens in cache %d, largest empty slot=%d @ %d",
+        view.n_cells, view.n_seq_max, view.used_cells, view.token_count, view.max_contiguous, view.max_contiguous_idx);
+
+    llama_kv_cache_view_cell * c_curr = view.cells;
+    llama_seq_id * cs_curr = view.cells_sequences;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < view.n_cells; i++, c_curr++, cs_curr += view.n_seq_max) {
+        if (i % row_size == 0) {
+            printf("\n%5d: ", i);
+        }
+        int seq_count = 0;
+        for (int j = 0; j < view.n_seq_max; j++) {
+            if (cs_curr[j] >= 0) { seq_count++; }
+        }
+        putchar(slot_chars[std::min(sizeof(slot_chars) - 2, size_t(seq_count))]);
+    }
+
+    printf("\n=== Done dumping\n");
+}
+
+void common_kv_cache_dump_view_seqs(const llama_kv_cache_view & view, int row_size) {
+    static const char slot_chars[] = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+
+    printf("=== Dumping KV cache. total cells %d, max sequences per cell %d, populated cells %d, total tokens in cache %d, largest empty slot=%d @ %d\n",
+        view.n_cells, view.n_seq_max, view.used_cells, view.token_count, view.max_contiguous, view.max_contiguous_idx);
+
+    std::unordered_map<llama_seq_id, size_t> seqs;
+    llama_kv_cache_view_cell * c_curr = view.cells;
+    llama_seq_id * cs_curr = view.cells_sequences;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < view.n_cells; i++, c_curr++, cs_curr += view.n_seq_max) {
+        for (int j = 0; j < view.n_seq_max; j++) {
+            if (cs_curr[j] < 0) { continue; }
+            if (seqs.find(cs_curr[j]) == seqs.end()) {
+                if (seqs.size() + 1 >= sizeof(slot_chars)) { break; }
+                const size_t sz = seqs.size();
+                seqs[cs_curr[j]] = sz;
+            }
+        }
+        if (seqs.size() + 1 >= sizeof(slot_chars)) { break; }
+    }
+
+    printf("=== Sequence legend: ");
+    for (const auto & it : seqs) {
+        printf("%zu=%d, ", it.second, it.first);
+    }
+    printf("'+'=other sequence ids");
+
+    c_curr = view.cells;
+    cs_curr = view.cells_sequences;
+    for (int i = 0; i < view.n_cells; i++, c_curr++, cs_curr += view.n_seq_max) {
+        if (i % row_size == 0) {
+            printf("\n%5d: ", i);
+        }
+        for (int j = 0; j < view.n_seq_max; j++) {
+            if (cs_curr[j] >= 0) {
+                const auto & it = seqs.find(cs_curr[j]);
+                putchar(it != seqs.end() ? int(slot_chars[it->second]) : '+');
+            } else {
+                putchar('.');
+            }
+        }
+        putchar(' ');
+    }
+
+    printf("\n=== Done dumping\n");
+}
+
+//
+// Embedding utils
+//
+
+void common_embd_normalize(const float * inp, float * out, int n, int embd_norm) {
+    double sum = 0.0;
+
+    switch (embd_norm) {
+        case -1: // no normalisation
+            sum = 1.0;
+            break;
+        case 0: // max absolute
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                if (sum < std::abs(inp[i])) {
+                    sum = std::abs(inp[i]);
+                }
+            }
+            sum /= 32760.0; // make an int16 range
+            break;
+        case 2: // euclidean
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                sum += inp[i] * inp[i];
+            }
+            sum = std::sqrt(sum);
+            break;
+        default: // p-norm (euclidean is p-norm p=2)
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                sum += std::pow(std::abs(inp[i]), embd_norm);
+            }
+            sum = std::pow(sum, 1.0 / embd_norm);
+            break;
+    }
+
+    const float norm = sum > 0.0 ? 1.0 / sum : 0.0f;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        out[i] = inp[i] * norm;
+    }
+}
+
+float common_embd_similarity_cos(const float * embd1, const float * embd2, int n){
+    double sum  = 0.0;
+    double sum1 = 0.0;
+    double sum2 = 0.0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        sum  += embd1[i] * embd2[i];
+        sum1 += embd1[i] * embd1[i];
+        sum2 += embd2[i] * embd2[i];
+    }
+
+    // Handle the case where one or both vectors are zero vectors
+    if (sum1 == 0.0 || sum2 == 0.0) {
+        if (sum1 == 0.0 && sum2 == 0.0) {
+            return 1.0f; // two zero vectors are similar
+        }
+        return 0.0f;
+    }
+
+    return sum / (sqrt(sum1) * sqrt(sum2));
+}
+
+//
+// Control vector utils
+//
+
+static common_control_vector_data common_control_vector_load_one(const common_control_vector_load_info & load_info) {
+    common_control_vector_data result = { -1, {} };
+
+    lm_ggml_context * ctx = nullptr;
+    struct lm_gguf_init_params meta_lm_gguf_params = {
+        /* .no_alloc = */ false,
+        /* .ctx      = */ &ctx,
+    };
+    struct lm_gguf_context * ctx_gguf = lm_gguf_init_from_file(load_info.fname.c_str(), meta_lm_gguf_params);
+    if (!ctx_gguf) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: failed to load control vector file from %s\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    int32_t n_tensors = lm_gguf_get_n_tensors(ctx_gguf);
+    if (n_tensors == 0) {
+        LOG_WRN("%s: no direction tensors found in %s\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_tensors; i++) {
+        std::string name = lm_gguf_get_tensor_name(ctx_gguf, i);
+
+        int layer_idx = -1;
+
+        // split on '.'
+        size_t dotpos = name.find('.');
+        if (dotpos != std::string::npos && name.substr(0, dotpos) == "direction") {
+            try {
+                layer_idx = std::stoi(name.substr(dotpos + 1));
+            } catch (...) {
+                layer_idx = -1;
+            }
+        }
+        if (layer_idx < 0) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: invalid/unparsable direction tensor layer index in %s\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
+            result.n_embd = -1;
+            break;
+        } else if (layer_idx == 0) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: invalid (zero) direction tensor layer index in %s\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
+            result.n_embd = -1;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor = lm_ggml_get_tensor(ctx, name.c_str());
+        if (tensor->type != LM_GGML_TYPE_F32) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: invalid (non-F32) direction tensor type in %s\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
+            result.n_embd = -1;
+            break;
+        }
+        if (lm_ggml_n_dims(tensor) != 1) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: invalid (non-1D) direction tensor shape in %s\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
+            result.n_embd = -1;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (result.n_embd == -1) {
+            result.n_embd = lm_ggml_nelements(tensor);
+        } else if (lm_ggml_nelements(tensor) != result.n_embd) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: direction tensor in %s does not match previous dimensions\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
+            result.n_embd = -1;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        // extend if necessary - do not store data for layer 0 (it's not used)
+        result.data.resize(std::max(result.data.size(), static_cast<size_t>(result.n_embd * layer_idx)), 0.0f);
+
+        const float * src = (const float *) tensor->data;
+        float * dst = result.data.data() + result.n_embd * (layer_idx - 1);  // layer 1 at [0]
+        for (int j = 0; j < result.n_embd; j++) {
+            dst[j] += src[j] * load_info.strength;  // allows multiple directions for same layer in same file
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    if (result.n_embd == -1) {
+        LOG_WRN("%s: skipping %s due to invalid direction tensors\n", __func__, load_info.fname.c_str());
+        result.data.clear();
+    }
+
+    lm_gguf_free(ctx_gguf);
+    lm_ggml_free(ctx);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+common_control_vector_data common_control_vector_load(const std::vector<common_control_vector_load_info> & load_infos) {
+    common_control_vector_data result = { -1, {} };
+
+    for (const auto & info : load_infos) {
+        auto cur = common_control_vector_load_one(info);
+
+        if (cur.n_embd == -1) {
+            result.n_embd = -1;
+            break;
+        }
+        if (result.n_embd != -1 && result.n_embd != cur.n_embd) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: control vectors in %s does not match previous dimensions\n", __func__, info.fname.c_str());
+            result.n_embd = -1;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (result.n_embd == -1) {
+            result = std::move(cur);
+        } else {
+            result.data.resize(std::max(result.data.size(), cur.data.size()), 0.0f);  // extend if necessary
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < cur.data.size(); i++) {
+                result.data[i] += cur.data[i];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (result.n_embd == -1) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: no valid control vector files passed\n", __func__);
+        result.data.clear();
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+template <>
+json common_grammar_trigger::to_json() const {
+    json out {
+        {"type", (int) type},
+        {"value", value},
+    };
+    if (type == COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_TOKEN) {
+        out["token"] = (int) token;
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+template <>
+common_grammar_trigger common_grammar_trigger::from_json(const json & in) {
+    common_grammar_trigger out;
+    out.type = (common_grammar_trigger_type) in.at("type").get<int>();
+    out.value = in.at("value").get<std::string>();
+    if (out.type == COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_TOKEN) {
+        out.token = (llama_token) in.at("token").get<int>();
+    }
+    return out;
+}