cui-llama.rn 1.4.4 → 1.4.6

package/cpp/chat-template.hpp

@@ -1,529 +1,529 @@
-/*
-    Copyright 2024 Google LLC
-
-    Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style
-    license that can be found in the LICENSE file or at
-    https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT.
-*/
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-#pragma once
-
-#include "minja.hpp"
-#include "json.hpp"
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-using json = nlohmann::ordered_json;
-
-namespace minja {
-
-struct chat_template_caps {
-    bool supports_tools = false;
-    bool supports_tool_calls = false;
-    bool supports_tool_responses = false;
-    bool supports_system_role = false;
-    bool supports_parallel_tool_calls = false;
-    bool supports_tool_call_id = false;
-    // meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct expects arguments to be an object.
-    // Most other templates (and OpenAI's API) expect the arguments object to be stringified.
-    bool requires_object_arguments = false;
-    // CohereForAI/c4ai-command-r-plus simple variant
-    bool requires_non_null_content = false;
-    // MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-Text-01 special
-    bool requires_typed_content = false;
-};
-
-struct chat_template_inputs {
-    nlohmann::ordered_json messages;
-    nlohmann::ordered_json tools;
-    bool add_generation_prompt = true;
-    nlohmann::ordered_json extra_context;
-    std::chrono::system_clock::time_point now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
-};
-
-struct chat_template_options {
-    bool apply_polyfills = true;
-    bool use_bos_token = true;
-    bool use_eos_token = true;
-    bool define_strftime_now = true;
-
-    bool polyfill_tools = true;
-    bool polyfill_tool_call_examples = true;
-    bool polyfill_tool_calls = true;
-    bool polyfill_tool_responses = true;
-    bool polyfill_system_role = true;
-    bool polyfill_object_arguments = true;
-    bool polyfill_typed_content = true;
-};
-
-class chat_template {
-
-  private:
-    chat_template_caps caps_;
-    std::string source_;
-    std::string bos_token_;
-    std::string eos_token_;
-    std::shared_ptr<minja::TemplateNode> template_root_;
-    std::string tool_call_example_;
-
-    std::string try_raw_render(
-        const nlohmann::ordered_json & messages,
-        const nlohmann::ordered_json & tools,
-        bool add_generation_prompt,
-        const nlohmann::ordered_json & extra_context = nlohmann::ordered_json()) const
-    {
-        try {
-            chat_template_inputs inputs;
-            inputs.messages = messages;
-            inputs.tools = tools;
-            inputs.add_generation_prompt = add_generation_prompt;
-            inputs.extra_context = extra_context;
-            // Use fixed date for tests
-            inputs.now = std::chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0);
-
-            chat_template_options opts;
-            opts.apply_polyfills = false;
-
-            auto prompt = apply(inputs, opts);
-            // fprintf(stderr, "try_raw_render: %s\n", prompt.c_str());
-            return prompt;
-        } catch (const std::exception & e) {
-            // fprintf(stderr, "try_raw_render error: %s\n", e.what());
-            return "";
-        }
-    }
-
-  public:
-
-    chat_template(const std::string & source, const std::string & bos_token, const std::string & eos_token)
-        : source_(source), bos_token_(bos_token), eos_token_(eos_token)
-    {
-        template_root_ = minja::Parser::parse(source_, {
-            /* .trim_blocks = */ true,
-            /* .lstrip_blocks = */ true,
-            /* .keep_trailing_newline = */ false,
-        });
-
-        auto contains = [](const std::string & haystack, const std::string & needle) {
-            return haystack.find(needle) != std::string::npos;
-        };
-
-        const std::string user_needle = "<User Needle>";
-        const std::string sys_needle = "<System Needle>";
-        const json dummy_str_user_msg = {{"role", "user"}, {"content", user_needle}};
-        const json dummy_typed_user_msg = {{"role", "user"}, {"content", json::array({{{"type", "text"}, {"text", user_needle}}})}};
-
-        caps_.requires_typed_content =
-            !contains(try_raw_render(json::array({dummy_str_user_msg}), {}, false), user_needle)
-            && contains(try_raw_render(json::array({dummy_typed_user_msg}), {}, false), user_needle);
-
-        const auto dummy_user_msg = caps_.requires_typed_content
-            ? dummy_typed_user_msg
-            : dummy_str_user_msg;
-        const json needle_system_msg = {
-            {"role", "system"},
-            {"content", caps_.requires_typed_content ? json::array({{{"type", "text"}, {"text", sys_needle}}}) : json(sys_needle)},
-        };
-
-        caps_.supports_system_role = contains(try_raw_render({needle_system_msg, dummy_user_msg,}, {}, false), sys_needle);
-
-        auto out = try_raw_render(json::array({
-            dummy_user_msg
-        }), json::array({
-            {
-                {"name", "some_tool"},
-                {"type", "function"},
-                {"function", {
-                    {"name", "some_tool"},
-                    {"description", "Some tool."},
-                    {"parameters", {
-                        {"type", "object"},
-                        {"properties", {
-                            {"arg", {
-                                {"type", "string"},
-                                {"description", "Some argument."},
-                            }},
-                        }},
-                        {"required", json::array({ "arg" })},
-                    }},
-                }},
-            },
-        }), false);
-        caps_.supports_tools = contains(out, "some_tool");
-
-        auto make_tool_calls_msg = [&](const json & tool_calls) {
-            return json {
-                {"role", "assistant"},
-                {"content", nullptr},
-                {"tool_calls", tool_calls},
-            };
-        };
-        auto make_tool_call = [](const std::string & tool_name, const json & arguments) {
-            return json {
-                {"id", "call_1___"},
-                {"type", "function"},
-                {"function", {
-                    {"arguments", arguments},
-                    {"name", tool_name},
-                }},
-            };
-        };
-        const json dummy_args_obj {{"argument_needle", "print('Hello, World!')"}};
-
-        // Note: the arguments are rendered in both cases, but may be double-escaped, which we don't want.
-        out = try_raw_render(json::array({
-            dummy_user_msg,
-            make_tool_calls_msg(json::array({make_tool_call("ipython", dummy_args_obj.dump())})),
-        }), {}, false);
-        auto tool_call_renders_str_arguments = contains(out, "\"argument_needle\":") || contains(out, "'argument_needle':");
-        out = try_raw_render(json::array({
-            dummy_user_msg,
-            make_tool_calls_msg(json::array({make_tool_call("ipython", dummy_args_obj)})),
-        }), {}, false);
-        auto tool_call_renders_obj_arguments = contains(out, "\"argument_needle\":") || contains(out, "'argument_needle':");
-
-        caps_.supports_tool_calls = tool_call_renders_str_arguments || tool_call_renders_obj_arguments;
-        caps_.requires_object_arguments = !tool_call_renders_str_arguments && tool_call_renders_obj_arguments;
-        auto out_empty = try_raw_render(json::array({dummy_user_msg, {{"role", "assistant"}, {"content", ""}}}), {}, false);
-        auto out_null = try_raw_render(json::array({dummy_user_msg, {{"role", "assistant"}, {"content", nullptr}}}), {}, false);
-        caps_.requires_non_null_content = contains(out_empty, user_needle) && !contains(out_null, user_needle);
-
-        if (caps_.supports_tool_calls) {
-            auto dummy_args = caps_.requires_object_arguments ? dummy_args_obj : json(dummy_args_obj.dump());
-            auto tc1 = make_tool_call("test_tool1", dummy_args);
-            auto tc2 = make_tool_call("test_tool2", dummy_args);
-            auto out = try_raw_render(json::array({
-                dummy_user_msg,
-                make_tool_calls_msg(json::array({tc1, tc2})),
-            }), {}, false);
-            caps_.supports_parallel_tool_calls = contains(out, "test_tool1") && contains(out, "test_tool2");
-
-            out = try_raw_render(json::array({
-                dummy_user_msg,
-                make_tool_calls_msg(json::array({tc1})),
-                {
-                    {"role", "tool"},
-                    {"name", "test_tool1"},
-                    {"content", "Some response!"},
-                    {"tool_call_id", "call_911_"},
-                }
-            }), {}, false);
-            caps_.supports_tool_responses = contains(out, "Some response!");
-            caps_.supports_tool_call_id = contains(out, "call_911_");
-        }
-
-        try {
-            if (!caps_.supports_tools) {
-                const json user_msg {
-                    {"role", "user"},
-                    {"content", "Hey"},
-                };
-                const json args {
-                    {"arg1", "some_value"},
-                };
-                const json tool_call_msg {
-                    {"role", "assistant"},
-                    {"content", nullptr},
-                    {"tool_calls", json::array({
-                        {
-                            // TODO: detect if requires numerical id or fixed length == 6 like Nemo
-                            {"id", "call_1___"},
-                            {"type", "function"},
-                            {"function", {
-                                {"name", "tool_name"},
-                                {"arguments", (caps_.requires_object_arguments ? args : json(minja::Value(args).dump(-1, /* to_json= */ true)))},
-                            }},
-                        },
-                    })},
-                };
-                std::string prefix, full;
-                {
-                    chat_template_inputs inputs;
-                    inputs.messages = json::array({user_msg});
-                    inputs.add_generation_prompt = true;
-                    prefix = apply(inputs);
-                }
-                {
-                    chat_template_inputs inputs;
-                    inputs.messages = json::array({user_msg, tool_call_msg});
-                    inputs.add_generation_prompt = false;
-                    full = apply(inputs);
-                }
-                auto eos_pos_last = full.rfind(eos_token_);
-                if (eos_pos_last == prefix.size() - eos_token_.size() ||
-                      (full[full.size() - 1] == '\n' && (eos_pos_last == full.size() - eos_token_.size() - 1))) {
-                    full = full.substr(0, eos_pos_last);
-                }
-                size_t common_prefix_length = 0;
-                for (size_t i = 0; i < prefix.size() && i < full.size(); ++i) {
-                    if (prefix[i] != full[i]) {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    if (prefix[i] == '<') {
-                        // DeepSeek R1's template (as of 20250209) adds a trailing <think> if add_generation_prompt,
-                        // but it removes thinking tags for past messages.
-                        // The prefix and full strings diverge at <think> vs. <｜tool▁calls▁begin｜>, we avoid consuming the leading <.
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    common_prefix_length = i + 1;
-                }
-                auto example = full.substr(common_prefix_length);
-                if (example.find("tool_name") == std::string::npos && example.find("some_value") == std::string::npos) {
-                    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to infer a tool call example (possible template bug)\n");
-                } else {
-                    tool_call_example_ = example;
-                }
-            }
-        } catch (const std::exception & e) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to generate tool call example: %s\n", e.what());
-        }
-    }
-
-    const std::string & source() const { return source_; }
-    const std::string & bos_token() const { return bos_token_; }
-    const std::string & eos_token() const { return eos_token_; }
-    const chat_template_caps & original_caps() const { return caps_; }
-
-    // Deprecated, please use the form with chat_template_inputs and chat_template_options
-    std::string apply(
-        const nlohmann::ordered_json & messages,
-        const nlohmann::ordered_json & tools,
-        bool add_generation_prompt,
-        const nlohmann::ordered_json & extra_context = nlohmann::ordered_json(),
-        bool apply_polyfills = true)
-    {
-        fprintf(stderr, "[%s] Deprecated!\n", __func__);
-        chat_template_inputs inputs;
-        inputs.messages = messages;
-        inputs.tools = tools;
-        inputs.add_generation_prompt = add_generation_prompt;
-        inputs.extra_context = extra_context;
-        inputs.now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
-
-        chat_template_options opts;
-        opts.apply_polyfills = apply_polyfills;
-
-        return apply(inputs, opts);
-    }
-
-    std::string apply(
-        const chat_template_inputs & inputs,
-        const chat_template_options & opts = chat_template_options()) const
-    {
-        json actual_messages;
-
-        auto has_tools = inputs.tools.is_array() && !inputs.tools.empty();
-        auto has_tool_calls = false;
-        auto has_tool_responses = false;
-        auto has_string_content = false;
-        for (const auto & message : inputs.messages) {
-            if (message.contains("tool_calls") && !message["tool_calls"].is_null()) {
-                has_tool_calls = true;
-            }
-            if (message.contains("role") && message["role"] == "tool") {
-                has_tool_responses = true;
-            }
-            if (message.contains("content") && message["content"].is_string()) {
-                has_string_content = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        auto polyfill_system_role = opts.polyfill_system_role && !caps_.supports_system_role;
-        auto polyfill_tools = opts.polyfill_tools && has_tools && !caps_.supports_tools;
-        auto polyfill_tool_call_example = polyfill_tools && opts.polyfill_tool_call_examples;
-        auto polyfill_tool_calls = opts.polyfill_tool_calls && has_tool_calls && !caps_.supports_tool_calls;
-        auto polyfill_tool_responses = opts.polyfill_tool_responses && has_tool_responses && !caps_.supports_tool_responses;
-        auto polyfill_object_arguments = opts.polyfill_object_arguments && has_tool_calls && caps_.requires_object_arguments;
-        auto polyfill_typed_content = opts.polyfill_typed_content && has_string_content && caps_.requires_typed_content;
-
-        auto needs_polyfills = opts.apply_polyfills && (false
-            || polyfill_system_role
-            || polyfill_tools
-            || polyfill_tool_calls
-            || polyfill_tool_responses
-            || polyfill_object_arguments
-            || polyfill_typed_content
-        );
-
-        if (needs_polyfills) {
-            actual_messages = json::array();
-
-            auto add_message = [&](const json & msg) {
-                if (polyfill_typed_content && msg.contains("content") && !msg.at("content").is_null() && msg.at("content").is_string()) {
-                    actual_messages.push_back({
-                        {"role", msg.at("role")},
-                        {"content", {{
-                            {"type", "text"},
-                            {"text", msg.at("content")},
-                        }}},
-                    });
-                } else {
-                    actual_messages.push_back(msg);
-                }
-            };
-
-            std::string pending_system;
-            auto flush_sys = [&]() {
-                if (!pending_system.empty()) {
-                    add_message({
-                        {"role", "user"},
-                        {"content", pending_system},
-                    });
-                    pending_system.clear();
-                }
-            };
-
-            json adjusted_messages;
-            if (polyfill_tools) {
-                adjusted_messages = add_system(inputs.messages,
-                    "You can call any of the following tools to satisfy the user's requests: " + minja::Value(inputs.tools).dump(2, /* to_json= */ true) +
-                    (!polyfill_tool_call_example || tool_call_example_.empty() ? "" : "\n\nExample tool call syntax:\n\n" + tool_call_example_ + "\n\n"));
-            } else {
-                adjusted_messages = inputs.messages;
-            }
-
-            for (const auto & message_ : adjusted_messages) {
-                auto message = message_;
-                if (!message.contains("role") || !message.contains("content")) {
-                    throw std::runtime_error("message must have 'role' and 'content' fields: " + message.dump());
-                }
-                std::string role = message.at("role");
-
-                if (message.contains("tool_calls")) {
-                    if (polyfill_object_arguments || polyfill_tool_calls) {
-                        for (auto & tool_call : message.at("tool_calls")) {
-                            if (tool_call["type"] == "function") {
-                                auto & function = tool_call.at("function");
-                                auto & arguments = function.at("arguments");
-                                if (arguments.is_string()) {
-                                    try {
-                                        arguments = json::parse(arguments.get<std::string>());
-                                    } catch (const std::exception & ecvt) {
-                                        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to parse arguments: %s\n", ecvt.what());
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (polyfill_tool_calls) {
-                        auto content = message.at("content");
-                        auto tool_calls = json::array();
-                        for (const auto & tool_call : message.at("tool_calls")) {
-                            if (tool_call.at("type") != "function") {
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                            const auto & function = tool_call.at("function");
-                            auto tc = json {
-                                {"name", function.at("name")},
-                                {"arguments", function.at("arguments")},
-                            };
-                            if (tool_call.contains("id")) {
-                                tc["id"] = tool_call["id"];
-                            }
-                            tool_calls.push_back(tc);
-                        }
-                        auto obj = json {
-                            {"tool_calls", tool_calls},
-                        };
-                        if (!content.is_null() && content != "") {
-                            obj["content"] = content;
-                        }
-                        message["content"] = obj.dump(2);
-                        message.erase("tool_calls");
-                    }
-                }
-                if (polyfill_tool_responses && role == "tool") {
-                    message["role"] = "user";
-                    auto obj = json {
-                        {"tool_response", {
-                            {"content", message.at("content")},
-                        }},
-                    };
-                    if (message.contains("name")) {
-                        obj["tool_response"]["name"] = message.at("name");
-                    }
-                    if (message.contains("tool_call_id")) {
-                        obj["tool_response"]["tool_call_id"] = message.at("tool_call_id");
-                    }
-                    message["content"] = obj.dump(2);
-                    message.erase("name");
-                }
-
-                if (!message["content"].is_null() && polyfill_system_role) {
-                    std::string content = message.at("content");
-                    if (role == "system") {
-                        if (!pending_system.empty()) pending_system += "\n";
-                        pending_system += content;
-                        continue;
-                    } else {
-                        if (role == "user") {
-                            if (!pending_system.empty()) {
-                                message["content"] = pending_system + (content.empty() ? "" : "\n" + content);
-                                pending_system.clear();
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            flush_sys();
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                add_message(message);
-            }
-            flush_sys();
-        } else {
-            actual_messages = inputs.messages;
-        }
-
-        auto context = minja::Context::make(json({
-            {"messages", actual_messages},
-            {"add_generation_prompt", inputs.add_generation_prompt},
-        }));
-        context->set("bos_token", opts.use_bos_token ? bos_token_ : "");
-        context->set("eos_token", opts.use_eos_token ? eos_token_ : "");
-        if (opts.define_strftime_now) {
-            auto now = inputs.now;
-            context->set("strftime_now", Value::callable([now](const std::shared_ptr<minja::Context> &, minja::ArgumentsValue & args) {
-                args.expectArgs("strftime_now", {1, 1}, {0, 0});
-                auto format = args.args[0].get<std::string>();
-
-                auto time = std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(now);
-                auto local_time = *std::localtime(&time);
-                std::ostringstream ss;
-                ss << std::put_time(&local_time, format.c_str());
-                return ss.str();
-            }));
-        }
-        if (!inputs.tools.is_null()) {
-            context->set("tools", minja::Value(inputs.tools));
-        }
-        if (!inputs.extra_context.is_null()) {
-            for (auto & kv : inputs.extra_context.items()) {
-                context->set(kv.key(), minja::Value(kv.value()));
-            }
-        }
-
-        auto ret = template_root_->render(context);
-        // fprintf(stderr, "actual_messages: %s\n", actual_messages.dump(2).c_str());
-        // fprintf(stderr, "apply: %s\n\n", ret.c_str());
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    static nlohmann::ordered_json add_system(const nlohmann::ordered_json & messages, const std::string & system_prompt) {
-        json messages_with_system = messages;
-
-        if (messages_with_system.size() > 0 && messages_with_system[0].at("role") == "system") {
-            std::string existing_system = messages_with_system.at(0).at("content");
-            messages_with_system[0] = json {
-                {"role", "system"},
-                {"content", existing_system + "\n\n" + system_prompt},
-            };
-        } else {
-            messages_with_system.insert(messages_with_system.begin(), json {
-                {"role", "system"},
-                {"content", system_prompt},
-            });
-        }
-        return messages_with_system;
-    }
-};
-
-}  // namespace minja
+/*
+    Copyright 2024 Google LLC
+
+    Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style
+    license that can be found in the LICENSE file or at
+    https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT.
+*/
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+#pragma once
+
+#include "minja.hpp"
+#include "json.hpp"
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+using json = nlohmann::ordered_json;
+
+namespace minja {
+
+struct chat_template_caps {
+    bool supports_tools = false;
+    bool supports_tool_calls = false;
+    bool supports_tool_responses = false;
+    bool supports_system_role = false;
+    bool supports_parallel_tool_calls = false;
+    bool supports_tool_call_id = false;
+    // meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct expects arguments to be an object.
+    // Most other templates (and OpenAI's API) expect the arguments object to be stringified.
+    bool requires_object_arguments = false;
+    // CohereForAI/c4ai-command-r-plus simple variant
+    bool requires_non_null_content = false;
+    // MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-Text-01 special
+    bool requires_typed_content = false;
+};
+
+struct chat_template_inputs {
+    nlohmann::ordered_json messages;
+    nlohmann::ordered_json tools;
+    bool add_generation_prompt = true;
+    nlohmann::ordered_json extra_context;
+    std::chrono::system_clock::time_point now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+};
+
+struct chat_template_options {
+    bool apply_polyfills = true;
+    bool use_bos_token = true;
+    bool use_eos_token = true;
+    bool define_strftime_now = true;
+
+    bool polyfill_tools = true;
+    bool polyfill_tool_call_examples = true;
+    bool polyfill_tool_calls = true;
+    bool polyfill_tool_responses = true;
+    bool polyfill_system_role = true;
+    bool polyfill_object_arguments = true;
+    bool polyfill_typed_content = true;
+};
+
+class chat_template {
+
+  private:
+    chat_template_caps caps_;
+    std::string source_;
+    std::string bos_token_;
+    std::string eos_token_;
+    std::shared_ptr<minja::TemplateNode> template_root_;
+    std::string tool_call_example_;
+
+    std::string try_raw_render(
+        const nlohmann::ordered_json & messages,
+        const nlohmann::ordered_json & tools,
+        bool add_generation_prompt,
+        const nlohmann::ordered_json & extra_context = nlohmann::ordered_json()) const
+    {
+        try {
+            chat_template_inputs inputs;
+            inputs.messages = messages;
+            inputs.tools = tools;
+            inputs.add_generation_prompt = add_generation_prompt;
+            inputs.extra_context = extra_context;
+            // Use fixed date for tests
+            inputs.now = std::chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0);
+
+            chat_template_options opts;
+            opts.apply_polyfills = false;
+
+            auto prompt = apply(inputs, opts);
+            // fprintf(stderr, "try_raw_render: %s\n", prompt.c_str());
+            return prompt;
+        } catch (const std::exception & e) {
+            // fprintf(stderr, "try_raw_render error: %s\n", e.what());
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+  public:
+
+    chat_template(const std::string & source, const std::string & bos_token, const std::string & eos_token)
+        : source_(source), bos_token_(bos_token), eos_token_(eos_token)
+    {
+        template_root_ = minja::Parser::parse(source_, {
+            /* .trim_blocks = */ true,
+            /* .lstrip_blocks = */ true,
+            /* .keep_trailing_newline = */ false,
+        });
+
+        auto contains = [](const std::string & haystack, const std::string & needle) {
+            return haystack.find(needle) != std::string::npos;
+        };
+
+        const std::string user_needle = "<User Needle>";
+        const std::string sys_needle = "<System Needle>";
+        const json dummy_str_user_msg = {{"role", "user"}, {"content", user_needle}};
+        const json dummy_typed_user_msg = {{"role", "user"}, {"content", json::array({{{"type", "text"}, {"text", user_needle}}})}};
+
+        caps_.requires_typed_content =
+            !contains(try_raw_render(json::array({dummy_str_user_msg}), {}, false), user_needle)
+            && contains(try_raw_render(json::array({dummy_typed_user_msg}), {}, false), user_needle);
+
+        const auto dummy_user_msg = caps_.requires_typed_content
+            ? dummy_typed_user_msg
+            : dummy_str_user_msg;
+        const json needle_system_msg = {
+            {"role", "system"},
+            {"content", caps_.requires_typed_content ? json::array({{{"type", "text"}, {"text", sys_needle}}}) : json(sys_needle)},
+        };
+
+        caps_.supports_system_role = contains(try_raw_render({needle_system_msg, dummy_user_msg,}, {}, false), sys_needle);
+
+        auto out = try_raw_render(json::array({
+            dummy_user_msg
+        }), json::array({
+            {
+                {"name", "some_tool"},
+                {"type", "function"},
+                {"function", {
+                    {"name", "some_tool"},
+                    {"description", "Some tool."},
+                    {"parameters", {
+                        {"type", "object"},
+                        {"properties", {
+                            {"arg", {
+                                {"type", "string"},
+                                {"description", "Some argument."},
+                            }},
+                        }},
+                        {"required", json::array({ "arg" })},
+                    }},
+                }},
+            },
+        }), false);
+        caps_.supports_tools = contains(out, "some_tool");
+
+        auto make_tool_calls_msg = [&](const json & tool_calls) {
+            return json {
+                {"role", "assistant"},
+                {"content", nullptr},
+                {"tool_calls", tool_calls},
+            };
+        };
+        auto make_tool_call = [](const std::string & tool_name, const json & arguments) {
+            return json {
+                {"id", "call_1___"},
+                {"type", "function"},
+                {"function", {
+                    {"arguments", arguments},
+                    {"name", tool_name},
+                }},
+            };
+        };
+        const json dummy_args_obj {{"argument_needle", "print('Hello, World!')"}};
+
+        // Note: the arguments are rendered in both cases, but may be double-escaped, which we don't want.
+        out = try_raw_render(json::array({
+            dummy_user_msg,
+            make_tool_calls_msg(json::array({make_tool_call("ipython", dummy_args_obj.dump())})),
+        }), {}, false);
+        auto tool_call_renders_str_arguments = contains(out, "\"argument_needle\":") || contains(out, "'argument_needle':");
+        out = try_raw_render(json::array({
+            dummy_user_msg,
+            make_tool_calls_msg(json::array({make_tool_call("ipython", dummy_args_obj)})),
+        }), {}, false);
+        auto tool_call_renders_obj_arguments = contains(out, "\"argument_needle\":") || contains(out, "'argument_needle':");
+
+        caps_.supports_tool_calls = tool_call_renders_str_arguments || tool_call_renders_obj_arguments;
+        caps_.requires_object_arguments = !tool_call_renders_str_arguments && tool_call_renders_obj_arguments;
+        auto out_empty = try_raw_render(json::array({dummy_user_msg, {{"role", "assistant"}, {"content", ""}}}), {}, false);
+        auto out_null = try_raw_render(json::array({dummy_user_msg, {{"role", "assistant"}, {"content", nullptr}}}), {}, false);
+        caps_.requires_non_null_content = contains(out_empty, user_needle) && !contains(out_null, user_needle);
+
+        if (caps_.supports_tool_calls) {
+            auto dummy_args = caps_.requires_object_arguments ? dummy_args_obj : json(dummy_args_obj.dump());
+            auto tc1 = make_tool_call("test_tool1", dummy_args);
+            auto tc2 = make_tool_call("test_tool2", dummy_args);
+            auto out = try_raw_render(json::array({
+                dummy_user_msg,
+                make_tool_calls_msg(json::array({tc1, tc2})),
+            }), {}, false);
+            caps_.supports_parallel_tool_calls = contains(out, "test_tool1") && contains(out, "test_tool2");
+
+            out = try_raw_render(json::array({
+                dummy_user_msg,
+                make_tool_calls_msg(json::array({tc1})),
+                {
+                    {"role", "tool"},
+                    {"name", "test_tool1"},
+                    {"content", "Some response!"},
+                    {"tool_call_id", "call_911_"},
+                }
+            }), {}, false);
+            caps_.supports_tool_responses = contains(out, "Some response!");
+            caps_.supports_tool_call_id = contains(out, "call_911_");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (!caps_.supports_tools) {
+                const json user_msg {
+                    {"role", "user"},
+                    {"content", "Hey"},
+                };
+                const json args {
+                    {"arg1", "some_value"},
+                };
+                const json tool_call_msg {
+                    {"role", "assistant"},
+                    {"content", nullptr},
+                    {"tool_calls", json::array({
+                        {
+                            // TODO: detect if requires numerical id or fixed length == 6 like Nemo
+                            {"id", "call_1___"},
+                            {"type", "function"},
+                            {"function", {
+                                {"name", "tool_name"},
+                                {"arguments", (caps_.requires_object_arguments ? args : json(minja::Value(args).dump(-1, /* to_json= */ true)))},
+                            }},
+                        },
+                    })},
+                };
+                std::string prefix, full;
+                {
+                    chat_template_inputs inputs;
+                    inputs.messages = json::array({user_msg});
+                    inputs.add_generation_prompt = true;
+                    prefix = apply(inputs);
+                }
+                {
+                    chat_template_inputs inputs;
+                    inputs.messages = json::array({user_msg, tool_call_msg});
+                    inputs.add_generation_prompt = false;
+                    full = apply(inputs);
+                }
+                auto eos_pos_last = full.rfind(eos_token_);
+                if (eos_pos_last == prefix.size() - eos_token_.size() ||
+                      (full[full.size() - 1] == '\n' && (eos_pos_last == full.size() - eos_token_.size() - 1))) {
+                    full = full.substr(0, eos_pos_last);
+                }
+                size_t common_prefix_length = 0;
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < prefix.size() && i < full.size(); ++i) {
+                    if (prefix[i] != full[i]) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if (prefix[i] == '<') {
+                        // DeepSeek R1's template (as of 20250209) adds a trailing <think> if add_generation_prompt,
+                        // but it removes thinking tags for past messages.
+                        // The prefix and full strings diverge at <think> vs. <｜tool▁calls▁begin｜>, we avoid consuming the leading <.
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    common_prefix_length = i + 1;
+                }
+                auto example = full.substr(common_prefix_length);
+                if (example.find("tool_name") == std::string::npos && example.find("some_value") == std::string::npos) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to infer a tool call example (possible template bug)\n");
+                } else {
+                    tool_call_example_ = example;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (const std::exception & e) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to generate tool call example: %s\n", e.what());
+        }
+    }
+
+    const std::string & source() const { return source_; }
+    const std::string & bos_token() const { return bos_token_; }
+    const std::string & eos_token() const { return eos_token_; }
+    const chat_template_caps & original_caps() const { return caps_; }
+
+    // Deprecated, please use the form with chat_template_inputs and chat_template_options
+    std::string apply(
+        const nlohmann::ordered_json & messages,
+        const nlohmann::ordered_json & tools,
+        bool add_generation_prompt,
+        const nlohmann::ordered_json & extra_context = nlohmann::ordered_json(),
+        bool apply_polyfills = true)
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "[%s] Deprecated!\n", __func__);
+        chat_template_inputs inputs;
+        inputs.messages = messages;
+        inputs.tools = tools;
+        inputs.add_generation_prompt = add_generation_prompt;
+        inputs.extra_context = extra_context;
+        inputs.now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+
+        chat_template_options opts;
+        opts.apply_polyfills = apply_polyfills;
+
+        return apply(inputs, opts);
+    }
+
+    std::string apply(
+        const chat_template_inputs & inputs,
+        const chat_template_options & opts = chat_template_options()) const
+    {
+        json actual_messages;
+
+        auto has_tools = inputs.tools.is_array() && !inputs.tools.empty();
+        auto has_tool_calls = false;
+        auto has_tool_responses = false;
+        auto has_string_content = false;
+        for (const auto & message : inputs.messages) {
+            if (message.contains("tool_calls") && !message["tool_calls"].is_null()) {
+                has_tool_calls = true;
+            }
+            if (message.contains("role") && message["role"] == "tool") {
+                has_tool_responses = true;
+            }
+            if (message.contains("content") && message["content"].is_string()) {
+                has_string_content = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        auto polyfill_system_role = opts.polyfill_system_role && !caps_.supports_system_role;
+        auto polyfill_tools = opts.polyfill_tools && has_tools && !caps_.supports_tools;
+        auto polyfill_tool_call_example = polyfill_tools && opts.polyfill_tool_call_examples;
+        auto polyfill_tool_calls = opts.polyfill_tool_calls && has_tool_calls && !caps_.supports_tool_calls;
+        auto polyfill_tool_responses = opts.polyfill_tool_responses && has_tool_responses && !caps_.supports_tool_responses;
+        auto polyfill_object_arguments = opts.polyfill_object_arguments && has_tool_calls && caps_.requires_object_arguments;
+        auto polyfill_typed_content = opts.polyfill_typed_content && has_string_content && caps_.requires_typed_content;
+
+        auto needs_polyfills = opts.apply_polyfills && (false
+            || polyfill_system_role
+            || polyfill_tools
+            || polyfill_tool_calls
+            || polyfill_tool_responses
+            || polyfill_object_arguments
+            || polyfill_typed_content
+        );
+
+        if (needs_polyfills) {
+            actual_messages = json::array();
+
+            auto add_message = [&](const json & msg) {
+                if (polyfill_typed_content && msg.contains("content") && !msg.at("content").is_null() && msg.at("content").is_string()) {
+                    actual_messages.push_back({
+                        {"role", msg.at("role")},
+                        {"content", {{
+                            {"type", "text"},
+                            {"text", msg.at("content")},
+                        }}},
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    actual_messages.push_back(msg);
+                }
+            };
+
+            std::string pending_system;
+            auto flush_sys = [&]() {
+                if (!pending_system.empty()) {
+                    add_message({
+                        {"role", "user"},
+                        {"content", pending_system},
+                    });
+                    pending_system.clear();
+                }
+            };
+
+            json adjusted_messages;
+            if (polyfill_tools) {
+                adjusted_messages = add_system(inputs.messages,
+                    "You can call any of the following tools to satisfy the user's requests: " + minja::Value(inputs.tools).dump(2, /* to_json= */ true) +
+                    (!polyfill_tool_call_example || tool_call_example_.empty() ? "" : "\n\nExample tool call syntax:\n\n" + tool_call_example_ + "\n\n"));
+            } else {
+                adjusted_messages = inputs.messages;
+            }
+
+            for (const auto & message_ : adjusted_messages) {
+                auto message = message_;
+                if (!message.contains("role") || !message.contains("content")) {
+                    throw std::runtime_error("message must have 'role' and 'content' fields: " + message.dump());
+                }
+                std::string role = message.at("role");
+
+                if (message.contains("tool_calls")) {
+                    if (polyfill_object_arguments || polyfill_tool_calls) {
+                        for (auto & tool_call : message.at("tool_calls")) {
+                            if (tool_call["type"] == "function") {
+                                auto & function = tool_call.at("function");
+                                auto & arguments = function.at("arguments");
+                                if (arguments.is_string()) {
+                                    try {
+                                        arguments = json::parse(arguments.get<std::string>());
+                                    } catch (const std::exception & ecvt) {
+                                        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to parse arguments: %s\n", ecvt.what());
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (polyfill_tool_calls) {
+                        auto content = message.at("content");
+                        auto tool_calls = json::array();
+                        for (const auto & tool_call : message.at("tool_calls")) {
+                            if (tool_call.at("type") != "function") {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            const auto & function = tool_call.at("function");
+                            auto tc = json {
+                                {"name", function.at("name")},
+                                {"arguments", function.at("arguments")},
+                            };
+                            if (tool_call.contains("id")) {
+                                tc["id"] = tool_call["id"];
+                            }
+                            tool_calls.push_back(tc);
+                        }
+                        auto obj = json {
+                            {"tool_calls", tool_calls},
+                        };
+                        if (!content.is_null() && content != "") {
+                            obj["content"] = content;
+                        }
+                        message["content"] = obj.dump(2);
+                        message.erase("tool_calls");
+                    }
+                }
+                if (polyfill_tool_responses && role == "tool") {
+                    message["role"] = "user";
+                    auto obj = json {
+                        {"tool_response", {
+                            {"content", message.at("content")},
+                        }},
+                    };
+                    if (message.contains("name")) {
+                        obj["tool_response"]["name"] = message.at("name");
+                    }
+                    if (message.contains("tool_call_id")) {
+                        obj["tool_response"]["tool_call_id"] = message.at("tool_call_id");
+                    }
+                    message["content"] = obj.dump(2);
+                    message.erase("name");
+                }
+
+                if (!message["content"].is_null() && polyfill_system_role) {
+                    std::string content = message.at("content");
+                    if (role == "system") {
+                        if (!pending_system.empty()) pending_system += "\n";
+                        pending_system += content;
+                        continue;
+                    } else {
+                        if (role == "user") {
+                            if (!pending_system.empty()) {
+                                message["content"] = pending_system + (content.empty() ? "" : "\n" + content);
+                                pending_system.clear();
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            flush_sys();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                add_message(message);
+            }
+            flush_sys();
+        } else {
+            actual_messages = inputs.messages;
+        }
+
+        auto context = minja::Context::make(json({
+            {"messages", actual_messages},
+            {"add_generation_prompt", inputs.add_generation_prompt},
+        }));
+        context->set("bos_token", opts.use_bos_token ? bos_token_ : "");
+        context->set("eos_token", opts.use_eos_token ? eos_token_ : "");
+        if (opts.define_strftime_now) {
+            auto now = inputs.now;
+            context->set("strftime_now", Value::callable([now](const std::shared_ptr<minja::Context> &, minja::ArgumentsValue & args) {
+                args.expectArgs("strftime_now", {1, 1}, {0, 0});
+                auto format = args.args[0].get<std::string>();
+
+                auto time = std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(now);
+                auto local_time = *std::localtime(&time);
+                std::ostringstream ss;
+                ss << std::put_time(&local_time, format.c_str());
+                return ss.str();
+            }));
+        }
+        if (!inputs.tools.is_null()) {
+            context->set("tools", minja::Value(inputs.tools));
+        }
+        if (!inputs.extra_context.is_null()) {
+            for (auto & kv : inputs.extra_context.items()) {
+                context->set(kv.key(), minja::Value(kv.value()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        auto ret = template_root_->render(context);
+        // fprintf(stderr, "actual_messages: %s\n", actual_messages.dump(2).c_str());
+        // fprintf(stderr, "apply: %s\n\n", ret.c_str());
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    static nlohmann::ordered_json add_system(const nlohmann::ordered_json & messages, const std::string & system_prompt) {
+        json messages_with_system = messages;
+
+        if (messages_with_system.size() > 0 && messages_with_system[0].at("role") == "system") {
+            std::string existing_system = messages_with_system.at(0).at("content");
+            messages_with_system[0] = json {
+                {"role", "system"},
+                {"content", existing_system + "\n\n" + system_prompt},
+            };
+        } else {
+            messages_with_system.insert(messages_with_system.begin(), json {
+                {"role", "system"},
+                {"content", system_prompt},
+            });
+        }
+        return messages_with_system;
+    }
+};
+
+}  // namespace minja