cokit-cli 1.0.7 → 1.0.9

package/skills/ck-backend-development/references/backend-security.md

@@ -1,290 +1,290 @@
-# Backend Security
-
-Security best practices, OWASP Top 10 mitigation, and modern security standards (2025).
-
-## OWASP Top 10 (2025 RC1)
-
-### New Entries (2025)
-- **Supply Chain Failures** - Vulnerable dependencies, compromised packages
-- **Mishandling of Exceptional Conditions** - Improper error handling exposing system info
-
-### Top Vulnerabilities & Mitigation
-
-#### 1. Broken Access Control
-**Risk:** Users access unauthorized resources (28% of vulnerabilities)
-
-**Mitigation:**
-- Implement RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
-- Deny by default, explicitly allow
-- Log access control failures
-- Enforce authorization on backend (never client-side)
-- Use JWT with proper claims validation
-
-```typescript
-// Good: Server-side authorization check
-@UseGuards(JwtAuthGuard, RolesGuard)
-@Roles('admin')
-async deleteUser(@Param('id') id: string) {
-  // Verify user can access this resource
-  return this.usersService.delete(id);
-}
-```
-
-#### 2. Cryptographic Failures
-**Risk:** Sensitive data exposure, weak encryption
-
-**Mitigation:**
-- Use Argon2id for password hashing (replaces bcrypt as of 2025)
-- TLS 1.3 for data in transit
-- Encrypt sensitive data at rest (AES-256)
-- Use crypto.randomBytes() for tokens, not Math.random()
-- Never store passwords in plain text
-
-```python
-# Good: Argon2id password hashing
-from argon2 import PasswordHasher
-
-ph = PasswordHasher()
-hash = ph.hash("password123")  # Auto-salted, memory-hard
-ph.verify(hash, "password123")  # Verify password
-```
-
-#### 3. Injection Attacks
-**Risk:** SQL injection, NoSQL injection, command injection (6x increase 2020-2024)
-
-**Mitigation (98% vulnerability reduction):**
-- Use parameterized queries ALWAYS
-- Input validation with allow-lists
-- Escape special characters
-- Use ORMs properly (avoid raw queries)
-
-```typescript
-// Bad: Vulnerable to SQL injection
-const query = `SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = '${email}'`;
-
-// Good: Parameterized query
-const query = 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = $1';
-const result = await db.query(query, [email]);
-```
-
-#### 4. Insecure Design
-**Risk:** Flawed architecture, missing security controls
-
-**Mitigation:**
-- Threat modeling during design phase
-- Security requirements from start
-- Principle of least privilege
-- Defense in depth (multiple security layers)
-
-#### 5. Security Misconfiguration
-**Risk:** Default credentials, verbose errors, unnecessary features enabled
-
-**Mitigation:**
-- Remove default accounts
-- Disable directory listing
-- Use security headers (CSP, HSTS, X-Frame-Options)
-- Minimize attack surface
-- Regular security audits
-
-```typescript
-// Security headers middleware
-app.use(helmet({
-  contentSecurityPolicy: {
-    directives: {
-      defaultSrc: ["'self'"],
-      scriptSrc: ["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"],
-    },
-  },
-  hsts: {
-    maxAge: 31536000,
-    includeSubDomains: true,
-  },
-}));
-```
-
-#### 6. Vulnerable Components
-**Risk:** Outdated dependencies with known vulnerabilities
-
-**Mitigation:**
-- Regular dependency updates (npm audit, pip-audit)
-- Use Dependabot/Renovate for automated updates
-- Monitor CVE databases
-- Software composition analysis (SCA) in CI/CD
-- Lock file integrity checks
-
-```bash
-# Check for vulnerabilities
-npm audit fix
-pip-audit --fix
-```
-
-#### 7. Authentication Failures
-**Risk:** Weak passwords, session hijacking, credential stuffing
-
-**Mitigation:**
-- MFA mandatory for admin accounts
-- Rate limiting on login endpoints (10 attempts/minute)
-- Strong password policies (12+ chars, complexity)
-- Session timeout (15 mins idle, 8 hours absolute)
-- FIDO2/WebAuthn for passwordless auth
-
-#### 8. Software & Data Integrity Failures
-**Risk:** CI/CD pipeline compromise, unsigned updates
-
-**Mitigation:**
-- Code signing for releases
-- Verify integrity of packages (lock files)
-- Secure CI/CD pipelines (immutable builds)
-- Checksum verification
-
-#### 9. Logging & Monitoring Failures
-**Risk:** Breaches undetected, insufficient audit trail
-
-**Mitigation:**
-- Log authentication events (success/failure)
-- Log access control failures
-- Centralized logging (ELK Stack, Splunk)
-- Alerting on suspicious patterns
-- Log rotation and retention policies
-
-#### 10. Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
-**Risk:** Server makes malicious requests to internal resources
-
-**Mitigation:**
-- Validate and sanitize URLs
-- Allow-list for remote resources
-- Network segmentation
-- Disable unnecessary protocols (file://, gopher://)
-
-## Input Validation (Prevents 70%+ Vulnerabilities)
-
-### Validation Strategies
-
-**1. Type Validation**
-```typescript
-// Use class-validator with NestJS
-class CreateUserDto {
-  @IsEmail()
-  email: string;
-
-  @IsString()
-  @MinLength(12)
-  @Matches(/^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d)/)
-  password: string;
-
-  @IsInt()
-  @Min(18)
-  age: number;
-}
-```
-
-**2. Sanitization**
-```typescript
-import DOMPurify from 'isomorphic-dompurify';
-
-// Sanitize HTML input
-const clean = DOMPurify.sanitize(userInput);
-```
-
-**3. Allow-lists (Preferred over Deny-lists)**
-```typescript
-// Good: Allow-list approach
-const allowedFields = ['name', 'email', 'age'];
-const sanitized = Object.keys(input)
-  .filter(key => allowedFields.includes(key))
-  .reduce((obj, key) => ({ ...obj, [key]: input[key] }), {});
-```
-
-## Rate Limiting
-
-### Token Bucket Algorithm (Industry Standard)
-
-```typescript
-import rateLimit from 'express-rate-limit';
-
-const limiter = rateLimit({
-  windowMs: 15 * 60 * 1000, // 15 minutes
-  max: 100, // 100 requests per window
-  standardHeaders: true,
-  legacyHeaders: false,
-  message: 'Too many requests, please try again later',
-});
-
-app.use('/api/', limiter);
-```
-
-### API-Specific Limits
-
-- **Authentication:** 10 attempts/15 min
-- **Public APIs:** 100 requests/15 min
-- **Authenticated APIs:** 1000 requests/15 min
-- **Admin endpoints:** 50 requests/15 min
-
-## Security Headers
-
-```typescript
-// Essential security headers (2025)
-{
-  'Strict-Transport-Security': 'max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains',
-  'Content-Security-Policy': "default-src 'self'",
-  'X-Frame-Options': 'DENY',
-  'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff',
-  'Referrer-Policy': 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin',
-  'Permissions-Policy': 'geolocation=(), microphone=()',
-}
-```
-
-## Secrets Management
-
-### Best Practices
-
-1. **Never commit secrets** - Use .env files (gitignored)
-2. **Environment-specific** - Different secrets per environment
-3. **Rotation policy** - Rotate secrets every 90 days
-4. **Encryption at rest** - Encrypt secrets in secret managers
-5. **Least privilege** - Minimal permissions per secret
-
-### Tools
-
-- **HashiCorp Vault** - Multi-cloud, dynamic secrets
-- **AWS Secrets Manager** - Managed service, auto-rotation
-- **Azure Key Vault** - Integrated with Azure services
-- **Pulumi ESC** - Unified secrets orchestration (2025 trend)
-
-```typescript
-// Good: Secrets from environment
-const dbPassword = process.env.DB_PASSWORD;
-if (!dbPassword) throw new Error('DB_PASSWORD not set');
-```
-
-## API Security Checklist
-
-- [ ] Use HTTPS/TLS 1.3 only
-- [ ] Implement OAuth 2.1 + JWT for authentication
-- [ ] Rate limiting on all endpoints
-- [ ] Input validation on all inputs
-- [ ] Parameterized queries (prevent SQL injection)
-- [ ] Security headers configured
-- [ ] CORS properly configured (not `*` in production)
-- [ ] API versioning implemented
-- [ ] Error messages don't leak system info
-- [ ] Logging authentication events
-- [ ] MFA for admin accounts
-- [ ] Regular security audits (quarterly)
-
-## Common Security Pitfalls
-
-1. **Client-side validation only** - Always validate on server
-2. **Using Math.random() for tokens** - Use crypto.randomBytes()
-3. **Storing passwords with bcrypt** - Use Argon2id (2025 standard)
-4. **Trusting user input** - Validate and sanitize everything
-5. **Weak CORS configuration** - Don't use `*` in production
-6. **Insufficient logging** - Log all authentication/authorization events
-7. **No rate limiting** - Implement on all public endpoints
-
-## Resources
-
-- **OWASP Top 10 (2025):** https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/
-- **OWASP Cheat Sheets:** https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/
-- **CWE Top 25:** https://cwe.mitre.org/top25/
-- **NIST Guidelines:** https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity
+# Backend Security
+
+Security best practices, OWASP Top 10 mitigation, and modern security standards (2025).
+
+## OWASP Top 10 (2025 RC1)
+
+### New Entries (2025)
+- **Supply Chain Failures** - Vulnerable dependencies, compromised packages
+- **Mishandling of Exceptional Conditions** - Improper error handling exposing system info
+
+### Top Vulnerabilities & Mitigation
+
+#### 1. Broken Access Control
+**Risk:** Users access unauthorized resources (28% of vulnerabilities)
+
+**Mitigation:**
+- Implement RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
+- Deny by default, explicitly allow
+- Log access control failures
+- Enforce authorization on backend (never client-side)
+- Use JWT with proper claims validation
+
+```typescript
+// Good: Server-side authorization check
+@UseGuards(JwtAuthGuard, RolesGuard)
+@Roles('admin')
+async deleteUser(@Param('id') id: string) {
+  // Verify user can access this resource
+  return this.usersService.delete(id);
+}
+```
+
+#### 2. Cryptographic Failures
+**Risk:** Sensitive data exposure, weak encryption
+
+**Mitigation:**
+- Use Argon2id for password hashing (replaces bcrypt as of 2025)
+- TLS 1.3 for data in transit
+- Encrypt sensitive data at rest (AES-256)
+- Use crypto.randomBytes() for tokens, not Math.random()
+- Never store passwords in plain text
+
+```python
+# Good: Argon2id password hashing
+from argon2 import PasswordHasher
+
+ph = PasswordHasher()
+hash = ph.hash("password123")  # Auto-salted, memory-hard
+ph.verify(hash, "password123")  # Verify password
+```
+
+#### 3. Injection Attacks
+**Risk:** SQL injection, NoSQL injection, command injection (6x increase 2020-2024)
+
+**Mitigation (98% vulnerability reduction):**
+- Use parameterized queries ALWAYS
+- Input validation with allow-lists
+- Escape special characters
+- Use ORMs properly (avoid raw queries)
+
+```typescript
+// Bad: Vulnerable to SQL injection
+const query = `SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = '${email}'`;
+
+// Good: Parameterized query
+const query = 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = $1';
+const result = await db.query(query, [email]);
+```
+
+#### 4. Insecure Design
+**Risk:** Flawed architecture, missing security controls
+
+**Mitigation:**
+- Threat modeling during design phase
+- Security requirements from start
+- Principle of least privilege
+- Defense in depth (multiple security layers)
+
+#### 5. Security Misconfiguration
+**Risk:** Default credentials, verbose errors, unnecessary features enabled
+
+**Mitigation:**
+- Remove default accounts
+- Disable directory listing
+- Use security headers (CSP, HSTS, X-Frame-Options)
+- Minimize attack surface
+- Regular security audits
+
+```typescript
+// Security headers middleware
+app.use(helmet({
+  contentSecurityPolicy: {
+    directives: {
+      defaultSrc: ["'self'"],
+      scriptSrc: ["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"],
+    },
+  },
+  hsts: {
+    maxAge: 31536000,
+    includeSubDomains: true,
+  },
+}));
+```
+
+#### 6. Vulnerable Components
+**Risk:** Outdated dependencies with known vulnerabilities
+
+**Mitigation:**
+- Regular dependency updates (npm audit, pip-audit)
+- Use Dependabot/Renovate for automated updates
+- Monitor CVE databases
+- Software composition analysis (SCA) in CI/CD
+- Lock file integrity checks
+
+```bash
+# Check for vulnerabilities
+npm audit fix
+pip-audit --fix
+```
+
+#### 7. Authentication Failures
+**Risk:** Weak passwords, session hijacking, credential stuffing
+
+**Mitigation:**
+- MFA mandatory for admin accounts
+- Rate limiting on login endpoints (10 attempts/minute)
+- Strong password policies (12+ chars, complexity)
+- Session timeout (15 mins idle, 8 hours absolute)
+- FIDO2/WebAuthn for passwordless auth
+
+#### 8. Software & Data Integrity Failures
+**Risk:** CI/CD pipeline compromise, unsigned updates
+
+**Mitigation:**
+- Code signing for releases
+- Verify integrity of packages (lock files)
+- Secure CI/CD pipelines (immutable builds)
+- Checksum verification
+
+#### 9. Logging & Monitoring Failures
+**Risk:** Breaches undetected, insufficient audit trail
+
+**Mitigation:**
+- Log authentication events (success/failure)
+- Log access control failures
+- Centralized logging (ELK Stack, Splunk)
+- Alerting on suspicious patterns
+- Log rotation and retention policies
+
+#### 10. Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
+**Risk:** Server makes malicious requests to internal resources
+
+**Mitigation:**
+- Validate and sanitize URLs
+- Allow-list for remote resources
+- Network segmentation
+- Disable unnecessary protocols (file://, gopher://)
+
+## Input Validation (Prevents 70%+ Vulnerabilities)
+
+### Validation Strategies
+
+**1. Type Validation**
+```typescript
+// Use class-validator with NestJS
+class CreateUserDto {
+  @IsEmail()
+  email: string;
+
+  @IsString()
+  @MinLength(12)
+  @Matches(/^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d)/)
+  password: string;
+
+  @IsInt()
+  @Min(18)
+  age: number;
+}
+```
+
+**2. Sanitization**
+```typescript
+import DOMPurify from 'isomorphic-dompurify';
+
+// Sanitize HTML input
+const clean = DOMPurify.sanitize(userInput);
+```
+
+**3. Allow-lists (Preferred over Deny-lists)**
+```typescript
+// Good: Allow-list approach
+const allowedFields = ['name', 'email', 'age'];
+const sanitized = Object.keys(input)
+  .filter(key => allowedFields.includes(key))
+  .reduce((obj, key) => ({ ...obj, [key]: input[key] }), {});
+```
+
+## Rate Limiting
+
+### Token Bucket Algorithm (Industry Standard)
+
+```typescript
+import rateLimit from 'express-rate-limit';
+
+const limiter = rateLimit({
+  windowMs: 15 * 60 * 1000, // 15 minutes
+  max: 100, // 100 requests per window
+  standardHeaders: true,
+  legacyHeaders: false,
+  message: 'Too many requests, please try again later',
+});
+
+app.use('/api/', limiter);
+```
+
+### API-Specific Limits
+
+- **Authentication:** 10 attempts/15 min
+- **Public APIs:** 100 requests/15 min
+- **Authenticated APIs:** 1000 requests/15 min
+- **Admin endpoints:** 50 requests/15 min
+
+## Security Headers
+
+```typescript
+// Essential security headers (2025)
+{
+  'Strict-Transport-Security': 'max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains',
+  'Content-Security-Policy': "default-src 'self'",
+  'X-Frame-Options': 'DENY',
+  'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff',
+  'Referrer-Policy': 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin',
+  'Permissions-Policy': 'geolocation=(), microphone=()',
+}
+```
+
+## Secrets Management
+
+### Best Practices
+
+1. **Never commit secrets** - Use .env files (gitignored)
+2. **Environment-specific** - Different secrets per environment
+3. **Rotation policy** - Rotate secrets every 90 days
+4. **Encryption at rest** - Encrypt secrets in secret managers
+5. **Least privilege** - Minimal permissions per secret
+
+### Tools
+
+- **HashiCorp Vault** - Multi-cloud, dynamic secrets
+- **AWS Secrets Manager** - Managed service, auto-rotation
+- **Azure Key Vault** - Integrated with Azure services
+- **Pulumi ESC** - Unified secrets orchestration (2025 trend)
+
+```typescript
+// Good: Secrets from environment
+const dbPassword = process.env.DB_PASSWORD;
+if (!dbPassword) throw new Error('DB_PASSWORD not set');
+```
+
+## API Security Checklist
+
+- [ ] Use HTTPS/TLS 1.3 only
+- [ ] Implement OAuth 2.1 + JWT for authentication
+- [ ] Rate limiting on all endpoints
+- [ ] Input validation on all inputs
+- [ ] Parameterized queries (prevent SQL injection)
+- [ ] Security headers configured
+- [ ] CORS properly configured (not `*` in production)
+- [ ] API versioning implemented
+- [ ] Error messages don't leak system info
+- [ ] Logging authentication events
+- [ ] MFA for admin accounts
+- [ ] Regular security audits (quarterly)
+
+## Common Security Pitfalls
+
+1. **Client-side validation only** - Always validate on server
+2. **Using Math.random() for tokens** - Use crypto.randomBytes()
+3. **Storing passwords with bcrypt** - Use Argon2id (2025 standard)
+4. **Trusting user input** - Validate and sanitize everything
+5. **Weak CORS configuration** - Don't use `*` in production
+6. **Insufficient logging** - Log all authentication/authorization events
+7. **No rate limiting** - Implement on all public endpoints
+
+## Resources
+
+- **OWASP Top 10 (2025):** https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/
+- **OWASP Cheat Sheets:** https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/
+- **CWE Top 25:** https://cwe.mitre.org/top25/
+- **NIST Guidelines:** https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity