codeply-cli 0.5.0 → 0.5.2

package/skills/clickhouse-io/SKILL.md

@@ -1,445 +1,445 @@
----
-name: clickhouse-io
-description: ClickHouse database patterns, query optimization, analytics, and data engineering best practices for high-performance analytical workloads.
-metadata:
-  origin: ECC
----
-
-# ClickHouse Analytics Patterns
-
-ClickHouse-specific patterns for high-performance analytics and data engineering.
-
-## When to Activate
-
-- Designing ClickHouse table schemas (MergeTree engine selection)
-- Writing analytical queries (aggregations, window functions, joins)
-- Optimizing query performance (partition pruning, projections, materialized views)
-- Ingesting large volumes of data (batch inserts, Kafka integration)
-- Migrating from PostgreSQL/MySQL to ClickHouse for analytics
-- Implementing real-time dashboards or time-series analytics
-
-## Overview
-
-ClickHouse is a column-oriented database management system (DBMS) for online analytical processing (OLAP). It's optimized for fast analytical queries on large datasets.
-
-**Key Features:**
-- Column-oriented storage
-- Data compression
-- Parallel query execution
-- Distributed queries
-- Real-time analytics
-
-## Table Design Patterns
-
-### MergeTree Engine (Most Common)
-
-```sql
-CREATE TABLE markets_analytics (
-    date Date,
-    market_id String,
-    market_name String,
-    volume UInt64,
-    trades UInt32,
-    unique_traders UInt32,
-    avg_trade_size Float64,
-    created_at DateTime
-) ENGINE = MergeTree()
-PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(date)
-ORDER BY (date, market_id)
-SETTINGS index_granularity = 8192;
-```
-
-### ReplacingMergeTree (Deduplication)
-
-```sql
--- For data that may have duplicates (e.g., from multiple sources)
-CREATE TABLE user_events (
-    event_id String,
-    user_id String,
-    event_type String,
-    timestamp DateTime,
-    properties String
-) ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree()
-PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(timestamp)
-ORDER BY (user_id, event_id, timestamp)
-PRIMARY KEY (user_id, event_id);
-```
-
-### AggregatingMergeTree (Pre-aggregation)
-
-```sql
--- For maintaining aggregated metrics
-CREATE TABLE market_stats_hourly (
-    hour DateTime,
-    market_id String,
-    total_volume AggregateFunction(sum, UInt64),
-    total_trades AggregateFunction(count, UInt32),
-    unique_users AggregateFunction(uniq, String)
-) ENGINE = AggregatingMergeTree()
-PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(hour)
-ORDER BY (hour, market_id);
-
--- Query aggregated data
-SELECT
-    hour,
-    market_id,
-    sumMerge(total_volume) AS volume,
-    countMerge(total_trades) AS trades,
-    uniqMerge(unique_users) AS users
-FROM market_stats_hourly
-WHERE hour >= toStartOfHour(now() - INTERVAL 24 HOUR)
-GROUP BY hour, market_id
-ORDER BY hour DESC;
-```
-
-## Query Optimization Patterns
-
-### Efficient Filtering
-
-```sql
--- PASS: GOOD: Use indexed columns first
-SELECT *
-FROM markets_analytics
-WHERE date >= '2025-01-01'
-  AND market_id = 'market-123'
-  AND volume > 1000
-ORDER BY date DESC
-LIMIT 100;
-
--- FAIL: BAD: Filter on non-indexed columns first
-SELECT *
-FROM markets_analytics
-WHERE volume > 1000
-  AND market_name LIKE '%election%'
-  AND date >= '2025-01-01';
-```
-
-### Aggregations
-
-```sql
--- PASS: GOOD: Use ClickHouse-specific aggregation functions
-SELECT
-    toStartOfDay(created_at) AS day,
-    market_id,
-    sum(volume) AS total_volume,
-    count() AS total_trades,
-    uniq(trader_id) AS unique_traders,
-    avg(trade_size) AS avg_size
-FROM trades
-WHERE created_at >= today() - INTERVAL 7 DAY
-GROUP BY day, market_id
-ORDER BY day DESC, total_volume DESC;
-
--- PASS: Use quantile for percentiles (more efficient than percentile)
-SELECT
-    quantile(0.50)(trade_size) AS median,
-    quantile(0.95)(trade_size) AS p95,
-    quantile(0.99)(trade_size) AS p99
-FROM trades
-WHERE created_at >= now() - INTERVAL 1 HOUR;
-```
-
-### Window Functions
-
-```sql
--- Calculate running totals
-SELECT
-    date,
-    market_id,
-    volume,
-    sum(volume) OVER (
-        PARTITION BY market_id
-        ORDER BY date
-        ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
-    ) AS cumulative_volume
-FROM markets_analytics
-WHERE date >= today() - INTERVAL 30 DAY
-ORDER BY market_id, date;
-```
-
-## Data Insertion Patterns
-
-### Bulk Insert (Recommended)
-
-```typescript
-import { createClient } from '@clickhouse/client'
-
-const clickhouse = createClient({
-  url: process.env.CLICKHOUSE_URL ?? 'http://localhost:8123',
-  username: process.env.CLICKHOUSE_USER,
-  password: process.env.CLICKHOUSE_PASSWORD
-})
-
-// PASS: Batch insert (efficient)
-async function bulkInsertTrades(trades: Trade[]) {
-  await clickhouse.insert({
-    table: 'trades',
-    values: trades.map(trade => ({
-      id: trade.id,
-      market_id: trade.market_id,
-      user_id: trade.user_id,
-      amount: trade.amount,
-      timestamp: trade.timestamp.toISOString()
-    })),
-    format: 'JSONEachRow'
-  })
-}
-
-// FAIL: Individual inserts (slow)
-async function insertTrade(trade: Trade) {
-  // Don't do this in a loop!
-  await clickhouse.insert({
-    table: 'trades',
-    values: [{
-      id: trade.id,
-      market_id: trade.market_id,
-      user_id: trade.user_id,
-      amount: trade.amount,
-      timestamp: trade.timestamp.toISOString()
-    }],
-    format: 'JSONEachRow'
-  })
-}
-```
-
-### Streaming Insert
-
-```typescript
-// For continuous data ingestion
-import { Readable } from 'node:stream'
-
-async function streamInserts(dataSource: AsyncIterable<Record<string, unknown>>) {
-  await clickhouse.insert({
-    table: 'trades',
-    values: Readable.from(dataSource, { objectMode: true }),
-    format: 'JSONEachRow'
-  })
-}
-```
-
-## Materialized Views
-
-### Real-time Aggregations
-
-```sql
--- Create materialized view for hourly stats
-CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW market_stats_hourly_mv
-TO market_stats_hourly
-AS SELECT
-    toStartOfHour(timestamp) AS hour,
-    market_id,
-    sumState(amount) AS total_volume,
-    countState() AS total_trades,
-    uniqState(user_id) AS unique_users
-FROM trades
-GROUP BY hour, market_id;
-
--- Query the materialized view
-SELECT
-    hour,
-    market_id,
-    sumMerge(total_volume) AS volume,
-    countMerge(total_trades) AS trades,
-    uniqMerge(unique_users) AS users
-FROM market_stats_hourly
-WHERE hour >= now() - INTERVAL 24 HOUR
-GROUP BY hour, market_id;
-```
-
-## Performance Monitoring
-
-### Query Performance
-
-```sql
--- Check slow queries
-SELECT
-    query_id,
-    user,
-    query,
-    query_duration_ms,
-    read_rows,
-    read_bytes,
-    memory_usage
-FROM system.query_log
-WHERE type = 'QueryFinish'
-  AND query_duration_ms > 1000
-  AND event_time >= now() - INTERVAL 1 HOUR
-ORDER BY query_duration_ms DESC
-LIMIT 10;
-```
-
-### Table Statistics
-
-```sql
--- Check table sizes
-SELECT
-    database,
-    table,
-    formatReadableSize(sum(bytes)) AS size,
-    sum(rows) AS rows,
-    max(modification_time) AS latest_modification
-FROM system.parts
-WHERE active
-GROUP BY database, table
-ORDER BY sum(bytes) DESC;
-```
-
-## Common Analytics Queries
-
-### Time Series Analysis
-
-```sql
--- Daily active users
-SELECT
-    toDate(timestamp) AS date,
-    uniq(user_id) AS daily_active_users
-FROM events
-WHERE timestamp >= today() - INTERVAL 30 DAY
-GROUP BY date
-ORDER BY date;
-
--- Retention analysis
-SELECT
-    signup_date,
-    countIf(days_since_signup = 0) AS day_0,
-    countIf(days_since_signup = 1) AS day_1,
-    countIf(days_since_signup = 7) AS day_7,
-    countIf(days_since_signup = 30) AS day_30
-FROM (
-    SELECT
-        user_id,
-        min(toDate(timestamp)) AS signup_date,
-        toDate(timestamp) AS activity_date,
-        dateDiff('day', signup_date, activity_date) AS days_since_signup
-    FROM events
-    GROUP BY user_id, activity_date
-)
-GROUP BY signup_date
-ORDER BY signup_date DESC;
-```
-
-### Funnel Analysis
-
-```sql
--- Conversion funnel
-SELECT
-    countIf(step = 'viewed_market') AS viewed,
-    countIf(step = 'clicked_trade') AS clicked,
-    countIf(step = 'completed_trade') AS completed,
-    round(clicked / viewed * 100, 2) AS view_to_click_rate,
-    round(completed / clicked * 100, 2) AS click_to_completion_rate
-FROM (
-    SELECT
-        user_id,
-        session_id,
-        event_type AS step
-    FROM events
-    WHERE event_date = today()
-)
-GROUP BY session_id;
-```
-
-### Cohort Analysis
-
-```sql
--- User cohorts by signup month
-SELECT
-    toStartOfMonth(signup_date) AS cohort,
-    toStartOfMonth(activity_date) AS month,
-    dateDiff('month', cohort, month) AS months_since_signup,
-    count(DISTINCT user_id) AS active_users
-FROM (
-    SELECT
-        user_id,
-        min(toDate(timestamp)) OVER (PARTITION BY user_id) AS signup_date,
-        toDate(timestamp) AS activity_date
-    FROM events
-)
-GROUP BY cohort, month, months_since_signup
-ORDER BY cohort, months_since_signup;
-```
-
-## Data Pipeline Patterns
-
-### ETL Pattern
-
-```typescript
-// Extract, Transform, Load
-async function etlPipeline() {
-  // 1. Extract from source
-  const rawData = await extractFromPostgres()
-
-  // 2. Transform
-  const transformed = rawData.map(row => ({
-    date: new Date(row.created_at).toISOString().split('T')[0],
-    market_id: row.market_slug,
-    volume: parseFloat(row.total_volume),
-    trades: parseInt(row.trade_count)
-  }))
-
-  // 3. Load to ClickHouse
-  await bulkInsertToClickHouse(transformed)
-}
-
-// Run periodically
-setInterval(etlPipeline, 60 * 60 * 1000)  // Every hour
-```
-
-### Change Data Capture (CDC)
-
-```typescript
-// Listen to PostgreSQL changes and sync to ClickHouse
-import { Client } from 'pg'
-
-const pgClient = new Client({ connectionString: process.env.DATABASE_URL })
-
-pgClient.query('LISTEN market_updates')
-
-pgClient.on('notification', async (msg) => {
-  const update = JSON.parse(msg.payload)
-
-  await clickhouse.insert({
-    table: 'market_updates',
-    values: [
-      {
-        market_id: update.id,
-        event_type: update.operation,  // INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
-        timestamp: new Date(),
-        data: JSON.stringify(update.new_data)
-      }
-    ],
-    format: 'JSONEachRow'
-  })
-})
-```
-
-## Best Practices
-
-### 1. Partitioning Strategy
-- Partition by time (usually month or day)
-- Avoid too many partitions (performance impact)
-- Use DATE type for partition key
-
-### 2. Ordering Key
-- Put most frequently filtered columns first
-- Consider cardinality (high cardinality first)
-- Order impacts compression
-
-### 3. Data Types
-- Use smallest appropriate type (UInt32 vs UInt64)
-- Use LowCardinality for repeated strings
-- Use Enum for categorical data
-
-### 4. Avoid
-- SELECT * (specify columns)
-- FINAL (merge data before query instead)
-- Too many JOINs (denormalize for analytics)
-- Small frequent inserts (batch instead)
-
-### 5. Monitoring
-- Track query performance
-- Monitor disk usage
-- Check merge operations
-- Review slow query log
-
-**Remember**: ClickHouse excels at analytical workloads. Design tables for your query patterns, batch inserts, and leverage materialized views for real-time aggregations.
+---
+name: clickhouse-io
+description: ClickHouse database patterns, query optimization, analytics, and data engineering best practices for high-performance analytical workloads.
+metadata:
+  origin: ECC
+---
+
+# ClickHouse Analytics Patterns
+
+ClickHouse-specific patterns for high-performance analytics and data engineering.
+
+## When to Activate
+
+- Designing ClickHouse table schemas (MergeTree engine selection)
+- Writing analytical queries (aggregations, window functions, joins)
+- Optimizing query performance (partition pruning, projections, materialized views)
+- Ingesting large volumes of data (batch inserts, Kafka integration)
+- Migrating from PostgreSQL/MySQL to ClickHouse for analytics
+- Implementing real-time dashboards or time-series analytics
+
+## Overview
+
+ClickHouse is a column-oriented database management system (DBMS) for online analytical processing (OLAP). It's optimized for fast analytical queries on large datasets.
+
+**Key Features:**
+- Column-oriented storage
+- Data compression
+- Parallel query execution
+- Distributed queries
+- Real-time analytics
+
+## Table Design Patterns
+
+### MergeTree Engine (Most Common)
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE markets_analytics (
+    date Date,
+    market_id String,
+    market_name String,
+    volume UInt64,
+    trades UInt32,
+    unique_traders UInt32,
+    avg_trade_size Float64,
+    created_at DateTime
+) ENGINE = MergeTree()
+PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(date)
+ORDER BY (date, market_id)
+SETTINGS index_granularity = 8192;
+```
+
+### ReplacingMergeTree (Deduplication)
+
+```sql
+-- For data that may have duplicates (e.g., from multiple sources)
+CREATE TABLE user_events (
+    event_id String,
+    user_id String,
+    event_type String,
+    timestamp DateTime,
+    properties String
+) ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree()
+PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(timestamp)
+ORDER BY (user_id, event_id, timestamp)
+PRIMARY KEY (user_id, event_id);
+```
+
+### AggregatingMergeTree (Pre-aggregation)
+
+```sql
+-- For maintaining aggregated metrics
+CREATE TABLE market_stats_hourly (
+    hour DateTime,
+    market_id String,
+    total_volume AggregateFunction(sum, UInt64),
+    total_trades AggregateFunction(count, UInt32),
+    unique_users AggregateFunction(uniq, String)
+) ENGINE = AggregatingMergeTree()
+PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(hour)
+ORDER BY (hour, market_id);
+
+-- Query aggregated data
+SELECT
+    hour,
+    market_id,
+    sumMerge(total_volume) AS volume,
+    countMerge(total_trades) AS trades,
+    uniqMerge(unique_users) AS users
+FROM market_stats_hourly
+WHERE hour >= toStartOfHour(now() - INTERVAL 24 HOUR)
+GROUP BY hour, market_id
+ORDER BY hour DESC;
+```
+
+## Query Optimization Patterns
+
+### Efficient Filtering
+
+```sql
+-- PASS: GOOD: Use indexed columns first
+SELECT *
+FROM markets_analytics
+WHERE date >= '2025-01-01'
+  AND market_id = 'market-123'
+  AND volume > 1000
+ORDER BY date DESC
+LIMIT 100;
+
+-- FAIL: BAD: Filter on non-indexed columns first
+SELECT *
+FROM markets_analytics
+WHERE volume > 1000
+  AND market_name LIKE '%election%'
+  AND date >= '2025-01-01';
+```
+
+### Aggregations
+
+```sql
+-- PASS: GOOD: Use ClickHouse-specific aggregation functions
+SELECT
+    toStartOfDay(created_at) AS day,
+    market_id,
+    sum(volume) AS total_volume,
+    count() AS total_trades,
+    uniq(trader_id) AS unique_traders,
+    avg(trade_size) AS avg_size
+FROM trades
+WHERE created_at >= today() - INTERVAL 7 DAY
+GROUP BY day, market_id
+ORDER BY day DESC, total_volume DESC;
+
+-- PASS: Use quantile for percentiles (more efficient than percentile)
+SELECT
+    quantile(0.50)(trade_size) AS median,
+    quantile(0.95)(trade_size) AS p95,
+    quantile(0.99)(trade_size) AS p99
+FROM trades
+WHERE created_at >= now() - INTERVAL 1 HOUR;
+```
+
+### Window Functions
+
+```sql
+-- Calculate running totals
+SELECT
+    date,
+    market_id,
+    volume,
+    sum(volume) OVER (
+        PARTITION BY market_id
+        ORDER BY date
+        ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
+    ) AS cumulative_volume
+FROM markets_analytics
+WHERE date >= today() - INTERVAL 30 DAY
+ORDER BY market_id, date;
+```
+
+## Data Insertion Patterns
+
+### Bulk Insert (Recommended)
+
+```typescript
+import { createClient } from '@clickhouse/client'
+
+const clickhouse = createClient({
+  url: process.env.CLICKHOUSE_URL ?? 'http://localhost:8123',
+  username: process.env.CLICKHOUSE_USER,
+  password: process.env.CLICKHOUSE_PASSWORD
+})
+
+// PASS: Batch insert (efficient)
+async function bulkInsertTrades(trades: Trade[]) {
+  await clickhouse.insert({
+    table: 'trades',
+    values: trades.map(trade => ({
+      id: trade.id,
+      market_id: trade.market_id,
+      user_id: trade.user_id,
+      amount: trade.amount,
+      timestamp: trade.timestamp.toISOString()
+    })),
+    format: 'JSONEachRow'
+  })
+}
+
+// FAIL: Individual inserts (slow)
+async function insertTrade(trade: Trade) {
+  // Don't do this in a loop!
+  await clickhouse.insert({
+    table: 'trades',
+    values: [{
+      id: trade.id,
+      market_id: trade.market_id,
+      user_id: trade.user_id,
+      amount: trade.amount,
+      timestamp: trade.timestamp.toISOString()
+    }],
+    format: 'JSONEachRow'
+  })
+}
+```
+
+### Streaming Insert
+
+```typescript
+// For continuous data ingestion
+import { Readable } from 'node:stream'
+
+async function streamInserts(dataSource: AsyncIterable<Record<string, unknown>>) {
+  await clickhouse.insert({
+    table: 'trades',
+    values: Readable.from(dataSource, { objectMode: true }),
+    format: 'JSONEachRow'
+  })
+}
+```
+
+## Materialized Views
+
+### Real-time Aggregations
+
+```sql
+-- Create materialized view for hourly stats
+CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW market_stats_hourly_mv
+TO market_stats_hourly
+AS SELECT
+    toStartOfHour(timestamp) AS hour,
+    market_id,
+    sumState(amount) AS total_volume,
+    countState() AS total_trades,
+    uniqState(user_id) AS unique_users
+FROM trades
+GROUP BY hour, market_id;
+
+-- Query the materialized view
+SELECT
+    hour,
+    market_id,
+    sumMerge(total_volume) AS volume,
+    countMerge(total_trades) AS trades,
+    uniqMerge(unique_users) AS users
+FROM market_stats_hourly
+WHERE hour >= now() - INTERVAL 24 HOUR
+GROUP BY hour, market_id;
+```
+
+## Performance Monitoring
+
+### Query Performance
+
+```sql
+-- Check slow queries
+SELECT
+    query_id,
+    user,
+    query,
+    query_duration_ms,
+    read_rows,
+    read_bytes,
+    memory_usage
+FROM system.query_log
+WHERE type = 'QueryFinish'
+  AND query_duration_ms > 1000
+  AND event_time >= now() - INTERVAL 1 HOUR
+ORDER BY query_duration_ms DESC
+LIMIT 10;
+```
+
+### Table Statistics
+
+```sql
+-- Check table sizes
+SELECT
+    database,
+    table,
+    formatReadableSize(sum(bytes)) AS size,
+    sum(rows) AS rows,
+    max(modification_time) AS latest_modification
+FROM system.parts
+WHERE active
+GROUP BY database, table
+ORDER BY sum(bytes) DESC;
+```
+
+## Common Analytics Queries
+
+### Time Series Analysis
+
+```sql
+-- Daily active users
+SELECT
+    toDate(timestamp) AS date,
+    uniq(user_id) AS daily_active_users
+FROM events
+WHERE timestamp >= today() - INTERVAL 30 DAY
+GROUP BY date
+ORDER BY date;
+
+-- Retention analysis
+SELECT
+    signup_date,
+    countIf(days_since_signup = 0) AS day_0,
+    countIf(days_since_signup = 1) AS day_1,
+    countIf(days_since_signup = 7) AS day_7,
+    countIf(days_since_signup = 30) AS day_30
+FROM (
+    SELECT
+        user_id,
+        min(toDate(timestamp)) AS signup_date,
+        toDate(timestamp) AS activity_date,
+        dateDiff('day', signup_date, activity_date) AS days_since_signup
+    FROM events
+    GROUP BY user_id, activity_date
+)
+GROUP BY signup_date
+ORDER BY signup_date DESC;
+```
+
+### Funnel Analysis
+
+```sql
+-- Conversion funnel
+SELECT
+    countIf(step = 'viewed_market') AS viewed,
+    countIf(step = 'clicked_trade') AS clicked,
+    countIf(step = 'completed_trade') AS completed,
+    round(clicked / viewed * 100, 2) AS view_to_click_rate,
+    round(completed / clicked * 100, 2) AS click_to_completion_rate
+FROM (
+    SELECT
+        user_id,
+        session_id,
+        event_type AS step
+    FROM events
+    WHERE event_date = today()
+)
+GROUP BY session_id;
+```
+
+### Cohort Analysis
+
+```sql
+-- User cohorts by signup month
+SELECT
+    toStartOfMonth(signup_date) AS cohort,
+    toStartOfMonth(activity_date) AS month,
+    dateDiff('month', cohort, month) AS months_since_signup,
+    count(DISTINCT user_id) AS active_users
+FROM (
+    SELECT
+        user_id,
+        min(toDate(timestamp)) OVER (PARTITION BY user_id) AS signup_date,
+        toDate(timestamp) AS activity_date
+    FROM events
+)
+GROUP BY cohort, month, months_since_signup
+ORDER BY cohort, months_since_signup;
+```
+
+## Data Pipeline Patterns
+
+### ETL Pattern
+
+```typescript
+// Extract, Transform, Load
+async function etlPipeline() {
+  // 1. Extract from source
+  const rawData = await extractFromPostgres()
+
+  // 2. Transform
+  const transformed = rawData.map(row => ({
+    date: new Date(row.created_at).toISOString().split('T')[0],
+    market_id: row.market_slug,
+    volume: parseFloat(row.total_volume),
+    trades: parseInt(row.trade_count)
+  }))
+
+  // 3. Load to ClickHouse
+  await bulkInsertToClickHouse(transformed)
+}
+
+// Run periodically
+setInterval(etlPipeline, 60 * 60 * 1000)  // Every hour
+```
+
+### Change Data Capture (CDC)
+
+```typescript
+// Listen to PostgreSQL changes and sync to ClickHouse
+import { Client } from 'pg'
+
+const pgClient = new Client({ connectionString: process.env.DATABASE_URL })
+
+pgClient.query('LISTEN market_updates')
+
+pgClient.on('notification', async (msg) => {
+  const update = JSON.parse(msg.payload)
+
+  await clickhouse.insert({
+    table: 'market_updates',
+    values: [
+      {
+        market_id: update.id,
+        event_type: update.operation,  // INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
+        timestamp: new Date(),
+        data: JSON.stringify(update.new_data)
+      }
+    ],
+    format: 'JSONEachRow'
+  })
+})
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### 1. Partitioning Strategy
+- Partition by time (usually month or day)
+- Avoid too many partitions (performance impact)
+- Use DATE type for partition key
+
+### 2. Ordering Key
+- Put most frequently filtered columns first
+- Consider cardinality (high cardinality first)
+- Order impacts compression
+
+### 3. Data Types
+- Use smallest appropriate type (UInt32 vs UInt64)
+- Use LowCardinality for repeated strings
+- Use Enum for categorical data
+
+### 4. Avoid
+- SELECT * (specify columns)
+- FINAL (merge data before query instead)
+- Too many JOINs (denormalize for analytics)
+- Small frequent inserts (batch instead)
+
+### 5. Monitoring
+- Track query performance
+- Monitor disk usage
+- Check merge operations
+- Review slow query log
+
+**Remember**: ClickHouse excels at analytical workloads. Design tables for your query patterns, batch inserts, and leverage materialized views for real-time aggregations.