cokit-cli 1.0.7 → 1.0.9

package/templates/repo/.github/skills/ck-databases/references/postgresql-queries.md

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-# PostgreSQL SQL Queries
-
-SQL queries in PostgreSQL: SELECT, JOINs, subqueries, CTEs, window functions, and advanced patterns.
-
-## Basic SELECT
-
-### Simple Queries
-```sql
--- Select all columns
-SELECT * FROM users;
-
--- Select specific columns
-SELECT id, name, email FROM users;
-
--- With alias
-SELECT name AS full_name, email AS contact_email FROM users;
-
--- Distinct values
-SELECT DISTINCT status FROM orders;
-
--- Count rows
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users;
-SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT status) FROM orders;
-```
-
-### WHERE Clause
-```sql
--- Equality
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE status = 'active';
-
--- Comparison
-SELECT * FROM products WHERE price > 100;
-SELECT * FROM orders WHERE total BETWEEN 100 AND 500;
-
--- Pattern matching
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE email LIKE '%@example.com';
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE name ILIKE 'john%';  -- case-insensitive
-
--- IN operator
-SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status IN ('pending', 'processing');
-
--- NULL checks
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE phone_number IS NOT NULL;
-
--- Logical operators
-SELECT * FROM products WHERE price > 100 AND stock > 0;
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE status = 'active' OR verified = true;
-SELECT * FROM products WHERE NOT (price > 1000);
-```
-
-### ORDER BY
-```sql
--- Ascending (default)
-SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at;
-
--- Descending
-SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at DESC;
-
--- Multiple columns
-SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY status ASC, created_at DESC;
-
--- NULL handling
-SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY last_login NULLS FIRST;
-SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY last_login NULLS LAST;
-```
-
-### LIMIT and OFFSET
-```sql
--- Limit results
-SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10;
-
--- Pagination
-SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT 10 OFFSET 20;
-
--- Alternative: FETCH
-SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 20 ROWS FETCH NEXT 10 ROWS ONLY;
-```
-
-## JOINs
-
-### INNER JOIN
-```sql
--- Match rows from both tables
-SELECT orders.id, orders.total, customers.name
-FROM orders
-INNER JOIN customers ON orders.customer_id = customers.id;
-
--- Short syntax
-SELECT o.id, o.total, c.name
-FROM orders o
-JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id;
-
--- Multiple joins
-SELECT o.id, c.name, p.name AS product
-FROM orders o
-JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id
-JOIN order_items oi ON oi.order_id = o.id
-JOIN products p ON oi.product_id = p.id;
-```
-
-### LEFT JOIN (LEFT OUTER JOIN)
-```sql
--- All rows from left table, matching rows from right
-SELECT c.name, o.id AS order_id
-FROM customers c
-LEFT JOIN orders o ON c.id = o.customer_id;
-
--- Find customers without orders
-SELECT c.name
-FROM customers c
-LEFT JOIN orders o ON c.id = o.customer_id
-WHERE o.id IS NULL;
-```
-
-### RIGHT JOIN (RIGHT OUTER JOIN)
-```sql
--- All rows from right table, matching rows from left
-SELECT c.name, o.id AS order_id
-FROM orders o
-RIGHT JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id;
-```
-
-### FULL OUTER JOIN
-```sql
--- All rows from both tables
-SELECT c.name, o.id AS order_id
-FROM customers c
-FULL OUTER JOIN orders o ON c.id = o.customer_id;
-```
-
-### CROSS JOIN
-```sql
--- Cartesian product (all combinations)
-SELECT c.name, p.name
-FROM colors c
-CROSS JOIN products p;
-```
-
-### Self Join
-```sql
--- Join table to itself
-SELECT e1.name AS employee, e2.name AS manager
-FROM employees e1
-LEFT JOIN employees e2 ON e1.manager_id = e2.id;
-```
-
-## Subqueries
-
-### Scalar Subquery
-```sql
--- Return single value
-SELECT name, salary,
-  (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees) AS avg_salary
-FROM employees;
-```
-
-### IN Subquery
-```sql
--- Match against set of values
-SELECT name FROM customers
-WHERE id IN (
-  SELECT customer_id FROM orders WHERE total > 1000
-);
-```
-
-### EXISTS Subquery
-```sql
--- Check if subquery returns any rows
-SELECT name FROM customers c
-WHERE EXISTS (
-  SELECT 1 FROM orders o WHERE o.customer_id = c.id
-);
-
--- NOT EXISTS
-SELECT name FROM customers c
-WHERE NOT EXISTS (
-  SELECT 1 FROM orders o WHERE o.customer_id = c.id
-);
-```
-
-### Correlated Subquery
-```sql
--- Subquery references outer query
-SELECT name, salary FROM employees e1
-WHERE salary > (
-  SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees e2
-  WHERE e2.department_id = e1.department_id
-);
-```
-
-## Common Table Expressions (CTEs)
-
-### Simple CTE
-```sql
--- Named temporary result set
-WITH active_users AS (
-  SELECT id, name, email FROM users WHERE status = 'active'
-)
-SELECT * FROM active_users WHERE created_at > '2024-01-01';
-```
-
-### Multiple CTEs
-```sql
-WITH
-  active_customers AS (
-    SELECT id, name FROM customers WHERE active = true
-  ),
-  recent_orders AS (
-    SELECT customer_id, SUM(total) AS total_spent
-    FROM orders
-    WHERE order_date > CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'
-    GROUP BY customer_id
-  )
-SELECT c.name, COALESCE(o.total_spent, 0) AS spent
-FROM active_customers c
-LEFT JOIN recent_orders o ON c.id = o.customer_id;
-```
-
-### Recursive CTE
-```sql
--- Tree traversal, hierarchical data
-WITH RECURSIVE category_tree AS (
-  -- Base case: root categories
-  SELECT id, name, parent_id, 0 AS level
-  FROM categories
-  WHERE parent_id IS NULL
-
-  UNION ALL
-
-  -- Recursive case: child categories
-  SELECT c.id, c.name, c.parent_id, ct.level + 1
-  FROM categories c
-  JOIN category_tree ct ON c.parent_id = ct.id
-)
-SELECT * FROM category_tree ORDER BY level, name;
-
--- Employee hierarchy
-WITH RECURSIVE org_chart AS (
-  SELECT id, name, manager_id, 1 AS level
-  FROM employees
-  WHERE manager_id IS NULL
-
-  UNION ALL
-
-  SELECT e.id, e.name, e.manager_id, oc.level + 1
-  FROM employees e
-  JOIN org_chart oc ON e.manager_id = oc.id
-)
-SELECT * FROM org_chart;
-```
-
-## Aggregate Functions
-
-### Basic Aggregates
-```sql
--- COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX
-SELECT
-  COUNT(*) AS total_orders,
-  SUM(total) AS total_revenue,
-  AVG(total) AS avg_order_value,
-  MIN(total) AS min_order,
-  MAX(total) AS max_order
-FROM orders;
-
--- COUNT variations
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users;              -- All rows
-SELECT COUNT(phone_number) FROM users;   -- Non-NULL values
-SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT status) FROM orders; -- Unique values
-```
-
-### GROUP BY
-```sql
--- Aggregate by groups
-SELECT status, COUNT(*) AS count
-FROM orders
-GROUP BY status;
-
--- Multiple grouping columns
-SELECT customer_id, status, COUNT(*) AS count
-FROM orders
-GROUP BY customer_id, status;
-
--- With aggregate functions
-SELECT customer_id,
-  COUNT(*) AS order_count,
-  SUM(total) AS total_spent,
-  AVG(total) AS avg_order
-FROM orders
-GROUP BY customer_id;
-```
-
-### HAVING
-```sql
--- Filter after aggregation
-SELECT customer_id, SUM(total) AS total_spent
-FROM orders
-GROUP BY customer_id
-HAVING SUM(total) > 1000;
-
--- Multiple conditions
-SELECT status, COUNT(*) AS count
-FROM orders
-GROUP BY status
-HAVING COUNT(*) > 10;
-```
-
-## Window Functions
-
-### ROW_NUMBER
-```sql
--- Assign unique number to each row
-SELECT id, name, salary,
-  ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) AS rank
-FROM employees;
-
--- Partition by group
-SELECT id, department, salary,
-  ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) AS dept_rank
-FROM employees;
-```
-
-### RANK / DENSE_RANK
-```sql
--- RANK: gaps in ranking for ties
--- DENSE_RANK: no gaps
-SELECT id, name, salary,
-  RANK() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) AS rank,
-  DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) AS dense_rank
-FROM employees;
-```
-
-### LAG / LEAD
-```sql
--- Access previous/next row
-SELECT date, revenue,
-  LAG(revenue) OVER (ORDER BY date) AS prev_revenue,
-  LEAD(revenue) OVER (ORDER BY date) AS next_revenue,
-  revenue - LAG(revenue) OVER (ORDER BY date) AS change
-FROM daily_sales;
-```
-
-### Running Totals
-```sql
--- Cumulative sum
-SELECT date, amount,
-  SUM(amount) OVER (ORDER BY date ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS running_total
-FROM transactions;
-
--- Simpler syntax
-SELECT date, amount,
-  SUM(amount) OVER (ORDER BY date) AS running_total
-FROM transactions;
-```
-
-### Moving Averages
-```sql
--- 7-day moving average
-SELECT date, value,
-  AVG(value) OVER (
-    ORDER BY date
-    ROWS BETWEEN 6 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
-  ) AS moving_avg_7d
-FROM metrics;
-```
-
-## Advanced Patterns
-
-### CASE Expressions
-```sql
--- Simple CASE
-SELECT name,
-  CASE status
-    WHEN 'active' THEN 'Active User'
-    WHEN 'pending' THEN 'Pending Verification'
-    ELSE 'Inactive'
-  END AS status_label
-FROM users;
-
--- Searched CASE
-SELECT name, age,
-  CASE
-    WHEN age < 18 THEN 'Minor'
-    WHEN age BETWEEN 18 AND 65 THEN 'Adult'
-    ELSE 'Senior'
-  END AS age_group
-FROM users;
-```
-
-### COALESCE
-```sql
--- Return first non-NULL value
-SELECT name, COALESCE(phone_number, email, 'No contact') AS contact
-FROM users;
-```
-
-### NULLIF
-```sql
--- Return NULL if values equal
-SELECT name, NULLIF(status, 'deleted') AS active_status
-FROM users;
-```
-
-### Array Operations
-```sql
--- Array aggregate
-SELECT customer_id, ARRAY_AGG(product_id) AS products
-FROM order_items
-GROUP BY customer_id;
-
--- Unnest array
-SELECT unnest(ARRAY[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
-
--- Array contains
-SELECT * FROM products WHERE tags @> ARRAY['featured'];
-```
-
-### JSON Operations
-```sql
--- Query JSON/JSONB
-SELECT data->>'name' AS name FROM documents;
-SELECT data->'address'->>'city' AS city FROM documents;
-
--- Check key exists
-SELECT * FROM documents WHERE data ? 'email';
-
--- JSONB operators
-SELECT * FROM documents WHERE data @> '{"status": "active"}';
-
--- JSON aggregation
-SELECT json_agg(name) FROM users;
-SELECT json_object_agg(id, name) FROM users;
-```
-
-## Set Operations
-
-### UNION
-```sql
--- Combine results (removes duplicates)
-SELECT name FROM customers
-UNION
-SELECT name FROM suppliers;
-
--- Keep duplicates
-SELECT name FROM customers
-UNION ALL
-SELECT name FROM suppliers;
-```
-
-### INTERSECT
-```sql
--- Common rows
-SELECT email FROM users
-INTERSECT
-SELECT email FROM subscribers;
-```
-
-### EXCEPT
-```sql
--- Rows in first query but not second
-SELECT email FROM users
-EXCEPT
-SELECT email FROM unsubscribed;
-```
-
-## Best Practices
-
-1. **Use indexes** on WHERE, JOIN, ORDER BY columns
-2. **Avoid SELECT *** - specify needed columns
-3. **Use EXISTS** instead of IN for large subqueries
-4. **Filter early** - WHERE before JOIN when possible
-5. **Use CTEs** for readability over nested subqueries
-6. **Parameterize queries** - prevent SQL injection
-7. **Use window functions** instead of self-joins
-8. **Test with EXPLAIN** - analyze query plans